· table of contents chapter 1 introduction to basic telephony chapter 2 introduction to redcom...

Table of Contents

Chapter 1 Introduction to Basic Telephony Chapter 2 Introduction to REDCOM IGX-C Chapter 3 Hardware Circuit Card Assembly Population Chapter 4 User Interface Navigation Chapter 5 Deleting the Current Database Chapter 6 GEN Job Hardware and Time Slot Screens Chapter 7 System Administration ADM Job Chapter 8 Digit Translation Chapter 9 Multi Level Precedence and Preemption (MLPP) Chapter 10 XLD Job and DUP Commands Chapter 11 Maintenance Activities MANT Job Chapter 12 IGX Maintenance and Troubleshooting

TAB

Insert Tab # 1 Here

Introduction to Basic Telephony: Concepts, Terms, and Definitions

Action: Identify basic telephony concepts, networks, framing and line coding protocols.

Conditions: Given access to the REDCOM training material, a written practical exercise, and awareness of Contemporary Operational Environment (COE) factors such as the hostile and hazardous environments, extreme weather conditions, and complex terrain.

Standard: Identify basic telephony concepts, networks, framing and line coding protocols by completing a written practical exercise within 15 minutes IAW references and maintaining COE awareness.

Learning Objectives

3

Enabling Objectives (1)

• Telephone BasicsBasic Call CompletionSimple Telephone ConnectionInside Your PhoneC Block Installation

• Loop Start and Wink StartWink Start on DSN Trunks

• SignalsAnalog SignalDigital SignalsAnalog to Digital ConversionPulse Code ModulationDual Tone Multi-Frequency (DTMF)Geortzel AlgorithmSignal Restoration

4

• SwitchingLimited SwitchingFull Switching

• Network TypesMeshFloodDeterministic

• Tip and Ring HistoryComputing a T1Trunk Level HierarchyT1FramingE1Framing

• Extended Super FramingB8ZS Linecoding


5

• Safety Hazards: Location

• Risk Assessment: Low

• Environmental Concerns: None

Risk Control Measures

6

Idle State

Call Setup

Idle State

Traffic

CallBreakdown

Telephone Basics: Basic Call Completion

Public and private telephone systems provide real-time information paths between two or more parties. The wire-line public system is usually referred to as the PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network) and private systems are created with PBX (Private Branch eXchange) switching technologies. Traditionally, these public and private information paths have taken the form of voice connections, originally through hardwired analog circuitry but later through an increasingly broad range of technologies such as radio transmission, digital signal encoding, and fiber. Over time, these communication paths also came to be used for non-voice applications such as fax and data transmission. The average telephone as we know it today is a mechanism linked to the outside world by a pair of wires. It consists of a handset and its cradle with a signaling device, consisting of either a dial or push buttons. The handset is made up of two electro-acoustic transducers, the earpiece or receiver and the mouthpiece or transmitter. There is also a side tone circuit that allows some of the transmitted energy to be fed back to the receiver. The transmitter or mouthpiece converts acoustic energy into electric energy by means of a carbon granule transmitter. The transmitter requires a direct current (dc) potential, usually about 3–5 V, across its electrodes. We call this the talk battery, and in modern telephone systems, it is supplied over the line (central battery) from the switching center and has been standardized at −48 V dc.

7

Current from the battery flows through the wires when the telephone is lifted from its cradle or goes “off hook”. The opposite action of “off hook” is “on hook”—that is, placing the telephone back in its cradle, thereby terminating a connection.

D

d1 d2

Battery

Max 19Km48VDC

19gauge copper wire

Simple Telephone Connection

Distance D is the overall separation of the two handsets and is the sum of distances d1 and d2; d1 and d2 are the distances from each handset to the central battery supply.

8

Touch-Tone KeypadFrequency Generator

RXSpeaker

TXMicrophone

1 2 34 5 67 8 9# 0 *

Duplex Coil

Hook Switch

Ringer

To Wall Jack

Inside Your Phone

Note: These are items are available at a Radio Shack or any electronics store.

9

RJ11Connection

RJ11Connection

House Wire

RJ11Jack

to Phone

C-Block Installation

10

Loop Start Loops Analog phones, SEN DCOREDCOM IGX-C

Ground Start Loops FCC-100, FXS / FXO cards

Wink Start Trunks DSN, T1/E1REDCOM IGX-C

Start Mode Used for Signaling Common Use

Loop, Wink Start:Starting the Phone Call

With telephony, there are several methods in which to start or initiate a call (call setup).

Loop start: a loop start is a supervisory signal given by a telephone or PBX in response to the completion of the loop circuit, commonly referred to as 'off-hook'. When idle, or 'on-hook', the loop is at 48V DC (provided by the CO or FXS interface). When a telephone or device wishes to use the line, it drops the voltage to approximately 10V DC by closing the loop (going off-hook), and this signals the FXS end to get ready for communication (usually by finding a register on the switch via a line finder, and putting dial tone on the line). When the loop is opened and voltage returns to 48V, the call has ended and the line is idle again. When the FXS needs to ring the customer, it superimposes an AC signal onto the line at 20Hz. This signal is traditionally 88V, but most devices are tolerant of signals between 60V and 100V. The power to ring phones was historically supplied by a hand-cranked generator on the customer and operator's telephones.

Ground start: a ground start trunk initiates an outgoing trunk seizure on

an idle circuit by applying a momentary connection to ground (maximum local resistance of 550 ohms). In an idle circuit, the CO is giving -48v (nominally) on the Ring and an open on the Tip. When the PBX merely shorts the pair this does not operate the Line Relay in the CO, hence the

11

12

line remains idle. In order to start the line, the PBX applies a ground to the shorted pair, which operates the Line Relay, causing the CO to send dial tone. Along with dial tone, the CO puts a ground on the Tip side. The PBX senses the resulting voltage difference across the pair, releases its Ground Start condition, maintains the connection as a simple current loop, and out-pulses the telephone number. When conversation is finished and the line is to be cleared, the CO removes the short across the pair, and the PBX accepts this on-hook condition as indicating an idle line.

Wink-start signal: An off-hook condition applied to the NI (network

interface) by the CI (customer installation) for a timed interval that indicates the CI recognizes a connect signal from the network and will be ready to receive address signals after return to on-hook. [T1.405-1989]

Inside the Phone Set

Plunger on the Phone

Lifting the Headset Closes the Circuit

(OFF HOOK)

ON-HOOK OFF-HOOK

SWITCH

Ring (-)

Tip (+)

Line Finder

Loop Start

In telecommunications, a loop start is a supervisory signal given by a telephone or PBX in response to the completion of the loop circuit, commonly referred to as ‘off-hook'. When idle, or 'on-hook', the loop is at 48V DC (provided by the CO or FXO interface). When a telephone or device wishes to use the line, it drops the voltage to approximately 10V DC by closing the loop (going off-hook), and this signals the FXO end to get ready for communication (usually by finding a register on the switch via a line finder, and putting dial tone on the line). When the loop is opened and voltage returns to 48V, the call has ended and the line is idle again. When the FXO needs to ring the customer, it superimposes an AC signal onto the line at 20Hz. This signal is traditionally 88V, but most devices are tolerant of signals between 60V and 100V. The power to ring phones was historically supplied by a hand-cranked generator on the customer and operator's telephones. Loop start signaling is normally used by POTS line. An alternative to loop start is a ground start trunk. A ground start or GST is a method of signaling from a terminal or subscriber local loop to a telephone exchange, in which method a cable pair is temporarily grounded to request dial tone. Most middle 20th century American payphones used "coin first" ground start lines, with the starting ground passing through the coin itself.

13

On Hook

Off Hook

Seize Tone DTMF Dialing Traffic Release

On Hook

On Hook

WINK (Handshake) Traffic

On Hook

Off Hook

Calling Switch

Called Switch

Wink Start

The relation between two switches when WINK start attributes are applied to a trunk is shown above. WINK start is a form of handshake between the two switches. The calling loop goes off hook and sends a seize tone to the parent switch. The DTMF method sends the dual tone signals to the local switch to start the translation process. The tones are translated and sent to the receiving switch. The called switch recognizes that the incoming tones need translation, the WINK tone is sent to the calling switch telling it that the receiving switch is ready to receive all tones. If the receiving switch does not send a WINK to the sending switch, the sender assumes trunk failure and the call is terminated. The sending switch then searches for the next available trunk.

14

Calling Switch

Called Switch

Seize Digiting

DP, MF, DTMF

ReleaseWink

Answer

2600 HZ Lo tone 2600 HZ Hi tone

Wink Start on DSN Trunks

15

0o 90o 180o 360o270oIntensity

Time

Signals: Analog Signals

An analog or analogue signal is any variable signal continuous in both time and amplitude. It differs from a digital signal in that small fluctuations in the signal are meaningful. Since most natural data is analog before the digital conversion required to get a digital signal, resolution of analog recording and transmitting technology has been higher until recent times. Disadvantage The primary disadvantage of analog signaling is that any system has noise – i.e., random variation. As the signal is copied and re-copied, or transmitted over long distances, these random variations become dominant. Electrically, these losses can be diminished by shielding, good connections, and several cable types such as coaxial or twisted pair. The effects of noise make signal loss and distortion impossible to recover, since amplifying the signal to recover attenuated parts of the signal amplifies the noise as well. Even if the resolution of an analog signal is higher than a comparable digital signal, in many cases, the difference is overshadowed by the noise in the signal.

16

17

Modulation Another method of conveying an analog signal is to use modulation. In this, some base signal has one of its properties modulated; amplitude modulation involves altering the amplitude of a sinusoidal voltage waveform by the source information, frequency modulation changes the frequency. Analog circuits do not involve quantization of information into digital format. The concept being measured over the circuit, whether sound, light, pressure, temperature, or an exceeded limit, remains from end to end. Clocks with hands are called analog; those that display digits are called digital. However, many analog clocks are actually digital since the hands do not move in a smooth continuous motion, but in small steps every second or half a second, or every minute.

1

0

1

0

1

1

0

1

0

1

NRZ

Unipolar

Digital Signals

Digital signals are digital representations of discrete-time signals, which are often derived from analog signals.

An analog signal is a datum that changes over time—say, the amplitude of the voltage at some node in a circuit—that can be represented as a mathematical function, with time as the free variable (abscissa) and the signal itself as the dependent variable (ordinate). A discrete-time signal is a sampled version of an analog signal: the value of the datum is noted at fixed intervals (for example, every microsecond) rather than continuously.

If individual time values of the discrete-time signal, instead of being measured precisely (which would require an infinite number of digits), are approximated to a certain precision—which, therefore, only requires a specific number of digits—then the resultant data stream is termed a digital signal. The process of approximating the precise value within a fixed number of digits, or bits, is called quantization. In conceptual summary, a digital signal is a quantized discrete-time signal; a discrete-time signal is a sampled analog signal.

18

Q= EFSR2M - 1

Analog to Digital Conversion

The conversion (encoding/decoding) of the analog signal is not perfect due to faults resulting from quantization, the rough calculation process in which the converter must choose the closest available code to represent the sampled analog signal that can assume a countless number of possible states. In general:

The faster the sampling rate (more bits sampled) the better the digital reproduction but this also requires more bandwidth.

Fewer samples per second conserve bandwidth but gives a lower quality of reproduction.

The resolution of the converter indicates the number of discrete values it can produce over the range of voltage values. The values are usually stored electronically in binary form, so the resolution is usually expressed in bits. In consequence, the number of discrete values available, or "levels", is usually a power of two. For example, an ADC with a resolution of 8 bits can encode an analog input to one in 256 different levels, since 28 = 256. The values can represent the ranges 0 to 255 or -128 to 127, depending on the application. Resolution can also be defined electrically, and expressed in volts. The voltage resolution of an ADC is equal to its overall voltage measurement range divided by the number of discrete intervals as in the formula: Where Q is resolution in volts, EFSR is the full-scale voltage range, and M is resolution in bits. The number of intervals is given by the number of available levels minus one.

19

20

Some examples may help: Example 1

o Full scale measurement range = 0 to 10 volts o ADC resolution is 12 bits: 212 = 4096 quantization levels o ADC voltage resolution is: (10-0)/(4096-1) = 0.00244 volts = 2.44

mV

Example 2 o Full scale measurement range = -10 to +10 volts o ADC resolution is 14 bits: 214 = 16384 quantization levels o ADC voltage resolution is: (10-(-10))/(16384-1) = 20/16383 =

0.00122 volts = 1.22 mV

Frequency A

mpl

itude

8000 Samples per Second

01100110 01000110 01111111 01000000 01111000 01100101 01101111 11111110

Digital Representation of Analog Signal

Pulse Code Modulation Sampling

Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) is the most common analog to digital conversion used for voice transmission. At a data rate of 64 Kb/S 8 bits per sample, it provides 256 digital replications of the analogs signal. 8000 samples per second Sampling rate. The analog signal is continuous in time and it is necessary to convert this to a flow of digital values. It is required to define the rate at which new digital values are sampled from the analog signal. The rate of new values is called the sampling rate or sampling frequency of the converter. A continuously varying band limited signal can be sampled (that is the signal values at intervals of time T, the sampling time, are measured and stored) and then the original signal can be exactly reproduced from the discrete-time values by an interpolation formula. The accuracy is however limited by quantization error. However, this faithful reproduction is only possible if the sampling rate is higher than twice the highest frequency of the signal. This is what is embodied in the Shannon-Nyquist sampling theorem.

21

22

Since a practical ADC cannot make an instantaneous conversion, the input value must necessarily be held constant during the time that the converter performs a conversion (called the conversion time). An input circuit called a sample and hold performs this task—in most cases by using a capacitor to store the analogue voltage at the input, and using an electronic switch or gate to disconnect the capacitor from the input. Many ADC integrated circuits include the sample and hold subsystem internally.

1 2 3

4 5 6

7 8 9

# 0

697Hz

770Hz

852Hz

1209Hz

941Hz

1336Hz

1477Hz

Digit Period Tone “ON”Duration

Interdigit Time Out

4 5 1 6 2

*

Busy signal 480Hz[lf]+620Hz[hf]Dial Tone 350Hz[lf]+440[hf]Ringback Tone 440Hz[lf]+480[hf]

1979Hz 2106Hz 1906Hz 2247Hz 2033Hz

Dual Tone Multi-Frequency

Tone ON Duration 50mS minimum Interdigit Time Out 50mS minimum History Prior to DTMF, phone systems used a system known as pulse (Dial Pulse or DP in the USA) or loop disconnect (LD) signaling to dial numbers, which works by rapidly disconnecting and connecting the calling party's phone line, like flicking a light switch on and off. The repeated connection and disconnection, as the dial spins, sounds like a series of clicks. The exchange equipment counts those clicks or dial pulses to determine the called number. LD range was restricted by telegraphic distortion and other technical problems, and placing calls over longer distances required either operator assistance (operators used an earlier kind of multi-frequency dial) or the provision of subscriber trunk dialing equipment. The Touch Tone system introduced a standardized keypad layout. After testing 18 different layouts, they eventually chose the one familiar to us today, with 1 in the upper-left and 0 at the bottom. The adding-machine layout, with 1 in the lower-left was also tried, but at that time few people used adding machines, and having the 1 at the "start" (in European language reading order) led to fewer typing errors. In retrospect, many people consider that this was a mistake. With the widespread introduction of computers and bank machines, the phone keyboard has become "oddball", causing mistakes.

23

24

#, *, A, B, C, and D The engineers had also envisioned phones being used to access computers, and surveyed a number of companies to see what they would need for this role. This led to the addition of the number sign (#) and star (*) keys, as well as a group of keys for menu selection, A, B, C and D. In the end the lettered keys were dropped from most phones, and it was many years before the # and * keys became widely used, such as for vertical service codes such as *67 in the United States and Canada to suppress caller ID. Public payphones that accept credit cards use these additional codes to send the information from the magnetic strip. The U.S. military also used the letters, relabeled, in their now defunct Autovon phone system. Here they were used before dialing the phone in order to give some calls priority, cutting in over existing calls if need be. The idea was to allow important traffic to get through every time. The levels of priority available were Flash Override (A), Flash (B), Immediate (C), and Priority (D), with Flash Override being the highest priority. Pressing one of these keys gave your call priority, overriding other conversations on the network. Pressing C, Immediate, before dialing would make the switch first look for any free lines, and if all lines were in use, it would hang up any non-priority calls, and then any priority calls. Keypad The DTMF keypad is laid out in a 4×4 matrix, with each row representing a low frequency, and each column representing a high frequency. Pressing a single key such as '1' will send a sinusoidal tone of the two frequencies 697 and 1209 hertz (Hz). The original keypads had levers inside, so each button activated two contacts. The multiple tones are the reason for calling the system multifrequency. These tones are then decoded by the switching center to determine which key was pressed. DTMF event frequencies Event Low frequency High frequency Busy signal 480 Hz620 Hz Dial tone350 Hz440 Hz Ringback tone (US) 440 Hz480 Hz The tone frequencies, as defined by the Precise Tone Plan, are selected such that harmonics and inter-modulation products will not cause an unreliable signal. No frequency is a multiple of another, the difference between any two frequencies does not equal any of the frequencies, and the sum of any two frequencies does not equal any of the frequencies. The frequencies were initially designed with a ratio of 21/19, which is slightly less than a whole tone. The frequencies may not vary more than ± 1.5% from their nominal frequency, or the switching center will ignore the signal. The high frequencies may be the same volume or louder as the low frequencies when sent across the line. The loudness difference between the high and low frequencies can be as large as 3 decibels (dB) and is referred to as "twist". The minimum duration of the tone should be at least 70 msec, although in some countries and applications DTMF receivers must be able to reliably detect DTMF tones as short as 45ms. DTMF can be decoded using the Goertzel algorithm.

Goertzel Algorithm(DTMF Conversion)

The Goertzel algorithm is a digital signal processing (DSP) technique for identifying frequency components of a signal, published by Dr. Gerald Goertzel in 1958. A practical application of this algorithm is that of recognizing the tones produced by the buttons pushed on a telephone keypad. Computational complexity In order to compute a single DFT bin for a complex sequence of length N, this algorithm requires 2N multiplies and 4N add/subtract operations within the loop, as well as 4 multiplies and 4 add/subtract operations to compute X (ω), for a total of 2N+4 multiplies and 4N+4 add/subtract operations (for real sequences, the required operations are half that amount). In contrast, the Fast Fourier transform (FFT) requires 2log2N multiplies and 3log2N add/subtract operations per DFT bin, but must compute all N bins simultaneously (similar optimizations are available to halve the number of operations in an FFT when the input sequence is real). When the number of desired DFT bins, M, is small (e.g., when detecting DTMF tones), it is computationally advantageous to implement the Goertzel algorithm, rather than the FFT. Approximately, this occurs when or if, for some reason, N is not an integral power of 2, as required by the FFT algorithm, and zero padding the samples out to an integral power of 2 would violate. Moreover, the Goertzel algorithm can be computed as samples come in, and the FFT algorithm may require a large table of N pre-computed sines and cosines in order to be efficient.

25

26

If multiplications are not considered as difficult as additions, or vice versa, the 5/6 ratio can shift between anything from 3/4 (additions dominate) to 1/1 (multiplications dominate). [Edit] Practical considerations The term DTMF or Dual-Tone Multi Frequency is the official name of the tones generated from a telephone keypad. (AT&T used the trademark "Touch-Tone" for its DTMF dialing service. [1]) The original keypads were mechanical switches triggering RC controlled oscillators. [citation needed] The digit detectors were also tuned circuits. The interest in decoding DTMF is high because of the large numbers of phones generating these types of tones. At present, DTMF detectors are most often implemented as numerical algorithms either on general-purpose computers or on fast digital signal processors. The algorithm shown below is an example of such a detector. However, this algorithm needs an additional post-processing step to implement a functional DTMF tone detector. DTMF tone bursts can be as short as 50 milli-seconds or as long as several seconds. The tone burst can have noise or dropouts within it, which must be ignored. The Goertzel algorithm produces multiple outputs; a post-processing step needs to smooth these outputs into one output per tone burst. One additional problem is that the algorithm will sometimes produce spurious outputs because of a window period that is not completely filled with samples. Imagine a DTMF tone burst and then imagine the window superimposed over this tone burst. Obviously, the detector is running at a fixed rate and the tone burst is not guaranteed to arrive aligned with the timing of the detector. Therefore, some window intervals on the leading and trailing edges of the tone burst will not be entirely filled with valid tone samples. Worse, RC-based tone generators will often have voltage sag/surge related anomalies at the leading and trailing edges of the tone burst. These also can contribute to spurious outputs. It is highly likely that this detector will report false or incorrect results at the leading and trailing edges of the tone burst due to a lack of sufficient valid samples within the window. In addition, the tone detector must be able to tolerate tone dropouts within the tone burst and these can produce additional false reports due to the same windowing effects. The post-processing system can be implemented as a statistical aggregator, which will examine a series of outputs of the algorithm below. There should be a counter for each possible output. These all start out at zero. The detector starts producing outputs and depending on the output, the appropriate counter is incremented. Finally, the detector stops generating outputs for long enough that the tone burst can be considered to be over. The counter with the highest value wins and should be considered to be the DTMF digit signaled by the tone burst. While it is true that there are eight possible frequencies in a DTMF tone, the algorithm as originally entered on this page was computing a few more frequencies to help reject false tones (talkoff). Notice the peak tone counter loop. This checks to see that only two tones are active. If more than this is found then the tone is rejected.

