Table of Cases*

INTERNATIONAL

Court of Justice of the European UnionEuropean Commission and Others v. Kadi (Kadi II), Case Nos C-584/10 P,

C-593/10 P and C-595/10 P 209, 2013, 209Kadi and Al Barakaat Int. Foundation v. EU Council and Commission (Kadi I),

Case Nos C-402/05 P and C-415/05 P, 2008, 205, 206, 207–209, 211, 214,215, 216, 218

Pringle v. Government of Ireland, Case No. C-370/12, 2012, 189 n. 4

ECOWAS Court of JusticeSERAP v. Nigeria, 2012, 80 n. 59

European Court of Human RightsBehrami v. France, Case No. 71412/01, 2007, 211 n. 19Lawless v. Ireland Case No. 332/57, 1967, 29 n. 51Lingens v. Austria, Case No. 9815/82, 1986, 53 n. 47Moustaquim v. Belgium, Case No. 12313/86, 1991, 77 n. 47Moustaquim v. Netherlands, Case No. 31465/96, 2001, 77 n. 48Nada v. Switzerland, Case No. 10593/08, 2012, 205, 206, 207, 210–212, 215,

216, 218Rantsev v. Cyprus, Case No. 25965/04, 2010, 80 n. 59Saramati v. France, Germany and Norway, Case No. 78166/01, 2007, 211 n. 19

Inter-American Court of Human RightsCoard et al v. the United States, Case 10.951, 1999, 58 n. 74

* The Table of Cases was compiled by Ms C.C. Diepeveen, Middelburg, The Netherlands,e-mail: cdiep@zeelandnet.nl.

M.K. Bulterman and W.J.M. van Genugten (eds.), Netherlands Yearbookof International Law 2013, Netherlands Yearbook of International Law 44,DOI: 10.1007/978-94-6265-011-4, � T.M.C. ASSER PRESS and the authors 2014

221

International Court of JusticeAdvisory Opinions

Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the OccupiedPalestinian Territories, 2004, 33 n. 69

JudgmentsCase Concerning the Legality of the Use of Force (Yugoslavia v. UnitedStates), 1999, 95

International Criminal Tribunal for the former YugoslaviaProsecutor v. Milosovic and 4 others, Case No. IT-99-37, 22 May 1999, 95Prosecutor v. Tadic, Case No. IT-94-1-AR72, 2 October 1995, 96 n. 43, 101,

102

Permanent Court of International JusticeS.S. Lotus v. Turkey, 1927, 91 n. 7

Special Tribunal for LebanonAyyash and others, Case No. STL-11-O1/PT/AC/AR90.1, 24 October 2012,

102

World Trade Organization Appellate BodyEuropean Communities - Conditions for the Granting of Tariff Preferences to

Developing Countries, 20 April 2004, 176, 183United States - Subsidies on Upland Cotton, 21 March 2005, 178

NATIONAL

IndiaSupreme Court

Charan Lal Sahu v. Union of India, 1990, 52Union Carbide Corporation v. Union of India, 14 and 15 February 1989, 50Union Carbide Gas Plant Disaster at Bhopal, 7 May 2004, 49

District Court of BhopalUnion of India’s Plaint in Regular Suit No 1113/86, September 1986, 50

NetherlandsSupreme Court

Iran Sanctions case, 14 December 2012, 205, 206–207, 214–215, 216–219Court of Appeal The Hague

Iran Sanctions case, 26 April 2011, 214District Court The Hague

Iran Sanctions case, 3 February 2010, 213–214, 217

222 Table of Cases

United StatesSupreme Court

Kiobel v. Royal Dutch Petroleum (2013), 54–55, 56, 63Court of Appeals

Sahu et al v. Union Carbide Corp. et al (Sahu I) (2013), 50, 51District Court of New York

Bano v. Union Carbide Corporation (2003), 50 n. 34In Re Union Carbide Gas Plant Disaster at Bhopal India (1986), 49–50, 54Sahu et al v. Union Carbide Corporation et al (Sahu II) (2004), 50 n. 34, 51

Table of Cases 223

Index*

AAbsence, of law, 105Abu Ghraib prison scandal, 32Accountability for breaches of human rights

law, 35–36see also Responsibility

Ad hoc criminal tribunals/courts, 89, 91creation of, 90, 97

and Security Council powers, 98,99–100, 101–107

jurisdiction of, 96–97, 102permanency of, 92

Advocacy, human rights, 35–36Agamben, Giorgio, 77, 94, 104–105, 107, 194Agriculture

export subsidies for, 167 n. 20trade liberalisation for, 171–172

Aid for Trade Initiative (WTO), 177–178,183–184

Alabama (US), anti-immigration laws in, 82 n.69

Algier, Michel, 74–75 n. 31, n. 33Alvarez, José, 102Amaya-Castro, Juan M., 6, 7, 12, 13, 15–16American Convention of Human Rights,

Art. 1, 58 n. 74Amnesty International, on Bhopal tragedy, 49Anan, Kofi, 15, 93, 131Anderson, M., 53Anglo-Dutch Shell, 54–55, 63Anti-immigration legislation, 82–83Apartheid-type regimes, for irregular migrants,

