tactical combat casualty care ewsc 1 · 2020, v1.0 9 eastridge study: 4,596u.s. deaths 87%...

32
1 Emergency War Surgery Course Joint Trauma System Introduction to Tactical Combat Casualty Care (TCCC) Joint Trauma System Battlefield Trauma Educational Program

Upload: others

Post on 28-Jun-2020

8 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Tactical Combat Casualty Care EWSC 1 · 2020, v1.0 9 Eastridge study: 4,596U.S. deaths 87% pre‐hospital deaths 24% of pre‐hospital deaths were potentially survivable EWS Tactical

1

Emergency War Surgery CourseJoint Trauma System

Introduction to Tactical Combat 

Casualty Care (TCCC)

Joint Trauma System Battlefield Trauma Educational Program

Page 2: Tactical Combat Casualty Care EWSC 1 · 2020, v1.0 9 Eastridge study: 4,596U.S. deaths 87% pre‐hospital deaths 24% of pre‐hospital deaths were potentially survivable EWS Tactical

22020, v1.0

EWS Tactical Combat Casualty CareIntroduction

Video on Deployed Medicine Link  Video on YouTube Link 

Page 3: Tactical Combat Casualty Care EWSC 1 · 2020, v1.0 9 Eastridge study: 4,596U.S. deaths 87% pre‐hospital deaths 24% of pre‐hospital deaths were potentially survivable EWS Tactical

32020, v1.0

EWS Tactical Combat Casualty CareStandardized Training

DoDI 1322.24 Congressional Mandate for 

Standardized Training

Standardizes Combat Casualty Care for all Service members.

Covers the use of a standardized trauma training platforms.

Page 4: Tactical Combat Casualty Care EWSC 1 · 2020, v1.0 9 Eastridge study: 4,596U.S. deaths 87% pre‐hospital deaths 24% of pre‐hospital deaths were potentially survivable EWS Tactical

42020, v1.0

EWS Tactical Combat Casualty CareStandardized Training Tiers

S TANDARD I Z ED   LONG I TUD INA L   CURR I CU LUM

ROLE 1 CARE

NON-MEDICAL PERSONNEL MEDICAL PERSONNEL

Page 5: Tactical Combat Casualty Care EWSC 1 · 2020, v1.0 9 Eastridge study: 4,596U.S. deaths 87% pre‐hospital deaths 24% of pre‐hospital deaths were potentially survivable EWS Tactical

52020, v1.0

EWS Tactical Combat Casualty CareTCCC – All Service Members

BASIC LIFE-SAVING SKILLS FOR NON-MEDICAL PERSONNEL

APPLICABLE TO COMBAT, DEPLOYED, OR HOME STATION SETTINGS

Page 6: Tactical Combat Casualty Care EWSC 1 · 2020, v1.0 9 Eastridge study: 4,596U.S. deaths 87% pre‐hospital deaths 24% of pre‐hospital deaths were potentially survivable EWS Tactical

62020, v1.0

EWS Tactical Combat Casualty CareTCCC – Combat Lifesaver

IMMEDIATE LIFE-SAVING MEASURES FOR COMBAT INJURIES BY NON-MEDICAL PERSONNEL

FOCUSED ON CASUALTY CARE IN A TACTICAL SETTING

ASSIST MEDICAL PERSONNEL IN TREATMENT & EVACUATION

Page 7: Tactical Combat Casualty Care EWSC 1 · 2020, v1.0 9 Eastridge study: 4,596U.S. deaths 87% pre‐hospital deaths 24% of pre‐hospital deaths were potentially survivable EWS Tactical

72020, v1.0 7

EWS Tactical Combat Casualty CareTCCC – Medic / Corpsman

ADVANCED LIFE-SAVING SKILLS FOR COMBAT INJURIES & TRAUMA MANAGEMENT

APPLICATION OF HEMORRHAGE CONTROL, AIRWAY MANAGEMENT, FLUID RESUSCITATION AND MEDICATIONS

BASIC MANAGEMENT OF DISEASE & NON-BATTLE INJURIES

Page 8: Tactical Combat Casualty Care EWSC 1 · 2020, v1.0 9 Eastridge study: 4,596U.S. deaths 87% pre‐hospital deaths 24% of pre‐hospital deaths were potentially survivable EWS Tactical