Analog Amplifier

Strong Signal Faded Signal

Digital Regenerator

Strong Signal Faded Signal

Amplified Signal

Regenerated Signal

Signal Restoration

27

Trunk A Channel 1

Trunk B Channel 4

Trunk

Trunk

Channels

Channels

Switching: Limited Switching

Switches were previously discussed as devices with lines and trunks, but better terms for describing a switch are “inlets” and “outlets”. When a switch has full availability, each inlet has access to any outlet. When not all the free outlets in a switching system can be reached by inlets, the switching system is referred to as one with “limited availability”.

28

Full Switching

Channels

Trunk A

Trunk B

Channels

Of course, full availability switching is more desirable than limited availability but is more expensive for larger switches. Thus, full availability switching is generally found only in small switching configurations and in many new digital switches. Grading is one method of improving the traffic handling capacities of switching configurations with limited availability. Grading is a scheme for interconnecting switching subgroups to make the switching load uniform.

29

Network Types: Mesh Networks

Mesh Networks are a leased line network that provides a direct connection between each site and every other site. Each transmission might be routed over an alternative path should the primary (direct) path between the two sites be either congested or in a state of failure.

• One advantage of the mesh network is the high availability of efficient transmission links (redundancy)

• One disadvantage of the mesh network is difficulty of configuring and reconfiguring and cost if more than four nodes or switches are involved in the network.

30

Flood Search (1)

TRI-TAC Standards Flood search routing is a method that employs an algorithm that determines the optimal route for traffic within a network, avoiding failed or congested links.

• 20 Second Timeout There is a 20-second limit to the amount of time a CBCS will wait for a return message after transmitting the search. If a return or EOR is not received within this timeout, all software registers reserved for this call attempt are reallocated and marked as eligible for other calls call. • Max search through 16 nodes The search message carries a “hop count” within it, and is decremented by each switch that retransmits the message. The count is set to 16 nodes by the originating switch, effectively limiting the flood through 16 nodes. • C. Max search through 3 satellite hops The search message carries a “satellite link hop count” within it, and is decremented by each switch that retransmits the message over link class marked as satellite transmission via the Assign Link Initialization (AIL) command. The count is set to 3 nodes by the originating switch, effectively limiting the flood through 3 nodes.

31

Flood Search (2)

32

Deterministic Routing

Deterministic Routing: In a switched network, switching in which the routes between given pairs of nodes are pre-programmed, i.e., are determined, in advance of transmission. Note: The routes used to complete a given call through a network are identified, in advance of transmission, in routing tables maintained in each switch database. The tables assign the trunks that are to be used to reach each switch code, area code, and International Access Prefix (IAP), usually with one or two alternate routes.

33

Tip and Ring

Bantam Jack

TipRingSleeve

Tip" and "Ring" are common terms in the telephone service industry referring to the two wires or sides of an ordinary telephone line. Tip is the groundside (positive) and Ring is the battery (negative) side of a phone circuit. The groundside is common with the Telco’s central office; the battery side carries -48 volts of DC voltage when in an "idle" or "on hook" state. The combination of tip and ring, then, makes up a normal phone line circuit, just as a car's battery needs both connections leads to have a complete electrical circuit. To ring the phone to alert to an incoming call, about 90 volts of 20 Hz AC current is superimposed over the DC voltage already present on the idle line.

34

T1 is a high speed digital network (1.544 mbps) developed by AT&T in 1957, and implemented in the early 1960s to support long-haul pulse-code modulation (PCM) voice communication. The principal improvement of T1 over Analog was to introduce a digital voice network and to create an infrastructure fully capable of digitally representing what was up until then, a fully analog telephone network.

T1 Trunk Level 1 - History

Pulse-code modulation (PCM) is a digital representation of an analog signal where the magnitude of the signal is sampled regularly at uniform intervals, then quantized to a series of symbols in a digital (usually binary) code. PCM has been used in digital telephone systems and is the standard form for digital audio in computers and the compact disc red book format. It is also standard in digital video, for example, using ITU-R BT.601. However, straight PCM is not typically used for video in consumer applications such as DVD or DVR because it requires too high a bit rate (PCM audio is supported by the DVD standard but rarely used). Instead, compressed variants of PCM are normally employed. However, many Blu-ray Disc and HD-DVD movies use uncompressed PCM for audio. Very frequently, PCM encoding facilitates digital transmission from one point to another (within a given system, or geographically) in serial form.

35

T1 Math (1)

Now do the math:

64Kbps X 24 channels per T1 = 1.53664,000x24=1,536,000

1.536 is not 1.544Were do the extra 8 bits come from?

A single T1 is 1.544Mbps1,544,000 bits per second

For mathematical reasons, a voice channel was selected to be 64 Kbps. 24 of these channels is a aggregate of 1.536 Mbps, not 1.544 Mbps! Why is there a discrepancy? The explanation is that after a byte (8 bits) of data is sent from each channel (24 x 8 = 192 bits) there is an extra bit used for synchronizing called a Frame bit – consequently 193 bits are sent and this increase of 1 bit per 192 causes the speed to increase to 1.544 Mbps.

64,000 x 24=1,536,000 + 8,000 = 1,544,000

T1 Math (2)

36

Trunk Level Hierarchy

T3

T3

T3

T3

T3

T4T2

T2

T2

T2

T2

T2

T1C

T1C T1

4032 Channels 168 T-1 274.176 Mbps DS4



48 Channels 2 T-1 3.152 Mbps DS1C

24 Channels 1 T-1 1.544Mbps DS1

1 Channel 1/24 of T-1 64Kbps DS0 1 ChannelT1

T1CT2T3T4

T1123456789101112131415161718192021222324

32

T1 Framing1.544Mb/S Group Rate

Ch 24 Ch 23 Ch 22 Ch 21 Ch 20 Ch 19 Ch 18 Ch 17 Ch 16 Ch 15 Ch 14 Ch 13 Ch 12 Ch 11 Ch 10 Ch 9 Ch 8 Ch 7 Ch 6 Ch 5 Ch 4 Ch 3 Ch 2 Ch 1

FRA

ME

Twenty Four - 64Kb/S mu law PCM Traffic Channels

One 8KHZ Frame

192 bits plus 1 bit for the framing channel 24 X 8 = 192 + 1 = 193 bit frame

37

E1 Framing2.048Mb/S Group Rate

FRAM

E &

CR

C

Sign

alin

g / S

uper

visi

on

Ch 24 Ch 23 Ch 22 Ch 21 Ch 20 Ch 19 Ch 18 Ch 17 Ch 16 Ch 15 Ch 14 Ch 13 Ch 12 Ch 11 Ch 10 Ch 9 Ch 8 Ch 7 Ch 6 Ch 5 Ch 4 Ch 3 Ch 2 Ch 1Ch 30 Ch 29 Ch 28 Ch 27 Ch 26 Ch 25

Thirty Time Slots30 channels X 8 bits = 240 bits + 8 bits signaling + 8 bits framing = 256 bit frame

Time Slot 0Time Slot 16

One 8KHZ Frame

8 Signal Bits / 64Kb/S

Traffic ChannelsTraffic Channels

8 Signal Bits / 64Kb/S

38

Extended Super Framing

D C D 0 D C D 0 D C D 1 D C D 0 D C D 1 D C D 11 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Data Link CRC FrameA B C D

Frames 6,12,18,and 24 provide signaling supervision

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

TS1 TS2 TS3 TS4 TS22 TS23 TS24TS5 – TS21

B B B BBB B

One DS1 Frame

In telecommunications, an Extended Super Frame (ESF) is a T1 Framing Standard, sometimes called D5 framing, invented in the 1980s. It is preferred to its predecessor, Super Frame, because it includes a Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) and bandwidth for a data link channel (used to pass out-of-band data between equipment.) It requires less frequent synchronization than the earlier Super Frame or D4 format, and provides on-line, real-time testing of circuit capability and operating condition. In ESF, a SuperFrame is 24 frames long, and the 193rd bit of each frame is used in the following manner:

• Frames 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, and 24 are used to send the framing pattern, 001011.

• Frames 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, and 23 are used for the data link (totaling half of all framing bits, or 4000 bits per second.)

• Frames 2, 6, 10, 14, 18, and 22 are used to pass the CRC total for each super frame

In ESF, twenty-four frames make up the (extended) super frame. ESF divides the 8 kbit/s framing channel into three segments. The frame pattern uses 2 kbit/s, and a Cyclic redundancy check (CRC) uses 2 kbit/s. The remaining 4 kbit/s make up an administrative data link (DL) channel. The framing pattern occupies the 4th, 8th, 12th, 16th, 20th and 24th frames. The pattern consists of

39

40

a 0–0–1–0–1–1 sequence. This is the only pattern repeated in the ESF format. See Figure 3. Figure 3. ESF Framing Format. The CRC algorithm checks a known segment of data and adds the computed value to it. The combined data and CRC blocks are both transmitted. The receive circuitry will run the same CRC algorithm against the data portion and compare the calculation to the transmitter's CRC value. In this manner, corrupted data can be flagged as "CRC errors". The CRC checksum is passed in the 2nd, 6th, 10th, 14th, 18th, and 22nd frames. (See also Error-correcting code). The administrative channel provides a means to communicate within the DS1 stream (sub-channel). Statistics on CRC errors can be requested and sent from one end to another. The data channel occupies the twelve odd numbered frames. Signaling and other information passes over this channel. Provisions in the ESF standard would allow the normal A/B bit robbed signal to be enhanced. The A/B bits can be extended to four bits (ABCD). This provides 16 distinct states. An improvement from A/B, which provides 4. To overcome incompatibility with A/B signaling, equipment repeats the A&B bits (e.g. C = A and D = B). These additional signaling bits will offer new features as equipment is built to support it. CRC errors can be detected and counted in at least one of four different registers. The registers are for transmit (in and out) and receive (in and out). By using the recovered CRC data, it is possible to segment and isolate the direction of problems.

B8ZS Linecode8 bits 8 bits

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3

The occurrence of 15 consecutive zeros forces the B8ZS codeword to insert the opposite polarity on the line to reverse the voltage.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

+.5VDC

-.5VDC

+.5VDC

-.5VDC

-.5VDC continuous 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0

V-bit 1 V-bit -1

B8ZS (bipolar 8-zero substitution, also called binary 8-zero substitution, clear channel, and clear 64) is an encoding method used on T1 circuits that inserts two successive ones of the same voltage - referred to as a bipolar violation - into a signal whenever eight consecutive zeros are transmitted. The device receiving the signal interprets the bipolar violation as a timing mark, which keeps the transmitting and receiving devices synchronized. Ordinarily, when successive ones are transmitted, one has a positive voltage and the other has a negative voltage. B8ZS is based on an older encoding method called alternate mark inversion (AMI). AMI is used with Dataphone Digital Service, the oldest data service still in use that uses 64 Kbps per channel. AMI, however, requires the use of 8 Kbps of the 64 Kbps of each channel to maintain synchronization. In a T1 circuit, there are 24 channels. This loss adds up to 192 Kbps, which means that in reality only 56 Kbps is available for data transmission. B8ZS uses bipolar violations to synchronize devices, a solution that does not require the use of extra bits, which means a T1 circuit using B8ZS can use the full 64 Kbps for each channel for data. B8ZS is not compatible with older AMI equipment. T1 technology is used in the United States and Japan. In Europe, a comparable technology called E1 provides 32 channels instead of 24 and uses an encoding scheme called high-density bipolar 3 (HDB3) instead of B8ZS.

41

TAB

Insert Tab # 2 Here

Introduction to the REDCOM IGX-C

3

REDCOM= REsearch and Development in COMmunications IGX= ISDN Gateway Exchange The REDCOM IGX has become the standard COTS PBX switch within the DOD. The REDCOM IGX-C supports military and commercial interfaces. The user interface for the REDCOM is comparable to the CISCO systems user interface. Depending on the users assigned privileges, certain keywords or abbreviations of key words are used to program and initialize the operating system. The following interfaces can be used with the REDCOM depending on its CCA population.

• Data: VoIP, IPv4, IPv6, SIP, LCC • Conventional: T1, E1, ISDN, EURO-ISDN, SS7, C7, GR-303, V5.2, E&M,

Loop, MFC R2, Magneto. • Satellite: IP, C5, T1, E1, echo cancelling • Radio: Military & commercial, PTT, VOX, DTMF • Secure Interfaces: Sectera SWT, SWT-R, V.150.1 for GD vIPer, Secure

Iridium Gateway, STE-R, TRI-TAC, Secure Radio. • SIP: SESSION INITATION PROTOCAL, USED WITH VOIP • LCC: Loseloss Data Compression, original data to be recons from

compressed data • SS7: The substitution or omission of a # sign • C7: used in england • GR=303: is an intergraded digital loop carrier system that has the ability to

assign a station number to any phy circuit • V5.2: V5 Interface specifies the electrical, physical, procedural and

protocol requirements for the interconnection between Local Exchange (LE) and Access Network (AN) for the support of various types of digital and analog access.

Action: Identify the ISDN Exchange, system architecture, power requirements, stacking MSUs, and T1 in the network.

Conditions: Given access to the REDCOM training material, a written practical exercise, and awareness of the Contemporary Operational Environment (COE) factors such as the hostile and hazardous environment, extreme weather conditions, and complex terrain.

Standard: Identify the ISDN Exchange, system architecture, power requirements, stacking MSUs, and T1 in the network by completing a written practical exercise within 15 minutes IAW references while maintaining COE awareness.

Learning Objectives

4


• Introduction to REDCOM Military Products • Distributed Architecture • ISDN Gateway Exchange

• System architecture • MSU Shelf Layout

• System Requirements • Power Supply• Grounding

We will discuss the following REDCOM features: • Hardware and rack population, and features that is unique to the

REDCOM IGX-C. • REDCOM IGX-C System architecture. • Compatibility with both military and civilian hardware such as

PROMINA, Commercial Switches etc. • Power requirements. • Grounding requirements.

5


• Stacking Multiple MSUs• Terminators• Ribbon Cables

• External effects on the IGX-C

• REDCOMs place In the network / T1 Trunks• Definition of a T1 Link

• IGX-C in the JNN

• IGX-C Patch Panel JNN

6





7

Distributed Architecture

Linked by ribbon cable

MSU1

MSU0

MSU2

PWRSWOVTRLKRST

PWRWDSALM

LBUVUNLKCNCL

MSU Controller

ALARMCUTOFF

LOC

LIN E

CFAYELREDCAROOF

RAIS

TAIS

MAJ

T1 IN TERFACE

ALARMCUTOFF

LOC

LIN E

CFAYELREDCAROOF

RAIS

TAIS

MAJ

T1 IN TERFACE

PWRSWOVTRLKRST

PWRWDSALM

LBUVUNLKCNCL

MSU Controller

ALARMCUTOFF

LOC

LIN E

CFAYELREDCAROOF

RAIS

TAIS

MAJ

T1 IN TERFACE

ALARMCUTOFF

LOC

LIN E

CFAYELREDCAROOF

RAIS

TAIS

MAJ

T1 IN TERFACE

PWRSWOVTRLKRST

PWRWDSALM

LBUVUNLKCNCL

MSU Controller

ALARMCUTOFF

LOC

LIN E

CFAYELREDCAROOF

RAIS

TAIS

MAJ

T1 IN TERFACE

ALARMCUTOFF

LOC

LIN E

CFAYELREDCAROOF

RAIS

TAIS

MAJ

T1 IN TERFACE12:00

Stations

GPS Reference Source

• Modular Switching Unit (MSU) – digital and analog circuits • Low power requirements ( approx. 2-3 amps, same as a large light

bulb) • Max of 16 selves linked

The IGX uses the time divided digital 8-bit PCM (pulse code modulation) format and has a distributed stored program control. There is no central processing unit in multi-shelf configurations. The fact that all modular elements or clusters of a distributed system are identical implies that a single unit system behaves in the same manner as a multi-unit system. The functional processing sequence, therefore, cannot discriminate between single and multi-unit applications. The port processing architecture is an extremely safe methodology because it is based on and affects only individual ports. The system also uses a non-blocking timeslot interchange system for up to 768 timeslots eliminating different configurations for various traffic handling capabilities and the need for path finding and auditing routines. A multi-shelf IGX system automatically recognizes new circuits or installed shelves, and integrates them into the entire system. With a custom database, some administrative database changes may be required to put the new circuits or IGX shelves into service. Each port in a multi-shelf IGX system can be

8

9

connected to any other port within the system on a fully available, non-blocking basis. No distinction is made between ports physically located in the same IGX shelf and ports located in different IGX shelves. Each shelf in an IGX system has an identical Master Clock supply. The system clock is supplied by one of the IGX shelves in the system, with the other shelves slaved to it. If that clock fails, the system switches over to another IGX shelf's clock, with no loss in service. Master Clock redundancy is at least equivalent to the number of shelves in the IGX system. This value is higher if external references are used.

ISDN Gateway Exchange

Tactical PBX (Private Branch EXchange) and SMEO (SMall End Office)Combination PBX/End Office/Tandem operationMLPP featureANSI 619a compliantDesigned for rugged environmentDomestic and International interfaces

PWR

SWOV

TR

LK

RST

PWR

WD

SALM

LBUV

UNLK

CNCL

MSU Controller

ALARMCUTOFF

LOC

LIN E

CFA

YEL

RED

CAR

OOF

RAIS

TAIS

MAJ

T1 INTER FACE

ALARMCUTOFF

LOC

LIN E

CFA

YEL

RED

CAR

OOF

RAIS

TAIS

MAJ

T1 INTER FACE

Combination PBX/Small End Office/Tandem Operation (A voice switch that is designed primarily with trunk interfaces rather than subscriber interfaces) Multi Level Pulse, Preemption and Precedence (MLPP) feature ( Military use) same as Flash Override / Flash / Immediate / Priority / Routine. In military communications, a priority scheme for assigning one of several precedence levels to specific calls or messages. The system handles them in a predetermined order and time frame, for gaining controlled access to network resources in which calls and messages can be preempted only by higher priority calls and messages, that is recognized only within a predefined domain, and in which the precedence level of a call outside the predefined domain is usually not recognized. ANSI 619a compliant. This supplement to American National Standard for Telecommunications - Integrated services digital network (ISDN) - Multi-level precedence and preemption (MLPP) service capability, ANSI T1.619-1992, revises the standard so that the exchange-to-exchange signaling is consistent with ITU-T Recommendations Q.955.3 (1993) and Q.735.3 (1993), which were approved after the publication of ANSI T1.619-1992. Multi-Level Precedence and Preemption (MLPP) provides prioritized call handling service allowing calls to have priority and the ability to seize resources. This means resources in use by a call of a lower precedence will be seized and used

10

11

by the priority call if no idle resources are available. The service provider sets the maximum precedence level at the subscription time. Maximum precedence is determined by the subscriber’s needs. Compliance with 619A adds the ability to provide MLPP over an ISDN connection. The ANSI T1.619A-1992 specification details the way a switch should handle priority calls for both PRI and BRI interfaces. Designed for rugged environment, the unit is currently deployed in several military and civilian locations. From Chufpuluk, Alaska (within the Arctic Circle) to Guam to Iraq. Recently used at the Boy Scout Jamboree in Washington DC (10,000+ users) and to provide communications for FEMA during hurricane Katrina (1,000,000+ users) Domestic and International interfaces. Use T1 and Mu Law (US and Japan) and E1 and A Law (the rest of the world)

System Architecture (1)

• Modular Switching Unit (MSU) equipment enclosure• Standard 19” rack mount• CCAs inserted form the front• Backplane

Motherboard connection for all CCAsConnection to power supplyConnection for stacking multiple MSUs

• Power SupplyConverts input power to required voltageCable distribution from CCAsDoubles as a heat baffle

All CCAs are inserted from the front 19 Physical slots First physical slot marked with a RED indicator. Second physical slot marked with a YELLOW indicator. RED and YELLOW indicators correspond with the colored tab on the MSU CCA. 15 numbered slots, 1 -15

12


8 ¾ ‘

1 ¾’

19’

PWR

SWOV

TR

LK

RST

PWR

WD

SALM

LBUVUNLK

CNCL

MSU Controller

ALARMCUTOFF

LOC

LINE

CFAYELREDCAROOF

RAIS

TAIS

MAJ

T1 INTERFACE

ALARMCUTOFF

LOC

LINE

CFAYELREDCAROOF

RAIS

TAIS

MAJ

T1 INTERFACE

+/-5VDC

(Front View)

The IGX shelf provides mechanical support for the printed wiring boards, the backplane, and the power supply. It is a standard 19-inch rack mountable unit. The rear of the enclosure is closed with the backplane and power supply; the boards plug in from the front. The top and bottom of the enclosure are perforated aluminum. Airflow is by convection; fans and filters are not required under normal operating environments and installations. Dynamic Line Cells that are fitted with the +/– 5 VDC power supply (MA0614 or MA0616) are identified by a black label on the right front of the enclosure.