83Apocalypse, 106Aristotle, 104Augenstein, Daniel, 6, 12, 13, 16

Augsburg, Peace of (1555), 103Authers, Benjamin, 5, 12, 15Azevedo, Roberto, 129

BBach, Lord, 100Badrinarayan, Deepa, 122Bali Ministerial Conference (WTO), 9,

167 n. 20Baxi, U., 49Beck, Ulrich, 194Benitez, H.Z., 145 n. 19Benjamin, Walter, 105Bernstorff, Jochen von, 20Betsill, M.M., 149Bhopal tragedy (1984, India), 48–49

victims of, 44, 49–53, 54, 59Biases in international legal scholarship, 65,

68, 79, 84–85Bikundo, Edwin, 7, 11, 13–14, 15Biological diversity, loss of, 151–153Boin, Arjen, 163–164, 197Border controls

human costs of (border deaths), 81militarization of, 79

Border Tax Adjustments (BTAs), 128, 129Boundaries, of crises, 196Broude, Tomer, 7–8, 17, 18Brown, Wendy, 37Brundtland Commission (World Commission

on Environment and Development),146–147

Brunnée, Jutta, 149Buch-Hansen, Hubert, 200Burgers, Jan Herman, 28

* The Index was compiled by Ms C.C. Diepeveen, Middelburg, The Netherlands, e-mail: cdiep@zeelandnet.nl.

M.K. Bulterman and W.J.M. van Genugten (eds.), Netherlands Yearbookof International Law 2013, Netherlands Yearbook of International Law 44,DOI: 10.1007/978-94-6265-011-4, � T.M.C. ASSER PRESS and the authors 2014

225

Burke, Roland, 31, 32Businesses, global, see Corporations,

transnationalByers, Michael, 101

CCancun Agreements on Climate Change

(2010), 119Carson, Rachel, 10–11, 141–142Cassandra legend, 157, 158Cassese, Antonio, 91, 95Cassin, René, 25, 26, 31Cazdyn, Eric, 23Change, crisis-driven, 22–23, 28, 37–38, 187,

198, 200, 201Charlesworth, Hilary

on biases in international legal scholarship,68, 84

on crisis focus in international law, 5, 71 n.20, 83, 114, 126, 127–128, 131,132–133, 140, 141, 193alternatives for, 66–67, 93–94, 156and lack of analytical progress in

international law, 4, 125limitations of, 95, 105, 123, 142–143,

195on human rights, 12, 15on Kosovo crisis, 123on TWAIL, 96

Chesterman, Simon, 101Chiti, E., 189 n. 4Civil rights

in crises, 15status of, 32, 35–36see also International Covenant on Civil

and Political Rights (ICCPR)Civil society, protests against WTO, 168Clapham, Andrew, 60Clapp, J., 181 n. 65Climate change

crisis concept in, 115–116and continuing processes, 125, 150–151criticism of, 155framing of, 111, 118–123, 126–127,

131–132, 135and international law development,

7–8, 112–113, 116–118, 126,127–131, 133–134, 135

international lawyers on, 122–123,124–125, 131

media coverage of, 126–127scientific knowledge of, 118–119,

121–122, 149–150

contestedness of, 18, 123–124Club of Rome, 143Cold War politics, 31Collective security, 100, 105Competition regulation, in EU, 200Compliance in international law, and crises,

14–17Conference on the Changing Atmosphere

(1988), 150Conflicts

and socio-economic injustice, 36of state obligations, 205, 206, 216–219

CJEU on, 207–209Dutch jurisprudence on, 213–215ECtHR on, 210–212

of trade law and climate change law,128–130

Constitutionalism, global, 61Consular relations law , 79 n. 53Convention Against Transnational Organized

Crime (UN, 2000)Protocol Against the Smuggling of

Migrants by Land, Sea and Air, 80Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish

Trafficking in Persons, 80Convention on Biological Diversity (UN,

1992), 151, 152Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of

Discrimination Against Women (CE-DAW) (UN, 1979), 34

Preamble, 27Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees

(UN, 1951), 69–70Art. 1A(2), 69 n. 13non-refoulement protection in, 71

Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC)(UN, 1992), 34

Convention on the Rights of Persons withDisabilities (CRPD) (UN, 2006), 34

Convention to Combat Desertification (CCD)(UN, 1994), 151, 152

Cook, Robin, 100Corporations, transnational

and human rights law, 6, 42–43, 44–45, 47, 49state responsibility for violations of,

55–59, 62, 63liability of, 54–55and state sovereignty, 6, 12, 13, 16, 41,

43–44, 45–46, 60–61Cotton, subsidies for production of, 178Counter-terrorism, 78

and human rights, 30, 207–209Court of Justice of the European Union

(CJEU)

226 Index

on conflicts of state obligations, 207–209,211, 215, 216

on European Stability Mechanism (ESM),189 n. 4

Crime, organized, fight against, 80, 85Criminal law, international

creation of, 90–91and crises, 7, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93–97, 107,

