10.1 The Plant Kingdom

10.2 Plants Without Seeds

10.3 The Characteristics of Seed Plants

10.4 Roots, Stems, and Leaves

10.5 Reproduction in Seed Plants

Table of ContentsChapter Preview

10.1 The Plant Kingdom

10.2 Plants Without Seeds

10.3 The Characteristics of Seed Plants

10.4 Roots, Stems, and Leaves

10.5 Reproduction in Seed Plants

Chapter 10 Preview Questions

1. What are the raw materials for photosynthesis? a. water and oxygenb. sugar and oxygenc. sugar and carbon dioxided. water and carbon dioxide

Chapter 10 Preview Questions1. What are the raw materials for photosynthesis?

a. water and oxygenb. sugar and oxygenc. sugar and carbon dioxided. water and carbon dioxide

CO2

Chapter 10 Preview Questions

2. What are the products of photosynthesis? a. water and oxygenb. sugar and oxygenc. sugar and carbon dioxided. water and carbon dioxide

Chapter 10 Preview Questions

2. What are the products of photosynthesis? a. water and oxygenb. sugar and oxygenc. sugar and carbon dioxided. water and carbon dioxide

O2

Chapter `10 Preview Questions

3. Where in the cell does photosynthesis take place? a. chloroplastsb. chromosomesc. nucleusd. ribosomes

Chapter 10 Preview Questions

3. Where in the cell does photosynthesis take place? a. chloroplastsb. chromosomesc. nucleusd. ribosomes

Chapter 10 Preview Questions

4. What is the source of energy for photosynthesis?a. oxygenb. sugarc. sunlightd. plant food

Chapter 10 Preview Questions

4. What is the source of energy for photosynthesis?a. oxygenb. sugarc. sunlightd. plant food

How does the structure of a plant allow it to grow and reproduce?

Suppose you were to put a healthy, growing plant into a completely dark room for two weeks. How would this affect the growth of the plant? Explain your answer.

High-Use Academic Words

Word Definition Example Sentence

consist v. To be formed or made of Plant stems consist of several kinds of cells.

High-Use Academic Words

Word Definition Example Sentence

diverse adj. Different, variedCalifornia has a diverse population, including people from many different countries.

High-Use Academic Words

Word Definition Example Sentence

survival n. The act of staying alive or existing

The survival of the accident victim depends on quick medical attention.

High-Use Academic Words

Word Definition Example Sentence

transport v. To carry from one place to another

Trucks transport products from factories to stores.

Apply It!

Choose the word that best completes each sentence.

1. For their __________, plants need water and sunlight.

survival

2. A plant needs to __________ materials from one part of its body to another.

transport

3. The structure of many plants __________ of leaves, stems, and roots.

consists

End of Chapter Preview

Section 10.1: The Plant Kingdom

What characteristics do all plants share?What do plants need to live successfully on land?How do nonvascular plants and vascular plants differ?What are the different stages of a plant’s lfe cycle?

What Is a Plant?CHARACTERISTICS OF PLANTS: ARE AUTOTROPHS HAVE CELL WALLS PRODUCE THEIR OWN FOOD ALL ARE EUKARYOTES CONTAIN MANY CELLS

PLANTS ARE AUTOTROPHS

 THEY MAKE FOOD BY PHOTOSYNTHESISTHEIR CELLS CONTAIN CHLOROPLASTS CHLOROPLASTS CONTAIN CHLOROPHYLL

Plant Body StructureThe body of a plant is organized into organ systems, organs, tissues, and cells.

Plant Body StructureThe body of a plant is organized into organ systems, organs, tissues, and cells.

PLANTS ARE MULTICELLULARThe body of a plant is organized into organ systems, organs, tissues, and cells.

Plant Body StructureThe body of a plant is organized into organ systems, organs, tissues, and cells.

Plant Body StructureThe body of a plant is organized into organ systems, organs, tissues, and cells.

Water Loss in Plants

The graph shows how much water a certain plant loses during the hours shown.

Water Loss in Plants

Horizontal axis–time of day; vertical axis–water loss.

Reading Graphs:

What variable is plotted along each axis?

Water Loss in Plants

Most–midday; least–in the evening.

Interpreting Data:

According to the graph, during what part of the day did the plant lose the most water? The least water?

Water Loss in Plants

The plant seemed to lose the most water during the sunniest or warmest parts of the day.

Drawing Conclusions:

What could account for the pattern of water loss shown?

Water Loss in Plants

The line graph would descend during the night and then rise again in the morning hours, because the water loss is less during the night when there is no sun.

Predicting:

How would you expect the graph to look from 10 p.m. to 8 a.m.? Explain your reasoning.

Section 10.2: Plants Without Seeds

What characteristics do the three groups of nonvascular plants share?What characteristics do the three groups of seedless vascular plants share?