13


PWR

SWOVTRLK

RST

PWR

WD

SALMLBUV

UNLK

CNCL

MSU Controller

ALARMCUTOFF

LOC

LINE

CFAYELREDCAROOF

RAIS

TAIS

MAJ

T1 INTERFACE

ALARMCUTOFF

LOC

LINE

CFAYELREDCAROOF

RAIS

TAIS

MAJ

T1 INTERFACE

Console Cable To Local Loops

T1 (Trunk Connection)UCS to MSU (Timing)

+/-5VDC

(Front View)

The backplane is a glass epoxy printed wiring board that is printed on both sides. It is mounted ¾ of the way between the front and rear of the chassis. Visible from the front are connectors for each of the CCAs that slide into the front of the enclosure. In the above example, you see that most of the Layer One Physical connections are made from the front. For this class you will interface the IGX-C as shown. When mounted in the JNN you will access the OS via Ethernet (TELNET) and the connections into the JNN will be off the rear of the shelf.

14


26 pair cable (Anphonal/Telco)

TSI

MSU Controller

OUT IN

OUT IN

GroundingLug

Fuse

Main powerconnection

Cables to power supply

Cable to power supply

Connections for Wiring harness of JNN

(Rear View)

The power supply is mounted on the rear. There are three basic types of power supplies:

• One supply accepts 100/120/240 VAC, 50-60 Hz • The second supply accepts – 48 VDC • The third supply accepts 24 VDC

All three will fit on the shelf and are swappable according to your power supplied from the outside source. On the backside, there are various connectors.

• The connectors for the cables to the power supply and ringing transformer are all of unique sizes and shapes to prevent miss wiring. They are all locking-type connectors.

• The four connectors for ribbon cables are also locking-type connectors with an integral ejector. Two ribbon cables go to the shelf immediately above this shelf, and two go to the shelf immediately below it. Proper connection of these cables and terminators will be covered later in this chapter.

15


TSI

MSU Controller

OUT IN

OUT IN

GroundingLug

Fuse

Main powerconnection

Cables to power supply

Cable to power supply

(Rear View)

In the above example, you will see the back of the IGX-C. The two +/- 5VDC power connections located to the far right are interchangeable. The terminators and timing will be discussed later in this chapter.

16


PWR

SWOVTRLK

RST

PWRWD

SALMLBUVUNLK

CNCL

MSU Controller ETSI

MSU ControllerBoard Set

Expanded Timeslot Interchange(ETSI) Board Set

Ring Generator Board

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Slot layout

The IGX-C has 15 operator usable slots. These slots are numbered at the top of the shelf and can be accessed via the “slot” command when programming the shelf. The unnumbered slots must be populated by the designated CCAs. If the MSU Controller and Ring Generator are not in the correct slots, the shelf will not function properly. The ETSI board will be in slot “0”.

17

System Requirements (1)

• Current RatingAC input : 50/60HZ, 5.00AOperating range : 100VAC – 240VAC (auto sensing)

• Provided with the standard 3 prong AC plug

• Maximum fuse 7A 250V Normal Blow

• DC power supplies Input voltages-48VDC+24VDC

(Power Supply)

The AC power supply accepts input at 120 VAC or 240 VAC, depending on factory configuration. Input voltage tolerance is +/- 10%. The frequency must be 50 to 60 Hz. NOTE: For all 120 VAC power supplies except those with an MA0215 part number, the supply can also be operated with 100 VAC input. Power supplies with an MA0215 part number must be factory-modified to operate with 100 VAC input. When delivered from the factory with the 120 VAC option, each shelf has a power cord with a standard US-style 3-prong plug. The third prong normally is adequate for grounding if the electrical ground is properly connected to earth ground. An additional ground strap is a good idea, but is not normally necessary.

The – 48 VDC power supply accepts power input on a terminal strip on the rear of the power supply that has four screw lugs. Input power should be battery clean, from – 42.5 V to – 56.5 V for proper operation. CAUTION The input voltage should not exceed – 60 VDC; input voltages beyond – 60 VDC will damage the system and will void the warranty. The 24 VDC power supply accepts power input on a terminal strip on the rear of the power supply that has four screw lugs. Input power should be battery clean, from 21.0 V to 31.0 V. All chasses must be grounded to earth ground by a grounding strap attached to the equipment chassis with a “star” washer to cut through the isolative layer on the chassis.

NOTE Dynamic Line Cells use the MA0614 (AC input) or MA0616 (DC input) power supply. This power supply provides the necessary backplane voltages (+5 and – 5 VDC) for the Dynamic Line Circuit.

18

Grounding Lug

Mounting Rack

MSU shelf

Power supply

The grounding lug for the shelf is located on the Power Supply .

When grounding the shelf use #12AWG with the shortest possible path.

System Requirements (2)(Grounding)

Caution: Grounding circuit continuity is vital for safe operation of the equipment. Never operate with grounding conductor disconnected Maximum fuse 7A 250V Normal Blow for continued protection against the risk of fire and shock, replace fuse with same type and rating.

19

System Requirements (3)

TSI

MSU Controller

OUT IN

OUT IN

TSI

MSU Controller

OUT IN

OUT IN

TSI

MSU Controller

OUT IN

OUT IN

Building/earth ground

Multiple racks should be chained together. The rackclosest to the established ground should be used to ground the entire racksystem.

#4 Gauge

#12 Gauge

(Inter-shelf Grounding)

Due to the normal presence of Ground based signaling currents (Ground Start; Type 1 E&M Signaling) and requirements of the National Electrical Code for Safety Listing of Telecommunications Equipment, the IGX-C are equipped with redundant and independent earth ground connections. The connection of the IGX shelf to earth ground via the grounding conductor in the AC power cord forms one of the two earth ground connections. The interconnection of all IGX shelves via their chassis ground connection points described in the “Inter-Shelf grounding” slide above forms the second earth ground connection. This supplemental equipment-grounding conductor must be connected to the IGX shelves before any telecommunication lines are connected to the equipment. Earth ground is the zero potential reference point for the entire facility. It is formed using ground rods, ground planes, metal water pipes, or other accepted methods. Refer to local electrical codes for suitable sources of earth ground. Battery ground is the positive side of the 48-volt DC power feed. Normally, this signal should only be connected to earth ground at the 48-volt source or the main power distribution panel. This signal supplies current to equipment and therefore is only at earth ground potential at the physical location where the connection to earth ground is made.

20

21

Chassis ground is the signal used to maintain all exposed conductive surfaces (IGX shelves, mounting racks, etc.) at the same electrical potential. This signal must be connected to earth ground somewhere in the facility, typically at a single physical location.

Stacking Multiple MSUs (1)

16 MSUs can be linked to from one large system.

Inter-shelf connections are made using the TSI and MSU Controller ribbon cables.

The total cable ribbon length cannot exceed 64ft including the clock synchronizer cable.

An IGX system can be expanded by adding another port board or another shelf to the system. These shelves can be stacked and are interconnected by two ribbon cables connecting each bordering IGX shelf. The ports can be any combination of lines, trunks, and console interfaces. A multi-shelf IGX system automatically recognizes new circuits or installed shelves, and integrates them into the entire system. In this class, each shelf in an IGX system has an identical Master Clock Oscillator reference supply. When connected by the ribbon cables the system clock is supplied by lowest numbered the IGX shelve in the system, with the other shelves slaving time form the Master. If that clock fails, the system switches over to another IGX reference, with no interruption in customer service. In the JNN, the reference source will be an external GPS clock.

22

Stacking Multiple MSUs (2)Stations

MSU1

MSU0

MSU2

PWRSWOV

TRLKRST

PWRWDSALM

LBUVUNLKCNCL

MSU Controller

ALARMCUTOFF

LOC

LINE

CFAYELREDCAROOF

RAIS

TAIS

MAJ

T1 IN TERFACE

ALARMCUTOFF

LOC

LINE

CFAYELREDCAROOF

RAIS

TAIS

MAJ

T1 IN TERFACE

PWRSWOV

TRLKRST

PWRWDSALM

LBUVUNLKCNCL

MSU Controller

ALARMCUTOFF

LOC

LINE

CFAYELREDCAROOF

RAIS

TAIS

MAJ

T1 IN TERFACE

ALARMCUTOFF

LOC

LINE

CFAYELREDCAROOF

RAIS

TAIS

MAJ

T1 IN TERFACE

PWRSWOV

TRLKRST

PWRWDSALM

LBUVUNLKCNCL

MSU Controller

ALARMCUTOFF

LOC

LINE

CFAYELREDCAROOF

RAIS

TAIS

MAJ

T1 IN TERFACE

ALARMCUTOFF

LOC

LINE

CFAYELREDCAROOF

RAIS

TAIS

MAJ

T1 IN TERFACE

With no external timing reference.

Clock is provided bythe lowest Numbered shelf.

Terminated

Terminated

Timing ReferenceUniversal Clock Synchronis MSU0

MSU0 is typically at the bottom of the stack. Each MSU has its own processor, if it goes down, it has no effect on the others MSU’s IGX-C switches. IGX-C switches are numbered starting from zero. Numbering scheme for a REDCOM system:

• Cluster 0. A stack of up to 16 MSUs. Multiple clusters are only used in Central Office applications.

• MSU 1-16. Identifies the shelf’s position in the cluster. A single shelf is referenced as MSU 0 and is the only shelf in the current JNN.

• Slot. Identifies the card slot in the MSU. The numbered slots 1-15 are available for use.

• Circuit. Identifies the circuit number on the card.

23

TSI

MSU Controller

OUT IN

OUT IN

PCM

Terminator

Ribbon Cable

Terminator

Two type of terminators:Processor and TSI bus (labeled as PCM terminator)

Stacking Multiple MSUs (3)Terminators (1)

For optimal performance of the IGX-C, it is necessary that the terminators are in place and connected correctly.

• Both TSI terminators will be placed on the top two connections. • Both MSU terminators will be placed on the bottom connections.

24


Terminators are not keyed, ensure proper placement and installation prior to system start up. TSI and MSU controller must be terminated if no ribbon cables are connected.

TOP

MB

0672

-001

-A2

BO

TTO

M S

IDE

TOP

WIR

E SIDE

PC

M TE

RM

INA

TOR

MB

0595-001-C1

MA

DE

IN U

SA

RE

DC

OM

LAB

S

PCM TERMINATORMB0595-001-C1MADE IN USA

Slight offset of the clip holes on the terminatorsCentered Left of Center

TSI Terminator

MSUTerminator

Terminators (2)

When a single IGX shelf is being installed: 1. Unplug the MSU Controller and TSI or ETSI boards in the new IGX shelf.

(This is only necessary if power is applied to any other shelf in the system.)

2. Install the cable terminator boards in the rear of the unit, as described previously in this section. Two cable terminators are required. One MPU terminator is plugged into the lower left backplane connector, and one TSI or ETSI terminator is plugged into the upper left backplane connector (output side).

3. Plug in the MSU Controller and TSI or ETSI boards, (If they were removed.)

When multiple IGX shelves are being installed: 1. Unplug the MSU Controller and TSI or ETSI boards in the new IGX

shelves, (This is only necessary if power is applied to any other shelf in the system.)

2. Connect IGX shelves by installing the required ribbon cables in the rear of the units.

3. Install the appropriate cable terminator boards in all open connectors of the ribbon cable chains.

4. When a Universal Clock Synchronizer or an external Master Clock Synchronizer or a T1 Clock Synchronizer is used:

a. Install the clock synchronizer cable in the rear of the first unit of the system (shelf #0)

25

26

b. Verify that the other end of the clock synchronizer cable is fully seated and locked in place on the clock synchronizer board.

5. When a Universal Clock Synchronizer is used in a redundant configuration:

a. Connect the longer end of the Universal Clock Synchronizer board redundant cable tray cable to the 15-pin connector of the redundant clock synchronizer board.

b. Repeat step B for each Universal Clock Synchronizer board. 6. Plug in the MSU Controller and TSI or ETSI boards, (If they were

removed.)


Connect two or more shelves together with the ribbon cables to form one system.

Two types of ribbon cable:•Processor Bus•TSI Bus (talk path)

TSI

MSU Controller

OUT IN

OUT IN

TSI

MSU Controller

OUT IN

OUT IN

TSI

MSU Controller

OUT IN

OUT IN

Ribbon Cable

In a single shelf system: (JNN) Cable terminator boards are required at the output end of the MSU Controller cable connector and TSI cable connector. In a multiple shelf system: on shelf “0”: A terminator board is required at the input ends of the MSU Controller and TSI. In a multiple shelf system, on the highest numbered shelf, a terminator board is required at the output ends of the MSU Controller and TSI. MPU terminators are installed over open connectors of the lower-right pair of backplane connectors TSI terminators are installed over open connectors of the upper left pair of backplane connectors. If clock synchronizers are used, a cable terminator board is required at the top end of the clock chain.

27

External Effects on the IGX-C

• The Promina provides the path (trunk) to the destination throughthe JNN Network. No trunks, no outside communications.

• To external devices:In class: Operators, Local Loops, external power In the JNN: Operators, Local Loops, Transmission source, external power (Generator set)

• Power surge protection issues are present in both the class roomand field environment.

If your shelter is isolated from the rest of the JNN network (link down) your calls will only be placed locally. This means that those loops directly connected to the same IGX-C can communicate. The Promina is needed to provide the path into the JNN network. In the classroom environment, the connections are made via a T1 cable connected to the T1 CCAs. Power surges can come from many different sources. A local loop connected to your line card can be effected by peripheral power sources such as lightning, poor grounding or the generator set failing. A surge will possibly affect the CCAs, blow the systems power fuse or damage the power cables. These power fluctuations can enter your system by any means available not just the phone lines. High Voltage Arresters (HVA) are present in the JNN where both power and signal enter the system. When using a dismounted IGX or a Tactical Communication Package (TCP) proper grounding must be in place prior to applying power to the system. Also very important is the path that any external wire or cable is taking when connected to the dismounted system. External system power and local loops should not touch any other cable that is providing power or has a current running through it. Cables and wires from the IGX and TCP should not touch any other grounding cable either.

28

CBCS

REDCOM in the Network

PWRSWOV

TRLKRST

PWRWDSALM

LBUVUNLKCNCL

MSU Controller

ALARMCUTOFF

CFAYELREDCAROOF

T1 IN TERFACE

LOC

LINE

RAIS

TAIS

MAJ

ALARMCUTOFF

LOC

LINE

CFAYELREDCAROOF

RAIS

TAIS

MAJ

T1 IN TERFACE

PWRSWOV

TRLKRST

PWRWDSALM

LBUVUNLKCNCL

MSU Controller

ALARMCUTOFF

LOC

LIN E

CFAYELREDCAROOF

RAIS

TAIS

MAJ

T1 IN TERFACE

ALARMCUTOFF

LOC

LINE

CFAYELREDCAROOF

RAIS

TAIS

MAJ

T1 IN TERFACE

1 2

PROMINA

IGX

T1

T1

T1

T1

4 Commercial T1 Trunks

LOC

LIN E

RAIS

TAIS

MAJ

LOC

LIN E

RAIS

TAIS

MAJ

ROUTER

29

Definition of a T1 Link

PWRSWOV

TRLKRST

PWRWDSALMLBUVUNLKCNCL

MSU Controller

ALARMCUTOFFLOC

LIN ECFAYELREDCAROOF

RAIS

TAIS

MAJ

T1 IN TERFACE

ALARMCUTOFFLOC

LINECFAYELREDCAROOF

RAIS

TAIS

MAJ

T1 IN TERFACE

XSM

PWRSWOV

TRLKRST

PWRWDSALMLBUVUNLKCNCL

MSU Controller

ALARMCUTOFFLOC

LINECFAYELREDCAROOF

RAIS

TAIS

MAJ

T1 IN TERFACE

ALARMCUTOFFLOC

LINECFAYELREDCAROOF

RAIS

TAIS

MAJ

T1 IN TERFACE

CCM

IGX PROMINA

CCM

IGXPROMINA

XSM

JNN JNN

A T1 carrier is the most commonly used digital transmission service in the United States, Canada, Japan and the Defense Switching Network. The standard attributes of a TI consist of 24 channels using pulse code modulation (PCM) signals with time-division multiplexing (TDM) at an overall rate of 1.544 million bits per second. T1 lines originally used copper wire but now also include optical and wireless media. It is common for an Internet Service Provide (ISP) to be connected to the Internet as a point-of-presence on a T1 line owned by a major telephone network. In the example above the JNN is acting like an ISP by providing an inject point into the tactical network. The IGX-C is equipped with two T1 CCAs, one that allows the incoming traffic from the CCM, CME, and local POTS; the other provides the path out to the PROMINA. Enables transmission of voice, data, facsimile, and video signals.

30

IGX-C in the JNN

P1

P2P1

P2

P2

P3

P2

GS/LS T3

Loop Out 2 B1

CNTL T4

E-NET

Loop Out 1 T1IGX-CSEP

KVMSwitch

P/P

T1 Card 1T1 Card 2

T1 Card 3T1 Card 4

T2

B2

IGX-C Patch Panel JNN

PRC 1 C 1

PORT 1 PORT 0

T1/1

PBX

T1/1

GPS

IN OUT

OUT IN

NIPR 2 RTR

T1/1

T1/2

PBX

NIPR 2 RTR

T1/2

T1 SEP

T1/2

GPS

PRC 2 C 2

PORT 1 PORT 0

T1/3

PBX

T1/4

PBX

IN OUT

OUT IN

IN OUT IN OUT IN OUT IN OUT IN OUT

OUT OUT INOUT

19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 3251 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64

31

TAB

Insert Tab # 3 Here

Hardware and Circuit Card Assembly

Population

Action: Identify the common control boards and troubleshoot T1 cards via the front LED indicator.


Standard: Identify the common control boards and troubleshoot T1 cards via the front LED indicator by completing a written practical exercise within 15 minutes IAW references while maintaining COE awareness.

Learning Objectives

3

Enabling Objectives

• Common Control Boards (CCB)• MSU Controller Board Set• Expanded Time Slot Interface• Ring Generator• Analog Line Boards• Digital Trunk Boards• Universal Clock Synchronis

• T1 CCA Troubleshooting via front panel LEDs

We will discuss the following REDCOM features: • A brief description each of the CCAs that makeup the IGX-C that you

will be working on in this class. NOTE We will only be discussing CCAs that are used in this class and the JNN. There are numerous CCAs available for the IGX-C.

• During the description of the CCAs you will be introduced to your first troubleshooting tool, the Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) located on the front plane of the CCAs.

• We will review a basic database initialization flow chart.

The classroom network in this chapter will be used during this class. At times, all or part of this network can be used. The result will be trunk calls trough each of the shelves.

4





5

PWR

SWOV

TR

LK

RST

PWR

WD

SALM

LBUV

UNLK

CNCL

MSU Controller

1 per shelf, composed of the MSU controller CCA and an embedded MSU supervisor card. The card contains a 16bit 24 MHz microprocessor, static RAM, EPROM, and a PCMCIA slot for updates and database storage.

The card is responsible shelf management and inter-shelf communication. The card can only be populated in the two left-most slots.

MSU Controller Board Set (1)

The MSU Controller is a set of two boards that work in conjunction.

• MSU Supervisor Board Specifications Features: • Inter-shelf link interface with automatic shelf identification • PCM clock source with master clock monitor and switchover • Real time clock with power fail backup voltage source • RS-232e Interface on standard 25-pin ‘D’ connector (console)

• MSU Controller Board Specifications Features: • Serial EEPROM indicates board identification • Programmable address ranges for contiguous memory blocks • Control and power switching for erase and programming of Flash ROM or PCMCIA card Memory Card (Optional): • Standard 68-pin card

An EPROM, or erasable programmable read-only memory, is a type of computer memory chip that retains its data when its power supply is switched off. In other words, it is non-volatile. Within the IGX-C the database will be saved for up to 48hours in the EPROM.