82020, v1.0

EWS Tactical Combat Casualty CareTCCC – Combat Paramedic/Provider

EXPERT & INDEPENDENT LIFE-SAVING & MEDICAL SKILLS

DIRECTION AND SUPERVISION OF TCCC IN ORGANIZATIONS

CONDUCT& OVERSIGHT OF TCCC TRAINING

Page 9: Tactical Combat Casualty Care EWSC 1 · 2020, v1.0 9 Eastridge study: 4,596U.S. deaths 87% pre‐hospital deaths 24% of pre‐hospital deaths were potentially survivable EWS Tactical

92020, v1.0

Eastridge study:■ 4,596 U.S. deaths■ 87% pre‐hospital deaths■ 24% of pre‐hospital deaths were potentially survivable

EWS Tactical Combat Casualty CarePreventable Death

Preventable Death on the BattlefieldOperation Enduring Freedom (OEF) & Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF)

Almost 90% of all combat deaths occur before the casualty reaches a Medical Treatment Facility (MTF).  The fate of the injured often lies in the hands of the one who provides the first care to the casualty (most likely non‐medical).

Holcomb, et al, 2005: U.S. SOF Preventable Deaths = 15% Kelly, et al, 2008: U.S. Military Preventable Deaths = 24% Eastridge, et al, 2011 & 2012: U.S. Military Preventable Deaths = 27.6%

Page 10: Tactical Combat Casualty Care EWSC 1 · 2020, v1.0 9 Eastridge study: 4,596U.S. deaths 87% pre‐hospital deaths 24% of pre‐hospital deaths were potentially survivable EWS Tactical

102020, v1.0

Hostile fire Darkness Environmental extremes Different wounding epidemiology Limited equipment Multiple casualties Need for tactical maneuver Long delays to hospital care Different provider training and experience TCCC’s phased care helps warfighters work through these challenges

EWS Tactical Combat Casualty CareMilitary vs Civilian

Prehospital Trauma Care: (Military vs Civilian) 

Page 11: Tactical Combat Casualty Care EWSC 1 · 2020, v1.0 9 Eastridge study: 4,596U.S. deaths 87% pre‐hospital deaths 24% of pre‐hospital deaths were potentially survivable EWS Tactical

112020, v1.0

∎ Phased care in TCCC (CUF, TFC, TACEVAC)∎ Aggressive use of tourniquets in CUF∎ Combat Gauze as hemostatic agent∎ Aggressive needle thoracostomy∎ Sit up and lean forward airway positioning∎ Extraglottic airways – i‐gel∎ Surgical airways for maxillofacial trauma∎ Hypotensive resuscitation with whole blood∎ IVs only when needed/IO access if required∎ PO meds, OTFC, Ketamine as “Triple Option” 

for battlefield analgesia∎ Hypothermia prevention; avoid NSAIDs∎ Battlefield antibiotics∎ Tranexamic acid – given ASAP when indicated∎ Junctional Tourniquets/XStat

EWS Tactical Combat Casualty CareTC3 vs Civilian EMS protocols

Page 12: Tactical Combat Casualty Care EWSC 1 · 2020, v1.0 9 Eastridge study: 4,596U.S. deaths 87% pre‐hospital deaths 24% of pre‐hospital deaths were potentially survivable EWS Tactical

122020, v1.0

Committee on Tactical Combat

Casualty Care (CoTCCC): 

Publisher of the Definitive 

Standard Guidelines for TCCC 

EWS Tactical Combat Casualty CareCoTCCC Guidelines

Page 13: Tactical Combat Casualty Care EWSC 1 · 2020, v1.0 9 Eastridge study: 4,596U.S. deaths 87% pre‐hospital deaths 24% of pre‐hospital deaths were potentially survivable EWS Tactical

132020, v1.0

EWS Tactical Combat Casualty Care3 GOALS OF TCCC

Treat the Casualty

Prevent additional Casualties

Complete the Mission

Page 14: Tactical Combat Casualty Care EWSC 1 · 2020, v1.0 9 Eastridge study: 4,596U.S. deaths 87% pre‐hospital deaths 24% of pre‐hospital deaths were potentially survivable EWS Tactical

142020, v1.0

EWS Tactical Combat Casualty CarePhases of Care

Care under Fire

• Fire Superiority (Continue)

