tab / uni maribor ws 07/ 08 ethics and culture in journalism a question of: -professionality...

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tab / uni maribor ws 07/ 08 ETHICS AND CULTURE IN JOURNALISM A question of: - Professionality - Competence - Personality - Media Environment (Organization, Audience) - Social Environment - Political Environment (Political System, Political Culture)

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Page 1: Tab / uni maribor ws 07/ 08 ETHICS AND CULTURE IN JOURNALISM A question of: -Professionality -Competence -Personality -Media Environment (Organization,

tab / uni maribor ws 07/ 08

ETHICS AND CULTURE IN JOURNALISMETHICS AND CULTURE IN JOURNALISM

A question of: - Professionality

- Competence

- Personality

- Media Environment

(Organization, Audience)

- Social Environment

- Political Environment

(Political System, Political Culture)

A question of: - Professionality

- Competence

- Personality

- Media Environment

(Organization, Audience)

- Social Environment

- Political Environment

(Political System, Political Culture)

Page 2: Tab / uni maribor ws 07/ 08 ETHICS AND CULTURE IN JOURNALISM A question of: -Professionality -Competence -Personality -Media Environment (Organization,

tab / uni maribor ws 07/ 08

group - pressureorganizationhierarchypolicyreligionmarketsneeds of audience

primary socialisationsecundary socialisationcapacitiesskillsexperiencemotivation

lawlegacy vslegitimitystatutesprofessionalstandardscodex

informal normsforce of circumstances

professional norms"conscience"

formal norms"rules"

Model of journalistic moralcultural ethos

ethics

Page 3: Tab / uni maribor ws 07/ 08 ETHICS AND CULTURE IN JOURNALISM A question of: -Professionality -Competence -Personality -Media Environment (Organization,

tab / uni maribor ws 07/ 08

Journalistic moral in field of tension of different rationalitiesJournalistic moral in field of tension of different rationalities

powerinfluenceprofitcalculation

truthtruthfulnesscorrectnesstransparencyagreement

communica

tive

rationality

responsibilityfreedomservice to public interestethical rationality

eco

nom

ica

l ra

tion

ality

Page 4: Tab / uni maribor ws 07/ 08 ETHICS AND CULTURE IN JOURNALISM A question of: -Professionality -Competence -Personality -Media Environment (Organization,

tab / uni maribor ws 07/ 08

Areas of Competence of Scientific Media StudiesAreas of Competence of Scientific Media Studies

Praxeology

Analysis/Interpretation

Practice Pragmatics

Lo

w L

eve

l of

Co

mp

ete

nce

Ad

van

cie

d L

eve

l o

f C

om

pe

ten

ce

ThematicApplication

GeneralApplication

Increasing Complexity of PracticeIncr

easi

ng C

ompl

exity

Of

Con

cept

ualiz

atio

n

Page 5: Tab / uni maribor ws 07/ 08 ETHICS AND CULTURE IN JOURNALISM A question of: -Professionality -Competence -Personality -Media Environment (Organization,

tab / uni maribor ws 07/ 08

Social Factors of Destinction of Media UseSocial Factors of Destinction of Media Use

Individual‘s position in social hierarchy:Lifestyle-Model (Rosengreen)Capital Theory (Bourdieu)- Positional and individual indicators influence the

Handling of media- Media menus and media knowledge used as

means of keeping or improving the social position

Criteria:Work- orientation (accumulation of cultural capital)Meaning (use of media as a character of distinction and identity management

(Source: Meyen, Michael (2007): Medienwissen und Medienmenüs als kulturelles Kapital und Distinktionsmerkmale. In: Medien & Kommunikationswissenschaft 3/2007, 333-354)

Page 6: Tab / uni maribor ws 07/ 08 ETHICS AND CULTURE IN JOURNALISM A question of: -Professionality -Competence -Personality -Media Environment (Organization,

tab / uni maribor ws 07/ 08

Media User Typology

(Source: Meyen, Michael (2007): Medienwissen und Medienmenüs als kulturelles Kapital und Distinktionsmerkmale. In: Medien & Kommunikationswissenschaft 3/2007, 333-354 )

Media User Typology

(Source: Meyen, Michael (2007): Medienwissen und Medienmenüs als kulturelles Kapital und Distinktionsmerkmale. In: Medien & Kommunikationswissenschaft 3/2007, 333-354 )

