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TRANSCRIPT
YZ.ö'Zñ£tZ§ZÈkDïzãteZËPZ°Ý *
eZËÝxZ{y ** It is an interesting reality that the four Geneva conventions werecreated during the very same period when the world was experiencedthe destruction caused by World War II and Heroshima and Nagasakiwere destroyed by atomic bombing. The destruction and horrors ofWorld War II paved way for human friendly effort like GenevaConventions. These conventions were in fact held to ensure bettertreatment of the prisoners of war through legislation. The purpose ofthese conventions was to provide help to the war stricken people andto minimize their problems and troubles. These conventions areelaborate and comprehensive. They provide practical solutions to theproblems faced during the wars of the past. So in this context theyare very important. They are also important because they constitutetwo third of the whole laws of war1. These are four in number andthese were created in 1949. The third Convention which deals with thetreatment of prisoners of war has been introduced, critically analysedand examined in this article. This article throw light on the jointefforts of the world nations about POW rights.
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(340) YZ.ö'Zñ£tZ§ZÈkDïzãt 102Y 3 qçá ... ]ÖÏ×Ü
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XZkMgçÅ»g~~½ãæWÖ 9 BYì (convention in miniature)
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The power whose duty is to safeguard the interests of the
parties to the conflict, and of their nationals in enemy territory.13
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¹uJ{à{]ƬzyZzg({6«êXÍc.öÆxZ]»òVõÉ]6äZgzæZgìz;V{à{]ÆïmZzgZyäz4Æ_"ÃËßg]ÃZ0Ziô*)¡~ZzgõëÐ07ÙÉÇX.öBZäòVZkÅZÃäeÆ7ÃZk»ôäZgzZãHìz;V
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äéËõÉ]Å*»ò»!ÉMêXMÒ{lV~)YóZggc2VÅ°xäø!Æ}òÆ&4øFGILÃZ+¡VÃtf)äZg~Î&4/õ EFEÅRö.öÆZ0gñéäìé)YóZg~ZzgñWôäZgZäZôäÅÑZ_Ã7gZôCÉVX»Ð÷ÆäzgZyZ+ZqƪxÅ?m
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ÆZÖp¬UJgcÉ4n.ç GIEE~ZEwK "Humanely Treated" Z§ZykÆnÆYZ.~ÌZy»ZEwÉZXQZã|u»Yì¦gZKgzb 1929 âZzgà~