108enforcement of, 15, 98

Criminal responsibility, individual, 7Criminal tribunals/courts, see Ad hoc criminal

tribunals/courtsCrises, 21–24, 104, 105, 114, 117, 134–135,

153, 163–165change driven by, 22–23, 28, 37–38, 187,

198, 200, 201financial, 195–196, 197international law focus on, 3, 4–5, 10–18,

24, 66, 68, 84, 95–96, 111, 114–115see also different international law

disciplinesand legal scholarship, 86 n. 77of legitimacy, 161, 162 n. 3, 164and mundane, 65, 66–67, 68–69, 84, 86perceptions of, 140, 141political, 114as political opportunity, 189–190, 192,

197–200as technique of government, 9–10, 11,

187, 191–192, 194, 196–197, 201Criticism, as crisis, 38Cultural rights, 31–32

DDean, Mitchell, 191Deaths, border, 81Debray, Régis, 115Declaration on the Right to Development (UN,

1986), 32Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous

Peoples (UN, 2007), Preamble,27–28

Del Ponte, Carla, 95Democracy, liberal, and global legal order, 91Derogation of human rights, 12

in crises, 20, 29–30economic and social rights, 33

Desertification, 151–152Detention, of migrants, 81Developed countries

and Doha Round of Negotiations (WTO),171–172, 174, 180–181, 182

non-reciprocal trade liberalisation by, 9,167 n. 20, 182–183

Developing countrieseconomic and social rights promoted by,

31–32free trade agreements of, 180Third World Approaches to International

Law (TWAIL), 96trade-related development needs of, 161,

163, 165–166 n. 11, 174–176, 177–178,181–182, 183–184

DevelopmentDoha Round of Negotiations’ focus on, 9,

175–176, 183and environment, 144–147

Discriminationof irregular migrants, 83nationality as basis for, 206, 213–215of women, 36

Distributive justice, 32, 36Doha Development Agenda/Round of Negoti-

ations(WTO), 13, 161, 162, 165–166development focus of, 9, 175–176, 183and emerging economies, 174and free trade agreements, 180, 181–182and WTO legitimacy crisis, 163, 166–167,

169–178, 180, 182–183Domestic law

anti-immigration, 82–83corporate, 46 n. 16and international law, 15–16, 216–219

Domestic lawyers, refugee lawyers, 16, 70 n.18

Dow Chemical Company, 51Downs, Anthony, 153–154, 155, 156Durban Platform for Enhanced Action (on

Climate Change) (2011), 119–120Dynamics, of crises, 198Dystopia, and utopia, 92, 93

EECJ, see Court of Justice of the European

Union (CJEU)Economic refugees, 67 n. 9Economic rights, 31–33, 36, 37Emanuel, Rahm, 190Emergencies, derogation of rights in, 29Emerging economies, 176

and Doha Round of Negotiations (WTO),174

Enforcementof international criminal law, 15, 98of international law, 93

Index 227

Environmental crises, 8, 141, 153, 154, 155biological diversity loss, 151–153criticism of use of concept, 155–158desertification, 151–152ozone depletion, 148–149, 154–155perspectives on, 143–146see also Climate change

Environmental law, international, 16–17, 116crisis concept in, 8–9, 139, 140–141,

142–143, 148and development, 145–147

Environmentalism/environmentalists,141–142, 157–158

Erga Omnes obligations, of human rights, 34Esposito, Roberto, 105Esty, D., 167–168, 169Euphemisms for crisis, 12European Coal and Steel Community, 4European Convention on Human Rights

application of, 217Art. 8, 210Art. 13, 210Protocol 12, Art. 1, 213

European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR)on conflicts of state obligations, 210–212,

215, 216on emergencies, 29 n. 51on immigration control, 77 n. 47

European Court of Justice, see Courtof Justice of the European Union(CJEU)

European integration process, 4European Union (EU)

Climate Action Commissioner, 120Common Position 2007/140/CFSP on

Iranian sanctions, 212, 217competition regulation in, 200crises in

commonality of, 9–10, 12, 187,193–194, 201

and expert knowledge, 187, 195–196,201

regulatory responses to, 188–189,197–200

Economic and Monetary Union (EMU),198

Fiscal Stability Union, 199free trade agreements of, 179, 180, 200

with US, 181irregular migrants in, 82legal order, conflicts with UN legal order,

208, 211–212neo-liberalism of, 14Regulation (EC) No 881/2002, 207

responsibility for border deaths in, 81Stability Mechanism (ESM), 189 n. 4,

198–199Treaty, Art. 12, 213Treaty on the Functioning of the EU

(TFEU)Art. 125, 189 n. 4Art. 136, 189 n. 4

Evil, tolerance of, 107Exception, state of, 77, 94, 106, 194Exclusion, refugee camps as sites of, 77Experts

knowledge produced in crises by, 187,195–196, 201

rule by, 191–192Export subsidies, 167 n. 20, 173Extraterritorial application

of human rights law, 16, 41, 44, 54–55,56–58, 62–63ICCPR, 56 n. 62ICESCR, 62

of international law to transnationalcorporations, 46

Extraterritorial control of migration, 79 n. 53

FFear, of irregular migration, 78Feminism, international law approaches of, 67Feyter, K. de, 45Financial crises, 195–196, 197