• Protect self & casualty• Identify &assault control life‐threatening bleeding

• Move casualty to cover

Tactical Evacuation Care

• Prepare for evacuation• Evacuate• Stabilize• Reassess• Treat preventable causes of death

Tactical Field Care

• MARCH‐PAWS assessment• Treat preventable causes of death

• Stabilize• Maintain tactical situationalawareness

Page 15: Tactical Combat Casualty Care EWSC 1 · 2020, v1.0 9 Eastridge study: 4,596U.S. deaths 87% pre‐hospital deaths 24% of pre‐hospital deaths were potentially survivable EWS Tactical

152020, v1.0

EWS Tactical Combat Casualty CareCare Under Fire

RETURN FIRE AND TAKE COVER

APPLY SELF AID AND MOVE TO COVER (if able)

GAIN FIRE SUPERIORITY

DIRECT CASUALTY TO REMAIN ENGAGED

For life-threatening bleeding, place a tourniquet "high and tight"above the wound

APPLY TOURNIQUET TO CONTROL LIFE-THREATENING BLEEDING

CASUALTY MOVEMENT

Page 16: Tactical Combat Casualty Care EWSC 1 · 2020, v1.0 9 Eastridge study: 4,596U.S. deaths 87% pre‐hospital deaths 24% of pre‐hospital deaths were potentially survivable EWS Tactical

162020, v1.0

∎ Tactical Field Care is rendered by the casualty, first responder, or medical personnel once casualty is removed from threat.

∎ Prehospital provider reassess interventions then recommences combat casualty care.

∎ Tactical Field Care may transition back to Care Under Fire if threat returns.

EWS Tactical Combat Casualty CareTactical Field Care

Page 17: Tactical Combat Casualty Care EWSC 1 · 2020, v1.0 9 Eastridge study: 4,596U.S. deaths 87% pre‐hospital deaths 24% of pre‐hospital deaths were potentially survivable EWS Tactical

172020, v1.0

EWS Tactical Combat Casualty CareMARCH PAWS Algorithm

A Airway

R Respiration (Breathing)

C Circulation

H Hypothermia/Head Injuries

M Massive Bleeding 

A Antibiotics

W

S Splinting

P Pain

Life‐threatening After Life‐threatening

#1 Priority

Wounds

Page 18: Tactical Combat Casualty Care EWSC 1 · 2020, v1.0 9 Eastridge study: 4,596U.S. deaths 87% pre‐hospital deaths 24% of pre‐hospital deaths were potentially survivable EWS Tactical

182020, v1.0

Aggressive use of tourniquets, hemostatic dressings and junctional devices to rapidly control massive hemorrhage.

EWS Tactical Combat Casualty Care

Massive BleedingM

Page 19: Tactical Combat Casualty Care EWSC 1 · 2020, v1.0 9 Eastridge study: 4,596U.S. deaths 87% pre‐hospital deaths 24% of pre‐hospital deaths were potentially survivable EWS Tactical

192020, v1.0

A

∎ Allow a conscious casualty to assume any position that best protects the airway – include sitting up.

∎ Place casualty in the recovery position.∎ Chin lift or jaw thrust maneuver or∎ Nasopharyngeal airway or

∎ Extraglottic airway∎ If the previous measures are 

unsuccessful, perform a surgical cricothyroidotomy. 

EWS Tactical Combat Casualty Care

Massive Bleeding

Page 20: Tactical Combat Casualty Care EWSC 1 · 2020, v1.0 9 Eastridge study: 4,596U.S. deaths 87% pre‐hospital deaths 24% of pre‐hospital deaths were potentially survivable EWS Tactical

202020, v1.0

∎ Needle Decompression to treat tension pneumothorax Lateral Site: The 5th intercostal space (ICS) 

in the anterior axillary line (AAL) Anterior Site: The 2nd ICS in the mid‐clavicular 

line (MCL) Recommended needle size is either a 14‐ or a 

10 ‐gauge, 3.25‐inch needle/catheter unit.

∎ All open and/or sucking chest wounds should be treated by immediately applying a vented chest seal.

EWS Tactical Combat Casualty Care

Respiration (Breathing)R

Page 21: Tactical Combat Casualty Care EWSC 1 · 2020, v1.0 9 Eastridge study: 4,596U.S. deaths 87% pre‐hospital deaths 24% of pre‐hospital deaths were potentially survivable EWS Tactical

212020, v1.0

∎ A pelvic binder should be applied for cases of suspected pelvic fracture.

