Table of Contents

A Variety of Maps ................................................................................. 4Maps Show Landforms ......................................................................... 6Maps Can Show Natural Resources ...................................................... 8A Precipitation Map ............................................................................ 10Climate Maps ...................................................................................... 12National Park Maps ............................................................................. 14A County Map ..................................................................................... 16An Elevation Map ............................................................................... 18A Population Map ............................................................................... 20A Transit Map ..................................................................................... 22Using a Map Grid ................................................................................ 24Map Scale ............................................................................................ 26Hemispheres and the Equator ............................................................. 28Time Zones ......................................................................................... 30Your Own Park .................................................................................... 32Review ................................................................................................ 33Using New Map Skills ....................................................................... 34A Map of Midtown Manhattan ........................................................... 36Photo Maps Show Weather ................................................................. 38A Relief Map of the Pacific Ocean Floor ............................................ 40Maps Tell History ................................................................................ 42A Topographical Map of the Appalachian Trail .................................. 44Driving Across the United States ........................................................ 46Latitude and Longitude, Parallels and Meridians ............................... 48Using a Map Grid ................................................................................ 50Know Your Country ............................................................................ 52World Time Zones ............................................................................... 54The “Sailor’s Map” – Mercator Projection ......................................... 56Robinson Projection ............................................................................ 58A Polar Projection Map ....................................................................... 60An Interrupted Projection Map ........................................................... 62Review ................................................................................................ 64

4

N

S

EW

5,000,000 - 10,000,000

2,000,000 - 5,000, 000

1,000,000 - 2,000,000

Key

750,000 - 1,000,000

500,000 - 750,000

200,000 - 500,000

M E X I C O

C A N A D A

Minneapolis

Dallas

Houston

New Orleans

Chicago

Detroit

Cleveland

ColumbusWashington, D.C.

Miami

Philadelphia

New York City

Boston

St Louis

Omaha

Atlanta

Seattle

San Francisco

Los Angeles

Buffalo

San Diego

Denver

P A C I F I C O C E A N

A T L A N T I CO C E A N

PLR4 12Continental United StatesFirst Proof

Australia

PLR3 05AustaliaSecond Proof

KEY

CLIMATE REGIONS

Tropical rain forest

Rainy climate with no winter; daily rainfall

Tropical savanna

Warm temperatures year-round; rainy summers are warmer than dry winters

Mediterranean

Very warm and very dry climate; wide daily temperature swings

Steppe

Warm, dry climate; more rain than in the desert

Desert

Mild winter and dry summer; little rain

Humid subtropical

Long hot rainy summer; mild winter with less rain than in summer

Marine

Consistently moist climate with mild winter; cool summer

Twin Lakes

Wilmer Lakes

Merced Lake

Glen Aulin

YosemiteValley

Yosemite Falls

Nevada Fall

Mariposa Grove of Giant Sequoias

Illilouette Fall

Big Oak Flat Entrance

South Entrance

Tioga Pass Entrance

1 5 miles

Yosemite National Park

PLR4 07National Park: Yosemite Second Proof

CANADA

1

2

3

5

A Variety of Maps This book includes a variety of maps. This lesson consists of four different types of maps. Look at each one and answer the following questions.

_____ Which map shows you major cities in the United States?

_____ Which map shows you the public transportation system of a large city?

_____ Which map shows you what the climate is like in Australia?

_____ Which map shows a national park?

EmbarcaderoMontgomery St.

Powell St.Civic Center

16th St. Mission24th St. Mission

Glen ParkBalboa Park

Daly City

Colma

South San Francisco

San Bruno

Millbrae

Richmond

Concord

North Concord/Martinez

Pittsburg/Bay Point

El Cerrito del NorteEl Cerrito Plaza

North BerkeleyOrinda

LafayetteWalnut Creek

Pleasant Hill

Vallejo

Rockridge

MacArthur19th St./OaklandLake Merritt

Fruitvale

San Francisco Bay

Bay Bridge

AngelIsland

Coliseum/Oakland Airport

San Leandro

Castro ValleyHayward

South Hayward

San FranciscoInternational Airport (SFO)

Montara

Half Moon Bay

Union City

Fremont

Dublin/Pleasanton

Bay Fair

Oakland CityCenter/12th St.