EU responses to, 198–200Fletcher, George, 99Fletcher, Paul, 104Force, use of, 13–14, 15, 93

threats of, 100, 105Foucault, Michel, 14, 190–191Framework Convention on Climate Change

(FCCC) (UN, 1992), 119, 150Conferences of the Parties (COPs),

119–120, 133failures of, 133

Free trade agreements (FTAs), 161, 163, 167n. 20, 179–182

of EU, 179, 180, 200Freedoms, essential (Franklin Roosevelt), 31Fundación Bariloche, 143

GGallopin, Gilberto, 144 n. 16Game changers, crises as, 187, 200, 201Gandhi, Indira, 145Gender discrimination, 36

228 Index

General Agreement of Tariffs and Trade(GATT), 168–169, 170

Geneva Conventions on the Laws of War,Convention 4, Protection of CivilianPersons in Times of War (1949), 73–74

Glendon, M.A., 26Global constitutionalism, 61Global Diversity Outlook, 153Global warming, 115–116

contestedness of scientific knowledge on,123–124

crisis framing of, 118–123, 126–127,131–132, 135

as international law crisis, 7–8, 111,112–113, 116–118, 126, 127

international lawyers on, 122–123,124–125, 131

see also Climate changeGlobalisation, and human rights law, 6, 12, 13,

16, 41, 44–45Goldstone, Richard, 25Gore, Al, 121Government, crises as technique of, 9–10,

11, 187, 191–192, 194, 196–197, 201Gramsci, Antonio, 117Guiding Principles on Business and Human

Rights (UN), 6Guilt, 105, 108

HHammarskjöld, Dag, 90, 93, 103Harmes, Adam, 22–23, 37–38Hart, Paul ’t, 197Hathaway, James, 71, 76, 77Hay, Colin, 22, 23, 134–135Health, right to, 62Hedegaard, Connie, 120Hell, 103–104Herwig, Alexia , 9, 12–13, 169 n. 30Hierarchies

in international law, 215of rights, 15, 21

and crises, 30–37Historical narratives, legal writing as, 95‘Hole in the pole’, 149Holocaust, as catalyst for human rights law,

20, 25, 26–27, 81criticism of, 28

Hong Kong Ministerial Declaration (2005,WTO), 171–172, 177

Hüller, T., 169 n. 30Hulme, Mike, 155, 156

Human rights lawapplication of, 218

extraterritorial, 16, 41, 44, 54–55,56–58, 62–63ICCPR, 56 n. 62ICESCR, 62

and UN obligations, 207–212, 215, 217and counter-terrorism, 30, 207–209and crises, 5–6, 20–21, 24–25, 37, 41, 81,

83and categories/hierarchies of rights, 15,

21, 30–37and derogation of rights, 20, 29–30, 33and law development, 20, 25–28

derogation of rights, 12, 20, 29–30, 33erga omnes obligations of, 34future development of, 44, 60–63and globalisation, 12, 13, 16, 41, 44–45

corporate power in, 6, 42–43, 47and irregular migration, 7, 79, 80, 81–82,

83, 85and security concerns, 20, 30, 206state-centred conceptions of, 6, 43–44violations

accountability for, 35–36by corporations, 44, 49

state responsibility for, 55–59, 62, 63and crises, 33, 38and tort litigation, 51–55victims of, 16, 44, 49–53, 54, 59

Human Rights Watch, focus on civil andpolitical rights, 35–36

Human settlements, and environmental crises,145 n. 19

Human trafficking, 79, 80, 85Humanitarian interventions, 100–101Humanitarian needs, of refugees, 72 n. 24

IIllegality regimes, 82–83, 85

human rights law applicable to, 7private actor implementation of, 15

Import substitution policies, 172 n. 38,175–176

An Inconvenient Truth (film, Gore), 121India, Bhopal tragedy in (1984), 48–49

victims of, 44, 49–53, 54, 59Individual criminal responsibility, 7Inferiority complexes, of international lawyers ,

114 n. 7Input legitimacy, 164

of WTO, 168, 182

Index 229

Inter-American Commission of Human Rights,on extra-territorial application ofhuman rights law, 58 n. 74

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC), 133

establishment of, 119, 150Nobel Peace Price awarded to, 121–122Reports

1990, 1502007, 123–124

Internally displaced peoples (IDPs), 76 n. 44International community, 103International Court of Justice (ICJ), on NATO

intervention in Kosovo, 95International Covenant on Civil and Political

Rights (ICCPR), 32Art. 2, 33, 34Art. 4, 29, 33Art. 26, 213extraterritorial application of, 56 n. 62and ICESCR, 37implementation of, 33, 34Preamble, 27

International Covenant on Economic, Socialand Cultural Rights (ICESCR), 32

Art. 2, 33Art. 7(a)(i), 34Art. 8, 34Art. 12, 62extraterritorial application of, 62and ICCPR, 37implementation of, 33–34Optional Protocol (2013), 34Preamble, 27