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Æ#zV~äZ4:ÉZzgZyÅí~ñaZ:ôä0ñX{{âV~MvÐXÉ»ZOxÌ.öBZÅgzÐ{à{]Æf)ìZkÆ /nÓxZôïDZÛô*Zk»ÅÛnìX.öZ¤p¬]»fô7ô@@ëz{Zßàîg
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pZ&m{-VÃ.öBZÆF£â]6%äzVÐüiZzg4£tÅÅÛZbÅÃÒ /1949 YÆ.ö~pZ&ÆnZµg;UV»é¦gñéä:åZ[ 1929 ÅàìX
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ZL;V{Z§ZÈkÃpgZuÅÅÛZbìXtf)äZg~Tägãä~Zzg¢zg~âÎÅì¹äû: QÏägÂÌìX.öBZ~
The basic daily food rations shall be sufficient in quantity,
quality and variety to keep prisoners of war in good health and
to prevent loss of weight or the development of nutritional
deficiencies.19
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]k{à{]Ã0Èô@ìûz{Z§ZykÃÀ}ÔéDZzg0] 1929 YZ.öZ§ZykÅ¢zgc]Æ&4øFGILÃ]kZzg0]ÅÅÛZbÃñÌÅ 1949 ÅÛZëô}Ô.ö
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(346) YZ.ö'Zñ£tZ§ZÈkDïzãt 102Y 3 qçá ... ]ÖÏ×Ü
|ÅúªY~t?mikgMðû4542.ç GEHGEEÆZÃ!ëJg[¸ÂVÆâÎ{mç@} 1949
Æfg)iHYñXpZkegÐû}w~{à{] (Special agreement)
X®ZZ[.öBZÅgzÐ{à{] 25 Zkf)äZg~ÐÅÛZgZ(g:ôátgZñöäôä~à{-VÆCÙHÆZ0g|áìôäÅ0ÈìXptf)äZg~ãä~îg6jpgZuÅ
~28 ÅÛZbÐZµìXTìLL½ZóóÆÄZyÆfs~ÒyôäcäìXäiÆZÖpÐÒyHäìTÐ "Ordinary articles in daily use" qzVÅäø!Ã
»½ÔRÔÔgzÙðÔÎðäJ§ÔÅÔ'lÔ°ÔÈÔÂaZzgéVz){%ZäàY$ËêXZzgZk~ìÔ¿ÔäÑÔäzä|Ôæz!]Zzg'iz){êáïÉ$ËêX¡Ænvyä{ZâYÅÅÛz|ÃNqåÛZg䶻Z(g{à{]Æ0kñéäìXVwÆîg6¹MzgZâYÅÅÛz|åVgzÅYñÏXèÃg{!ÑZâYÅ©!iZgÅÚ¤ZV7Éãe454è XGGÔ
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äñì:The Detaining Power may not utilize canteen profits to make
up any shortcomings for which it is responsible.26
Zzg?Züt øÈ¡äzu~kxÆäzgZyZÒäÚ~Mcû{-VÃgZ]ÆzâÜ~öZsYJ
YäZkjZáÐzZã 1949 XYZ.ö 27 gÇð:¶TÐQyÅ1á.Þ¦gì(Yg~Åêû:Üs{-VÅaä]öZsYJgÇðeÉÉ 32@29 @Zc])äi
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{{ä~<{äÅúªÃD¯cäìòVZyâzg] öZsYÐ0ÔìXÆ_.0ãZzgô0äø[ÉÇXåVz{pä.ÌÃÐZzgZLÀ}ÌäðÃÐXZy
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MiZäZÅÛZäŧb{~ÌäzgZÈFg~´`çOÆZ`ÉDêX¬xZâVŧb¡ÃbwgZzgbwô*Z§ZÈk»ãä~hì&tôDÉñLLYZ.ö
X%!{-V»ZyÅqªÅ 29 |uZ§Zykóó~FZqZäZâ]D¯ñâê^ÅÚÐÑ´`çÑô*e34/õ XGJXåVJûZ¤Z7Ëu~Å¢zg]ìÂtÌ{à{]Åf)äZg~ìûz{Zk{~Åu~ÆÓxZyZY]'äZìôDÉñZk»
ZOxô}XZÇg]Ëîg̤{%nÆ´`Ð7gzÇZzg:ÑZkÆ´`Ãñ~ôä_côCìû{à{]%!{-VÅqªÅ¢zg]Zzg»2 30 ÅMhkìXÔè
Æ_.M6cZzghw~äZ¾ÉÓxMõÃ'zñ»gÑDÉñf)äZg~SñÏXu~ƾè{-VÅqªÃzízZ3ÅZy6ñ~7HYñÇ6ûkxäzx~äÚ~Mcûg~îg6u~ƾè{-VÃwåÛd~zízZ3ÅZyÅ
