systematics. kingdom genus species family order class phylum plant zea z. mays poaceae poales...
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Systematics
Kingdom
Genus
Species
Family
Order
Class
Phylum
Plant
Zea
Z. mays
Poaceae
Poales
Monocotyledonae
Anthophyta
Plant
Vanilla
V. planifolia
Orchidaceae
Asparagales
Monocotyledonae
Anthophyta
Animal
Musca
M. domestica
Muscidae
Diptera
Insecta
Arthropoda
Animal
Homo
H. sapiens
Hominidae
Primates
Mammalia
Chordata
corn vanilla orchid housefly human
Biological System of Taxonomy
Fig. 26-3Species:Pantherapardus
Genus: Panthera
Family: Felidae
Order: Carnivora
Class: Mammalia
Phylum: Chordata
Kingdom: Animalia
ArchaeaDomain: EukaryaBacteria
Fig. 26-3a
Class: Mammalia
Phylum: Chordata
Kingdom: Animalia
ArchaeaDomain: EukaryaBacteria
Fig. 26-3b
Species:Pantherapardus
Genus: Panthera
Family: Felidae
Order: Carnivora
Systematics: forming groups showing evolutionary relationship.• Domain• Kingdom• Phylum• Class • Order • Family • Genus • Species• Name: Genus species : Homo sapiens
How to remember?
• D• K• P• C• O• F• G• S
How to remember?
• Did Do Dumb• King Kings Kids• Philip Play Playing• Come Chess Catch• Over On On• For Fine Freeways• Good Grained Get• Spaghetti? Sand? Squished
Fig. 26-4Species
Canislupus
Pantherapardus
Taxideataxus
Lutra lutra
Canislatrans
Order Family Genus
Carn
ivora
Felid
aeM
ustelid
aeC
anid
ae
Can
isL
utra
Taxid
eaP
anth
era
Fig. 26-21c
Fungi
EUKARYA
Trypanosomes
Green algaeLand plants
Red algae
ForamsCiliates
Dinoflagellates
Diatoms
Animals
AmoebasCellular slime molds
Leishmania
Euglena
Universal Common Ancestor ?
Our group
Fig. 26-22
3
Archaea
Bacteria
Eukarya
Billions of years ago
4 2 1 0
Fig. 26-23
ArchaeaBacteria
Eukarya
Fig. 26-23
ArchaeaBacteria
Eukarya
Phylogenies:Ancestral trees showing relatednessAlong a lineage for a group or species
A Common ancestor for mammals
What is a species?
• Species, simply means a “kind” or “appearance”in Latin.– Still used this way in chemistry
• In Taxonomy, species is the most unique grouping in the hierarchy.
Species
• Based on Herbals, full page lists of characters.
• Binomial system: Homo sapiens,– Linnaeus (1700's) based on a type specimen,
called the Holotype, with a complete description in Latin.
Herbal
Holotypes
Biological Species Concept
• Not a definition proper • Based the ability to sexually reproduce
thus sharing a common genepool and evolution.– “Species are groups of interbreeding natural
populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups”.
Scientific names:
• Always in Latin, italicized• Genus capitalized, species not• Underline names only for handwritten
work, not print.• In publications, author is include to
distinguish form older, or other names
• Umbellularia californica (Hook & Arn)Nutt
Fig. 26-5
Sistertaxa
ANCESTRALLINEAGE
Taxon A
PolytomyCommon ancestor oftaxa A–F
Branch point(node)
Taxon B
Taxon C
Taxon D
Taxon E
Taxon F
Applications of phylogenies:
• What whale meat is being consumed in Japan?
• 13 samples of whale meat taken from Japanese fish markets.
• Used Mitochondrial DNA comparisons from meat to known published species samples
• Lines in red show relations to illegal whale meat.
Fig. 26-6
Fin(Mediterranean)Fin (Iceland)
RESULTS
Unknown #10,11, 12
Unknown #13
Blue(North Pacific)
Blue(North Atlantic)
Gray
Unknown #1b
Humpback(North Atlantic)Humpback(North Pacific)
Unknown #9
Minke(North Atlantic)
Minke(Antarctica)Minke(Australia)Unknown #1a,2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8
Fig. 26-16
Commonancestor ofcrocodilians,dinosaurs,and birds
Birds
Lizardsand snakes
Crocodilians
Ornithischiandinosaurs
Saurischiandinosaurs
Fig. 26-17
Eggs
Front limb
Hind limb
(a) Fossil remains of Oviraptor and eggs
(b) Artist’s reconstruction of the dinosaur’s posture
Fig. 26-17a
Eggs
Front limb
Hind limb
(a) Fossil remains of Oviraptor and eggs
Fig. 26-17b
(b) Artist’s reconstruction of the dinosaur’s posture
Fig. 26-19• Molecular clock in mammals based on
seven proteins
Divergence time (millions of years)
Nu
mb
er o
f m
uta
tio
ns
120
90
90
60
60
30
300
0
Green dots 3 primate species (slower to change)
Fig. 26-20
Year
Ind
ex o
f b
ase
chan
ges
bet
wee
n H
IV s
equ
ence
s
1960
0.20
1940192019000
1980 2000
0.15
0.10
0.05
Range
Computer modelof HIV