DowntownBerkeley

Ashby

GoldenGate

Bridge

Tiburon

Key

BART

Airporter Bus

Harbor Ferry

BART Station

PLR4 13A Transit MapSecond Proof

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6

Maps Show Landforms The Earth’s surface can be divided into four main landforms: mountains, plateaus, hills, and plains. Mountains are large masses of land rising to a high peak. Some mountains stand alone. Others, like the Andes in South America, are part of a range. Hills are not as high or as rugged-looking as mountains. The tops of hills are usually rounded. Hill regions and mountain regions together make up what are often called highlands. Plateaus are landforms that rise sharply above the land on at least one side. They are usually level or flat on top. A plateau can be less than a mile wide, or it may cover hundreds of square miles. Plains are broad, level landforms. They are seldom completely flat, but they do not have hills.

1. Look at the landform diagram and complete these sentences.

_____________________ rise the highest above sea level.

_____________________ have gentle slopes.

_____________________ have the smoothest surface.

_____________________ are flat land with at least one steep slope. 2. Study the diagram of the four main kinds of landforms. Then study the map key. Draw lines from

each picture to an example of that landform on the map of South America.

3. Here are the names of some important parts of the South American continent. Use each name on the list as a label on the map.

coastal plains Brazilian Highlands Andes Mountain Range Amazon River Basin

4. The Andes Mountains form a backbone for South America. Name the seven countries this range, or backbone, runs through.

____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

5. South America has sometimes been called a “hollow” continent because of its landforms. Fill in the blanks as you help explain why.

____________________ and hills are found on both coasts of South America.

____________________ are the landforms least found on the continent.

The central area of the continent contains the largest single landform— __________________.

7

Amazon River

Brazil

Landform Diagram

Venezuela

Colombia

Ecuador

PeruBolivia

Chile Paraguay

Uruguay

Argentina

GuyanaSuriname

French Guiana

South America

Key

Mountains

Plateaus

Hills

Plains

PLR4 01South AmericaSecond Proof

8

Maps Can Show Natural Resources Raw materials are found in every state in the United States. These materials are resources for people to use in many ways. Sometimes natural resources can be used in their raw form. At other times these raw materials are used in the manufacturing of products. Mined raw materials are among a state’s most valuable resources. These maps show where mining and manufacturing occur in Washington and Texas. These states trade important resources in the form of materials and manufactured goods. Some states, like Texas and Washington, trade even though they are many miles apart. An important part of reading these two maps is understanding how mining and manufacturing are related.

1. Look at the maps. Put T before those answers that are true and F before those answers that arefalse.

_____ Products mined in both states include coal, stone, and salt.

_____ Pulp and paper, cement, and processed foods are manufactured in both states.

_____ Natural gas and petroleum are important natural resources from Texas.

_____ Uranium ore and zinc are mined in Texas.

_____ Much of the manufacturing in Washington is done near the Seattle-Tacoma area.

PbPb

MgMg

U

U

U

Zn

Zn

Zn

O

O

S

SS

S

SS

S

C

C

C

U

coal

lead

magnesite

olivine

sand and gravel

stone

uranium ore

zinc

cement

chemicals

fabricated metals

lumber

printed andpublished materialsprocessed foods

pulp and paper

transportationequipment

machinery

primary metals

Mining Washington

Manufacturing

Yakima River

Columbia River

Snake River

Seattle

Tacoma

PLR4 02Natural ResourcesFirst Proof

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2. Both Texas and Washington produce lumber, pulp and paper, and printed material.

Which state has more lumber? Texas Washington

Which state has more pulp and paper mills? Texas Washington

How many printing plants are there in each state? 4 1 2

3. Study both maps and think about the possible trading between these two states. People in Washington need heat for their homes and factories. Name two products from Texas that could be shipped to them.

____________________________________________________ People in Texas need a

valuable ore to run an atomic reactor. Name the ore. ______________________ The people in Washington grow apples, and the people in Texas grow tomatoes. Using the key, find the words

that tell how these foods would be exchanged. _______________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

Texas

Mg

Mg

S

S

S

C

C

C

C

claymagnesiumchloridenatural gas

petroleum

salt

sand and gravel

stone

sulfur

apparel

cement

chemicals

lumber andwood products

machinery

metal products

printed andpublished materials

petroleumproducts

processedfoods

pulpand paper

steel

textiles

transportationequipment

Mining

Manufacturing

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

San Antonio

PLR4 03Natural ResourcesFirst Proof