Systems of the BodyIntegumentary

MuscularSkeletal

The Integumentary System

__________ The largest organ in the body; outer covering of the human body.

3 Main Functions:1. ___________________

- water tight covering - protects internal organs and tissues - first line of defense (bacteria) - protects against UV Rays

2. _________________________________________ - How?

3. _________________________________________ - Which one?

The Skin has 3 Main Layers1. ____________ - outer, thinner layer - Dead cells make up this layer; slough off - New cells rise to the surface - ____________ - gives skin its color; the more the skin has the darker the skin; production increases with exposure to the sun - Finger prints – different for ALLpeople, even identical twins - Finger nails are part of the epidermis; they are dead skin cells surrounded by a cuticle

2. ____________ middle layer of skin, thick - Determines thickness of the skin in different areas - Gives skin its elastic, spongy quality; as you age the elasticity increases, causing wrinkles _______________ produce oil called sebum, prevents skin from drying out

_______________ sweating regulates body temperature; we perspire through pores; there are 2.5 million of these glands in the human body; found all over, but more numerous in the soles of the feet, armpits, palms, and head; sweat does not cause BO, what does?

__________ - for protection and warmth; there are 100,000-200,000 on the head; roots grow out of follicle in the dermis; visible hair is made up of dead cells; on average, each individual hair grows about 6 inches per year for 4 years, then falls out; you lose about 25-100 hairs a day

3.________________________ innermost layer;under the dermis; attaches other parts of theskin to muscle and bone: hypodermis

Skin Problems

1.____________ -Caused by pores that are clogged, mostly during adolescence; hormones cause an increase in oil production which encourages bacteria growth; there are more oil glands on the face than any other part of the body - Prevention – keep skin clean; wash with warm water2.____________________ - Fungus between toes - to prevent to use powder, keep the area dry, change socks (cotton?) and shoes; contagious – use shower shoes in locker room3.____________ - Caused by a virus; most are harmless, but may spread4.____________ - Dark brown spots, usually harmless5._______________ - Fluid under skin caused by friction; if open, care for it to prevent infection – clean thoroughly, use donut or bandage

6. _____________ - Thickened skin

7. Abrasion –

8. Contusion -

9. Laceration – - Stitches within 6-8 hours of a cut10. Avulsion – - All of us have had an avulsion; How?11. Incision – 12. Puncture – - Examples-

Hair Problems

1.___________ - flaking of outer layer of dead skin on scalp2.___________ - insects that feed on blood; may be spread - thinner hair = more susceptible; why? (tree)

Healthy Grooming Habits - Wash and shampoo daily - Sunscreen - Trim nails properly; How?

The Skeletal System

Functions:1. Strong, stable framework for the body2. Allows for muscle to attach and move3. Protects internal organs (ribs, skull, eye orbit)4. Store minerals (calcium and phosphate)5. Bone marrow produces blood cells (all RBC, most WBC and platelets)

2 Parts of the skeleton:

1._________________ - head to torso (80 bones of skull, spine, ribs, sternum); “Axis”2._____________________________- limbs (126 bones of shoulders, arms, hands,hips, legs, feet);“Appendages”

4 Types of Bones1._____________-arms and legs; have a shaft in middle of two ends; contain bone marrow; (femur)2._____________-as long as they are wide (wrist and ankles)3._____________-thin, flat shape; usually protect organs (ribs, skull, scapula)4.________________-don’t fit in any other category (vertebrae)

_________________-strong, flexible connective tissue - gets brittle with age (Glucosamine/Chondroitin Complex) - lines surface of joints to move smoothly - cushions joints (vertebrae); “shock absorbers” - supports nose and ears - baby’s skeleton mostly cartilage, but changes to bone through __________________- bone is formed and repaired (fractures)

7 Types of Joints: where 2 bones meet1.________________- allow most movement (hip,shoulder) 2._______________ - rotation (1st two vertebrae of neck)3.________________- oval shaped bone into curved space; wide range of motion except pivotal (wrist and ankle)4._____________-closely related to ellipsoidal (thumb)5._____________-bending and straightening only (fingers, knees, elbows:6.______________- only slight movement (vertebrae, carpals, tarsals)7._______________- fused together; no movement (skull)

Joint Movements1. Flexion – bending2. Extension – straightening3. Abduction – away from midline4. Adduction – toward midline5. Rotation – turning around axis6. Supination – palm up7. Pronation – palm down8. Circumduction – limb in circle

______________- Connects bone to bone (MCL, ACL, etc)______________- Connects muscle to bone

Injuries_________________-Any break in a bone (heals through ossification) - Simple/Compound - Hairline – bones are still together - Transverse – bones apart - Commuted – shatters in more than 2 pieces - Stress Fracture – unstable; usually from overuse________________-Bone leaves its normal position in the joint(usually also a tearing of the ligaments-sprain)________________-Inflammation of a joint (pain, swelling, stiffness) Osteoarthritis-most common type from wear and tear on joints (in elderly)_________________-Decreased bone density, bones become more brittle

The Muscular System

Function:3 Types:

1._____________ - in the walls of the heart; very durable - 72 beats/minute average; 4300/hr; 100,000/day at rest; the more fit you are the slower the RHR; Why? - almost 3 Billion in a lifetime (75 year old)2._____________ - internal organs3._____________ - attached to bones to produce movement - more than 600 in the body - most have antagonistic/opposing pairs; one side contracts while the other side relaxes________________ - strong, fibrous connective tissue that connects muscle to bone

“Use It Or Lose It” - ____________-wasting away of muscle/decrease in size if not used; happens very quickly - _____________-natural tension in a muscle; must be active and exercise to maintain; the more a muscle is used, the stronger and more efficient it will become (heart) -______________-enlargement of a muscle in re- sponse to training – “hyper” –over, above, excessive “troph” –growth, developmentCommon Injuries:____________ - bruise (could become Myositis Ossificans)____________ - tearing or overstretching of a muscle or tendon; “pulled muscle”____________ - inflammation of a tendon, usually overuse - “itis” – inflammation of (Latin)_______________- involuntary contraction of a muscle - dehydration or fatigue – 2 main causes - could also be as a result of trauma – “Charlie Horse”

More injuries:______________-protrusion of organ/tissue through weak area in muscle (abdominal – intestines go through abdominal wall)_____________- from overexertion – Lactic Acid buildup____________- Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness – usually begins about 12 hours after activity – usually worst on the 2nd Day, then gets gradually better on 3rd and 4th day; people begin workout, get sore, quit

Name the muscle (or muscle group) that performs these movements

Hip Extension – Shoulder Abduction – Ankle Extension – Elbow Extension –Knee Flexion – Neck Extension – Shoulder Adduction – Knee Extension – Finger Flexion – Trunk Flexion – Elbow Flexion -