6

PWR

SWOV

TR

LK

RST

PWR

WD

SALM

LBUV

UNLK

CNCL

MSU Controller

(green; normally on) PWRPower indication for Supervisor

board(red; normally off) SWOV

Indicates internal oscillator is no longer providing shelf timing and

has switched to external source.

(green) TR Ethernet traffic indicator

(green) LKEthernet link indicator

RSTClock source recovery button resets

Master oscillator after SWOV alarm

PWR

SWOV

TR

LK

RST

Supervisor Section

Controller Section


Each IGX shelf must be equipped with an MSU Controller board set. This set is responsible for controlling all activities on the shelf, as well as providing PCM clock signaling. The controller does not control any activities on any other shelf if the IGX-C is stacked, the MSU Controller will communicate with other shelves in the stack when necessary. Because there is only one MSU in the JNN, the external GPS will always provide timing for the embedded shelf. If there were, two or more shelves an activated SWOV (SWitchOVer) LED would indicate that the shelf is no longer providing its own timing. Pushing the RST button will reset the master oscillator to provide timing to the shelf. ONLY insert the MSU Controller board set in its correct slot, using the color keyed board ejector as a guide. Electrical damage to the board set or other boards in the system may result if the MSU Controller board set is inserted in the wrong slot. Memory on the MSU Controller consists of static RAM, Flash ROM, and an optional plug-in memory card, which can store from 1Mb to 32Mb of non-volatile, portable data. When the shelf is powered up for the first time, the database is loaded into RAM. The IGX uses this copy as its active (running) database, and any changes affect the database contained in system RAM, and not the default database.

7

PWR

SWOV

TR

LK

RST

PWR

WD

SALM

LBUV

UNLK

CNCL

MSU Controller

PCMCIA SlotUsed to save the database and load updates.

COM0 and COM1 portProvides RS232 interface for programming.

Ethernet portProvides 10BaseT operator interface


PCMCIA is short for Personal Computer Memory Card International Association • Accepts a proprietary 1Mb/32Mb memory card to store databases. • Other PCMCIA cards cannot be formatted locally for the IGX-C. • Also used to update or reload the Operating Software. • 1 MB SRAM Memory Card (MA0638 001) • Software Flash Card (MA0637 008)

COM0 and COM1 Provides an RS232 interface for programming shelf via an operator’s terminal. RS232 (same as EIA232) specifies:

• signal voltages • signal timing • signal function • a protocol for information exchange and mechanical connectors.

Shelf is hardwired to the JNN trough COM0 A protected RAM memory area is provided for database changes made in the shelf.

8

PWR (green; normally on)Power indication for MSU Controller WD (red; normally off)Processor Watch Dog alarm indicates MSU processor is notfunctioning properly and has either skipped steps or is hung up SALM (red; off unless notes present) Software Alarm indicates that there are Maintenance Note in thebuffer that have not been read. LBUV (red; normally off) Low Battery Under Volt indicates that the capacitor used tomaintain the DRAM memory has discharged. UNLK (must be pressed with power removed)Used to manually reset the self back to the factory defaultdatabase. CNCL (must be pressed with power removed)Used to cancel the UNLK button.

PWR

SWOV

TR

LK

RST

PWR

WD

SALM

LBUV

UNLK

CNCL

MSU Controller

PWR

WD

SALM

LBUV

UNLK

CNCL

(MA0640)MSU Controller Board Set (4)

When the SALM is illuminated it is only an information alarm, it does not indicate a system or shelf failure. When the LBUV is illuminated, it indicates that the database in the DRAM is now suspect. UNLK only functions when the shelf has no power. We will discuss the UNLK feature in more detail during the system start portion of this class. A backup power supply (capacitor) is mounted on the MSU Controller board, which contains the RAM with the stored data, which is to be preserved in the event of a power interruption or board removal. RAM will remain protected for at least 48 hours. Flash memory cards are also available for the back up and storage of RAM memory. The MSU Controller board set connects to the IGX shelf by two screws, one on top, and one on the bottom of the front panel. The MSU Controller board set can be inserted or removed from the system with the power to the shelf on or off.

9

Expanded Time Slot Interface (ETSI) (MA0669)

Time Slot Interchange (TSI)• Connects time slots to set up talk paths• Companding law Conversion (optional)

Expanded Function• DTMF sender/receivers (4 ea) • 8 party, loudest party talks conference bridge• Digital tone plant

EXPANDED TSI

Expanded Time Slot Interchange represents the voice matrix for one shelf. It is organized into 3 highways of 32 ports each offering 96 user assigned timeslots for port/service boards mounted in the MSU. In addition to the path switching functions described above, the ETSI board also provides additional features.

• Companding Law Conversion – The ETSI board is capable of PCM companding law conversion (A-law format or μ-law format) in accordance with CCITT specifications. Whenever any TSI connection is made, the system determines whether a companding law conversion is needed.

• Pad Switching – The ETSI board is capable of inserting from 0 to 7 decibels of loss (a pad), at 1 dB increments, into any connection. This feature is used as part of the requirements for an installation that is subject to FCC Rules Part 68 concerning insertion of a 3 dB pad in connections of T1 to Registered Terminal Equipment.

• Service Circuits – The ETSI board set supports the use of common service circuits, mounted directly on the ETSI Service board. As a result, these service circuits do not use any of the 96 timeslots provided for boards in general slots 1–15. The following service circuits may be supplied by the ETSI Service board:

• 8 Party (or two 4 Party) Conferencing • Tone Plant (Call Progress Tones) • 4 DTMF Receivers / 4 DTMF Senders

10

(green; normally on) LED-15V power supply indicator

(green normally on) LED-212V power supply indicator (green normally on) LED-3

-48V power supply indicator(red normally off) LED-4Ringing voltage indicator

Switch-1Power fail transfer test switch

Momentary down switchDe-energizes power fail transfer relay to test configuration

DB9-19 pin male connector for power fail cut-through connections

DB9-29 pin male connector for alarm contacts

Ring Generator (MA0060) (1)

MSU power supply output voltage indicators display status of the power supply. Power failure switch connects an external line to local line during power failure. (See figure on slide 8) The Ringing Generator board must be installed in the rightmost slot in the IGX-C. The Ringing Generator board can be inserted or removed from a system with the power to the shelf on or off. There are four LED indicators and two connectors on the Ringing Generator board. Three of the indicators are green and normally on; they are the power monitors for the internal 5 Volt, 12 Volt, and – 48 Volt supplies which come from the AC or DC Power Supply in the back of the IGX shelf. The fourth indicator is red and normally off; if lit it indicates loss of ringing voltage.

11

Power Failure Transfer Operation

External POTS Lines IGX POTS Line

External POTS Lines LSRD CircuitPWRSWOVTRLKRST

PWRWD

SALM

LBUVUNLKCNCL

MSU Controller

ALARMCUTOFF

LOC

LIN E

CFAYELREDCAROOF

RAIS

TAIS

MAJ

T1 IN TERFACE

ALARMCUTOFF

LOC

LINE

CFAYELREDCAROOF

RAIS

TAIS

MAJ

T1 IN TERFACE

PWRSWOVTRLKRST

PWRWD

SALM

LBUVUNLKCNCL

MSU Controller

ALARMCUTOFF

LOC

LINE

CFAYELREDCAROOF

RAIS

TAIS

MAJ

T1 IN TERFACE

ALARMCUTOFF

LOC

LIN E

CFAYELREDCAROOF

RAIS

TAIS

MAJ

T1 IN TERFACE

Central Office Connection

Central Office Connection

LSRD Ring Gen

Ring Generator (MA0060) (2)

The Ringing Generator board contains a Power Fail Transfer circuit. This makes it possible to connect one outside line (external to the IGX-C) to one inside telephone, in the event of a power fail or other major outage to an IGX shelf. The Power Fail Transfer Relay is maintained in an energized state. Under normal conditions the Public Exchange (a Line Circuit) is connected to the IGX's Loop Start Ringdown (LSRD) Trunk. If power fails or if there is a major fault in the IGX shelf then the Power Fail Transfer Relay will drop. This will interrupt the connection between the public exchange and the LSRD Trunk, as well as the connection between the external loop and the local loop. In addition, it will establish a connection between the external loop and the local loop. This allows incoming traffic on the LSRD Trunk to be answered directly by the local loop. It also allows the local loop to be used to make emergency outside calls. When power is restored to the IGX-C the Power Fail Transfer Relay will be reset, and restore the connection between the Public Exchange and the LSRD Trunk, as well as the connection between the IGX Line Circuit and the local loop.

12

Analog Line Boards (1)

Standard analog line circuitProvides standard tip/ring connection for two wire POTS phones

• 4 Circuit Line Boards1200 or 1900 ohm loop length build options Optional test access

• 8 Circuit Line Boards1200 or 1900 ohm loop length build options Optional dynamic timeslot sharing capability

• 16 Circuit Line BoardsUp to 2200 ohm loop lengthOptional test accessCapable of dynamic timeslot sharing

4 circuit line cards are mapped time slots. 8-circuit line card has dynamic time slots. This is the same principle as Dynamic Host Control Protocol (DHCP) 4 and 8 circuit line cards can use modular port adapters. A four-line modular port adapter will connect to the DB9 on the front of the 4 and 8 line card. This will provide either 4 or 8 local loops directly off the front of the REDCOM. A 16-line modular port adaptor fits on the DB37 on the front of the 16-line card. The modular port adapters are used for local loops when the REDCOM is a stand-alone configuration. (Classroom) These line cards can also be wired to the Amphonal connectors in the rear of the shelf. These connectors can are 26 pair capable so they can handle any of the standard line cards.

13

1234567

DB9 – 9 pin male connector for linecircuits 0-3



LED- (green) Busy indicator(one or more circuitson board is in use)

LED-1 (green) Busy indicator(one or more circuitson board is in use)


LED-2 (red) – On boardprocessor Watch Dogindicator

Bar Code andPart Number



89101112131415

4 Circuit 16 Circuit 8 Circuit

Test lead used only by REDCOM technicians


The example shown illustrates the differences in the three line cards. During this class, you will use the 16 Line Circuit Card. When the REDCOM is used to supply local loops off the JNN a J-1077 (J-box) will be used. Modular Port Interface Cards are used to make the physical connection to the Line Cards. These Cards will be explained in following slides.

14

CCT Configuration4 Circuit 8 Circuit

CCT0

CCT2

CCT1

CCT3

Four Line Modular Port Interface

706-1000

706-1001

706-1002

706-1004

706-1007

706-1006

706-1005

706-1004

CCT0

CCT2

CCT1

CCT3

CCT0

CCT2

CCT1

CCT3

706-1003

706-1002

706-1001

706-1000Start

Finish


It’s important that you understand the arrangement of the circuits on the modular interfaces. The Four-line modular port interface will be used with either the Four or the Eight line CCA. Follow the example provided to ensure that correct association of circuit and loop is achieved. The four and eight line cards are most common in the TCP but can be placed in any REDCOM switch.

15

Dynamic time slot sharing

• Timeslot Hardware address for voice circuits

• Non-Dynamic timeslot sharing boardsEach circuit has a dedicated timeslot

• Dynamic time slot sharing boardsCircuits share timeslots from a poolSpecific circuits can have dedicated timeslots Requires special power supply backplane

• PortSoftware identity assigned to each hardware circuit


Time slots = Hardware Port + Software (Virtual) Dynamic time slot sharing The IGX-C is equipped with Dynamic Line Circuits allowing the individual ports to share a pool of time slots rather than each being dedicated to a particular timeslot. This aids when hot swapping a line card. Time slots do not have to be reallocated.

16

Dynamic Line Circuit/16 Line Module

LED-1 (green)Busy indicator(one or more circuitson board is in use)

DB3737 pin male

connector for linecircuits 0-15

LED-2 (red)On boardprocessor Watch Dogindicator

CCT0

CCT2

CCT1

CCT3

CCT4

CCT6

CCT7

CCT8

TSTA

TSTB

CCT9

14131211109876543210

Modular PortInterface16 line

J1

J2

J3

J4

Line Circuit ModuleOne module for each

of the 16 lines availed

RJ11

House wire tolocal phone

16 Line CCA 16 Line interface

CCT5

CCT15

CCT13

CCT14

CCT12

CCT11

CCT10


The Dynamic Line Circuit board contains up to sixteen field-replaceable line circuit modules. The Dynamic Line Circuit uses a unique Timeslot Controller, which allows any of the 16 circuits to be connected to any timeslot on any PCM highway. Therefore, station subscribers can exceed system timeslots. The Dynamic Line Circuit board has a single backplane connector that plugs into one of the 16 general-purpose board slots (0-15) of the IGX shelf; the database must be properly configured for a Dynamic Line Circuit in the slot. The port ID (pid) for this board is “dln”. Each Dynamic Line Circuit board contains up to 16 line circuit modules; each module represents a single circuit. NOTE The slot to the immediate left of the Dynamic Line Circuit board must remain empty. Even though the Dynamic Line Circuit board occupies two slots, administration is performed only on the slot that it actually plugs into. The Dynamic Line Circuit board has no switches. The Dynamic Line Circuit board provides two LEDS. A green Busy LED indicates that one or more of the line circuit modules are off-hook. This LED will flash on and off to indicate that the +5 VDC or –5 VDC is missing. A red watchdog LED indicates a microprocessor failure.

17

•Used to connect a Central Office line to a PBX

•2 circuits G/LSRD circuits per board

•Supports either ground start or loop start modes on board

•Jumper sets both circuits

•Long or short loop length optionsShort loop – up to 300 ohmsLong loop – up to 700 ohms

•EIA/600 ohm balanced network optionsEIA – when connected to outside plant (normal)600 ohm – when connected to known 600 ohm impedance

Ground/Loop Start Ring Down (G/LSRD)


The Ground/Loop Start Ringdown (G/LSRD) Trunk board can be configured either as a Loop Start Ringdown (LSRD) Trunk or as a Ground Start Ringdown (GSRD) Trunk. This board has three field-selectable options that are applicable to both types of trunks:

• GSRD/LSRD Operation (selectable via shorting plug) • Long/short loop Operation on a per port basis (switch selectable) • EIA/600 Ohm Compromise Network on a per port basis (switch selectable)

Each G/LSRD board is installed in one of the 16 general-purpose slots, 00 to 15 of the IGX shelf; the database must be properly configured to have this board in the slot. The port ID (pid) for this board is “gsr” or “lsr”, depending on the current configuration. Each G/LSRD Trunk board has 2 separate circuits; it uses 2 timeslots. The G/LSRD board has 2 manual Busy Toggle switches, each with an associated red LED indicator. The upper indicator reflects the busy status of the first circuit on the board (circuit #0), and the lower indicator reflects the busy status of the second circuit (circuit #1). With the shorting plug in the LSRD position, the yellow LED will be illuminated when power is applied to the board. The G/LSRD board is available balanced to a characteristic AC termination impedance of 600 ohms.

18

(amber) LED -1Mode indicator ( on = loop start, off = ground start)

(red) LED - 2Circuit busy indicator for circuit 0

Switch – 1Manual busy switch for circuit 0

(red) LED – 3Circuit busy indicator for circuit 1

Switch – 2Manual busy switch for circuit 1

DB99 pin male connector for POTS lines connections

Ground/Loop Start Ring Down (2)


19

600 EIA

600 EIA

SHORT

LONG

LONG SHORT

CCT 0

CCT 1

LOOP

GROUND

Switch – 5 – EIA/600 balanced network switch for circuit 0

Switch – 3 – Short/Long loop Length switch for circuit 0

Switch – 6 – EIA/600 balanced network switch for circuit 1

Switch – 4 – Short/Long loop Length switch for circuit 1

Jumper – 1 – Ground/Loop start mode selector jumper

Ground/Loop Start Ring Down (3)


The Ground/Loop Start Ringdown (G/LSRD) Trunk Board can be configured as either a Loop Start Ringdown (LSRD) Trunk or a Ground Start Ringdown (GSRD) Trunk. This board has three field-selectable options that are applicable to both types of trunks:

• GSRD/LSRD Operation (selectable via shorting plug) • Long/short loop Operation on a per port basis (switch selectable) • EIA/600 Ohm Compromise Network on a per port basis (switch selectable)

• Each G/LSRD Board is installed in one of the 16 general-purpose slots, of the

IGX shelf; the database must be properly configured to have this board in the slot. The port ID (pid) for this board is “gsr” or “lsr”, depending on the current configuration. Each G/LSRD Trunk Board has 2 separate circuits; it uses 2 timeslots.

• The G/LSRD Board has 2 manual Busy Toggle switches, each with an associated red LED indicator. The upper indicator reflects the busy status of the first circuit on the board (circuit #0), and the lower indicator reflects the busy status of the second circuit (circuit #1). With the shorting plug in the LSRD position, the yellow LED will be illuminated when power is applied to the board. The G/LSRD Board is available balanced to a characteristic AC termination impedance of 600 ohms.

Switches S5 and S6 should be changed only with the board unplugged from the IGX.

20

(green) ALARM CUTOFFAlarm cutoff indicator

(on=alarm contacts disabled)(green) LOC

Local loop indicator(green) LINE

Line (remote) loop indicator

(amber) CFACarrier fail alarm indicator

(amber) YELYellow alarm indicator

(red) REDRed alarm indicator

(red) CARCarrier indicator

(red) OOFOut of frame indicator

ALARMCUTOFF

LOC

LINE

CFA

YEL

RED

CAR

OOF

RAIS

TAIS

MAJ

T1 INTERFACE

ALARMCUTOFF

LOC

LINE

CFA

YEL

RED

CAR

OOF

SWITCH-1Alarm cutoff switchup=alarm cutoff (alarm contacts disabled)middle=normal position (alarm contacts active) momentary down=LED test

SWITCH-2 Loop switchup=local loop (0 looped to 1, 2 looped to 3, etc.)middle=normal operating positiondown=line (remote) loop (transmit looped to receive)

T1/DS1 Board Set (MA0292)

Digital Trunk Boards (1)

21

Bantam-1 – Transmit bridge jackBantam-2 – Transmit termination jackBantam-3 – Receive bridge jackBantam-4 – Receive termination jack

DB15 -DSX connection, loop and alarm contacts


ALARMCUTOFF

LOC

LINE

CFA

YEL

RED

CAR

OOF

RAIS

TAIS

MAJ

T1 INTERFACE

(green) RAISReceive alarm indication

(receive all ones)(green) TAIS

Transmit alarm indication

(transmit all ones)(red) MAJ

Major alarm indicator

RAIS

TAIS

MAJ

T1/DS1 Board Set (2)

The T1 Interface board set front panel provides four bantam jacks. These bantam jacks provide test access for the transmit and receive bit streams and access to the IGX-C for connection to monitoring devices like a SG-1139 or FireBERD. Front Panel Connector DSX-1 The various leads for the T1 Interface MA0292 are brought out to the front panel DSX-1 connector. The number and arrangement of conductors needed to connect each T1 Interface MA0292 board set to external equipment depends on whether the relay contacts and alarm contacts are used.

22

• Provides a standard 1.544Mbps 24 channel T1/DS1

• Supports both AMI and B8ZS line coding

• Supports both D4 (SF) and ESF framing

• Supports several line signaling protocols E&M Clear ChannelFXO (ground and loop)FXS (ground and loop)

• Can be equipped with an optional circuit board to support

• SS5 signaling



The T1 Interface two-board set provides a direct digital interface to a T1 line. The T1 Interface is equipped with circuits for interface to a DSX-1 cross connect, CSU, or other transmission equipment at the 1.544 Mbps rate using 100 ohm twisted pair cable. A framed DS1 signal using Superframe (D4) format or Extended SuperFrame (ESF) format is required. Alternate mark inversion (AMI) or bipolar 8-zero suppression (B8ZS) line code may be used. Each T1 Interface Board set is installed in two consecutive slots of the 16 general-purpose slots of the IGX shelf; the database must be properly configured to have this board set in the two slots. The port ID (pid) for this board is “ds1”. Each T1 Interface uses between 2 and 24 timeslots, depending on the number of channels enabled. NOTE Even though the T1 Interface board set occupies two slots, administration is performed only on the leftmost slot of the “ds1” pair. The T1 Interface has two toggle switches, 11 LED indicators, four bantam test jacks, and a 15-pin connector all mounted on the front edge. One toggle switch is for Alarm Cutoff. The other is a 3-position toggle switch is used to select the LOCAL (maintenance loop-around) loop mode, normal operating mode (no loopback), or LINE (line loop) loop mode.