X30 $zªÃZ0ZiHä{-VÆ!g}~thÌ.öBZ~tHäìûz{päÃ?çÍÆn7ô
ÃXp&Z0Zi~ZyÃZkhÐøzxôäÐIôDÉñ¹äì:Prisoners of war may not be prevented from presenting
themselves to the medical authorities for examination.31
qgz!ÑQ~étZ0ZiZ(gHäìZkÐ|xZ~É@ìû{à{]{-VÃ?ç¤Ð:Â7À)éSgzu$ËìZzg:Ñn.·äÐZ(ô$ËìX´z{Zi,Z¤Ãð
YZke~Mgç 1949 {~äzgZy»giÂÉY@ìc»xÆË~FgÉY@ìÂ.ö~zZãô@ìû{à{]»ÅÛnìûz{iÂcFg{~ã[CÙ§bÅäN 68 Zzg 54
¸wÅúªÅÛZëô}X
Z!ÄZÇg]ZzgÅÛZgY|uZ§Zykóó{-VÆÅÛZgÐ0ãä~ä*zmì 1949 LLYZ.ö
(348) YZ.ö'Zñ£tZ§ZÈkDïzãt 102Y 3 qçá ... ]ÖÏ×Ü
T~»x[ÅÛZgÅîuzäÅÛZgÅÃÒôäzZá*»x{~ÅwZZzgZkäzgZy)áâã91 Zzgäiè 42 w1VZzgw»]6wZŬ]åVÒyÅàêXqgz!Ѭ]Ãäiè
~ÒyHäìX.öBZä{-VÆhÅÛZgÃtHìXÍûZkhÃ!êZs 94@Òy7Hä1ñWîg6Zêág{¢zgñéäìTÐZ0Zi{É@ìûZq{~áâãîg6ZKZÇg]ÐÅÛZgZ(gôä»éZigÇìXZkéZiÅzé;]~ÐrZßmÆ_!]»ZÖgZzgMiZä~ÅG\êX®Zâò´ÆT~ÃeipäZK©Z¯Z`ÆZg»yÃ@Zc]Yg~
ôDêûz{Z¤LäÔÆ;ðV{~¯fYNÂz{òVpäZLfÅÛZgÅÃÒô,Ðzêäzu}ëzí{-VÆÅÛZgÅÃ@V~Qy»ÇBÌä,ÐXåVVwÆîg6
ÃYg~GYäzZáZ%OÃeMs,ñÐZ½k7HYg;ìÔT 1955 Z~ 17
~ZqZ%O¯Y³xfô@ìû:If I am captured I will continue to resist by all means
available. I will make every effort to escape and aid others to
accept. I will accept neither parole nor special favours from the
enemy. 32
Ë{~ÆÅÛZgÅÃÒÃäzZUÉVÐä¬Y@ìX{à{]ZÐÄzÇÅÜszgi~äìZzgZÏìwůY6z{Z,{~ÅwZÅpZéqÉCìZûÃÒpä{~ÆzíZ-ÅÃ~á.ÞwZx7É@Éá.Þ*öZäZxìX¸zzìû.öBZäZkÃÒÅwZ¡@äRÑ?mÅìZzgZk¿Ã°Zr»gzZðÐÞZåÛZgäcìXÍû.ö
Åôñéä (Disciplinary punishment) BZ~ÅÛZgÉäzZá{-VÆ0wZÉVÔZzg 33 êXZkÆ!zéätÅÛZgÉäzZá{-VÆÜsZÌÆZEwÅj,(Ëô@ì
ZÐÜsZïð¢zg]ÆzâÜZïðZäZxÆîg6ägÑ&ìXZïðZäZxи¥xÉ@ìûÃ]Å%ЬÓxMõÃZC*e34/õ XGJXaèÑ
ÜsÅÛZgÅÃÒÃgUgz)ìé{~ÃiÂôäÅOñ!¹ävMõÆZEwÐeìXZkÑÆnM²í»ZEwZzge&}z){»ZEwÌñeôYìX;VZ¤Zk§bÅqzV»ZEwñe:ô}cQpäõFHÅZKYyÃç{ÑhÉÂZïðZäZx
(349) YZ.ö'Zñ£tZ§ZÈkDïzãt 102Y 3 qçá ... ]ÖÏ×Ü
X34 Æîg6ZÌÆZEwÅRöñéäìäzgZykäÔÆ;ðV¤ëg~¬gèÉCìx7ÉCÅ<å XEZZk»Z!xYZ.öYÆèD¯cäìX.öBZÆ_¬Ð¥xÉ@ìûZÇg]1zkòV 1949
czw6g;ðÆË~¬gèîg6ØÉCìz;VxãäzV60õßgÂV~Z!x5kÉCìXZy~ÐegäzgZy4Zqzq5kÉCêZû0v,»m4ZqÆZ!x
ÐìXÎfs~!nKäg`HYg;ì:)1('Z{gZÑzízZ3)2()YóZggc2V~ªx)3(»x[ÅÛZg
g;ðczízZ3)àZiZ!x4Zq( )4(ñ])5(aèZ§ZykÅ{»ÑZ7¡m»gzZÇV~'×hzhÐgz)É@ìX
Zkné{~ZKFg~ÅzzÐZKZ¯Z`~ËqÐmzgÉVZzgZyÆmzggÅ»¸¢ÉÂZ+ßg]~'Z{gZÑZyÅzízZ3Ã.öBZäD¯cìX
òV{à{]6tf)äZg~¬ZÅàìûz{îhFgZzgiÂ{-VÅzízZ3ÃD¯ñzê¡â¼xÆîg6zíZ-6ÑixìûZk§bÆ{-VÅäz!g{dwT~uzk
YÌäzgZy4Zq'Z{gZÑzízZ3c 1949 Yŧb.ö 1929 ~½C:HYñX.öX35 )YóZggc2V~ªxÆjZáÐpä{~Ågüq~Ããä~ÑoåÛZgäêì
