t. k. yin, nuk-csie introduction to computer science (i) inside the computer
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T. K. Yin, NUK-CSIE
Introduction to Computer Science (I)
Inside the Computer
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T. K. Yin, NUK-CSIE
Computer System
• A computer system consists of– Hardware: The set of electronic elements
required to run programs– Software: The set of instructions to be run on
the hardware– Data: Raw facts as input to the computer. After
processed, useful information as the output of the computer is produced
– User
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Binary Digits: 1 and 0
• Types of signals– Analog: Continuous waveforms in which
variations in frequency and amplitude can be used to represent information
– Digital: Discrete signals in two states. Generally, the on state is expressed or represented by the number 1 and the off state by the number 0
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• Digitalized data in computers– Letters– Numbers– Colors– Sounds– Images– Odors
• Bit: An on or off electronic state– On-bit: 1– Off-bit: 0
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• On and off states inside the computers– RAM: Presence or absence of an electrical
charge in an integrated circuit
Source: http://www.intel.com/research/silicon/nanotechnology.htm
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– Disk storage: Two states are represented by the magnetic arrangement of the surface coating on magnetic disks
Source: http://www.research.ibm.com/resources/news/20010518_whitepaper.shtml
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– CD and DVD: Digital data are stored permanently as microscopic pits
Source: http://www.opticaldisc-systems.com/2002SepOct/DVDBASICS80.htm
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– Fiber optic cable: Binary data are pulses of light
– Electrical transmission media: Binary numbers are electrical signals
Source: http://www.bsu.edu/web/CBTHORNBERRY/trends5.html
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• Character encoding systems: bits and bytes– Byte: The 8-bit combination of bits are used to
represent a character– ASCII: The 7-bit ASCII (American Standard
Code for Information Interchange) code can represent up to 128 characters
Source: http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0000.pdf
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– Unicode: A 16-bit encoding system to represent more characters than the English language
Source: http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U4E00.pdf
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The Components of A Computer
• Von Neumann architecture– The model of computing proposed by John Von
Neumann (1903-1957) in 1946– The stored program computer
• The instructions that control the operation of the computer be encoded as binary values and stored internally in the memory unit along with the data
– The basis of the structure and organization of virtually all modern computers
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– Include four major subsystems called memory, input/output, the arithmetic/logic unit (ALU), and the control unit
Memory MemoryControl unit
ALU
Processor
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– The first stored program• Maurice Wilkes of the University of Cambridge
created the first stored program on a machine, called EDSAC, which calculated and printed the table of squares on May 6, 1949.
Image courtesy of Computer History Museum, http://www.computerhistory.org
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T. K. Yin, NUK-CSIE System Unit
• The major devices of a personal computer– The PC system unit– Storage devices– Input devices– Output devices
StorageDevices
CPUOutputDevicesControl Unit
InputDevices ALU
Main Memory
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The PC System Unit
• The motherboard– A single circuit board provides the path through
which the processor communicates with memory components and peripheral devices
– Attached devices• Processor
• Support electronic circuitry, such as the chipset
• Memory chips
• Expansion boards
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T. K. Yin, NUK-CSIE Source: http://www.asus.com
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5
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1: Processor socket
2: DIMM sockets
3. Floppy connector
4: Hard disk connectors
5: Chipset
6: PCI expansion slots
7: AGP video cord slot
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1: PS/2 mouse port
2: Parallel port
3: RJ-45 port
4: Line In port
5: Line Out port
6: Microphone port
7: USB 2.0 ports 1 and 2
8: VGA por
9: S/PDIF out port (digital audio)
10: USB 2.0 ports 3 and 4
11: PS/2 keyboard portSource: http://www.asus.com
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• The processor– Called the central processing unit or CPU– The nucleus of any computer system– Contains the control unit and the arithmetic and
logic unit– Companies
• Intel: Pentium 4, Celeron, Xeon, Itanium
• Motorola: 680x0
• AMD: K6, Duron, Athlon
• Apple/Motorola/IBM: Power PC
• Sun: SPARC
• Compaq: Alpha
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• DRAM (dynamic random access memory)– A high-speed holding area for data and program
s– Types
• SDRAM (synchronous DRAM)• VCM (virtual channel memory)• DRDRAM (direct rambus DRAM)• DDR SDRAM (double data rate SDRAM)
– Module• SIMM (single in-line memory module)• DIMM (double in-line memory module)
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VCM
DRDRAM
DDR SDRAM
200 PIN DDR333 256MB SO-DIMM
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• Cache memory– Level 1 cache: Built into the processor– Level 2 cache: On another chip, sitting between the processor and RAM
• Volatile memory– DRAM– SRAM (static RAM): Used in cache memory
• Nonvolatile memory– ROM (read only memory)
• When you turn on a microcomputer system, aprogram in ROM automatically readies the computer for use and produces the initial display-screen prompt
– PROM (programmable ROM)– Flash memory
• The PC’s BIOS (basic input output system) is stored in flash memory
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• CMOS (complementary metal-oxide semiconductor ) – A type of memory chip with very low power
requirements, and in PCs it operates using small batteries. In PCs, CMOS is more specifically referred to as CMOS RAM.