23

24

The LEDs provide visual indication for a variety of conditions (loop mode, alarm conditions, etc.). The bantam jacks provide test access for transmit and receive bit streams. The only field-changeable option is a four-bit DIPswitch that is used to set the transmit line driver to obtain proper ANSI T1.102 pulse shape at a DSX-1 cross connect (based on cable length).


EQ 1EQ 2EQ 3 LOOP LENGTHONONOFFOFFOFFONONOFFONOFFONONONONON

0 – 133 FEET134 – 266 FEET267 – 399 FEET400 – 533 FEET

534 – 1400 FEET

GPS EQ3EQ2 EQ1

ON = UP OFF = DOWN

Setting for link PRC ( PROMINA)GPS

Not

Use

d Le

ave

Off

Bottom View of T1 CCA FrontRear


A four-bit DIP switch is located on the lower edge of the T1 board set as shown above. The EQ1 to EQ3 switches are used to set the transmit line driver. The GPS switch is not used. EQ1 to EQ3 are factory set for 0 to 133 feet. Dip switch settings illustrated above are the default for the JNN and should not be changed. Chart is for reference or TCP applications. The T1 Interface MA0292 occupies two adjacent port board positions in the IGX shelf and provides 24 voice/data frequency channels numbered according to the D3/D4 numbering scheme; 1-12 on the first board and 13-24 on the second board. If all channels of the T1 Interface are not needed, some can be disabled through the database. The T1 Interface will automatically apply silence to the unused channels and block signaling in both directions. NOTE: The universal Clock Synchronis CCA must be located directly to the left of the T1 when populating the shelf.

25

Universal Clock Synchronizer (1)

(red) LED-1Processor watch dog

(tri-color) Clock source indicator LED-2green – adjacent T1 or E1

amber – external sourcered – secondary 8kHz

(tri-color) Tune indicator LED-3off – not tuned

flashing green – tuning in processgreen – tuned

flashing red – not tuned, searching for source

red – not tuned, in holdover(tri-color) Drive indicator LED-4

off – not driving system clockflashing green – in phase recovery

green – driving system clockred – switched over

(green) Alarm cutoff indicator LED-5(normally off, on=alarm disabled)

Switch-1 Clock recovery/LEDtest switch.Press for clock recovery attemptHold for LED test

Switch-2 Alarm cutoff switchdown – normal (alarm contacts enabled)up – disable alarm contacts

DB15-1 External sourceAlarm contact50Hz time of day reference

Universal Clock Synchronizer – Provides system clock using an adjacent digital trunk (T1/E1), external clock source, or a Clock Extractor as a reference signal. The Universal Clock Synchronizer Board can be used in any of the general-purpose slots of the IGX shelf. It is always located adjacent to a T1, except when used with an external clock reference source (in which case it must NOT be located adjacent to a T1 or CEPT). The database must be properly configured for this board in the slot. The port ID (pid) for this board is “syn”. The front panel contains two toggle switches and 5 LED indicators. The toggle switches are for manual reset and alarm cutoff. The LEDs provide status information for a variety of items (watchdog, input select, tuning, drive, alarm cutoff). The upper (IN) and lower (OUT) 10-pin connectors near the front of the board allow connections to higher and lower priority clock sources respectively.

26

Clock input terminator must be in place for stand alone operations

Clock output cable to backplane connector oflowest numbered MSU

Reference source IN

Reference source OUT

Terminator

Universal Clock Synchronizer (2)

The upper (IN) and lower (OUT) 10-pin connectors near the front of the board allow connections to higher and lower priority clock sources respectively. The clock source hierarchy is determined by the positions of the upper and lower clock synchronizer cables. The secondary source clock signals, the external source signals, the optional external lost clock signal, the 50 Hz time of day reference signal, and alarm relay contacts are applied through the 15-pin front-edge connector.

27

ALARMCUTOFF

LOC

LINE

CFA

YEL

RED

CAR

OOF

RAIS

TAIS

MAJ

T1 INTERFACE

LOC

LINECFAYELREDCAROOFRAIS

TAISPID

=NA

Line Loop

Local Loop

Trunk Not Program

med

Distant Local Loop

Line Code M

ismatch

No R

eceive

No Transm

it

T1/DS1 Board Set (MA0292)

T1 CCA Troubleshooting viaFront LED Panel

LOC (Green) Local Loopback. The T1 Interface is in local loop mode due to actuation of the LOOP switch or external signal to the loop remote control input pins. LINE (Green) Line Loopback. The T1 Interface is in the line loop mode due to actuation of the LOOP switch to LINE position. This LED flashes during the payload loop mode. CFA (Yellow) Carrier Failure (Group) Alarm. The T1 carrier is out of service (Group) because of a RED, YEL, or RAIS alarm. All existing calls will be dropped and new outgoing seizures prevented during the CFA alarm. YEL (Yellow) Yellow (Remote) Alarm. Zeros in bit 2 location of all channels for 400 milliseconds (SF framing) or priority data link message received (ESF framing). Indicates the remote T1 terminal is unable to receive the T1 signal. RED (Red) Red (Local) Alarm. A carrier loss or out-of-frame condition has persisted for more than 2.5 seconds. Out-of-frame occurrences are integration-timed as per AT&T PUB 43801. Recovery from a RED alarm will be in 10.5 seconds once a framed, error-free signal is once again received.

28

29

CAR (Red) Carrier Loss. The T1 Interface is not receiving the T1 carrier or is receiving bipolar violations. This may stay on continuously or flash intermittently depending on the nature of the problem. OOF (Green) Out Of Frame. The T1 Interface cannot frame to the received bit stream because at least 2 out of 4 framing bits are in error or because AIS is being received. RAIS (Green) Receive Alarm Indication Signal. An unframed all ones signal was received for greater than 70 milliseconds. This will subsequently force a CFA alarm in 2.5 seconds. TAIS (Green) Transmit Alarm Indication Signal. An unframed all ones signal is being transmitted due to active local loop mode, a T1 Interface hardware or firmware problem, or a control card failure.

TAB

Insert Tab # 4 Here

User Interface Navigation

Action: Identify how to connect and log into the IGX-C, overview of rsh/tmp, reading command line, general interface issues, and themenu tree.

Conditions: Given access to the REDCOM training material, a practical exercise, and awareness of the Contemporary Operational Environment (COE) factors such as the hostile and hazardous environment, extreme weather conditions, and complex terrain.

Standard: Identify how to connect to the IGX-C, logging into, overview of rsh/tmp, reading command line, general interface issues, and the menu tree by completing a practical exercise within 45 minutes IAW references while maintaining COE awareness.

Learning Objectives


• Connecting the IGX-C to a Operators Terminal

• Logging into the IGX-C(REDCOM) system

• Overview of the REDCOM Shell (rsh)CommandsUser JobsFile System DevicesDatabases

• Reading the Command LineData Presentation

• General Interface Issues

3

• General Interface Issues• Stringing Commands• Active Commands• Using Help and ?• Basic Administration

Procedures

• Menu Tree






4

Connecting the IGX-C to the Operators Terminal (1)

Terminal: VT100 compliant terminalPersonal computer with terminal emulator software (HyperTerminal)

In this class, you will communicate with the IGX-C via the RS232 interface on the front of the MSU CCA. In the JNN, you will TELNET into the shelf.

Configure the HyperTerminal to match the default COM port requirements.

Once the terminal has been configured and connected to the IGX-C, the user will be able to log in.

The HyperTerminal set up sequence is on the following slides.

A VT-100 compliant terminal or personal computer with terminal emulator software can be used to communicate with the IGX via the RS-232e link on the MSU Controller board set. Configure the terminal or computer to match the default communication port characteristics of the IGX. Once the terminal or computer has been properly configured and connected to the IGX, the user can log into the REDCOM Shell (RSH) HyperTerminal setting discussed previously. Depending on the operator’s terminal, there are different Console Cables that can be used to communicate with the IGX-C, ensure that the console cable is correctly connected to the IGX-C and the operator’s terminal. The use of serial and USB adapters may be necessary.

5

Logging into the REDCOM for the first time:

• There is no ON/OFF switch for the REDCOM IGX-C - just plug it into the provided power source.

• Ensure that the emulation program is correctly configured.

• Ensure that your console cable is connected to your terminal and to the IGX-C, newer laptops will require adaptors (USB/Serial).


The LOGIN of root and the PASSWORD of yam will be the default for this class. REDCOM Login Banner IGX V6.1a (R1P3) Copyright (c) 1994-2005 REDCOM Labs Inc. There are 6 unread notes in the system. Last login on 20-Feb-2007 at 12:12:43. Welcome to RSH REDCOM's terminal interface rsh /tmp>

6


7

1. On your laptop find HyperTerminal, click on the icon and ensure that you have your USB to RS-232 cable plugged into the Redcom.Name the connection with your station number, than click OK.When you see this screen, click on the drop down box and select the COM port that you will be using, click OK.After you have clicked on the proper COM port setting, click OK.

2.3.

4.

1

2

3

4

1

21

2 1

2

1 2

1

2

1

2

5.6.

7.

At step 5, you will see the Port Settings for the port that you have chosen.Click Restore Defaults. Click OK, this ensures your interface from the computer to the IGX-C works properly.The next screen you will see will have nothing on it, click Enter on yourcomputer.


5 7

6

1

2 1

1

1

1 2

1

Logging on to the IGX-C(REDCOM) System

The following slides are the proper way to login with the RS-232 cableattached to the MSU CCA.

xxx

The first screen is your Login screen if you have interfaced properly with the REDCOM with an RS-232 Cable.

1. You will then type “root” and hit return.

2. Password will then be present, at this time type “yam”.

3. Then you will see the REDCOM Shell with the operating system and the date of the last log in.

8

Overview of the REDCOM Shell (rsh)

The rsh is the software interface between the operators terminal and the IGX-C system software.

rsh/tmp>When you have successfully logged into the IGX-C you will see the rsh/tmp> prompt. In addition to running the user jobs, rshprovides a variety of commands to perform other maintenance and operations functions. The rsh commands are similar to DOS-commands.

Commands (1)

Boot-Up Commandsdblock – When booting the system the current database will NOT be overwritten unless it is invalid.dbunlk – When booting, loads the default database (factory settings)reset – Initiates a soft-boot of the shelf, setting the system.

Directory Commandscd – Changes the active directory to the directory specified following the cd command. dir – lists the contents of specified directory.mkdir – Makes a directory in the current directory.pwd – Displays the name of the current working directory.

File Manipulation Commandscopy – Copies file del – deletes the file specifiedrename – renames file to the specified name

9

Commands (2)

File system Device Commandsdup – Duplicate a device from a source device to a destination device.format – Formats the specified device.

General Executable Commandscl –Clears and resets the screen, or clears all software alarm LEDs illuminated. comport – Causes specified COMM PORT to reset.

Information Commandsinfo – Prints information about current shelf. version – Displays the active shelf's working version

Commands (3)

Shell Commandslogout – Exits the user form the current shell.rsh – Starts a remote shell session in the specified location..

Text File Commandscat – Dumps the contents of the specified text file. create – Create file and place input into the file.print – Prints the specified text file.

The listed commands are not all inclusive. These commands are the most common and will be used in this class.

10

User Jobs (1)

User jobs are programs that allow users to display and/or modify the characteristics of the system.

To start a session type the desired job.

Shortcuts are allowed during certain functions but not others while programming the IGX-C. Long version of a command - rsh/tmp>run admShortcut - rsh/tmp>adm

User Jobs (2)

Available user jobs.

adm – The system administration job is used to perform administrative modifications to the system database.

gen – The database generation job is used to perform modifications on a larger scale affecting the entire database.

mant – Maintenance job performs maintenance functions

xld – this command is used to up/download a database for storage and recovery.

Each of these user jobs will be discussed later in the class.

11

In each IGX, several file systems are available:

The /tmp, /sysrom, /systmp, and /sys devices are located in memory on the MSU Controller Board.

These will be discussed in greater length on slide 18.

The /card file system is located on a Memory card inserted into the MSU Controller Board’s PCMCIA slot.

File System Devices (1)

The REDCOM File System It is important to understand how the REDCOM File System is organized in order to manage the IGX database. The MSU controller board in each IGX shelf holds a file system in its memory. The following “devices” (or directories) are available.

• · /tmp The /tmp device is a RAM protected file system that can be read from or written to. When the IGX is powered down (or the card is pulled), this volume should remain intact for at least 48 hours.

• · /sysrom The /sysrom volume exists in permanent, read-only flash memory (flash memory can be block reprogrammed). This volume contains the standard database and the help files.

• · /systmp The /systemp volume will be a duplicate of /sysrom upon boot-up from a powered down state. The /systmp device is intended to hold database changes (in files with .db extensions) until they are finalized.

• · /sys The /sys file system is not a device, but rather a pointer to another device. Upon boot-up, /sys is linked to either /systmp (if it exists) or to /sysrom.

• · /card The /card file system is located on a memory card inserted into the PCMCIA slot on the MSU Controller board.

12

/tmp – The /tmp device is the default device. This device is a protected file system that can be both read from and written to.

/sysrom – The /sysrom device exists in permanent, read-only Flash memory (flash memory can be block reprogrammed).

/systmp – The /systmp device only exists if the IGX system was ordered with the extra memory option.

/sys – The /sys file system is a pointer to another device. On boot-up, /sys is linked to either /systmp or /sysrom.

/card – The /card file system supports both Flash Cards and battery-backed SRAM Cards. Flash Cards are read-only, and SRAM Cards are both readable and writeable.

File System Devices (2)

13

There are several databases that exist simultaneously in each running IGX-C shelf.

Permanent Default DatabaseText database file stored in long-term, permanent memory.Resides in the /sysrom directory under the name msu.db

Active DatabaseLocated in the system’s RAM as a binary database. Used by the system to process calls.

Edit DatabaseLocated in the system’s RAM as a binary database.Used to hold all intermediate administrative changes until they are ready to be actively used by the system in handling calls.

Databases

There are also several databases that exist in each running shelf, they are:

• Permanent Default Database - This is a text database file stored in long-term permanent memory. It resides in the /sysrom directory under either the name msu.db or msu_X.db (where “X” is the IGX shelf number in the stack.

• Semi-Permanent Database - Resides in /tmp, /card, or /systmp • Active Database - This database is located in the system’s RAM as a

binary database. It is the database used by the system to process calls.

• Edit Database - This database in located in the system’s RAM as a binary database. It is the database used to hold all intermediate administrative changes until they are ready to be actively used by the system in handling calls. All system administration is done to this Edit Database and then integrated into the Active Database via the activate command.

14

rsh/tmp>

Indicates the current file system (temporary)Indicates that the user is currently talking to the REDCOM Shell (rsh)

The user job prompt changes to reflect what system job the user isrunning and what the current screen is within the user Job. The

particular screen or string of screens is divided from the user jobname by a slash

adm/opt>

The current screen within the user job, in this case, theSystem Operations screen Indicates that the user is currently running the System Administration User Job

Reading the Command Line

Address Locations are displayed as “address 0/0.0/0/0”1 is the cluster number

1 – 15 identifies cluster number2 is the MSU number

0 – 15 potential MSU numbers, for this class and the JNN it will always be 0.

3 is the slot number0 – 15 are possible slot numbers, not including the 2 leftmost slots

and the last rightmost slot. 4 is the circuit number

0 – 32 are possible circuits (depending on CCA population)5 is the bearer channel number, not used in this class or the JNN.

Reading the Address Line

1 3 5

2 4

15

Data that CAN be changed is presented in the following format:A <keyword>, an equals sign (=), and the current <value>:SWITCH_TYPE = PBXA <keyword> used as a heading for a column of <values>:<keyword> (for example, TYPE)<keyword> is in all uppercase letters

Data that CANNOT be changed is presented in the following format:A <label>, a colon (:), and the current <value>:hardware : lin<label> used as a heading for a column of <values>:<label> (for example, description)<label> is displayed in all lowercase letters

Data Presentation

Reading the Command

The second slide shows how you can change data with an equal sign. = The last slide shows that if a colon is present you cannot. :

16

Stringing CommandsStringing of commands is useful when it is necessary to input more than one command. Stringing of the commands will not make the interface react any quicker. The semicolon “;” is used as a delimiter when programming the IGX-C.

If you need to fill slots 1-7 you could use the following string.gen/hard> fill=1-7;ex;act

Or you could gen/hard> fill=1gen/hard> fill=2gen/hard> fill=3gen/hard> fill=4gen/hard> fill=5gen/hard> fill=6gen/hard> fill=7gen/hard> exitgen>activate

General Interface Issues

Activate Command

Changes made to the Edit Database will not take effect until activated.

gen/hard> fill=7gen/hard> exit;act

In the above command it is necessary to activate the “fill” command before the IGX-C will fill slot 7. Once this command is activated you will see the screen scroll and the changes will be made. Becausewe are using a Dynamic Line Card the reallocation of timeslots is automatic.

17

Short Version “?”To obtain a list of valid commands, enter a question mark (?)To obtain a list of syntax help for all valid commands, enter a question mark followed by an equals sign (?=) To obtain syntax help for one command, enter a question mark, equals sign, and the command name ( ?=<keyword> )

Long Version “help”To obtain a list of valid commands, enter “help”To obtain help text for a specific command, enter “help”, anequals sign (=), and the command name (help=<keyword>)When the “Adm/Help>” prompt is displayed:Enter a command name to display its help textEnter “??” to redisplay the list of valid commandsEnter a carriage return to exit the help system

Using HELP and ?

Define the Shelf Arrangement (Rack Map)Use the Database Generation Job (gen)Assign Hardware SlotsAllocate Timeslots and Port Numbers

Customize the ShelfUse the System Administration Job (adm)Define Routes, Station Numbers, and Dial Code TablesSet System Options, Timers, and Classes of Service

Back Up the Database Use the Database Upload/Download Job (xld)Use rsh Commands

Basic Administration Procedures

18

Menu Tree

Logout (lo) to leave the sub menus and go back to the rsh/tmp>.gen>lorsh/tmp>

Exit (exit) to leave the second level of the sub menu andreturn to the first level of the sub menu.

gen/system>exitgen>

Quit (quit) to leave the current level and not active any changes made to the edit databasegen/system>quitgen>

gen/system>gen/hardware>gen/ethernet>gen/database>gen/timeslot>

adm/group>adm/route>adm/dct>adm> stn=xxxxadm/cos>adm/timer_lst>

mant/watch>mant/slot>

xld/upload>xld/download>

rsh/tmp>from rsh/tmp select

gen adm mant xld

gen/ adm/ mant/ xld/1st level

2nd level

19

TAB

Insert Tab # 5 Here

Deleting the Current

Database

Action: Identify how to delete the current database on the REDCOM IGX-C.


Standard: Identify how to delete the current database on the REDCOM IGX-C by completing a practical exercise within 15 minutes IAW references while maintaining COE awareness.

Learning Objectives

Enabling Objectives

• View the current Database

• Review Delete Commands

• Delete the Database

• Start Fresh

2





Delete Commands (1)

It is always best to start with a completely blank database. Writing your database over a previous database may cause problems. The commands on the following slide will allow you to completely delete all other databases. Ensure that the PCMCIA card is not in the slot while performing this procedure.

3

Delete Commands (2)

rsh/tmp>del^*.db [ deletes database in the temporary memory]rsh/tmp>cd^/sys [changes from the temp to the system]rsh/sys>del^*.db [ deletes database in the system memory]rsh/sys>dup^/sys^/sysrom [duplicates the blank sys to the sysrom, copying nothing in to sysrom]rsh/sys>cd^/tmp [changing back to the tmp]rsh/tmp>dbunlk [unlocks the current database so you can delete it]rsh/tmp>reset [telling the shelf to reset its self on blank database]

confirmation code: teser = reset backwards*= Wildcard ^ =Space

The following animation is the correct way to delete a database for a REDCOM IGX-C.

1. This is the first screen that you will see. Enter del *.db to delete the database file in the rsh/tmp directory.

2. At the rsh/tmp enter cd /sys; this will change the directory that you are in to the sys directory.

3. At the sys directory enter del *db, this will delete all the database files in the sys directory.

4. After the system has deleted any files, you will then enter dup /sys /sysrom; you are telling the system to dup any files in the sys directory to the sysrom directory.