äzgZy{ñ]Åßg]~?fgZùÐñ]Ť&ÅYñÏZzgñ]Åzz¥xôäÆàg7g%AÅYñÏX{~Åñ]»u"3©5½3ï HGEGGH»gHYñÇT~Ù!ÃZÆ´z{ñ]ÐÃZ»Z0gZ`ÉÇÎåV!nKäg`HYg;ìX
ñgzO*xÔfZC*xÔÇ{Ô@gõaZöÔè)MgòÔg¼ÔfZC§s»( Ù|Ð:zÃ]Å(Ô@gõzÃ]ÔzzzÃ]ÔD@Å(Ô@gõD@ÔGÅÙ|Тzg~ÃZ
ñ]Ð:
zÃ]cCZ§ZÈkÃZµZµGzV~³]zZÅZxÆÇBä®HYñÇZzgCÙG /oÉîg6¶yiä{ÉÏXèÃÜsZÏßg]~°cYñÇZZk»è<ØZkÅZYi]äêÉÇcQZkÅz¤~Z(ôäÅpZéñéäÉX
(350) YZ.ö'Zñ£tZ§ZÈkDïzãt 102Y 3 qçá ... ]ÖÏ×Ü
òVJg;ðZzgZkÆàzízZ3»mìÂZ!x4ZqÆÇBÑtÑixÉY@ì /ûZ§ZykÃg;ôÆQyÃzíJàäcYñXYèZ!x4ZqÆÇBÑägZÝ
X36 ÑZÇg]»ÉY@ìZzgZk»éZiZCzéäÅäêì@g]ÒpÐZ§ZÈkÅg;ðÆjZáÐÉЬzéä~MäzZàTÔ»
ìXZk~ÒyHäûZðƪx 20 YÆJgcÉ4n.ç GIEE»Mgç 1907 fôHYYìz{28 ÆàA¢eÉ{-VÅzízZ3ÃD¯cYñXqgz!Ѭxá°}Åo9Ð
YÃð0äzZáç@{zgûäÒyHû: 1919 éyThe repatriation of prisoners of war and interned civilians shall
take place as soon as possible after the coming into force of the
present Treaty and shall be carried out with the greatest
rapidly.37
mgZiY+Æn)t0|ìûÃð̤âÜcgcÑyZykÐ#³¯`ÆZÅÛZäÃ{ôh
XZkZ±gÐ(}Ç}ÆZfZyZ¤{~ 38 ÆàQkÐgZiZâZäÅpZéqÉCì0YNÂz{icä{ÆU"ÉMêYèz{¤ëg~Ь¥â]»u*ÉDêXpZk¬xßg]Æ´z{LL©àÇ}ÆäÔ¯YÌ{à{]Æn'Z'ÆÉM
êûQyÆ0kÌL¹Zë¥â]ñéäÉCêX{-VÅZkZÌÆ&4øFGILÃQyÐÎZÑ]Æfg)äÔÅZë¥â]J){à{]Åäp»!É@ìXZkÑÆ
nòVâCÙ+Å}â]qÝÅYCêz;VüäZzgZfeÐÌ»x1Y@ìXòVYZ.ö!¹jZßVÐZ§ZykÃDÅÛZëô@ìzêZke~Ì0ñäZgZzgk
ºmô@ìXZÏMgçÆ 17 ZäZâ]ôDÉñ)Æ%µÆnZqMgçèZ0gÓxï]ÒyôäØâêX
tÔ{-VÐÎZÑ]ÆjZáÐã~ZÌÅqïìXZkÔÆ_.ÃðÌ{~Üseg§bÆéZ!]ÅÛZëô䪥â]ÅÛZëôä»0ÈìXZkÆ´z{z{Ëäzu~ZÎgÂÅÅÛZb»Ëîg6Ì.öBZÅgzÐ0È76ûegTäZkjZáÐ
(351) YZ.ö'Zñ£tZ§ZÈkDïzãt 102Y 3 qçá ... ]ÖÏ×Ü
qgzfs¬ZÖp»ZN[ôDÉññì:Upon capture a prisoner is required to state only his surname,
first names and rank, date of birth, and his army or other serial
number. That is all.39
ÎZÑZòáâyòV{~úm¥â]ÅÅÛZb»0ȯ@ìzê{à{]ÃCÙ§bÆüäZzg]ÆZEwÐgzuäêìX{à{]Æn¯YÃÐÆ¥â]ÅÅÛZbÂäzgÅ!]ìZ¤{~qgz!Ñãä~ÔóZzgÑiò¥â]ÅÅÛZbÐÌZïgô}ÂQÐZk6Ì6g7HYYZzgËnÆÉzüä»ÎZwÑaZ7É@XäzgZy
){~ÃüäZzgZfe:àäÆ!g}~ÎZÑZòáây~égDy0cY@ìZkYÐ 1949 YZzgYZ.ö 1907 YÆÇBÇBÑ$iÃeÔJ.ö 1949 Å?Ï.ö
l!ÉCìXYÅ<VÆ».ÞЪCÙÉ@ìûà 1929 YZzgZkÆ7gz.ö 1949 .ö
~zéä~MäzZá.öä{-VÆÜsÉzZðZ{60È~»äZ]{zWôäcZzgZkÅZqZëzzkxäzxÆäzgZy$©54gö
GEGGúV~uZèxä~YäzZàu¤xVâX®ZåV»ÂÑZEw7HäÉZkÐYìZzgzWF|x»qïL{ "Coercion" Üs
ÉHäX "Physical or mental torture nor any other form of coercion"
YÆQ~'×hYö 1949 kxäzxÐ}òqÝôDÉñYZ»Ð÷ä.öaZôä~X
