LAB REPORT CEW421 – FLUIDS AND HYDRAULICS LABORATORYEC221 UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA PULAU PINANG

TABLE OF CONTENTS

No. ITEMS Page

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Objective

1.2 Equipment

1.3 Theory / Examples

2. PROCEDURE

3.0 RESULTS & ANALYSIS

4.0 DISCUSSION

5.0 CONCLUSION

REFERENCES & APPENDICES

SCL

Font – ARIAL ( 12 ) Spacing – 1.5

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LAB REPORT CEW421 – FLUIDS AND HYDRAULICS LABORATORYEC221 UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA PULAU PINANG

1. INTRODUCTION1.1 Objective

Introduction

Pumps provide energy to the fluids, and for their correct application need to understand the

operational characteristics following the curves of each pump. It is also needed to know how

these pumps are used in order to satisfy the needs of the total head (H) and the flow rate (Q).

Objective:

1. Understand the operational characteristics of the centrifugal pumps.

2. Obtain the characteristic curves of the centrifugal pump.

3. Prove the operational characteristics of two pumps that are working in series or

parallel.

4. Obtain conclusions and make recommendations about the behavior of the pumps

operating at different velocities, this is, construct the curves for the different velocities.

5. Design and conduct the experiment, by analyzing the experimental information.

6. Determine the variables that are needed to measure in order to predict the

performance of the equipment.

1.2 Equipment

Apparatus/Equipment:Pump Test Rig

1.3 Theory / Examples

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LAB REPORT CEW421 – FLUIDS AND HYDRAULICS LABORATORYEC221 UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA PULAU PINANG

In the centrifugal pumps the fluid enters axially through the eye of the casing, is caught

up in the impeller blades, and is whirled tangentially and radially outward until it leaves

through all circumferential parts of the impeller into the diffuser part of the casing.

The fluid gains both velocity and pressure when it goes through the impeller. One part

of the casing (the doughnut – shaped diffuser, or scroll) opposes the acceleration of the fluid

increasing more the pressure. The impeller blades are usually backward – curved, but there

are also radial and forward – curved blade designs, which slightly change the output

pressure.

The blades may be open or closed. The diffuser may be vaneless or fitted with fixed vanes to

help guide the flow toward the exit.

The operational characteristics of the pump can be obtain by drawing the curves of the

head (H), power (P) and efficiency of the pump taking as an independent variable the flow

rate

(Q); for a number of constant velocities N. It is important to notice that the efficiency takes a

maximum value and then suffers a reduction; the ideal condition of the operation is achieved

when the total head (H) and flow rate (Q) have the same value as the maximum efficiency.

This point is known as the “operating point”.

An example of a centrifugal pump and its operational characteristics is shown in the

next figure:

Example of a centrifugal pump and its operational characteristics

When we are working with centrifugal pumps sometimes we can need a bigger total

head (H) or flow rate (Q) than the one that we can achieved by using only one pump. In

consequence, the pumps can be connected in series to obtain an increment in the total head

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LAB REPORT CEW421 – FLUIDS AND HYDRAULICS LABORATORYEC221 UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA PULAU PINANG

(H)

or they can be connected in parallel to increase the flow rate (Q).

When two pumps work in series, the total head is calculated by adding the total head

(H) of each pump working by itself with the same flow rate (Q). If the pumps are connected in

parallel the curve H vs. Q can be obtain by adding the flow rates (Q) of each pump operating

itself with the same total head (H).

Example of two pumps connected in series and parallel

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LAB REPORT CEW421 – FLUIDS AND HYDRAULICS LABORATORYEC221 UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA PULAU PINANG

2.0 PROCEDURE

3.0 RESULTS & ANLYSIS

Procedure:

Series

1) The control valve is been opened : V1,V3,V4

2) The control valve will be closed:V2,V5

3) The control valve will be opened fully : V6

4) The main switch will be powered on.

5) Pump of 1 & 2 will be switch on both the operation pump switch.

6) The pump rotation will be adjusted until rotation speed reach 1700 rpm.

7) Let the pumps run for while,et the water flow circulate in the pipeline system.Until all

the bubbles have dispersed

8) Wait and monitor the flowrate and pressure reading are stable,then only start record

the experiment reading

Parallel

1) The control valve is been opened : V1,V2,V4,V5

2) The control valve will be closed:V3

3) The control valve will be opened fully : V6

4) The main switch will be powered on.

5) Pump of 1 & 2 will be switch on both the operation pump switch.

6) The pump rotation will be adjusted until rotation speed reach 1700 rpm.

7) Let the pumps run for while,et the water flow circulate in the pipeline system.Until all

the bubbles have dispersed

8) Wait and monitor the flowrate and pressure reading are stable,then only start record

the experiment reading

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LAB REPORT CEW421 – FLUIDS AND HYDRAULICS LABORATORYEC221 UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA PULAU PINANG

4.DISSCUSSION

5. CONCLUSION

Result

Series

flowrate Inverter/rpm BHP/watt P1 P2 h P(pa)

LPM M3/S

100 27.78 1490 253 0 4 1.406 13,789.514

120 33.33 2011 501 0 12 4.217 41,368.542

140 38.88 2462 833 0 19 6.676 65500.19

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LAB REPORT CEW421 – FLUIDS AND HYDRAULICS LABORATORYEC221 UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA PULAU PINANG

Parallel

flowrate Inverter/rpm BHP/watt P1 P2 h P(pa)

LPM M3/S

100 27.78 1285 169 0 2 0.712 6894.757

120 33.33 1795 316 3 10 4.568 44815.92

140 38.88 2207 510 10 16 9.136 89631.84

Discussion

From the experiment we already plotting a graph for graph 1:head loss we already know

plotting curve for series directly proportional of limit while for parallel we already get the

plotting inversely propotional. this is happen because the value of head loss is different.