– Store information your computer needs when it boots up, such as hard disk types, keyboard and display type, chip set, and even the time and date.
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• Buses and ports– The motherboard and its system bus must be linked to
input, output, storage, and communication devices to receive data and return the results of processing
– PCI local bus• The PCI local bus (peripheral component interconnect) enables
circuit boards with extra features to be linked to the common system bus
– AGP bus• The AGP bus (accelerated graphics port) is a special-function
bus designed to accommodate the throughput demands of high-resolution 3-D graphics
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– USB• The USB (universal serial bus) is the primary standard for connecting peripheral
devices to a PC• The USB hub is a device connecting to a USB port and offering three, four, or fiv
e additional USB ports• USB 2.0 permits data transfer at 480 Mbps, about 40 times faster than the original
USB standard
– 1394 or FireWire bus• The 1394 bus supports data transfer rates of 400 Mbps for the original standard an
d 800 Mbps for the current standard
– SCSI bus• The SCSI bus (small computer system interface) was an early alternative to using
expansion slots to extend PC functionality• Up to 15 SCSI peripheral devices can be daisy-chained to a SCSI interface expan
sion card via the SCSI port
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– Serial port• The 9-pin or 25-pin RS-232C connector
• An external modem might be connected to a serial port
– Parallel port• Parallel ports use the same 25-pin RS-232C connect
or
• Printers used parallel ports
– IrDA port• The infrared port transmits data via infrared light wa
ves
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USB connectorPS/2 keyboard connector
1394/FireWire connector Ethernet connector
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SCSI cable
Printer connector
Video/monitor cable
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• Expansion boards– Graphic adapter
• Normally an AGP board
– Sound• Typically has receptacles for a microphone, a
headset, an audio output and most has a port for a game controller and a MIDI (music instrument digital interface) port
– Data/voice/fax modem– Network interface card– SCSI interface card– Video capture card
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Sound card Graphics adapter
SCSI interface cardNetwork interface card
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• PC cards– The PCMCIA card is a credit card-sized
removable expansion module that is plugged into an external PCMCIA expansion slot on a PC, usually a notebook
– Extended RAM, programmable nonvolatile flash memory, network interface cards (wireless and wired), data/voice/fax modems, hard-disk cards
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PCI card and PCMCIA radio card PCMCIA hard disk
PCMCIA flash memory
PCMCIA wireless network interface card
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• Processor description– Word size: bits handled as a unit
• 32 bits
• 64 bits
– Core speed• PCs
– MHz (millions of clock cycles per second)
– GHz (billions of clock cycles per second)
• PCs, workstations, server computers– MIPS (millions of instructions per second)
• Supercomputers– FLOPS (floating point operations per second)
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– Bus speed• MHz
• GHz
• Memory capacity– Kilobytes (KB): 1024 ( ) bytes– Megabytes (MB): 1,048,576 ( ) bytes– Gigabytes (GB): bytes– Terabytes (TB): bytes
202
102
302402
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Storage Devices
• Magnetic disk storage– Fixed disks
• Hard disks
– Interchangeable disks• Floppy disks: 1.44 MB
• SuperDisk: 120 MB
• Zip disks: 100, 250, 750 MB
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Floppy disk Hard disk
Zip diskSuperdisk
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• Optical laser discs– CD formats (650MB)
• CD audio (compact disc): 4.72 inch
• CD-ROM (compact disc-read-only memory)– 32X, 40X, 75X: Spin at 32, 40, and 75 times the speed of t
he original CD standard
– Original 1X CD-ROM data transfer rate: 150 KB per second
– Spin more quickly when accessing the data near the center (about 450 rpm) and more slowly for data near the edge (about 250 rpm)
• CD-R (compact disc recordable)
• CD-RW (CD-ReWritable)