»ãtzZãô@ìûm{~PóZzgãä~¥â]ÅÛZëôä»Z¤p 17 Mgç0Èì1Zk0È~ÐZûZsÅßg]~òVQkÆÜsËüäZzgZfeÆZk*]Ã{g`ôäcäìz;VQkÆnZk»â:ÌñéäìXtâ:ËwZc'Åßg]~
X40. 7ìÉ¡%Z¬]ÐøzòÅßg]~ì
{-VÐ'×äzg~äzgZyk{GâZÅÛZäÆ!g}~äÔÔãzc¤ëgî{»¦gÂfÇ~¬xÑ
Z½M@ì1Åg'×äzgZy»¦gfÇ~¬xîg67Z½@Xp|tìûäzgZyk¤ëg
(352) YZ.ö'Zñ£tZ§ZÈkDïzãt 102Y 3 qçá ... ]ÖÏ×Ü
î{ZÅÛZäлxh»gDyú-V6Z*ìXTÅzé;]~ÐZqZëzztìûäzgZy{i0ÏÃ'åÛZgZzg!¹gp6éZyZY]Z0êz{{à{]ÆnZqZü°1úÉDêXÅ<å XEZZyZyZY]Åà°Å{§Z§ZykÐ'×äzg~ôZðYCìX@gõÆZzgZtZcÐt|MDgÉCìûOW+kÆZk6Ðúh»gzZ`gzòäzgÐ
ÑzqÉZXgzòѸMVäÉЬm{-VÃOôäÅOñZyÅçÙägz7ÃT*ZzgZ7Zk{§i0{gpÑ6ûe-eäñì:
The romans were the first to perceive the economic value of
captives taken in war by reducing them to slavery. 41
Íc@g]Z±gÐZ§ZykÅú'×äzg~Å&¢Ñz{øuìéZyÅi07VÅõÉìX{à{':ÜsZ7ZkÑÆni0{gBêÉZyÅZkZ¦ZäÃ
X42 'åÛZggpZzg(JäÆnQyÐZY'@ÉÌôCêÍûZ§ZykÐúh»gzZ`¹6Z*ìpZÞ,ú~ÆMy6«!g
YÅJ 1899 Z§ZykÅZÅÛZä~¸]Ã!á°{îg6EôäÅ»x[ÃÒÅàX»Ð÷Æäzu}.ö~{~Æ%¥Ô»xÅâÎÔ»xÅZ]ZzgZ]~ÐZyZY]
YÆÑ$ÃeÔ 1863 ůY6¶âZUÉV6áâyÇi~¿~MðXÍûZkЬYÆMxgeùwäÌZkñçq6¼ô%AX1 1880 YÅ'©»Ð÷Zzg 1874
YÆa¸J 1907 YÆà 1899 !á°{îg6ÎZÑZòáây»ägzqÝ:ôÃX@ë.ö~Zkñçq6äg}©àp´Vgz/¿ÑDÉñicä{FZbZYÃäCÙZäcäZzgQ
YÆä}YZ.ö~Zïð 1949 YÆYZ.ö~'×hzüsôä~àXZû 1929
ëwgz×ìwZzgYìôäZ4ÅàêXtôäÔÆå~ñéäZ§ZykÐàYäzZàúÐ0)bZzgZëÎZÑ]»iÅÛZëôCêX
HÆZ0gZzg!CÙäzâV»V6ZEwHY@g;ìX @g]îg6Z§ZykÅzÃÅ<å XEZZÞ,ú~Ð!á°{îg6zéä~MäzZáZ§ZykÐ0¸Z2ZyäzâV§b
YZïð]hÔYìZzg»x[ç@{ 1949 ÅzÐ0êXZkZ±gÐäZYZ.öìXtç@{!¹&azZVç@Z]ÅÚicä{-ìXZ§ZykÆzÐ0£tz
(353) YZ.ö'Zñ£tZ§ZÈkDïzãt 102Y 3 qçá ... ]ÖÏ×Ü
~0ðYCêXäZ III ÅÛZøZzgpäZyÆZLDÆ0ôä}YZ.öÆvYZ.öòVåîg6Z§ZykÆ£tzÅÛZøÐcô@ìz;VZk»Zq(Zz{mîg6Z§ZykÅzÐÐ0ìX
Àòîg6Òyô@ìûâÎZñòMWiÓxZ§Zykûx 49 .öBZ»Mgçôä66gHYYìXãä~îg6ZkMgçÅZíZY~{à{]ÆZkZütÃÒyHäìûz{Z§Zykлxá$Ëì@ëtZüt)æzo7ìXÜsZy{-Vûx66gHYYìéKãîg6Zk»xÆnñizVêXKãîg6ñiz+Ð%Zä:ÜstìûMcË{~ûx6ÎcYñc:ÎcYñÉZkÐtÌ%ZäìûMct{mn»»xË{~Ð1Yñc:1YñXZkñi+ÆeâV~/Ô½ZzgKã¸]z&¢á.ÞfôêX}1hñZÅÛZäÃJúÔ»ñV66g7HYYXZk§bpZ&Ã1úZVäÆ»ñV67ÎcYYXZ¤/Zzg½ÆZ±gÐÃð»xñizVÉVÂKã¸]z
&¢ÌZk»xÐ_ìÅqïÉãe34/õ XGJX¢zg~7ûZqéZV/%äCÙ§b»»x»jZ!ÌÆÉÇûZk~ÁZiÁCÙâ{é{-VÆ? 55 ôäÆá.ÞÉXåVMgç
çÍÅÔñéäìZk»mÌZyÅË»xÆnñiz+ÐêZzZôgÇìXZkjZáÐäzu~kx~Z%Mäé§i¿Z(gHXz{ÌVwìÆá.Þìû{-V
X43 ûxÆZ±gÐ&Zlx~ËHäXQZyÅnÆZ±gÐÑZ7»xÎxY@{-VÆÇzVÆZ±gлxÅâÎůY6ZqZzgZë=ôÔX.öBZÆ
»ìXtZòb*yòMWi "Supervisory work" ~ZEwî{Zòb 49 MgçÆ»xÅâÎÃözäôCìXZkZòbÅÃð=ôpä.öBZÆQ~ñéä7@ëZkQÆêágb82.ç EGEE&½3ïFHHäZkZÃiôDÉññì:
The term "supervisory work" is generally recognized as
denoting administrative tasks which usually consist of directing
the other ranks; it obviously excludes all manual labour.44
Z§ZÈkо§bÆ»xfYMê?Zk!g}~t¦gZVgz,ú~ÐñéäìûZ§ZÈkÐàYäzZàúZkÆzíZ-Æ¢äZ]Ð'Z{gZÑ
(354) YZ.ö'Zñ£tZ§ZÈkDïzãt 102Y 3 qçá ... ]ÖÏ×Ü
X45 Éäx7Éãe34/õ XGJ
~ÅÛZëô 50 YZ.öäZ§ZÈkÅ!"X»ñVÃàgHQyÅzÑMgçrZäØâêXMgçBZ (Classes) ä~àìXZkzÑ~ägZÝ»ñVÆägY]
ЪCÙÉ@ìûZyägY]ÔZlxZzg4]Æ´z{}ZzgZ§ZykÅzÃÜs7HYYXQÆZ0gtZlxcägY]bÅ®Zä~rZñâêX@ë!¹Mg<Zzg.öÆ
îVÃêáïôDÉñCkät®ZääkCðì&fs~äg`HYg;ì:1.Camp Administration, Installation or Maintenance;
2. Agriculture;
3. Production or Extraction of Raw Materials;
4. Manufacturing Industries (except Metallurgical, Machinery, and
Chemical);
5. Public Works and Building Operations, with no Military
Character or Purpose;
6. Transportation and Handling of Stores, with no Military in
Character or Purpose;
7. Commercial Business, and Arts and Crafts;
8. Domestic Services;
9.Public utility;
10. Unhealthy Dangerous or Humiliating Labour (with the
voluntary consent of the POW in accordance with Article 52)46.
6Ìc (Conditions) .öBZ{-VÐaYäzZá»ñVÆqÑ]zÑZ_ô@ìXtZyqÑ]zÑZ_Æ0ZqåüÇ»qïìXZyÀòqÑ]zÑZ_Æn
úmHäìX 51 Mgç{-VÆ»xÆZzá]Ðcô@ìpkxäzx 30 Y»Mgç 1929 YZ.ö
qgz!Ñ0âCVÃÇtgnÉñYZ.ö X47 ÆäzgZyZkÅ<VÃ'~§b0âwHä~{-VÆ»xÆZzá]ÆjZáÐåüÇÅÛZëôäcìX 53 Æ!{3¨4è EE
GEäMgçgziZ:ZzgßzZgãäzV6zs»g{-VÃMgZxZzg%ÅúªÅÅÛZbÆÇB
.öBZZqÇwÐiZZ{~gÅzZáZÅÛZäÃÇÑ:ÚMJgziÅu]ÅúªÌÅÛZëô@ìZzgZkúªÐÃZ{ZVäzZá{~u]ÆZcxÅ9Z{Ðøzx7G
(355) YZ.ö'Zñ£tZ§ZÈkDïzãt 102Y 3 qçá ... ]ÖÏ×Ü
ÃD¯@ìXtÔZK (Working pay) YNÐÉ.öBZZy{-VÃäzgZy%9Z{ðÆZ±gÐ!Ç5ìX
9Z{Zzgçz£Y]Y~ÜsZqZ+äiìé'Z{gZÑ{-VÆâàfgZùzzÇbÐ 1929 YZ.ö
ìX@ëZkÆ´z{xîg6¼äväd]~!ßZôîg6Zk 34 0ìXtäiè~24 Zzg 23, 22, 6 ñçqÐ0ôñéäêéô!ßZôîg60êz{äiè
0ðYCêXèÃg{!Ñ.öä^zs»g{-VÅ9Z{ðôäÆn§gc2VÃ!bç@Z]ôä»0ȯc1kxäzxÆäzgZyZkÔÅ0È~¿~7MmXZkäzgZy
§gc2VÆägxyÃðç@{ð7ÉZZzgíz½»g{-VÅZ]åîg6{à{YÅ 1929 XkxäzxÆàZZkÆ}òÅgzÝ~.ö 48 gcÑÆg3zôx6¶
<VÅ'×h4~ÆnÍgZÝFÅ»Ð÷ÂÉðÂZ·tHäû{-VÆâàzÇbzfgZùÐ0ôMÒ{.öÆZqv~Ѧôä~YNX®ZZqZcÉ
wZk¾nЯðàZzgZÐqgzfs&ZßßVÅgzÝ~\gêá]»gôä»@säcX49ä
1. The amounts paid out to prisoners of war by the Detaining
Power shall be limited so that a maximum sum may be available
for the next of kin of prisoners of war.