International Criminal Court (ICC), 89creation of, 98–99, 107jurisdiction of, 98, 101, 102Statute of

Art. 10, 98–99Art. 13, 98, 101, 102, 107Art. 13(b), 99Art. 16, 102, 107Preamble, 27

International criminal law, see Criminal law,international

International Criminal Tribunal for the formerYugoslavia (ICTY), 89

creation of, 97–98, 101jurisdiction of, 102–103prosecutions by, 95

International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda(ICTR), 89

creation of, 98International human rights law, see Human

rights lawInternational law, 68 n. 10

crisis focus in, 3, 4–5, 10–18, 24, 66, 68,84, 95–96, 111, 114–115

and domestic law, 15–16, 216–219enforcement of, 93and EU law, 208feminist approaches to, 67hierarchy in, 215input legitimacy of, 169irregular migrants as subjects of, 67–68,

77–83, 84–85private, 54, 59–60Third World approaches to (TWAIL), 96

‘International Law: a discipline in crisis’(article, Charlesworth), 4, 93–94

International lawyersbiases of, 65, 68, 79, 84–85on climate change, 122–123, 124–125,

131inferiority complex of, 114 n. 7refugee lawyers, 16, 70–71role of, 17–18, 24sources of knowledge for, 17

Interventions, 13–14, 100–101see also Kosovo intervention (1999)

Iran, UN sanctions imposed on, 205, 206, 209,212–215, 216–219

Iraq Intervention, justifications for, 100Irregular migration/migrants

and crises, 6–7, 65, 67, 81as subject of international law, 67–68,

77–83, 84–85Ismail, F., 181 n. 64Israel

obligations as occupying power in Pales-tinian Territories, 73–74

wall constructed on Occupied PalestinianTerritories, human rights implicationsof, 32–33

Issue attention cycles, 153–154, 156

JJeremic, Vuk, 120Jurisdiction, 58 n. 73

of ad hoc criminal tribunals/courts, 96–97,102–103

of ICC, 98, 101, 102Justice, distributive, 32, 36

230 Index

KKadi, Yassin Abdullah, 207, 209Kagan, Michael, 74 n. 31, 75–76Katechon, 104–107Katrina (hurricane), 22Keeling, Ralph, 115 n. 12Kennedy, David, 74 n. 32, 115Kenya, refugee camps in, 75Kiersey, Nicholas J., 191 n. 14Killingsworth, M.J., 141Kim Hwang-Sik, 120Klabbers, J., 114 n. 7Kleinfeld, Rachel, 36Knowledge

of experts, in crises, 187, 195–196, 201scientific

of climate change, 118–119, 121–122,149–150contestedness of, 123–124

of ozone depletion, 148–149uncertainty about, 18

sources of, for international lawyers, 17of trade-related development needs, 176

Koselleck, Reinhart, 21, 22Koskenniemi, Martti, 14, 24–25, 95, 104, 107Kosovo intervention (1999)

and crisis concept in international law, 114legality of, 13–14, 95, 101as precedent, 100

Kyoto Protocol (1997), 133, 152

LLaclau, E., 189 n. 6Language, 106Latin American World Model, 143–144Lavin, Chad, 22Law, 105

crisis concept in, 21, 164and politics, 95, 97problem-solving capacities of, 24religious lexicon applied to, 94, 103see also Rule of law

Lawrence, Jessica C., 9–10, 11, 12, 14Lawyers, see International lawyersLeast developed countries (LDCs), trade

preferences for, 167 n. 20, 177, 178Lebanon Special Tribunal (STL), 99

jurisdiction of, 102Lee, D., 170Legal orders

global, and liberal democracy, 91international-national relationship,

216–219

of UN, conflicts with EU legal order, 208,211–212

Legal scholarship, internationalbiases of, 65, 68, 79, 84–85and crises, 86 n. 77environmental, 122, 124–125on irregular migration, 79, 81, 82

Legal writing, 95Legibus solutus, 101, 102–103Legitimacy crises, 161, 162 n. 3, 164

of WTO, 9, 12–13, 161, 162, 164–166, 182and Doha Round of Negotiations, 163,

166–167, 169–178, 180, 182–183Lesrud, L., 124 n. 62Liberal democracy

and crisis, 92and global legal order, 91

Liberalisation of tradefor agriculture, 171–172NGO involvement in, 168, 169non-reciprocal, 9, 167 n. 20, 182–183reciprocal, 9, 164, 171–173, 174, 183

The Limits of Growth (MIT, Project on thePredicament of Mankind Report), 143,144, 157

MMacNeill, Jim, 147, 155Manger, M.S., 181Mann, F.A., 58 n. 73Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World

Trade Organization (1994), Preamble,164, 165, 175, 182

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT),Project on the Predicament of Mankind,143

Mattli, Walter, 197Mattoo, A., 127 n. 77Mavroidis, P.C., 175, 180McConnell, Allan, 197McCreevy, Charlie, 190, 196Meadows, Donella, 157, 158Media coverage, of climate change reports,