The dutiful onesDie Pflichtbewussten

The independent onesDie Unabhängigen

Work Orientation / Arbeitsorientierung

Mea

ning

of

Med

ia

Bed

eutu

ng d

er M

edie

n

The frugal onesDie Genügsamen

The consumersDie Konsumenten

The hooversDie Profis

The elitistsDie Elitären

The epicursDie Hedonisten

Page 7: Tab / uni maribor ws 07/ 08 ETHICS AND CULTURE IN JOURNALISM A question of: -Professionality -Competence -Personality -Media Environment (Organization,

tab / uni maribor ws 07/ 08

COMMUNICATION SPACE EUROPECOMMUNICATION SPACE EUROPE

European Public Sphere under Conditions of Cultural DiversityEuropean Public Sphere under Conditions of Cultural Diversity

Page 8: Tab / uni maribor ws 07/ 08 ETHICS AND CULTURE IN JOURNALISM A question of: -Professionality -Competence -Personality -Media Environment (Organization,

tab / uni maribor ws 07/ 08

- GOAL -- GOAL -

2. Getting aware that media management is a platform of developing society

and shaping the communicational culture through media

4. Getting aware of similarities / differences between categories and positions

of analysis

5. In reference to different structures and cultures

3. Getting reminded of the societal and cultural impacts and responsibility

working with and in media management

1. Realizing that media management is depending from knowledge of cultural

conditions of usage of media

Page 9: Tab / uni maribor ws 07/ 08 ETHICS AND CULTURE IN JOURNALISM A question of: -Professionality -Competence -Personality -Media Environment (Organization,

tab / uni maribor ws 07/ 08

- Referencies -- Referencies -

2. Hallin, Daniel C. / Mancini, Paolo: Drei Modelle von Medien und politischer Kultur in Europa. Grundlegenede Überlegungen zu einer komparativen europäischen Journalismusforschung. In: Kopper/Mancini,2003: 11 - 28

3. Löffelholz, Martin (ed.) (2000): Theorien des Journalismus.

Ein diskursives Handbuch. Wiesbaden

4. Internationales Handbuch Medien, 2004/2005 ed. By Hans Bredow Institut für Medienforschung an der Universität Hamburg. Baden Baden

5. Gavranovic, Ante (2006): Medijska obratnica. Novi citatelji traze drugacije novine. Zagreb

1. Kopper, Gerd G. / Mancini, Paolo (eds) (2003):

Kulturen des Journalismus und politische Systeme. Berlin

Page 10: Tab / uni maribor ws 07/ 08 ETHICS AND CULTURE IN JOURNALISM A question of: -Professionality -Competence -Personality -Media Environment (Organization,

tab / uni maribor ws 07/ 08

- MEDIA CULTURE (MC) -- MEDIA CULTURE (MC) -

The way and the mind how people use media in order to connect or to get connected to the environment of political and conversational discourses.

The question IS NOT: What does media do with people ?The question IS: What does people do with media ?

contextual consideration:

• Contemporaneous self-description: Media- (Communication-, Knowledge-) Society:

• There is no media-free existence of people, knowledge, events (medialized relevance)

• Interconnectivity of quality between media production (journalism), media consumption (public, recipient), socio-cultural environment, political environment

• MC always an integrative part of a society and its collective psychic structure / Analysis of media always is an analysis of the society and vice verse)

• MC also a product of specific historical development, of structural forms and of mentalities which reflect how the society deals with social conflicts or divergences.

Page 11: Tab / uni maribor ws 07/ 08 ETHICS AND CULTURE IN JOURNALISM A question of: -Professionality -Competence -Personality -Media Environment (Organization,

tab / uni maribor ws 07/ 08

- EUROPEAN MEDIA ORDER -- EUROPEAN MEDIA ORDER -

now 27 nations

EU - Identiy building in progress: One Voice Europe?

structural conditions of political and social system

different languages

different cultural symbols

different historical conditions

mutual resentments (clichés)

TECHNOLOGY

Satellite covering 500 Mio. people, 40 states, 17 national languages

crossborder broadcasting (ARTE, Phönix,...)

digitalisation and media convergence

EU Policy

European media order in progress (Radio/TV)

European Commission

not yet a transnational order system -> developing (centralized) EU Media Order is limited!

European Council

with strong position

European Court of Human Rights

Media freedom is a part of freedom of opinion, must be secured by state through positive legislation

Page 12: Tab / uni maribor ws 07/ 08 ETHICS AND CULTURE IN JOURNALISM A question of: -Professionality -Competence -Personality -Media Environment (Organization,

tab / uni maribor ws 07/ 08

- JOURNALISM CULTURE -- JOURNALISM CULTURE -

What are the main characteristics of the political structure of a country, which effect the media system – and vice verse ?