Mosses

A moss gametophyte is low-growing and has structures that look like roots, stems, and leaves.

The stalklike sporophyte generation remains attached to the gametophyte.

MOSS HORNWORTS AND LIVERWORTS LOW GROWING IN MOIST AREASNO XYLEM (WATER) OR PHLOEM (FOOD) TISSUEABSORB WATER FROM THEIR ENVIRONMENT

Characteristics of Seedless Vascular PlantsFerns, club mosses, and horsetails share two characteristics. They have true vascular tissue and they do not produce seeds. Instead of seeds, these plants reproduce by releasing spores.

FernsMost ferns have underground stems (rhizoids) in addition to roots. The leaves, or fronds, grow above ground.

Ferns reproduce with spores

Ferns Complex Life CyclesFerns have complex life cycles that include two different stages: the sporophyte stage and the gametophyte stage.

HORSETAILS VASCULAR PLANTS30 SPECIESSCOURING RUSHES IN COLONIAL TIMESSMALL LEAVES LONG TALL HOLLOW STEMS

CLUB MOSSES…….PRINCESS PINES

SEEDLESS VASCULAR PLANTS.ALSO CALLED GROUND PINE OR PRINCESS PINE LOOKS LIKE A SMALL BRANCH OF A PINE TREE. 

Section 10.3: The Characteristics

of Seed PlantsWhat characteristics do seed plants share?How do seeds become new plants?

What Is a Seed Plant?

The stems of vascular plants contain bundles of phloem and xylem. In addition, thick cell walls and vascular tissue help support the plant.

PARTS OF A SEEDAN EMBRYO (THE BABY PLANT).SEED COAT (SKIN OF SEED). COTYLEDONS (STORED FOOD FOR BABY PLANT).

SEED DISPERSAL  HITCHING A RIDEWATER (COCONUTS)WINDANIMALS

How Seeds Become New PlantsA seed has three main parts–an embryo, stored food, and a seed coat. If a seed lands in an area where conditions are favorable, the plant sprouts out of the seed and begins to grow.

GERMINATIONBEGINS WHEN THE SEED ABSORBS WATER FROM THE ENVIRONMENT AND STARTS TO SPROUT AND GROW

Section 10.4: Roots, Stems, and Leaves

What are the main function of roots, stems, and leaves?

Root Structure

A root’s structure is adapted for absorbing water and minerals from the soil.

StemsThe stem produces branches, leaves, and flowers. It carries substances between the plant’s roots and leaves, and provides support for the plant.

StemsTrees have woody stems. A typical woody stem is made up of many layers. The layers of xylem form annual rings that can reveal the age of the tree and the growing conditions it has experienced.

LeavesUPPER AND LOWER LAYERS =EPIDERMIS

IN MIDDLE OF LEAF VEINS OF XYLEM AND PHLOEM

PORES ON UNDERSIDE OF LEAF= STOMATA .

Section 10.5: Reproduction in

Seed PlantsWhat are the characteristics of gymnosperms and how do they reproduce?What are the characteristics of angiosperms?How do angiosperms reproduce?What are the two types of angiosperms?

GYMNOSPERMS AND ANGIOSPERMS  

GYMNOSPERMS HAVE NAKED SEEDS NOT ENCLOSED IN A PROTECTIVE FRUITNEEDLE-LIKE LEAVESDEEP ROOTSOLDEST OF THE SEED PLANTS (360 MILLION YEARS)

CYCADS-PALM TREES WITH CONES.GINKGOS (Ginkgo biloba). GNETOPHYTES GROW IN VERY DRY DESERTS OF AFRICACONIFERS- OUR PINE TREES: CEDARS, HEMLOCK, REDWOODS, JUNIPERS, and PINE.    

Reproduction in GymnospermsFirst, pollen falls from a male cone onto a female cone. In time, a sperm cell and an egg cell join together in an ovule on the female cone. After fertilization occurs, the seed develops on the scale of the female cone.

The Structure of FlowersFlowers come in all sorts of shapes, sizes, and colors. But, despite their differences, all flowers have the same function–reproduction.

Reproduction in Angiosperms

First, pollen falls on a flower’s stigma. In time, the sperm cell and egg cell join together in the flower’s ovule. The zygote develops into the embryo part of the seed.

Types of AngiospermsAngiosperms are divided into two major groups: monocots and dicots.

MultiplesIs a flower with 6 petals a monocot? To answer this question you need to determine if 6 is a multiple of 3. A number is a multiple of 3 if there is a nonzero whole number that, when multiplied by 3, gives you that number. In this case, 6 is a multiple of 3 because you can multiply 2 (a nonzero whole number) by 3 to get 6.

2 x 3 = 6

Therefore, a flower with 6 petals is a monocot. Other multiples of 3 include 9 and 12.

MultiplesPractice Problem

Which of these numbers are multiples of 4?6, 10, 12, 16

12 and 16