126–127Mehta, Hansa, 31–32Methyl isocyanate (MIC), 48Meyer, R., 124 n. 62MFNs (Most Favoured Nations), tariffs for,

177Mickelson, Karin, 8–9, 10–11, 16–17Migration/migrants

irregularand crises, 6–7, 65, 67, 81

Index 231

as subject of international law, 67–68,77–83, 84–85

regular, 72Migration law, international, 13, 65, 67 n. 9,

77–78compliance in, 15and crises, 6–7, 67, 82, 85and irregular migration, 79, 84

Militarization, of border controls, 79Milosovic, Slobodan, 95Mitchell, W.J.T., 28, 38Modernity, and crises, 194Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete

the Ozone Layer (1987), 149Morality, in international criminal law, 7, 108Muchlinski, P., 46 n. 13, 48 n. 22Muir Watt, H., 54Multi-national corporations, see Transnational

corporationsMundane-crisis distinction, 65, 66–67, 68–69,

84, 86and migration law, 82, 85and refugee law, 69–71, 85

Mutual advantage ideaof international trade law, 164, 174see also Reciprocity

NNajam, Adil, 152 n. 48NAMA issues (Non-Agricultural Market

Access), negotiations on, 171, 172,173–174

National lawyers, see Domestic lawyersNationality, discrimination based on, 206,

213–215Negative rights, 36Neoliberalism, 190–191, 192

of EU, 14, 198Netherlands

Constitution, 217 n. 32, 218, 219Art. 1, 213Art. 90, 218Art. 94, 215

Iran Sanctions Regulation (ISR), 212–215Art. 2a, 213, 214–215

irregular migrants in, 82jurisprudence on UN sanctions imposed on

Iran, 205, 206, 212–215, 216–219Neve, Alexander, 71NGOs

on climate change, 121

human rights advocacy by, 35–36involvement in trade liberalisation, 168,

169Nobel Peace Price, awarded to IPCC and Al

Gore, 121–122Non-agricultural trade liberalisation, 171, 172,

173–174Non-derogable human rights, 12, 29Non-reciprocal trade liberalisation, 9, 167 n.

20, 182–183Non-refoulement protection,

of refugees, 71Non-state actors, 105Normalcy of crises, 11–13Normative legitimacy, 162 n. 3

of WTO, 168, 169Norms, crises as justification for violations of,

11North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO),

Kosovo intervention by (1999), 13–14,95, 100, 101

Nuremberg International Military Tribunal,prosecutions by, 90–91

OObligations of states

conflicts of, 205, 206, 216–219CJEU on, 207–209Dutch jurisprudence on, 213–215ECtHR on, 210–212

as occupying power, 73–74to implement human rights

treaties, 33–34Occupying powers, obligations of, 73–74Ohlin, David, 99Orbie, Jan, 200Organization for Security and Co-operation in

Europe (OESO), on climate change,120

Organized crime, fight against, 80, 85Osofsky, Hari, 122Otto, Dianne, 191Oudejans, Nanda, 72Our Common Future (Brundtland Commission

report), 146Out-of-the-box-thinking, 14Output legitimacy, 164

of WTO, 167Overbeek, Henk, 196Ozone depletion, 148–149, 154–155

232 Index

PPalestinian refugees, and UNRWA, 73–74Palestinian Territories

human rights implications of Israeli wallconstruction in, 32–33

and Israeli obligations as occupying power,73–74

Palmer, J.S., 141Peace-building, and human rights, 36Pennington, Kenneth, 102Perceived legitimacy, 162 n. 3, 168Pielke, R.A., 149political crises, 114Political rights

in crises, 15status of, 32, 35–36see also International Covenant on Civil

and Political Rights (ICCPR)Politics

of Cold War, 31crises as tool of, 189–190, 192, 197–200crisis concept in, 22–23, 24, 194of everyday life, 83, 85and law, 95, 97legalisation of, 90–92and religion, 103–104, 106

Positive rights, 36Post-conflict societies, rule of law in, 36Power

corporateand human rights law, 6, 42–43, 44–45,

47and state sovereignty, 6, 12, 13, 16, 41,

43–44, 45–46, 60–61of UN Security Council to create interna-

tional criminal courts/tribunals, 98,99–100, 101–107

uneven distribution of, and environmentalanalysis, 144

Princen, Thomas, 156Private actors, implementation of illegality

regimes by, 15Private international law, 54, 59–60Privatisation, of human rights, 53–54, 61‘Project on the Predicament of Mankind’

(MIT), 143Protection

of human rights, and corporate power, 6,42–43, 44–45, 47

of refugeesagainst refoulement, 71temporary, 71–77, 84

responsibility to protect doctrine, 20of victims of human trafficking, 80, 85

RRadkau, Joachim, 157–158Reciprocity, in trade liberalisation, 9, 164,

171–173, 174, 183Redistribution emphasis, in analysis of envi-

ronmental problems, 144Refoulement protection, 71Refugee camps, 74–76, 77, 84Refugee Convention, see Convention Relating

to the Status of RefugeesRefugee crises, 12, 67, 70, 73, 77Refugee law, international, 65, 69–70

and crises, 6–7, 69–71, 84and domestic law, 16, 70 n. 18implementation of, 15

Refugees, 67, 69–70economic, 67 n. 9and irregular migrants, 78as subject of international law, 67–68temporary status of, 71–77, 84