How does the form of democracy effect the media system?

Does the form of political participation correlate to the form how the media system is organized?

Are there important functional differences in media (print / TV) and does this relation effect the political system?

What is the degree of media literacy in a country (critical reading)?

Is there a self-referential reflection of media?Approximativ Theory of Difference in Media/Journalism Culture in Europe

measured at the for of relationship between media and politics

loosing specific character due to globalisation, commercialisation and secularisation

Comparison based on regions sharing common history and mutual influences!

Page 13: Tab / uni maribor ws 07/ 08 ETHICS AND CULTURE IN JOURNALISM A question of: -Professionality -Competence -Personality -Media Environment (Organization,

tab / uni maribor ws 07/ 08

- JOURNALISM CULTURE at MEDITERRANEAN -- JOURNALISM CULTURE at MEDITERRANEAN -

Greece, Italy, Spain and Portugal

weak bourgeoisie and capitalism, late industrialisation, strong aristocracy, strong clergy, late introduction of press freedom, low circulation, Journalism close to literature, politics and economy

press = intervention of politics,TV = gossipingnewspaper = politically oriented

Public broadcasting

pluralisation of ideologies

politics

Journalistic professionalism

based on 3 elements•patterns different from culture•existence of ethics•media entrepreneurs from journalistic branch

All in all

Mediterranean media culture follows a model of strong ideological direction, fundamental pluralism, controversial ad polarized public communication – both in political and in conversational formats.

Page 14: Tab / uni maribor ws 07/ 08 ETHICS AND CULTURE IN JOURNALISM A question of: -Professionality -Competence -Personality -Media Environment (Organization,

tab / uni maribor ws 07/ 08

- JOURNALISM CULTURE at NORTH CENTRAL EUROPE -- JOURNALISM CULTURE at NORTH CENTRAL EUROPE -

Scandinavia, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, BeNeLux

democratic corporatistic way of cooperation between media and politics

Influential commercialists, high rate of alphabetisation, high circulation, coexistence of mighty and party newspapers, strong external pluralism, information-oriented approach

Public broadcasting

Differently structured (party political, institution-political, no party political influence, independent)

with strong position in public life (Austria)

strict regulation of commercial broadcasting

Journalistic professionalism

free accessibility, umbrella organisations

Page 15: Tab / uni maribor ws 07/ 08 ETHICS AND CULTURE IN JOURNALISM A question of: -Professionality -Competence -Personality -Media Environment (Organization,

tab / uni maribor ws 07/ 08

- JOURNALISM CULTURE at WESTERN EUROPE -- JOURNALISM CULTURE at WESTERN EUROPE -

UK and Ireland (Anglo-American Model)

early developed market economy and consolidation of liberal capitalism

dominant commercial press, monetary power as background

considerably idealUS System

Press freedom above all principles, freedom as question of economical resources, commercial before journalistic interests

UK System

often party politically directed: Westminster System, independent broadcasting (BBC), no market regulation

For all of them

strong journalistic culture in form of self control within the media companies,

important independence of journalists within the news media

focus on journalistic education (early start in US) changes remarkable because of internationalisation and globalization

Page 16: Tab / uni maribor ws 07/ 08 ETHICS AND CULTURE IN JOURNALISM A question of: -Professionality -Competence -Personality -Media Environment (Organization,

tab / uni maribor ws 07/ 08

- JOURNALISM CULTURE at Eastern Europe -- JOURNALISM CULTURE at Eastern Europe -

Baltic, Eastern Europe and South-Eastern Europe

long history of changeful belongingness to different cultures and administration systems

no national independences

40 years of societal and political system of communism

1990

breakdown of political system ->

• breaking apart of multinational political community• emerging of mutual hostility/national hate

Now

transition status with ambivalent feeling towards the European Union

media landscape

paralysed situation in structures and culture!

low media literacy level, mistrust against media and public/political institutions, isolated national media islands with hate speech, weak journalism culture due to few complete educated journalists causing a high tabloidization and flat but aggressive investigative journalism

media law work in progress, high foreign commercial participation

Page 17: Tab / uni maribor ws 07/ 08 ETHICS AND CULTURE IN JOURNALISM A question of: -Professionality -Competence -Personality -Media Environment (Organization,

tab / uni maribor ws 07/ 08

- COMMUNICATION SPACE EUROPE -- COMMUNICATION SPACE EUROPE -

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!

o. Univ. Prof. Dr. Thomas A. Bauerwww.thomasbauer.at