Note: since you have deleted all the .db files from the sys directory, there is nothing to copy onto the sysrom directory. By doing this, it ensures that a pristine copy will be written to the directory. 5. When you see “Do you want to proceed? <y/n>”, state yes. 6. You will see “Copying file system Clear…Copy…Verify…Completed” 7. At the rsh /sys> type cd /stm, this will take you back to the rsh/tmp

directory. 8. At the rsh/tmp type dbunlk, this will unlock the factory database in the

rsh/tmp.

4

5

9. You will see “Database memory UN-LOCK request sent to MSU 0/0, you will than type reset. This will reset the system to load the factory default database into the MSU card.

10. The system will ask you if it is okay to reboot the shelf, state yes. 11. The confirmation code that you will enter is “teser”, reset backwards. 12. State y to continue. 13. Finally, after the system has reset, you will see a login screen. Note: During the reset process, you will hear your IGX-C make clicking sound and please do not be alarmed by this, your system is only resetting.

TAB

Insert Tab # 6 Here

Gen Job Hardware and Time Slot Screens

Action: Familiarize students with user interface screens.


Standard: Identify how to interface with user screens by completing a practical exercise within 45 minutes IAW referenceswhile maintaining COE awareness.

Learning Objectives

Enabling Objectives

• Familiarization with user interface screens• RSH/TMP Screen• Main GEN Job Screen• System Configuration• Hardware configuration

• Hardware Assignments• Hardware Deletion

• Timeslot Configuration• View Command

• Database Table Configuration• Ethernet Configuration

2





3

rsh/tmp Screen

Following a successful login you will get rsh/tmp>

All of the following screen shots are of a blank data base after the shelf has been set to factory defaults.

Indicates the current file system temporary (/tmp)

Indicates that the user is currently talking tothe REDCOM Shell (rsh)

Shown above are the options for rsh/tmp> ?: prints of current keywords if no equal sign and no value is specified, prints syntax help for each keyword if just an equal sign is specified. Attach: attaches the console I/O to fifo board. Valid modes are: Binary, raw, cooked (default), and line. Cat: dumps the contents of the text file specified by<string>. Wildcard filenames are allowed. Cd: changes the current working directory to the directory specified by <string>. If no directory is specified, change the current working directory back to the default. Cl: with no parameter, this command will clear the screen. “cl salm” will clear all software alarm LEDs in the stack. Close: this command will close open files on the current shelf. Comport: the “status” command will bring up the device configuration information for the comport specified. Copy: make a copy of the source file to the dest file. The source file may contain wildcards. Create: creates a file named by <string> and places input in the file. Date: sets the system date. Dblock: locks the database from overwrite on a re-boot, will last 48 hours. Dbsearch: displays the IGX database boot file inclusion hierarchy. Dbunlk: unlocks the database, must be root or higher to access.

4

5

Del: deletes files specified by <string>. Diff: reads the two files specified by <string> and <string> and shows the lines that are different. Dir: directory Dump: hex dumps the contents of a file specified by <string>. Dup: duplicate a device from source_device to dest_device. Edit: edits the text file named by <string>. Email: this command will evoke a mail reading/sending program. Fc: reads the two files specified by <string> and <string> and shows the lines that are different. Feature: this command allows the user to work with the IGX software lockable feature, need to be a highroot user. Format: format the specified volume. Grep: searches a text file named <file_name> for the string <search_string>. Help: displays list of current keywords if no keyword is specified. Host: sends <command> to host to be processed. Info: prints information about the current shelf. Kill: command will terminate the job specified. Mail: command takes one argument and based on the argument an action is performed. Manual: show the version of all manuals that are available for the software tool. Mkdir: creates a directory named by <string>. Mlogin: starts a remote shell session on the specified msu address. Ping: command will attempt to contact the device at the IP address specified by <string>. Print: command will print a text file. Ps: shows current process status information. Pwd: displays the current working directory. Rename: rename source_file to the name dest_file. Reset: resets the system. Rm: deletes file(s) and/or directory specified by <string>. Rmdir: deletes directory specified by <string>. Route: command will display the ethernet routing table. Send: send command will allow the user to send a message to a board. Slot: send a string to the slot specified. Sync: forces a database sync of this shelf to the shelf specified. Tdmp: temp dump. Time: sets the system time. Touch: create an empty file or updates the timestamp on an existing file or directory. Traplog: creates a trap log file if a recoverable trap has occurred. Type: prints the contents of the text file one page at a time. Version: displays the shelf’s software version. Volchk: reports information on the device specified by <string... Wc: reads text files and prints information on number of lines, words, and characters in file. Who: prints information about who is logged into the system.

Accessing the gen Job

Shown above are your choices from the gen. ?: prints of current keywords if no equal sign and no value is specified, prints syntax help for each keyword if just an equal sign is specified. Activate: writes any new data in the edit database to the corresponding databases. Area: sets the area number for the sell site registration. Fill: fills in the network map and the hardware for the system. Logout: terminates the current GEN session: Msu: sets the current network location and MSU number. Read_command: read the value for the specified keyword. Set_cluster: set number of this cluster. Set_cluster_name: sets the name of this cluster. Set_msu: sets the number of the MSU. Set_msu_name: set the name of this MSU. Set_network: sets the network number. Set_network_name: sets the name of the network. Unedit: forces the database manger to unreserve the first free database table.

6

Main gen Job Screen

Whenever you see the = that valuecan be selected and changed by theoperator

Running OS version

Current job

Your options in the gen job

Note: Ensure that the Version displayed and the Version on the Users Manual are the same.

The Database Generation Job (GEN) is a user job available through the REDCOM Shell to perform massive changes to the system database To run the GEN job, enter the “gen” command at the RSH prompt The changes that can be made to the database with the GEN job include:

• The size of the database tables (via the DATABASE screen) • The assignment of hardware types with the automatic assignment of

timeslots and port numbers (via the HARDWARE screen) • The assignment of hardware types with the manual assignment of

timeslots and port numbers (via the TIMESLOT screen)

7

Once you have input the initial information you must enter a “fill” command. At this point the switch will populate its software according to the hardware installed and switch type.

System Configuration

Assign the switch type

Your areacode

Your threedigit prefix

Your startingphone number

Make this “yes” so the REDCOM willautomatically recognize and assign the populated slots

fill

>0 - 0

At the “gen>sys” screen will find the following options that can written to database: Add_cluster: adds a cluster to the expected cluster list. Add_msu: this command will add an MSU to the expected MSU list under the current cluster entry. Entry: go to the number in the cluster/msu list. Exit: leaves the screen and returns to the main GEN screen, any unsaved work will be written to the database. Fill: this command will fill in the network map based on cluster and MSU currently up and running. Hmx: sets your area code. Lata: sets the local access and transport code for the Central Office. Npa: sets your switch code. Ns_disp: displays the “Net Station”. Quit: leaves screen and returns to the main GEN screen, unsaved work will be discarded. Read_command: read the value for the specified keyword. Rm_cluster: will remove a cluster from the expected cluster list. Rm_msu: will remove an MSU from the expected MSU list under the current cluster entry. Sequenced: sets the sequencing type of station numbers. Specific: tell the fill command to fill in slots with either generic or specific pids.

8

9

Start: sets the value of the start numbering plan. Switch_type: sets the REDCOM to act as a military switch, civilian, or custom PBX. Type: sets the type of office code and home exchange requirements.

Hardware Configuration (1)

Making TSAUTO and PORTAUTO “on” will automatically assign the correct amount of time slots to each port.

The hardware layout of the shelf is presented for viewing and modification via the HARDWARE CONFIGURATION screen. While you are running the GEN job, you may enter the “hardware” command to go to HARDWARE CONFIGURATION screen. The hardware screen is separated into two parts:

1. The top part of the screen is occupied by the timeslot highways: • 3 highways of 32 timeslots each. (96 total timeslots) • All boards can use the first 2 highways. • Only certain boards can use the third highway. • The three highways are represented with either a period or a dash. • Periods indicate unassigned timeslots. • A number followed by a series of dashes indicates that the

timeslots are assigned to the board in the slot with the same number.

2. The following attributes are displayed on the bottom half of the hardware

page: • Physical slots • Hardware type • Beginning timeslot and port • Quantity of timeslots and ports.

10

Hardware Configuration (2)

Before fill command

After fill command

PCM Highways • Each PCM highway supports 32 timeslots. • Highways P (timeslots 0-31) and S (timeslots 32-63) are available to all

boards supported by the IGX. • Highway A (timeslots 64-95) is available only to certain boards (BRI,

MTI, and Dynamic Line Circuits). • A fourth PCM highway (timeslots 96 – 127) is not displayed since it is

reserved for use by ETSI service modules. • Avoid timeslot assignments that cross the PCM highways. • Assigning the First Timeslot (ts1) – The “ts1” command is used to

assign the first timeslot to be used by the board in the current slot. To assign a board, set “ts1” such that the timeslots allocated to the slot fall within the limits of the appropriate highway.

• Assigning the Quantity of Timeslots (tsqty) – The quantity of timeslots allocated to a particular slot is set using the “tsqty” command. Typically, this number is equal to the required number of timeslots for the board.

11

Hardware can be assigned by three different techniques. slot pid fill

Select the desired slot and use the “slot” command gen/hardware> slot=4

Assign hardware with the “pid” command.gen/hardware> pid=ds1NOTE: This method does not require that the CCA be in the shelf but you must know the REDCOM pid for the CCA that is or will be populating that slot.

Hardware Assignment (1)

Autoshuffle Feature • If autoshuffling is enabled (via the “tsauto” and “portauto” commands),

then changes made with the “pid” command will cause the system to automatically reshuffle the entire shelf’s timeslot and/or port assignments to accommodate the new hardware.

• If autoshuffle is disabled, timeslot and/or port assignments will be updated for the specific hardware change (if possible), but timeslot and/or port assignments for the rest of the shelf will remain unaffected.

• Timeslot and port numbers can be assigned manually using the TIMESLOT CONFIGURATION Screen.

• To incorporate the changes made during the editing session, use the “activate” command from the main GEN screen. To clear changes made during the editing session without updating the active databases, use the “quit” command from the main GEN screen.

12

Hardware Assignment (2)

Use the “fill” command to assign all boards in a shelf gen/hardware> fill

For this class you will use the “fill” command. Ensure that TSAUTO and PORTAUTO are set to “on”, this will invoke automatic allocation of available resources.

Toggle the TSAUTO and PORTAUTO to on or off with this command.

gen/hardware>tsauto= no value is needed to change the on/off state. This will work with any value that has only two states.

13

Hardware Deletion

Use the clear command to clear a specific value or a range of values. The following screen shots will walk you through the process of adding and deleting card slots:

1. The first screen shot shows that we are in the gen/hardware screen and that we have decided to fill the REDCOM with all of its cards.

2. The second screen shot shows that we are going to exit and activate to ensure that our choice was written to the database.

3. The third screen shot shows that we have decided to clear all of the card slots.

4. The forth screen shot shows that the REDCOM system is asking the operator of the device are they sure that they what to do this, yes is the reply.

5. The fifth screen shot shows that the system has completed the command and that it is showing the operator that there are no timeslots associated with the card slots.

6. The sixth screen shot shows that the REDCOM is populated with cards that have timeslots, the operator has decided to clear 1-7 to possible reconfigure the REDCOM for different cards.

7. The seventh screen shot shows that the REDCOM is verifying that the number that was selected is true, the operator has stated yes.

8. The eighth screen shot shows the operator the results of their choice, notice that there are no cards in slots 1 through 7.

14

15

9. The ninth screen shot we see that the operator has decided to clear a T1 card.

10. The tenth screen shot shows the system verifying the choice of the operator.

11. The eleventh screen shot shows the result of the last action the operator made.

12. The twelfth screen shot shows that the operator has decided to install a card in slot 5.

13. The last screen shot shows that the operator has decided to save their work.

Port view vs. timeslot view

When initially entering the hardware section the timeslot view is displayed.

You can use the “view” command to toggle between the timeslot and port views in the hardware sectiongen/hardware> view

View Command

16

Database Table Configuration

A database consists of a series of tables of information. Each table contains a series of entries, and each entry is made up of several parts. The database tables are presented for viewing and modification via the DATABASE TABLE CONFIGURATION screen. While you are running the GEN job, you may enter the “database” command to go to the DATABASE TABLE CONFIGURATION screen. The items that can be modified include:

• Current table size • Scope of the current table • Comment associated with the current table

To incorporate the changes made during the editing session, use the “activate” command from the main GEN screen. To clear changes made during the editing session without updating the active databases, use the “quit” command from the main GEN screen.

17

Ethernet Configuration

18

TAB

Insert Tab # 7 Here

System Administration ADM Job

Action: Familiarize students with Subsystems, Line Circuits, Trunks, Groups, Routes, and Dial Code Tables.


Standard: Identify Subsystems, Line Circuits, Trunks, Groups, Routes and Dial Code Tables by completing a practical exercise within 15 minutes IAW references while maintaining COE awareness.

Learning Objectives

3

4


• Subsystem-Level View• Cluster Level View• MSU Level View

• Lines• Line Slot View• Line Circuit View• Line Attributes

• COS Screen• Analog Line Attributes

• Trunks• Analog Trunks

• Trunk Slots• Trunk Circuit


• Trunks cont.• Digital Trunks

• T1 Slots • Groups

• Adding Groups• Group Membership• List of Groups

• Routes

• Dial Code Tables





5

Subsystem-Level View

• Cluster Level• MSU Level• Slot Level

• Analog Lines• Analog Trunks• T1 Trunks

• Circuit Level• Analog Lines• Analog Trunks• T1 Trunks

address 0/0.0/0/0

• Bearer Level

Not used in this class



The System Administration Job (ADM) is the job used to modify the functionality of the system. Missions are never the same. You will start with the adm screen to tailor you IGX-C to mission parameters. Using the address line, you will be able to tell your location within the IGX-C.

• Cluster Level: Displays a list of the IGX shelves (MSUs) in current location.

• MSU Level: Displays a list of the slots in the current shelf, this level is

shown when the ADM job is started. • Slot Level: Displays a list of the circuits in the current slot. • Circuit Level: Displays information on the current circuit. • Bearer Level: 0=speech, 1 for 64k data, 2 for 56 k data, 3 for 3.1 khz

audio, 9 for other.

6

Cluster Level View

Displays information relevant to an entire cluster. Shelves within the cluster that are online use the “cluster” command to view. The following commands can be done form the adm screen.

• Activate: writes any new data in the edit database. • Ani_features: Automatic Number Identification features list is specified,

and then this command will go to a screen, which lists all ANI features. • Announcement: the accouchement table allows you to define the

announcements played by the Expanded Digital Announcer. • Cct: sets the current circuit number. • Change: goes to the screen for defining changed station numbers. • Class: if no class group is specified, then the command will go to a

screen, which lists all the line class groups by number and name. • Cled: goes to the screen for working on the console LED mapping. • Cluster: sets the current cluster address and goes to a screen, which

lists all MSUs in the cluster. • Conference: if no preset conference is specified, than this command will

go to a screen, which lists all the preset conferences. • Connect: sets the connect class of the current circuit. • Cos: if no cos set is specified, command will than co to a screen, which

lists all of the class of service sets.

7

8

• Dani_features: if no dynamic ANI features list is specified, will go to the

screen and display choices. • Dct: dial code tables • Device: edit screen for information drivers and I/O devices. • Domain: screen for working on domain numbers for MLPP calls. • Dstn: dynamic station number. • Edit: allows personnel to save only data that have imputed, or all data. • Email_recv: to setup e-mail receiving POP3 preferences. • Fb_list: if no button list is specified, will show all buttons to the screen in

question. • Iplist: restrict Ethernet access to specific hosts. • Ispeed: if no circuit is given, will list all individual speed dial users. • Link: for work on network links. • Logout: terminates adm screen and goes to rsh/tmp. • Lrn: for setting up routing numbers. • Monitor: will show all call and their call detail records. • Msu: sets the msu address. • Name: searches for a circuit with the name specified and sets the current

address to the circuit with that name. • Npa: used for working on area codes and office codes. • Ofc: used for working on office codes. • Option: goes to the screen for working on system wide options. • Pad_class: sets the pad class for the current circuit. • Page: goes to the screen working on paging zones. • Pattern: used to set up npa.hmx tables. • Ported: goes to the ported out screen for set up numbers that have been

ported out of the switch. • rte/router: used to define router. • Slot: sets the current slot number. • Smdr: this command goes to the screen that will allow you to change the

SMDR format records. • Speed: goes to the screen working on speed dials. • Stn: station number. • Stn_lst: synopsis of the station information for the current msu. • Tdmp: screen for Traffic Dump output. • Timer: goes to the Timer Lists screen. • Toll: used for Toll Restriction. • Unassigned_ccts: screen shows unassigned line circuits.

MSU Level View

1 2 3 If more than one MSU were present

Note: If using a TCP package, you will have more than one msu present. Remember what msu you are working in. Displays:

• Information relevant to an entire shelf • All shelves that are online • Slot hardware assignment for a shelf

Use the “msu” command to view

• adm> msu • adm> msu=2

9

Note: Ensure that the slot that you select is populated

Slot empty

Line Slot View

This screen displays associated station numbers, circuits, user names, and groups.

10

Line Circuit View

This screen displays location, hardware type, and PID (port id).

11

Line Attributes (1)

This screen display specific information about the circuit, remember that any value that has a = can be changed.

12

Line Attribute (2)

You can associate a name with the station number. Notice above that the first attempt to name the circuit did not work. Enclosing the preferred name in quotations will allow any values to be used.

13

Line Attribute (3)

COS Screen

This screen displays the type of service available.

14

Line Attribute (4)

Analog Line Attributes

From this screen, you will be able to assign different features to the line. adm/cos>rdl =<enter> will toggle the redial option to the on position. When only two values (on/off) are available for any option, typing the option and = will toggle to the opposite value shown. The following is a guide on how to read class of service.

• Bsyo: allow busy override operations from an attendant. • Cfwd: stations with this cos are allowed to set up the forward feature from

their phone. • Cnab: when turned on blocks caller information reaching the called party. • Cnbu: when on caller id block usage of service. • Cnf: when turned on allows user to initiate progressive conferences. • Colf: when turned on allows user to have three way calling and call

waiting. • Cwt: when turned on allows user to get a ring back on a busy line to let

them know it is now free. • Datp: when turned on allows user to be able to participate in data

protected conversations. • Dtf: when turned on allows user to have a dial tone first on a prepay line,

standard mode is coin first. • Dtmf: when turned on allows user to use dual tone multi-frequency.

15•

16

• Dyn: when turned on allows uses to use dynamic lines or shared

timeslots with other ports. • Lnr: when turned on allows user to use last number dialed feature. • Mant: when turned on allows the station with mant cos to do mant on the

line. • Mixd: when turned on allows rotary and dtmf to operate on the same call. • Msg: when turned on allows user to receive message traffic form a

message center. • Pcwt: when turned on allows uses to have call priority waiting. • Pdt: when turned on allows line to be given priority to DTMF. • Ppay: when set allows phone to used as prepay line. • Prem: preemption is turned on the phone for mlpp. • Radi: when turned on allows phone to operate with a radio line interface

circuit, pa system. • Rdl: when turned on allows uses to turn and off the tool restriction list. • Ruth: when turn on allows user to do a ruthless break in on their line. • Rwak: when turned on allows the stain operator to use the wake up

service on stations other than theirs. • Spay: set the line semi-post pay operation. • Spl3: when turned on allows the console attendant to speak to 3 different

parties using the split key. • Tgen: when turned on allows the station to generate dtmf digits after

stabilizing the line. • Ti: when turned on it allows trunk lines to have a time limit on how long

they are active. • To: same as Ti, only on an outgoing basis. • Trap: when turned on allows station to invoke call trap with a hook flash. • Trkx: allows stations to transfer two trunks together. • Wake: when turned on allows user to use wake up features. • Warm: when turned on allows special call routing function with digits

being dialed. • Xfr: when turned on allows station to transfer calls.

Trunk Slots

17

Trunk Circuit (1)

Trunk Circuit (2)

18

Digital TrunkT1 Slot

Important options are the linecodeing and framing. AMI code specifies that there are three states of the line, no voltage is a zero, positive voltage is a one (or mark), and negative voltage is also a one (or mark). Because of the inversion of the voltage for each "mark”, or one, sent, the receiving equipment can easily determine the data rate of the line and not lose synchronization. B8ZS (Bipolar with 8 Zeros Substitution) builds upon this, by using violations of this rule to replace a pattern of eight zeros in a row. HDB3 code is a bipolar signaling technique (i.e. relies on the transmission of both positive and negative pulses). It is based on Alternate Mark Inversion (AMI), but extends this by inserting violation codes whenever there is a run of 4 or more 0's. This and similar (more complex) codes have replaced AMI in modern distribution networks. D-4 is a framing standard for traditional time division multiplexing , which standard describes user channels multiplexed onto a trunk that has been segmented (framed) into 24 bytes of 8 bits each.