Religionlaw applying lexicon from, 94, 103and politics, 103–104, 106

Remnick, David, 75Research

on environmental crises, 143climate change, 120, 121–122, 126,

149–150ozone depletion, 148–149

see also Scientific knowledgeResponsibility

individual criminal, 7of states

for border deaths, 81for corporate human rights violations,

55–59, 62, 63Responsibility to protect doctrine, 20Rhetorics, 104Rights

accountability for breaches of, 35–36civil/political, 15, 32, 35–36

see also International Covenant onCivil and Political Rights (ICCPR)

cultural, 31–32derogation of, 20, 29–30economic, 31–33, 36, 37to health, 62hierarchies of, 15, 21

and crises, 30–37of irregular migrants, 79, 82, 83negative and positive, 36to social security, 62to water, 62see also Human rights law

Index 233

Rio + 20 Conference, 130Rio Declaration (1992), 116 n. 18Risk concept, 194Rome, Club of, 143Rome Statute, see International Criminal

Court, Statute ofRoosevelt, Eleanor, 31Roosevelt, Franklin, 31Roth, Ken, 35–36Ruggie, John, 13, 42–43, 63Ruhl, J.B., 130Rule of law

international, 103liberal idea of, 91in post-conflict societies, 36

Russill, Chris, 22Rwanda, and establishment of ICTR, 98

SSalvation, 104–105Sanctions

and human rights, jurisprudence on,207–212

imposed on Iran, 205, 206, 209, 212–215,216–219

Schmitt, Carl, 91, 104, 105Schwab, S., 173, 174Scientific knowledge

of climate change, 118–119, 121–122,149–150contestedness of, 18, 123–124

of ozone depletion, 148–149uncertainty about, 18

Scott, Craig, 59–60Scott, J., 181 n. 64SDT provisions (Special and Differential

Treatment), 167 n. 20Security

and climate change, 132collective, 100, 105and human rights, 20, 30, 206and migration, 78 n. 52

Self-deportation, facilitation of, 83Sentas, Victoria, 91Separate legal personality doctrine, 46 n. 16Shell Corporation, 54–55, 63Silent Spring (Carson), 10–11, 141–142Simma, Bruno, 99Simpson, Gerry, 90–91Slaughter, Joseph, 20, 26Slavery, modern, 80

Smuggling, of people, 80Social rights, 31–33, 36, 37Social security, right to, 62Sources of knowledge, for international law-

yers, 17Sovereign debt crisis, see Financial crisesSovereign equality of states, 169Sovereignty of states

and globalised corporate power, 6, 12, 13,16, 41, 43–44, 45–46, 60–61

revival of, 61–62and right to control immigration, 77–79

Special Agricultural Safeguard Mechanism(WTO), 173

Speth, James Gustave, 8, 156–157Spijkerboer, Thomas, 81State of exception, 77, 94, 106, 194State-centred conceptions of human rights law,

6, 43–44States

cooperation, in climate change measures,133

interests of, corporate power used for,46–47, 56

motivations for behaviour of, 16–17, 141obligations of

conflicts of, 205, 206, 216–219CJEU on, 207–209Dutch jurisprudence on, 213–215ECtHR on, 210–212

as occupying power, 73–74to implement human rights treaties,

33–34responsibility of

for border deaths, 81for corporate human rights violations,

55–59, 62, 63sovereign equality of, 169sovereignty of

and globalised corporate power, 6, 12,13, 16, 41, 43–44, 45–46, 60–61

revival of, 61–62and right to control immigration, 77–79

UN-surrogate, refugee camps as, 75–76Status quo, crises as reinforcement of, 23, 187,

200, 201Steiner, Achim, 153Steiner, George, 103–104Stern, Nicholas, 121Stockholm Conference on the Human Envi-

ronment (UN, 1972), 144–145Declaration, 142, 151 n. 48

234 Index

Subramanian, A., 127 n. 77Subsidies

for cotton production, 178for exports, 167 n. 20, 173

Sustainability/sustainable development, 140,147

Sustainable energy trade agreements, 130Switzerland

implementation of UN sanctions regimesin, 210

irregular migrants in, 82Symbolic frameworks, breakdown of,

163–164, 165Systemic legitimacy, of WTO, 168

TTariffs, 172, 173–174, 177

see also Liberalisation of tradeTaylor, I., 181 n. 65Technologies of government, crises as, 9–10,

11, 187, 191–192, 194, 196–197, 201Teixeira, P.G., 189 n. 4Temporary status of refugee status, 71–77, 84Terrorism suspects

judicial review of listing of, 208, 209, 211see also Counter-terrorism

Third World Approaches to International Law(TWAIL), 96

Tokyo International Military Tribunal for theFar East, prosecutions by, 90–91

Toronto Conference Statement on ClimateChange (1988), 132, 133

Tort litigation, transnational, 6, 41, 44, 51–55Trade

agreementson sustainable energy, 130see also Free trade agreements (FTAs)

liberalisationfor agriculture, 171–172NGO involvement in, 168, 169non-reciprocal, 9, 167 n. 20, 182–183reciprocal, 9, 164, 171–173, 174, 183