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– DVD formats (4.7 GB or 9.4 GB for double sided)
• DVD (digital video disc) audio, DVD video
• DVD-ROM– The data transfer rate is nine times that of a CD-ROM spin
ning at the same rae
• DVD+R, DVD-R: Like CD-R
• DVD+RW, DVD-RW: Like CD-RW– DVD-RW (DVD-R) and DVD_RW (DVD+R) are compet
ing technologies
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CD-R disc DVD-RW disc
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• Solid state storage– Flash memory
• Mini USB drive
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Input Devices
• Keyboard• Mouse• Point-and-draw devices
– Trackpad: Common on notebook PCs– Trackpoint: Usually positioned in or near a notebook’s
keyboard– Trackball: A ball inset in a notebook PC or as a separat
e unit– Joystick– Digitizer tablet and pen
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Keyboard Mouse
Trackpad Trackpoint
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Trackball Joystick
Digitizer tablet and pen
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• Scanner– Handheld label scanner
• Read data on price tags, shipping labels, inventory part numbers, book ISBNs
• Sometimes called wand scanners
– Stationary label scanner• Applications like wand scanners
• Common in grocery stored and discount stores
– Document scanner• Scans documents of varying sizes
• Read envelopes at the U.S. Postal Service, and also read turnaround documents for utility companies
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Handheld label scanner
Stationary label scanner
Document scanner
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• Image scanner– Page image scanner
• The scanned result is a high-resolution digitized image
– Hand image scanner• Rolled manually over the image to be scanned
• Badge reader (for magnetic stripes and smart cards)– The magnetic stripes on the back of charge cards and
badges offer another means of data entry
• Speech recognition– Consists of software, a generic vocabulary database, and
a high-quality microphone with noise-canceling capabilities
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Hand image scanner Page image scanner
Badge reader
Speech recognition
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• Digital camera
• Desktop digital video camera– Webcam
• Digital video cameras that are continuously linked to the Internet
– Real-time Internet-based videophone conversations
• Digital camcorder
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Digital cameraWebcam
Digital camcorder
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Output Devices
• Monitors– CRT– Flat-panel
• LCD (liquid crystal display): Active matrix or passive matrix
• TFT (thin film transistor) LCD: Active matrix
– Touch screen• Has pressure-sensitive overlays that can detect
pressure and the exact location of that pressure
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– Monitor resolution• The number of pixels that can be displayed
– 1024*768
• The number of bits used to represent each pixel– 8-bit color mode: 256 colors
– 16-bit high-color mode: 65,536 colors
– True color, either 24-bit or 32-bit mode
• The dot pitch of the monitor– Dot pitch: The distance between the centers of adjacent
pixels
– .28 mm, .25 mm
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CRT monitor TFT LCD monitor
Touch screen monitor
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• LCD projector• Printer
– Laser• Nonimpact• 600 dpi (dots per inch), 1200 dpi
– Ink-jet • Nonimpact• The droplets, ehich dry instantly as dots, form the le
tters and images
– Large-format ink-jet, or plotter– All-in-one multifunction device: Print, fax, scan,
and copy
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LCD projector Ink-jet printer Laser printer
Large-format ink-jet printer Multifunction device
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T. K. Yin, NUK-CSIE
• Sound System– Small speaker– 6.1 sound system
• Voice-response system– Recorded voice– Speech synthesis
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T. K. Yin, NUK-CSIE
References
• Computers– Larry Long & Nancy Long, Twelfth Edition, Pearson Education, Inc
• Invitation to Computer Science, C++ Version– G. Michael Schneider & Judith L. Gersting, Third Edition, Course Tech
nology
• Computer History Museum– http://www.computerhistory.org
• http://archive.computerhistory.org/