19

20

In ESF, twenty-four frames make up the (extended) super frame. ESF divides the 8 kbit/s framing channel into three segments. The frame pattern uses 2 kbit/s, and a CRC uses 2 kbit/s. The remaining 4 kbit/s make up an administrative data link (DL) channel. The framing pattern occupies the 4th, 8th, 12th, 16th, 20th and 24th frames. The pattern consists of a 0–0–1–0–1–1 sequence. This is the only pattern repeated in the ESF format

A group defines the members (circuits) that are associated with that particular group.adm>groupadm/group>group=1

Adding Groups (1)

To make a new group. adm/group>new = <value>[trk-trunk, lin-line]

21

Adding Groups (2)

GROUP=<1, 2, 3,4,5,6 etc> NAME=<value> <“ ABC,123, @#$%, “ > [Capital Letters, numbers, spaces and special characters may be used if “ surrounded by “ quotation marks] priority: IDLE=<value>DEFAULT=<value>MAX=<value> [r|c|e|p|i|f|fo] This value specifies the precedence level to use at each given state. DIALING: IN=<value>OUT=<value> {none|dp|bri|prim|ss7|dtmf|r2|sr2|mfna} displays the dialing type used on the trunk group WNKI=<on|off> WNKO=<on|off>

22

Adding Groups (3)

To add members to the group use the add command adm/group>add=5/1 Will add cct 1 to this group To add more slots in sequence use the qty command adm/group> qty=12 Making the quantity 12 will add the next 12 consecutive circuits to this group. Starting at CCT1 and going to CCT12

23

Group Membership (1)

Group Membership (2)

24

List of Groups

25

Routes (1)

To access a trunk you must go through a route. Each trunk route is known by a distinctive route number. Route dial codes are assigned using the Dial Code Tables.adm>routeadm/route>route=1

When adding a route ensure that you have completed your groups first, you will be in the adm screen and at that point put in route. The very next entry you will see is the adm/route>route=, you will than input your first number for your route. Input the name= of the link that you what to face your REDCOM to, that ensure that input del=0. After you have completed this input ex;act.

26

Routes (2)

On this screen, the parameters for the ROUTE can be set. ROUTE=<1,2,3,4,5,6 etc> NAME=<value> <“ ABC,123, @#$%, “ > [Capital Letters, numbers, spaces, and special characters may be used if “surrounded by “quotation marks]

• GROUP=<value> This value specifies which trunk group to use. • dialing : [dtmf, mfna] displays the dialing type used on the trunk group • group name: [name of trunk group] • DEL=<where to start the digit deletion process> • OUT=<specifies number of digits to be sent to the trunk group>

27

Dial Code Tables (DCT) 1

This is an example of the standard MLPP database DCTs. Each DCT has its own special function.

28

1

2

3 45 6 7

89 10

Dial Code Tables (DCT) 2

Options for each DCT are available on the Dial Code Table Screen.

1. Name of the DCT, corresponds with the name on the Dial Codes Tables List screen.

2. Number of entry available on this DCT. To change the value: amd/dct>qty=<desired value>

3. Entry column. To move the marker up or down the entries: amd/dct>entry=<desired value> or amd/dct>+ <enter> to move up, - <enter> to move down

4. Pattern column. amd/dct>patt=<desired value> 5. Screen Class column. amd/dct>sc=<desired value> 6. Type column. amd/dct>type=<desired value> must have a

corresponding digit in the value column. 7. Value column. amd/dct>val=<desired value> must have a corresponding

digit in the type column. 8. Pre-delete and post-delete column. amd/dct>pre=<desired value> or

amd/dct>pos=<desired value> Digits to be stripped off either the beginning or end of the dialed numbers, prior to each the next destination.

9. Mark column. amd/dct>mark=<desired value> This move the mark to a determined position.

10. Next column. amd/dct>next=<desired value> This will be the next destination for the entry on the same line

29

TAB

Insert Tab # 8 Here

Digit Translation

Action: Familiarize students with Digit Translation and understanding the Marker.

Conditions: Given access to the REDCOM training material and awareness of the Contemporary Operational Environment (COE) factors such as the hostile and hazardous environment, extreme weather conditions, and complex terrain.

Standard: Identify Digit Translation and understanding the Marker by answering the questions the instructor puts forth IAW referenceswhile maintaining COE awareness.

Learning Objectives

Enabling Objectives

•Digit Translation Basics• Components• Digital Transitional Flow• MLPP and Dial Code Tables

•Understanding the Marker• Dialing 6230• Dialing 4506230• Defaulting Dialing

3





Components of Digit Translation

The REDCOM IGX-C is a digit by digit translator. As values are entered (0-9,#,*) they are examined depending on where its place is in the dialed string and where the translation process is in the Dial Code Tables. As each digit istranslated a function will occur. Those functions vary depending on each DialCode Table. Example, you dial the digit “9”. What happens?

What could happen is:1. The 9 represents the number between 8 and 10.2. The 9 sends you from your PBX to a CO (outside line)3. The 9 sends you from DCT0 to DCT3 to start the preemption process.

This is the most basic of explanations for the digit translation process.

The REDCOM IGX-C has multiple digit buffers, each 32 bits in length.

4

Digit Translation Flow

DCT

Line Line Line Group

Trunk

Trunk Group

FeatureRouteRoute DCT

Dial Code Tables and Digit Translation

As the user dials individual digits, the DCTs are examined depending on the translation that is needed.

DCTs are connected through the digit translation process.

As the translation process moves through the DCTs it looks for amatch. This match is a first match basis, not exact match.

adm>dct=<value>

5

MLPP Template Dial Code Tables

6

Understanding the Marker (1)

User dials 417-451-6230

DCT=0

Number=4174506230Pattern=default:

no matches on DCT0 send to DCT6 Type=dctValue=6 (NPA)Mark=0, continue to translate all digits

Number=4174506230Pattern=417, match made send to DCT7

continue translationType=dctValue=7 (HMX)Predelete=3, delete NPAMark=ac, continue to translate digits

from the Access mark

Mark=0

Mark=ac DCT=6 4 1 7 4 5 0 6 2 3 0

4 1 7 4 5 0 6 2 3 0

The value in the ‘MARK’ Column in each DCT indicates where the mark will be placed during the translation process. MARK=0 indicates maker will go back to front of the digit buffer to be translated on the next DCT. MARK=AC indicates maker will left in place in the next DCT will not translate digits previously read on preceding DCTs.

7

4 5 0 6 2 3 0Number=417 450 6230Patt=62XXType=stn

PhoneRings

DCT=8

DCT=7 Mark=ac

4 1 7 4 5 0 6 2 3 0

Number=417 4506230Pattern=450, match made send to DCT8

continue translationType= dctValue=8 (HMX)Mark =ac, continue to translate digits

from the Access mark

X X

Understanding the Marker (2)

Dialing 6230

6 2 3 0

8

Dialing 4506230 Connecting DCTs (1)

4 5 0

Dialing 4506230 Connecting DCTs (2)

4 5 0 6 2 3 0

9

Default Dialing (1)

4

Default Dialing (2)

4 1 7

10

Default Dialing (3)

4 1 7 4 5 0

Default Dialing (4)

4 5 0 6 2 3 0

11

TAB

Insert Tab # 9 Here

Multi Level Precedence and Preemption (MLPP)

Action: Familiarize students with MLPP, Precedence Rankings, Precedence Levels, Precedence Digital Translation, MLPP Precedence Levels, Trunk Preemption methods and Military Database Template.

Conditions: Given access to the REDCOM training material, a practical exercise and awareness of the Contemporary Operational Environment (COE) factors such as the hostile and hazardous environment, extreme weather conditions, and complex terrain.

Standard: Identify MLPP, Precedence Rankings, Precedence Levels, Precedence Digital Translation, MLPP Precedence Levels, Trunk Preemption methods and Military Database Template by a practical exercise within 2.25 hours IAW references while maintaining COE awareness.

Learning Objectives

Enabling Objectives

• Familiarization with MLPP• DTMF

• Precedence Rankings and MLPP Codes• Precedence Levels• Precedence Digital Translation• MLPP Dial Precedence Levels

• OVN/PRN Dialing• Line/circuit Attributes

• Trunk Preemption Methods• Trunk 0• Trunk 1• Trunk 2

• Military Database Template

3





4

Familiarization with MLPP

Calls in the DSN are ranked by importance (precedence)

(preemption).

Multiple precedence levels existRoutine (normal)PriorityImmediateFlashFlash Override

Calls in progress can be taken over by a higher level call

A precedence level is declared at the originating station.Any other resources used during the call “assume” the precedence level for the duration of the call.

1 2 3 FO

4 5 6 F7 8 9 I

R 0 C PKY-68 Dialing Pad

You may be familiar with the KY-68 used by many military units. On that phone, an extra row of digits is added to the right side of the dialing pad for use in preempting a call already in progress. With a standard desk phone, those extra buttons are not present. Using the number “9” in conjunction with the numbers “0, 1, 2, 3, 4” you can force a preemption on a line that is in use. .

5

DTMF Fourth Column Dialing

1 2 3 FO

4 5 6 F

7 8 9 I

R 0 C P

697Hz

770Hz

852Hz

1209Hz

941Hz

1336Hz

1633Hz

1477Hz2330Hz=Flash Override

1979Hz=42106Hz=51906Hz=12247Hz=62033Hz=22174Hz=32277Hz=0

Dialing 4516230 with a Flash Override Precedence

6

Multi Level Priority AccessPrecedence Rankings

6 = Flash Override5 = Flash4 = Immediate3 = Priority

2 = Executive Right of Way (Multi-Level Priority Access)1 = Conference Preemption (Multi-Level Priority Access)

0 = Routine

MLPP

MLPP

Multi Level Precedence and Preemption (MLPP) (0,3,4,5,6) MLPP is a military/government protocol. Multi-Level Priority Access REDCOM Priority Levels (1, 2)

1. Executive Right of Way A line with this Class of Service will be able to preempt a call in

progress. If the called line is busy, both callers will hear a warning tone. The preempting call will be connected to the called party, and the other party will be released.

2. Conference Preemption

If the station is busy, you will be placed into a conference with the station's call. You may then talk to the party you dialed and request that the other party release. If the other party releases, you will be automatically connected to the called party.

A full, multi-level priority override feature is accessed by dialing the PRN or OVN dial code plus a digit (1-6) corresponding to the desired level of priority override. This allows access to both conferenced and Executive right-of-way priority features, as well as selectable levels of higher priority. Any station that uses priority via the PRN dial code must have its max_priority assigned a value at least as high as the selected level of priority. The levels of priority are selected by dialing one of the above digits.

7

Precedence Digit Translations

Precedence DCT Dial Typetype=prnvalue= <0 thru 6 &10>

6 = Flash Override5 = Flash4 = Immediate3 = Priority2 = Executive Right of Way1 = Conference10 = Routine0 = Subscriber will dial the value

entry=value <value = desired line under the ENRTY column on any DCT> type=prn (precedence) value= <value = to desired preemption level>

8

MLPPDialing Precedence Levels

• 94 (or none) – Routine

• 93 – Priority

• 92 – Immediate

• 91 – Flash

• 90 – Flash Override

Dialing a “9” prior to the desired precedence level will force preemption on the line.

9

OVN and PRN Dialing

ovn Override multi-level priority.Invokes a multi-level priority override call without regard to the maximum allowed priority assigned to the station. The user must dial a level of priority (0-6, 10) after the OVN code is dialed. The call will not be blocked if the level of priority dialed is larger than the line's maximum allowed priority

prn Multi-level priority.Invokes a multi-level priority override call. The user must dial a level of priority (0-6, 10) after the PRN code is dialed. The call will be blocked if the level of priority dialed is larger than the line’s maximum allowed priority 0=User must dial priority; 1=CONF; 2=EROW; 3=PRIORITY; 4=IMMEDIATE; 5=FLASH; 6=FLASH_OVERRIDE; 10=NO PRIORITY (Routine)

Executive Right-of-Way Priority To make an executive right-of-way priority override call:

1. Dial the “PRE” or “OVE” (or PRN/OVN for level 2) priority-dial code, then dial the station number.

2. If the station is busy, the engaged parties will hear a warning tone burst. You will be connected to the called party, and the other party will be released.

Conferenced Priority To make a conferenced priority override call:

1. Dial the “PRC” or “OVC” (or PRN/OVN for level 1) priority-dial code, then dial the station number.

2. If the station is busy, you will be placed into a conference with the station's call. You may then talk to the party you dialed and request that the other party release. If the other party releases, you will be automatically connected to the called party.

Multi-Level Priority Override To use multi-level priority override:

1. Dial the “PRN” or “OVN” priority dial code. 2. Dial a digit (1-6) to identify the level of priority override that is being

used. The levels correspond to the digits 1 through 6 as follows:

10

11

Digit Priority Level Description

1. 1 Conferenced priority call (same as PRC) 2. 2 Executive right-of-way priority (same as PRE) 3. 3 Same as dialing Autovon precedence digit (priority) 4. 4 Same as dialing Autovon precedence digit (immediate) 5. 5 Same as dialing Autovon precedence digit (flash) 6. 6 Same as dialing Autovon precedence digit (flash override) 7. Dial the station number.

**NOTE** Notice the down arrow next to CNBU, This indicatesthat there is more text to be seen for this screen.Use “CTL-f” to go forward or down screen

“CTL-b” to go back or up screen

Line Circuit Attributes Precedence Config

Priority IDLE= <desired MLPP level> [FO,F,I,P,R] DEFAULT= <desired MLPP level> MAX= <desired MLPP level> PREM=<on/off> Preemptable

• When disabled (=off) Station is not preemptable, originator of higher precedence level call hears blocked not preemptable announcement or tone

• When enabled (=on) Station is preemptable and normal preemption occurs

PREM is enabled (=on) by default

12

Line Circuit Attributes Precedence Config

MLPPDialing Precedence Levels

CoS features that you will need to pay, attention to on this screen will be the following: PCWT=<on/off>

• Precedence call waiting • When disabled (=off) No precedence call waiting occurs, originator of

equal or lower level call hears blocked precedence announcement or tone • When enabled (=on) Subscriber receives a precedence call waiting tone

when an equal or lower precedence (non-routine) call is received Subscriber is preempted if a higher precedence call is received

• PCWT is disabled (=off) by default RUTH=<on/off>

• RUTH • Ruthless preemption • When disabled (=off) Standard preemption/acknowledgment occurs • When preempted, subscriber goes on hook to acknowledge, receives

precedence ring and goes off hook to answer new call • When enabled (=on) Ruthless preemption occurs when preempted

subscribers hears 3 second preemption tone and is immediately cut through to new call

• Useful for radios, etc. that cannot acknowledge a preemption RUTH is disabled (=off) by default

13

Trunk Preemption Methods (1)

When a trunk preemption must occur, the DSN allows for different methods of selecting which trunk to preempt. Two methods (1 and 2) are used for searching the primary and alternate groups. Method zero (0) is not allowed in the DSN.

Use the METHOD attribute on the ROUTE screen to specify the desired preemption method

adm/route> method=2

adm/route> method=<1,2,3> If multiple trunks are at a lower precedence than the originating call, the longest/lowest trunk is always preempted (The lowest precedence level call that has been active for the longest amount of time).

14


Trunk Preemption Method – 0

Original method employed by REDCOM

Search primary group for an idle trunkSearch first alternate group for an idle trunkSearch second alternate group for an idle trunkSearch third alternate group for an idle trunkSearch the primary, first alternate, second alternate and third alternate groups (as a whole) for a preemptable trunk


15

Trunk Preemption Method 0

Primary Group

First Alternate

Group

Second Alternate

Group

ThirdAlternate

Group

Idle Search

Primary Group

First Alternate

Group

Second Alternate

Group

ThirdAlternate

Group

Preemptable Search


Method 0 is not allowed by NSA

16

Trunk Preemption Method – 1 DSN

Search primary group for an idle trunkSearch first alternate group for an idle trunkSearch second alternate group for an idle trunkSearch third alternate group for an idle trunkSearch primary group for an idle trunkSearch primary group for a preemptable trunkSearch first alternate group for an idle trunkSearch first alternate group for a preemptable trunkSearch second alternate group for an idle trunkSearch second alternate group for a preemptable trunkSearch third alternate group for an idle trunkSearch third alternate group for a preemptable trunk



Primary Group

Idle Search

First AlternateGroup

Idle Search

Second AlternateGroup

Idle Search

ThirdAlternateGroup

Idle Search

Primary Group

Idle Search

First Alternate

GroupIdle Search

Primary Group

PreemptableSearch

First Alternate

GroupPreemptable

Search

SecondAlternate

GroupIdle Search

Second Alternate

GroupPreemptable

Search

ThirdAlternate

GroupIdle Search

Third Alternate

GroupPreemptable

Search


17


Search primary group for an idle trunkSearch primary group for a preemptable trunkSearch first alternate group for an idle trunkSearch first alternate group for a preemptable trunkSearch second alternate group for an idle trunkSearch second alternate group for a preemptable trunkSearch third alternate group for an idle trunkSearch third alternate group for a preemptable trunk



Primary Group

Idle Search

First Alternate

GroupIdle Search

Primary Group

PreemptableSearch

First Alternate

GroupPreemptable

Search

SecondAlternate

GroupIdle Search

Second Alternate

GroupPreemptable

Search

ThirdAlternate

GroupIdle Search

Third Alternate

GroupPreemptable

Search


18

Military Database Template

The system can be configured to use a pre-defined database template.

The MLPP template configures DCTs for a DSN/Tactical system. During Initial System Configuration set the SWITCH-TYPE to MIL. This will assign the template.

The template will be explained by Dial Code Table (DCT) on the following slides.

Not all of the DCTs will be used for every call that is made from the JNN. For ease of troubleshooting it is best to become familiar with the MLPP template.

Military Database Template – DCT (1)

DCT 0 – Loop OriginateAll lines in the system should start here

DCT 1 – Star CodesTraditional star (*) dial codes

DCT 2 – Pound CodesTraditional pound (#) dial codes

DCT 3 – Line Dialing 9xLine dialing MLPP, N Commercial accessATO or

DCT 4 – Post 9x DialingContinued dialing for lines after dialing 9x

DCT 5 – Dialing Route DigitRoute digit definitions for lines dialing a route digit (1x)

19

Military Database Template – DCT (2)DCT 6 – NPA Check (NPA – Numbering Plan Area)

All NPA (area code) definitionsEntry 1 should be set to your NPA

DCT 7 – Switch Code Check (HMX – Home Exchange)All switch code definitionsEntry 1 should be set to your switch code

DCT 8 – Local NumbersAll local station number, pilot number, etc. definitions

DCT 9 – T1/R1 OriginateStarting point for all T1 trunk groups using R1/MFdialing MLPP digit decoding

The hardware screen is separated into two parts: 1. The top part of the screen is occupied by the timeslot highways, 3

highways of 32 timeslots each. (96 total timeslots) • All boards can use the first 2 highways. • Only certain boards can use the third highway. • The three highways are represented with either a period or a dash. • Periods indicate unassigned timeslots. A number followed by a

series of dashes indicates that the timeslots are assigned to the board in the slot with the same number.

2. The following attributes are displayed on the bottom half of the hardware page: • Physical slots • Hardware type • Beginning timeslot and port • Quantity of timeslots and ports

20


DCT 10 – T1 Route DigitRoute digit definitions for incoming T1 trunk groups

DCT 11 – Incoming TrunkStarting point for all trunk groups not using R1/MF dialing

DCT 12 – E1/R1 OriginateStarting point for all E1 trunk groups using R1/MF dialingMLPP decode

DCT 13 – E1 Route DigitsRoute digit definitions for incoming E1 trunk groups

The auto-shuffle feature • With the auto-shuffle feature enabled, the IGX will optimize timeslot

and port assignment • When starting from an empty database the auto-shuffle feature is

enabled, after that it is disabled • This is to prevent a timeslot from being moved when in use

There are two parts to the auto-shuffle feature: 1. TSAUTO

• This enables/disables the timeslot auto-shuffle feature gen/hardware> tsauto

2. PORTAUTO • This enables/disables the port auto-shuffle feature

gen/hardware> portauto

21



22



23



24


25

TAB

Insert Tab # 10 Here

Working with Databases XLD Job & DUP

Commands

Action: Familiarize students with File System devices, Databases, XLD Job, Relevant RSH commands and Commands for the RAM card.