Trade law, internationaland climate change measures, 128–130crises in, 9, 161, 162, 163goals of, 164

Trafficking, human, 79, 80, 85Transnational corporations

and human rights law, 6, 42–43, 44–45, 47,49

state responsibility for violations of,55–59, 62, 63

liability of, 54–55and state sovereignty, 6, 12, 13, 16, 41,

43–44, 45–46, 60–61Truth, production of, 187

and crises, 195–197

UUN-surrogate states, refugee

amps as, 75–76Uncertainty, about scientific knowledge, 18Unilateralism, in climate change measures,

134Union Carbide Corporation (UCC)/Union

Carbide of India (UCIL), 48, 49, 50–51,52, 54

United Kingdom (UK), participation in Iraqintervention, 100

United NationsCharter

Art. 27(3), 96Art. 103, 205, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217Chapter VII, 97–98, 99–100, 102

obligations of, 207–208, 211, 215, 217Conference on the Human Environment

(Stockholm, 1972), 142, 144–145Environmental Programme (UNEP), 148,

151–152 n. 48General Assembly

on environmental problems, 142renewals of UNCHR mandate by, 72 n.

23Resolution No. 60/251 (2005) Estab-

lishing Human Rights Council, 35 n.82

Guiding Principles on Business and HumanRights, 6, 43, 55–56 n. 61, 57, 58criticism on, 12, 16, 41, 44

High Commissioner for Refugees(UNHCR), 12, 72, 74, 76

Human Rights Committeeon derogation of rights, 29on extraterritorial application of human

rights law, 56 n. 62on implementation of ICCPR obliga-

tions, 34Human Rights Council, special procedures,

34–35Human Rights Treaty Bodies, 62

Index 235

United Nations (cont.)legal order, conflicts of EU legal order,

208, 211–212purpose of, 90, 93Relief and Works Agency for Palestine

Refugees (UNRWA), 73–74Security Council

crises management by, 11, 91, 92–93,96, 106, 107, 108and ICC, 99

international criminal law developmentby, 7, 89, 90, 92

powers of, to create internationalcriminal courts/tribunals, 98,99–100, 101–107

resolutionsimplementation of, 205, 209, 210,

213–214, 215, 216No. 808 (1993) International Crim-

inal Tribunal for the formerYugoslavia (ICTY), 102

No. 1737 (2006), Non-proliferation,206, 209, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216

Special Rapporteurson Human Rights and Counter-Terror-

ism, 33 n. 69mandates of, 35

Special Representative for Business andHuman Rights, 13, 42–45, 56 n. 61

United States (US)climate change research in, 120, 126foreign policy of, corporate power used in,

46–47free trade agreements of, 179, 180

with EU, 181irregular migrants in, 82, 83litigation on Bhopal tragedy in, 49–51tort litigation in, 54–55

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948,UDHR)

Art. 22, 31Art. 28, 27drafting of, 31Preamble, 20, 25–27

Universality, of human rights, 26Urban refugees, 75Uruguay Round of Negotiations (WTO),

170–171Use of force, 13–14, 15, 93

threats of, 100, 105Utopia, and dystopia, 92, 93

VVictims

of human rights violationsdisempowerment of, 44, 59redress for, 16, 49–53, 54

of trafficking, 80, 85Vienna Convention for the Protection of the

Ozone Layer (UN, 1985), 148Ville, Ferdi de, 200Violations

of human rightsaccountability for, 35–36by corporations, 44, 49

state responsibility for, 55–59,62, 63

and crises, 33, 38and tort litigation, 51–55victims of, 16, 44, 49–53, 54, 59

of norms, crises used as justifications for,11

Virno, Paolo, 105, 106Vocabulary, legal, 94, 95

WWai, Robert, 46Walker, Neil, 61War on terror, 78

and human rights, 30, 207–209Water, right to, 62Weiss, Edith Brown, 116 n. 18Westphalian Peace (1648), 103Whitmarsh, L., 124 n. 62Whyte, Jessica, 91Wigger, Angela, 200Wilkinson, R., 170Winham, G.R., 171Women

and climate change, 131–132discrimination of, 36

Woods, Ngaire, 197World 3 Model, 143, 144World Commission on Environment and

Development (Brundtland Commis-sion), 146–147

236 Index

World Trade Organization (WTO)goals of, 164, 167–168, 175legitimacy crisis of, 9, 12–13, 161, 162,

164–166, 182and Doha Round of Negotiations, 163,

166–167, 169–178, 180, 182–183reform of, 167 n. 20, 169n. 30, 170–171rules, and climate change measures,

128–130Unofficial Guide to the Modalities, 173

YYemen, Human Rights Watch report on, 35Yugoslavia, NATO bombing campaign in,

13–14

ZZartaloudis, Thanos, 102

Index 237