Compare to the series,the value of power parallel is more high from series.

Pump can be combined in series to obtain an increase in head at the same flowrate as the

single pump.For parallel pump,when two-pump having similar head flowrate characteristic

are operated in parallel the combined pump-head-flowrate curve is obtained by adding

flowrates of the singles pumps at the same head.

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LAB REPORT CEW421 – FLUIDS AND HYDRAULICS LABORATORYEC221 UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA PULAU PINANG

Conclusion

from the experiment we can conclude that pump of parallel which have high value of head

loss compare to the series,which it have a low efficiency.In other aspect we can obtain that

the value for BHP(watt),series obtain higher than series,which it consume of high using of

power, in environmental condition that is not good to practice in life.

6.0 REFERENCES & APPENDICES

References

1) Fluid mechanics and hydraulics(laboratory manual),Norashikin Ahmad Kamal,

Hamidon Ahmad,Wardah Tahir, University Publication Centre,2011.

2) Fluid mechanics and hydraulics,third edition, Ranald V. Giles, Jack B. Evett, Cheng

Liu

Mc Graw Hill,1994

3) 1000 solved problems in fluid mechanics (includes hydraulic machines), K.

Subramanya,

Tata McGraw-Hill Education,2005.

4) http://staff.fit.ac.cy/eng.fm/classes/amee202/Fluids%20Lab%20Friction%20losses.pd

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LAB REPORT CEW421 – FLUIDS AND HYDRAULICS LABORATORYEC221 UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA PULAU PINANG

APPENDIX

1)PREESURE READING

2)EXPERIMENT DURING PROCESS

3)PUMP IS RUNNING ON

4)TAKING FLOWRATE READING AND SPEED

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LAB REPORT CEW421 – FLUIDS AND HYDRAULICS LABORATORYEC221 UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA PULAU PINANG

STUDENT CENTERED LEARNING ACTIVITIES

briefly explain the differences between series and parallel pump and the purposes for each pump and the purposes for each pump in real engineering application

PUMP (SERIES) PUMP (PARALLEL)

Pumps in Serial - Heads Added

When two (or more) pumps are

arranged in serial, their

resulting pump performance curve is

obtained by adding their heads at

same flow rate as indicated in the

figure below.

Centrifugal pump in series are used

to overcome larger system head loss

than one pump can handle alone.

For two identical pumps in series the

head will be twice the head of a

single pump at the same flow rate.

Pumps in Parallel - Flow Rate Added

When two or more pumps are arranged

in parallel their resulting performance

curve is obtained by adding their

flowrates at the same head as indicated

in the figure below.

Centrifugal pumps in parallel are used to

overcome larger volume flows than one

pump can handle alone. For two

identical pumps in parallel the flowrate

will double (moving from 1 to 2)

compared to a single pump if head is

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LAB REPORT CEW421 – FLUIDS AND HYDRAULICS LABORATORYEC221 UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA PULAU PINANG

With constant flowrate the combined

head moves from 1 to 2. In practice

the combined head and flow rated

moved along the system curve to 3.

If one of the pumps stops, the

operation point moves allong the

system resistance curve from point 1

to point 2 - head and flow rate are

decreased.

 Series operation of single stage

pumps is seldom encountered -

more often multistage centrifugal

pumps are use.

Uses

PART WASHER

 is a piece of equipment used to

remove contaminants or debris, such

as dirt,

grime, carbon, oil, grease, metal

chips, cutting fluids, mold release

agents, ink, paint, and corrosion from

workpieces.] Parts washers are one

of the last steps in the parts

manufacturing process; they are

designed to clean, degrease and dry

bulk loads of small or large parts in

preparation for surface treatment,

packaging and distribution. Newly

machined, molded and fabricated

products are coated in oils,

chemicals, burrs, abrasive dust,

paint and other residue left over from

kept constant. In practice the combined

head and volume flow moves along the

system curve as indicated from 1 to 3.

If one of the pumps in parallel or series

stops, the operation point moves along

the system resistance curve from point 3

to point 1 - the head and flow rate are

decreased.

Uses

MULTISTAGE CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

centrifugal pump containing two or more

impellers is called a multistage

centrifugal pump. The impellers may be

mounted on the same shaft or on

different shafts.

If we need higher pressure at the outlet

we can connect impellers in series.

If we need a higher flow output we can

connect impellers in parallel.

All energy added to the fluid comes from

the power of the electric or other motor

force driving the impeller.

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LAB REPORT CEW421 – FLUIDS AND HYDRAULICS LABORATORYEC221 UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA PULAU PINANG

the fabrication process of metal,

plastic and rubber components, and

finishing coatings are not effective if

they are applied on a dirty surface.

Parts cleaners may be as simple as

a stand-alone basket immersion

washer, or they may be as complex

as a five-step deburring, aqueous

tumbling, rinsing, drying and paint

coating machine. Parts washers are

essential in maintenance, repair and

remanufacturing operations as well,

from cleaning fasteners, nuts, bolts

and screws to engine parts and

automotive assemblies.

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