Conditions: Given access to the REDCOM training material, a written practical exercise and awareness of the Contemporary Operational Environment (COE) factors such as the hostile and hazardous environment, extreme weather conditions, and complex terrain.

Standard: Identify File System devices, Databases, XLD Job, Relevant RSH commands and actual commands for the RAM card by completing a written practical exercise within 15 minutes IAW references while maintaining COE awareness.

Learning Objectives

Enabling Objectives

• File System Devices• Database

• Database Structure• Database Initialization

• XLD Job• XLD Menu Tree• Upload Screen• Download Screen

• Relevant RSH Commands• Actual Commands for Ram Card

3





In each IGX, several file systems are available:

The /tmp, /sysrom, /systmp, and /sys devices are located in memory on the MSU Controller Board.

The /card file system is located on a Memory card inserted into the MSU Controller Board’s PCMCIA slot.

File System Devices

4

There are several databases that exist simultaneously in each running IGX-C shelf.

Permanent Default DatabaseText database file stored in long-term, permanent memory. Resides in the /sysrom directory under the name msu.db

Databases (1)

Active DatabaseLocated in the system’s RAM as a binary database. Used by the system to process calls.

Edit DatabaseLocated in the system’s RAM as a binary database. Used to hold all intermediate administrative changes until they are ready to be actively used by the system in handling calls.

Enter ex;act after a command or string is input to move the changes into the active database.

Databases (2)

Changes made to the running database will not take effect until the commands have been activated. exit;active

5

Database Structure

Protected RAM

Binary Databases

Protected RAM

ASCII Text Files

Non-VolatileFlash Memory

Activate Command

in adm/, gen/, and xld/

User Jobsadm/gen/mant/xld/

System Software(LOAD)

dup/command

in rsh/

xld/

PCMCIA SRAM Card

PCMCIA Flash Card

Active Database

Edit Database

/tmpFile Systemmsu_0.db

/sys, /sysromFile Systemmsu_0.db

/cardFile Systemmsu_0.db

/sysromFile Systemmsu_0.db

BurnFile System

copy copy

6

Start-up Sequence Flow Chart

Database Initialization

Power On

Copy /sysromto /systmp

Copy /systmpto /sys

ActiveDatabase

Ok?

YES

EditDatabase

Ok?

YES

Continue with SystemBoot Process

NO

Note:Database

Reads fromText file

Is databaseon /card? YES

Is databaseIn /tmp?

Is databasein /sys?

NO

NO

Load text databasefrom /card into

ACTIVE database

YES

Load text databasefrom /tmp into

ACTIVE database

Load text databasefrom /tmp into

ACTIVE database

YES

NO

Initialize ACTIVE database to default

(empty)

Copy ACTIVE database to EDIT databaseNOTE:

“ACTIVE database copied to EDIT database”

1

2

2

1. YES: if the protected RAM is good, the ULCK button was not pressed, the UNKL command was not issued, and the data is valid. 2. YES: is determined if a file named “msu_0.db – msu_7.db” or “msu-db” is found in the specified directory.

7

XLD Job

The Upload/Download Job (XLD) provides a means for storing and restoring IGX system database files.

Enter “xld” at the “rsh/tmp>” prompt to run the XLD system job.

Once in the XLD job, users can:Upload information from ASCII database files to the active binary database (via the UPLOAD Screen) Download information in the active binary database to an ASCII database file (via the DOWNLOAD Screen)

ASCII / American Standard Code for Information Interchange ASCII is the standard code used for information interchange and communication between data processing systems.

8

Menu Tree

Main Screenxld>

Upload ScreenRestores database from a file

xld>uploadxld> Commands

xld> ?xld>helpxld>activatexld>clusterxld>msuxld>readxld>uploadxld>downloadxld>logout

Download ScreenSaves database into a file

xld>download

9

Upload Screen

The UPLOAD screen is used to copy a database stored as an ASCII file to the active binary database. Enter the “xld>upload” command to go to this screen. Some of the more important UPLOAD commands are:

• activate – Writes any new data in the edit database(s) to the corresponding active databases.

• directory – Sets the directory from which to read the database files. • msu – Sets which IGX shelves to upload to • type – Sets the type of upload • upload – Execute the upload of the database file(s)

10

Download Screen

The DOWNLOAD screen is used to copy a binary database to an ASCII file. Enter the “xld>download” command to go to this screen. Some of the more important DOWNLOAD commands are:

• activate – Writes any new data in the edit database(s) to the corresponding active databases.

• msu – Sets which IGX shelves to upload to • type – Sets the type of upload. • database – Sets which database to download: edit for the edit database,

and online for the current on-line database. • directory – Sets the directory in which to place the generated database

files. • download – Execute the download of the database file(s). • format - Sets the type of information to put in each database file.

Possible formats are Brief and Full: • Brief format will only write the database entries that have non-

default data in them. The Brief format will not produce lines that are the same as an entry initialized from scratch. Brief format is recommended because it saves the database in the smallest possible file size.

• Full format will write every database entry, including lines for entries that are the same as an entry initialized from scratch. This may create large files

11

12

• files – Sets whether to produce: • One database file for each shelf named msu_0.db • Second option is for multiple shelf units, #2 does not apply to this

class or the JNN. • Two database files named msu_0.db and net.db, where net.db is

included in each msu_0.db. The file net.db will contain all information common among all IGX shelves if it is produced rather than have the information duplicated in each msu_X.db file.

Relevant rsh/tmp> Commands (1)

• File Manipulation Commandsrsh/tmp>copy <value> – Copies filersh/tmp>del <value> – Deletes the file specifiedrsh/tmp>rename <value> – Renames file to the name or location specified

• File System Device Commandsrsh/tmp>dup <value> – Duplicate a device from a source device to a destinationrsh/tmp>format <value> – Formats the device specified

SYNTAX: copy <source_file> <dest_file> Make a copy of the source_file to the dest_file. The source_file may contain wildcards and if it does then the dest_file must be a directory. SYNTAX: del <string> Delete file specified by <string>. Wildcard files names are allowed. SYNTAX: rename <string> <string> rename <source_file> <dest_file> Rename source_file to the name dest_file. A file cannot be renamed across devices, but it can be renamed across directories on the same device. SYNTAX: dup <string> <string> [[<cluster>/]<msu>] dup <source_device> <dest_device> Duplicate a device from source_device to dest_device. Dest_device must be equal to or larger then source_device. **NOTE** All existing data on dest_device will be lost. SYNTAX: format [size={<decimal>|<hexadecimal>}] <string> Format the specified volume. A file system is formatted onto the volume specified. Volume /sysrom cannot be formatted.

• "format size=n vol" will format the volume to n bytes.

13

Relevant rsh/tmp> Commands (2)

Text File Commandsrsh/tmp>cat <value> – Dumps the contents of the specified text filersh/tmp>create <value> – Create file and place input into the filersh/tmp>dump <value> – Dumps the contents of a file in a Hex formatrsh/tmp>edit <value> – This command will put the user into the REDCOM editor and allow them to create and modify text filesrsh/tmp>grep <value> – Searches a text file for a string. Lines that have the string will be printedrsh/tmp>print <value> – Prints the specified text file

SYNTAX: cat [delay= {<decimal>|<hexadecimal>}] [eof=({1|0x1}...{255|0xff})] <string> Dumps the contents of the text file specified by <string>. Wildcard files names are allowed. The qualifier "delay=n" will delay the start of output for n seconds. Specifying delay will also cause the shell not to prompt after dumping the file until the user presses enter. This is useful when transferring a file by logging output to a file. This will prevent a prompt appearing in the end of a file unless the user types enter before turning off the logging. "eof=n" specifies the end of file character to be sent upon completion of the cat operation. SYNTAX: create [echo={{off|on}||({1|0x1}... {255|0xff})}][eoln={cr|lf|crlf}]eof=({1|0x1}..{255|0xff})] <string> Create a file named by <string> and place terminal input in the file. To terminate input and return to the shell type ^c (control c). "eof=n" (where n is an ASCII value) will terminate the create command like control-c when character n is received. "echo={off|on|n}" specifies how echoing of incoming characters are to be handled. Argument "n" (where n is an ASCII value) specifies what character to echo upon receiving and end of line. "eoln={cr|lf|crlf}" specifies what end of line is when receiving data. By default, the switch looks for "cr" (carriage return). SYNTAX: dump <string> Hex dump the contents of a file specified by <string>. Wildcard files names are allowed.

14

15

SYNTAX: edit <string> Edit a text file named by <string>. This command will put the user into the REDCOM editor and allow them to create and modify text files. Once in the editor, enter '?' for help on editor commands. SYNTAX: grep <string> <string>, grep <search_string> <file_name> Grep is a command that searches a text file named <file_name> for the string <search_string>. If a line is found in the file that has <search_string> in it, then the line will be printed. Wildcard files names are allowed. SYNTAX: print <string> This command will print a text file, specified by <string>, to the printer. Wildcard files names are allowed.

Actual Commands for Ram Card

• In the following screen shots, the proper way to download and upload a database is presented.

Enter xld and hit return. Enter download and hit return. Enter download again and hit enter. Enter y if file already exists on both accounts, and hit return. Observe screen to see if there are any errors. Enter ex to exit download screen and hit enter. Enter lo to get out of xld and to go back to the rsh/tmp. Enter cd /card and verify that there are no other *.db files present, if there is delete with del *.db in card directory. Enter copy /sys/*.db /card to copy files from the sys directory to the ram card. Once the process is finished exit out of the card directory. If REDCOM is out of system and you wish to bring REDCOM back to an operational state with a saved database do the following:

1. Enter copy /card/*.db /sys and hit return, ensure that card in seated in the ram slot.

2. Enter cd /sys and hit return, than enter dup /sys /sysrom and hit return. 3. State y and hit return, this will copy the files from the system directory to

the sysrom directory. 4. Change directory back to tmp. 5. Enter dbunlk and hit enter and complete sequence of commands to bring

REDCOM to an operational state. 6. After operational state has been achieved, ensure that your phones and

links are working.

16

TAB


Maintenance Activities MANT Job

Action: Familiarize students with Introduction to the MANT Job, job Menu Tree, Mant Job-MDU level, Mant Job-Slot level, Mant job-Circuit level, reading System Maintenance notes, and the Watch Screen.

Conditions: Given access to the REDCOM training material, a written practical exercise and awareness of the Contemporary Operational Environment (COE) factors such as the hostile and hazardous environment, extreme weather conditions, and complex terrain.

Standard: Identify the MANT Job, job Menu Tree, Mant Job-MDU level, Mant Job-Slot level, Mant job-Circuit level, reading System Maintenance notes, and the Watch Screen by completing a written practical exercise within 15 minutes IAW references while maintaining COE awareness.

Learning Objectives

Enabling Objectives

• Introduction• Functions of the MANT JOB• Job Menu Tree• Mant Job-MSU Level• Mant Job-Slot Level• MSU Controller • Mant Job-Circuit Level• Reading System Maintenance Notes• Live• Watch Screen

3





Introduction to theMaintenance Job – MANT

• The Maintenance Job (MANT) is used to perform various maintenance functions.

• To run the MANT job, enter the “rsh/tmp>mant”command

4

The functions that can be performed with the MANT job include:

Changing the operational states of circuitsViewing the hardware that is actually present in an IGX shelf.Viewing memory checksums.Viewing states of items on the MSU Controller board set.Viewing and setting the MANT job preferences.Displaying stored system notes.Displaying live system notes.Watching the activities of specific ports.

Functions of the Maintenance Job – MANT

5

MANT Job Menu Tree

mant/ppsmant/preferencemant/refreshmant/reset mant/searchmant/servicemant/slotmant/statisticsmant/stnmant/termmant/viewmant/watch mant/msumant/notes

mant/ +mant/ ++ mant/ -mant/ - -mant/? mant/audit_filemant/cctmant/clustermant/cmdmant/echo mant/gsearchmant/helpmant/historymant/logout

System MaintenanceMain Screen

mant/

System Notes – History ScreenView system maintenance messages that are stored

System Notes – Live ScreenView system maintenance notes as they are generated

Preference ScreenSet preference for the MANT job

Watch ScreenView the activities of a specific port

The main screen shown by the MANT job depends on the current network location the user is viewing. Distinct screens are used at different levels: MSU Level – Displays a list of the slots in the current IGX shelf. This is the default level when the job is first started.

• Slot Level – Displays a list of the circuits in the current slot. The information displayed depends on the board residing in the slot. These different circuits include line, trunk, and service circuits, BRI circuits, and MSU Controller Board sets. • Circuit Level – Displays information on the current circuit. The information displayed depends on the board residing in the slot. These different circuits include line, trunk, service circuits, and BRI circuits. It is at the Circuit level that you can take individual circuits in and out of service.

6

MANT Job - MSU Level

MANT Job - Slot Level

7

MSU Controller

In the example above the slot is identified by the letter “p” to indicate the processor board set (MSU). mant>slot=p “

8

MANT Job - Circuit Level

9

Reading System Maintenance Notes

1) 29-Dec-2006 8:36:56 0/0 ha 10 5001System down on December 29 2006 at 8:36:41

Date note was generatedTime note was generated

Source MSU AddressClassification

Priority NumberNote Number

Note Text

Notes contain two lines of text.

1. The first line contains numerical data on the note.

2. The second line contains the actual text generated by the note.

10

System Maintenance Notes– Live

• The WATCH screen is used to monitor the current activities of a chosen circuit or circuits. For example, the watch screen can show “IDLE”, “DIALING”, “TALKING”, etc. for the circuits displayed on the screen.

• The information about the circuit can be arranged in the screen to allow two columns of 14 circuits to be monitored at once.

Watch Screen Description (1)

11

Once the specified items are displayed on the screen, the activities of each are continuously updated. The frequency of these updates can be adjusted from milliseconds to days depending on the need.

To go to the WATCH screen, enter the “mant>watch”command at the MANT main screen. The “exit” or “quit”command is used to return to the MANT main screen.


Line State

Trunk State


12

TAB


IGX Maintenance And Troubleshooting

Action: Familiarize students on how to determine the Source of a Fault and Fault Isolation in the IGX-C.

Conditions: Given access to the REDCOM training material, a practical exercise and awareness of the Contemporary Operational Environment (COE) factors such as the hostile and hazardous environment, extreme weather conditions, and complex terrain.

Standard: Identify the Source of a Fault and Fault Isolation in the IGX-C IAW references while maintaining COE awareness.

Learning Objectives

3

Enabling Objectives

• Determining the Source or Cause of the Fault

• Fault Isolation in an IGX• Fault due to Database Changes• Power Supply Fault• Ring Generator Fault• TSI Fault• Single-Circuit Fault• Multi-Circuit Fault• Circuit Board Fault• Individual Shelf Fault

4





5

REDCOM maintenance and repair philosophy:

1. Isolate a fault in the switching system to a circuit board level.

2. Replace the faulty circuit board with a spare.

3. Return the faulty board for repair or replacement.

Source or Cause of the Fault (1)

Almost every component associated with the REDCOM IGX-C is completely proprietary. Mechanical specifications, schematics, test point parameters, and hardware repair techniques will not be released by the company. A complete contingency kit of critical operating items needs to accompany the switch when it deployed. When mounted in the JNN the CCAs will be accessible from the front of the shelf. To replace the power supply it will be necessary to completely dismount the IGX from the JNN.

6

Guidelines to effectively maintain an IGX system:

• Understand the IGX system operations and features.

• Know standard telephone troubleshooting practices.

• Understand the functions of the system’s indicator lamps.

• Understand the functions of each circuit board in the IGX system.

Source or Cause of the Fault (2)

7

Fault Isolation in an IGX-C (1)

Check all administrative and diagnostic indicator lamps and all trouble reports.

Check external interface equipment, such as Station Apparatus, Distribution Frame, Cabling, and Central Office Equipment.

If the trouble has been isolated to the IGX, investigate the following:

• Were any changes made recently to the database?

• Is the condition associated with one circuit, a group of circuits in a single shelf, or the entire system?

• Is the trouble intermittent or continuous?

• Were any changes made recently to cabling?


8

Faults Due to Database Changes

It is relatively easy to unintentionally change a characteristic of the system by erroneous input during initial configuration or scheduled administrative maintenance of the database.

Consult administration records, cutsheets and operator logs first, to attempt to isolate the problem to erroneous database changes.


Power Supply Faults

Shelf power supply status is indicated by the LED indicators on the Ringing Generator (or Power Monitor board or RS-232c/Power Monitor Board).

If any or all of the indicators are off, it may be necessary to replace the fuse on the rear of the power supply.

If the problem cannot be traced to a blown fuse, then it may be a fault on one or more circuit boards.

ContactGlass Tube Unbroken Filament

Contact

Good Fuse

ContactGlass Tube Broken Filament

Contact

Blown Fuse


9

Power Supply Faults Fuse Replacement

If all of the three green indicators on the Power Monitor board have gone out, then the power supply fuse should be checked and replaced if necessary.

Power supply fuses vary, ensure that you have checked the part number of the power supply and then reference the IGX-C Users Manual ver6.1


For 120 or 240 VAC, then the power supply on each shelf contains either a 6.25 A (for 120 VAC) or 3 A (for 240 VAC) slow-blow fuse which is accessible from the back of the power supply. For -48 VDC, then the power supply on each shelf contains one 6.25 A fuse which is accessible from the back of the power supply. For 24 VDC, then the power supply on each shelf contains a 20 A (3AG, 32 volt, slow-blow type) fuse.

10

Circuit Board Faults Power Supply Flow

To find the faulty board (with power supply MA0215-011, MA0215-512, or MA0215-513, MA0385-XXX, or MA0423-XXX):

1. The power supply will shut down for 2 to 3 minutes (the shelf will be down), and then restart.

2. Remove all boards, except for the Ringing Generator board, and wait for the green LED indicators to come on.


3. Insert one board at a time, checking the indicators after each insertion.

4. When the indicators go out again, the board just inserted is the board with the fault.

5. If a specific circuit board appears to be at fault, replace that board with another of the same type.

Circuit Board Faults Power Supply Flow


11

Ringing Generator FaultIf the red “Loss of Ringing” indicator on the front of the Ringing Generator board goes on, then the single fuse on the Ringing Generator board should be checked and replaced if necessary.

This indicator may also be lit as a secondary symptom of a power fault (check the status of the 5 V and 12 V indicators on the Ringing Generator board to eliminate the possibility of a power problem).

In addition, this indicator may be lit as an indication of a component (or ringing transformer) failure which resulted in loss of ringing to the backplane.


Ringing Generator FaultIf the red “Loss of Ringing” indicator on the front of the Ringing Generator board goes on, then the single fuse on the Ringing Generator board should be checked and replaced if necessary.

This indicator may also be lit as a secondary symptom of a power fault (check the status of the 5 V and 12 V indicators on the Ringing Generator board to eliminate the possibility of a power problem).

In addition, this indicator may be lit as an indication of a component (or ringing transformer) failure which resulted in loss of ringing to the backplane.


12

Single–Circuit Fault

If the fault is determined to be associated with a single circuit, do the following:

Remove the circuit board containing the suspect circuit. Replace that circuit board with another of the same type (the part numbers on the boards should be identical, ensure that any on board strapping matches that of the faulty board). Verify that the fault has been cleared up. If the fault condition persists, refer to Individual Shelf Faults and the REDCOM Users Instruction Manual.


Multi-Circuit Fault

If the error condition can be isolated to one of a number of circuits or circuit boards, do the following:

Remove the port/service circuits associated with the fault in a sequential fashion, from left to right.

Replace the boards after verifying the board is not the cause ofthe fault.

Repeat until the fault has been isolated to one board, or all boards have been removed and replaced with no effect on the error condition.


13

Remove common control boards one at a time, beginning with the TSI, then the Memory board, and finally the MPU board.

Replace each board with a spare and check to see if the error condition has been eliminated. If the fault persists, proceed to the next section.

Multi-Circuit Fault


Circuit Board Fault

Circuit board faults can be visible in several ways:

• A sudden loss of service confined to only one board.

• The appearance of system Maintenance Messages.

• One or more of the Power Monitor board indicators will be off.


14

To find the faulty board:

• Remove each board one at a time while visually.

• Monitor the green LED indicators.

• If the indicators come back on because a board was removed, this is the faulty board.

Circuit Board Fault


Individual Shelf Fault

If the fault condition cannot be isolated to a circuit or circuit board, then the individual shelf may be suspect. The following procedures should be used:

Check inter-shelf ribbon cabling connections and configuration.

Replace the shelf Controller board, and determine if the fault condition has been eliminated.

Replace the TSI board, and determine if the fault condition has been eliminated.


15

· table of contents chapter 1 introduction to basic telephony chapter 2 introduction to redcom...

Documents