2. The amounts paid shall be determined by rank or status.
3. Credit balances shall be made easily transferable to the next of
kin of prisoners of war.
¡{-VÆâà IV ~v III Y~qgz!ÑZäZâ]Æà0g^ 1949 .öfgZùzzÇbÆnºmôäcäXZkv~Àäg{äd]êXZk§bÐt.öZL
Å«äiÅgzÐÓxZ§ZyköZqÐi 60 7gz.öÅÃ@ëVÃ7gZôäêìXMgçÅgzÐ 23 ËÇ}Å!âÉZg9Z{Æ,ZgI}XZkÐIÇó.öÆMgç
ÜsMW{~ÑZk§bÅ9Z{Æ,ZgåYD¸Xp.öBZäÓx{-VÃZyÆÇzVÆZ±gÐ0õZlx~ÑôDÉñZyÅ!âÉZg9ZÉVÅg¶³ôä~ìX
(356) YZ.ö'Zñ£tZ§ZÈkDïzãt 102Y 3 qçá ... ]ÖÏ×Ü
»mìÂ.öBZ» (Working pay) òVJ{-VÆ»xÅ9Z{ªZ]ZkÆ0ìXZzgZkMgçÅgzÐwZÑ~gpzZàgcÑÅZågú{-V 62 Mgç
Æ»xÅZ]ðô,ÏX@ëtZqaåðÎkÅÛZ7°-xÐÁ7ÉÏXtZ]7g}äyÆ»xÅÉÏX
Dc]ZzgúÒÇÈZ§ZyYä{-V»ZKZÇg]Ð0Dc]äg`ôZä»htHìXZk 1949 .ö
hÅâÎ.öBZÆ4äqZïðãä~ìTÆnz{ZqÐicä{fgZùZEwôYìXpäZ§ZykŧsÐZKZÇg]ÆäzgZy|uÐ0Deäg`ôZä»uZrÖ¡kxZzwÆäzgZyMìX!ÖpävZkkЬ{-VÆZkhÃ
Y~{-VÅúÒÏÉZy 1907 t7HäåX¸zzìûJgcÉ4n.ç GIEEZzgYZ.öÅDc]ÆnÃðÔñéä7ìXZkhÅTy~ðZzgÅÛZ÷ÃZzq»Z³ZiqÝìYèZkjZáЬUTç@}ä{-VÆZkhÃtHz{ZyÑäzÂVÆ
X50 ägxyÂÉZåYÅgzÐqÝQkÆ£tȨ̈b0âwG 1949 Z¤Ãð{~ìwô@ìû.ö
YgìêZzgz{ËÌDÐøzxg3Yg;ìÂz{ZfgZù~ÐÃðZqcÓxZ(gôDÉñZKDeäg`ôZYìXZyfgZù~ÐõÉ]ZzgúÒÇyZ§Zy»ôäZgzZãîg
126 Zzg 81, 79, 78 6.öBZ~!hÐêOìXèÃg{!ÑäzâVfgZùÅw»fôäd]èÆúÒÇyJÌDc]àðY ICRC ~ñéäìX@ëZqä}fg=Æîg6
X51 $ËêXpZkfg)cMÆ0.öäÜZs7Åä{-VÆhDeÃtôDÉñ{à{]Ã0ȯc 78 .öBZÆMgç
ìûz{ZyDc]âZi¢MÐàñÏXTÅzzªCÙìûCÙDe»m{mzâÜÐÉ@ìTƦgäÆàQkÅZÃäeÁc»ÉYCìXhDeÆZEwÅÃðêh.öäÒy7ÅìXYèêhУ[ÑqÝ7ÉYXª.öBZäË{~ÆaDeäg`ôZäÅÃðuHg7ÅZzg:Ñ{~Æf)Îcìûz{˧bZK
(357) YZ.ö'Zñ£tZ§ZÈkDïzãt 102Y 3 qçá ... ]ÖÏ×Ü
DeÃU"ô}XDe~ÎcYäzZÑZ²Zx.öÅÃ~ßU"Éä6ñZwZX52 CÙ¦:ÉÇ
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{~tôäÐZïg~ìZzg*gzZÕzÉÆ6gkgeáìôg;ìXZ,~Q£tZãÅ0áZgZZxÃÎOÉÇûYðZkv[áây6¿ägMæeÉYì?
jZ!Y]zjZÙLauterpacht, The Problem of the Revision of the Law of War, British
Year Book of International Law, 1952, P. 3601
David, Geo, B., The Prisoner of War, American Journal of InternationalLaw, July, 1913., P. 530
2
Oppenheim, International Law, Vol. II, disputes, Longmans, Green &Co., Inc. London, 1952, P. 368
3
Pictet, Jean, Commentary III Geneva convention Relative to Treatment of MÒ{ZkÂ[ÃZ"gÅ{§ Prisoners of War, ICRC, Geneva, 1960, P. 5
ñYñÇ Pictet
4
Ibid, P. 6 5
Executive Report No. 9, Retrieved on 19 January, 2012 fromwww.loc.gov/rr/frd/military.law, P. 13
6
Yingling & Ginname, The Geneva Conventions of 1949, AmericanJournal of Internaational Law, July, 1952, P. 394
7
Final Record of the diplomatic Conference of Geneva of 1949,Vol. IIB,P. 108 , Retrieved on 12 January, 2012, from
http://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/Military_Law/RC-Fin-Rec_Dipl-Conf-1949.html
8
Pictet, P. 34 9
The Geneva Conventions of 1949, P. 395 10
(358) YZ.ö'Zñ£tZ§ZÈkDïzãt 102Y 3 qçá ... ]ÖÏ×Ü
Geneva Convention for the Treatment of Prisoners of War, 1949, Art 7.Retrieved on 03 January, 2012 from
http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/geneva03.asp
ñYñÇX "GCPW 1949" MÒ{Z"gžnÐZÐ
11
Final Record, Vol. II B, P. 17, 18, 56, 110 12
Pietro Verri, Dictionary of the International Law of the Armed Conflict,ICRC, Geneva, 1992, P. 91
13
Kurtha, A. Nomi, Prisoners of War and War Crimes, Pakistan HeraldPress, 1973, P. 17.
14
The Red Cross Conventions, P. 55-56 15
Nasim Hassan Shah, Justice Dr., Geneva Conventions and the PakistaniPrisoners of War, Progressive Publishers, Lahore, 1973, P. 6
16
GCPW 1949, Art 25 17
Pictet, P. 195 18
GCPW 1949, Art 26 19
Ibid, Art 15 20
Final Record, Vol. IIA, P. 257 21
Flory, W.E.F., Prisoners of War, American Council on Public Affairs,Washington, D.C., 1942, P. 67-68.
22
GCPW 1949, Art 26 23
Report of the International Committee of the Red Cross on its activitiesMÒ{Z"gžnÐZÐ during the Second World War, Vol.I, P.258-263
ñYñÇX Report of ICRC
24
Final Record, Vol. II A, P. 258 25
Pictet, P. 204 26
Report of ICRC, Vol. I, P. 263 27
Pictet, P. 208 28
GCPW 1949, Art 30 29
Report on the Work of the Conference of Government Experts, P. 148
ñYñÇX Report of Government Experts MÒ{Z"gÅ{§ZÐ30
GCPW 1949, Art 30 31
Executive Order No. 10631 32
(359) YZ.ö'Zñ£tZ§ZÈkDïzãt 102Y 3 qçá ... ]ÖÏ×Ü
GCPW 1949, Art 42 33
Pictet, P. 248 34
GCPW 1949, Art 109 35
Whiteman, Marforie, Digest of International Law, Department of StatePublication, Washington, D.C., 1968, Vol. 10, P. 213
36
Treaty of Versailles, Prt VI, Art 214, Retrieved on 25 April, 2012, from
http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/audio/history/pdf/the_treaty_of_versailles.pdf
37
Robin Geib, Name, rank, date of birth, serial number and the right toremain silent, ICRC Review, Dec., 1995, P.722
38
The Red Cross Conventions, P.59 39
ÅæäлgHäìX Pictet, P.160 t]zw 40
David, Geo, B. The Prisoner of War, P. 523 41
Lewis, A.G., The Structure of the Third Geneva Convention System ofPOW Labour Law and Collective Representation and the Challenges
Presented by Modern Armed Conflicts, P. 61; Allan Rosas, The LegalStatus of Prisoners of War, Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia, Helsinki, 1976,
P. 136
42
Macknight, The Employment of Prisoners of War in the United States,International Labour Review, July 1944, P. 47
43
Pictet, P. 262 44
Flory, W.E.F., Prisoners of War, P. 71 45
The Structure of the Third Geneva Convention System of POW LabourLaw and Collective Representation and Challenges Presented by Modern
Armed Conflicts, P. 61
46
Report of ICRC, Vol.1, P. 329 47
Pictet, P. 313 48
Report of Government Experts, P. 157 49
Pictet, P. 382 50
Howard S. Levie, Prisoners of War and the Protecting Power, American Journal of International Law, Vol. 55, No. 2 (Apr., 1961) P. 396
51
The Red Cross Conventions, P. 61 52
(360) YZ.ö'Zñ£tZ§ZÈkDïzãt 102Y 3 qçá ... ]ÖÏ×Ü