∎ Consider tourniquet repositioning or conversion to hemostatic/pressure dressing.

∎ IV/IO Access for casualties requiring fluid resuscitation

∎ Administer Tranexamic Acid (TXA) if a casualty is anticipated to need significant blood transfusion.

∎ Assess for hemorrhagic shock (altered mental status in the absence of brain injury and/or weak or absent radial pulse)

EWS Tactical Combat Casualty Care

CirculationC

Page 22: Tactical Combat Casualty Care EWSC 1 · 2020, v1.0 9 Eastridge study: 4,596U.S. deaths 87% pre‐hospital deaths 24% of pre‐hospital deaths were potentially survivable EWS Tactical

222020, v1.0

∎ Order of precedence for fluid resuscitation of casualties in hemorrhagic shock: Whole blood: Best Option: Type O, Low‐Titer Whole Blood  1:1:1 plasma:RBCs:platelets 1:1 plasma:RBCs Either plasma (liquid, thawed, 

or dried) or RBCs alone Hextend Either Lactated Ringer’s 

or Plasma‐Lyte A

EWS Tactical Combat Casualty Care

CirculationC

Page 23: Tactical Combat Casualty Care EWSC 1 · 2020, v1.0 9 Eastridge study: 4,596U.S. deaths 87% pre‐hospital deaths 24% of pre‐hospital deaths were potentially survivable EWS Tactical

232020, v1.0

∎ Early & aggressive prevention of trauma induced hypothermia using CoTCCC‐recommended hypothermia prevention and enclosure systems.

∎ Field‐ready fluid warming systems

∎ Head injury/traumatic brain injury assessment Hypertonic saline Head elevation Hyperventilation Oxygen if available  

EWS Tactical Combat Casualty Care

Hypothermia/Head InjuriesH

Page 24: Tactical Combat Casualty Care EWSC 1 · 2020, v1.0 9 Eastridge study: 4,596U.S. deaths 87% pre‐hospital deaths 24% of pre‐hospital deaths were potentially survivable EWS Tactical

242020, v1.0

∎ Triple‐option analgesia in TCCC Mild/Moderate: Tylenol/Meloxicam Moderate/Severe: OTFC 800ug Moderate/Severe in Shock/Resp Distress: 

Ketamine 50mg IM/IN or 20mg IV/IO

∎ Antibiotics are recommended for ALL open wounds on the battlefield Oral: Mofiloxacin 400 qd IV/IM: Ertapenem 1gm qd

EWS Tactical Combat Casualty CarePain & AntibioticsAP

Page 25: Tactical Combat Casualty Care EWSC 1 · 2020, v1.0 9 Eastridge study: 4,596U.S. deaths 87% pre‐hospital deaths 24% of pre‐hospital deaths were potentially survivable EWS Tactical

252020, v1.0

∎ Penetrating Eye Trauma Eye Shields (NO Pressure Patches)

∎ Burns Hemorrhage & hemorrhagic shock takes 

precedence over burn management All TCCC interventions can be done through 

burns if necessary Burn fluid resuscitation using USAISR Rule of Ten

∎ Splint Fractures

EWS Tactical Combat Casualty CareWounds & SplintingW S

Page 26: Tactical Combat Casualty Care EWSC 1 · 2020, v1.0 9 Eastridge study: 4,596U.S. deaths 87% pre‐hospital deaths 24% of pre‐hospital deaths were potentially survivable EWS Tactical

262020, v1.0

EWS Tactical Combat Casualty CareTactical Evacuation Care

Evac Request

Use 9‐Line Format

M Mechanism of injury

I InjuriesS Symptoms

T Treatment

Casualty Prep

Prep LitterComplete MIST reportSecure Items

Pack Casualty

Prep Evac Equipment

Complete DD‐1380(Field Medical Card)

Page 27: Tactical Combat Casualty Care EWSC 1 · 2020, v1.0 9 Eastridge study: 4,596U.S. deaths 87% pre‐hospital deaths 24% of pre‐hospital deaths were potentially survivable EWS Tactical

272020, v1.0

∎ Factor in evacuation requirements (HLZ, time of flights, etc…).

∎ Time for evacuation to a BAS, role 2, or role 3 may vary considerably.

∎ Reassess en route and treat as necessary .

∎ Additional prehospital providers and equipment may be pre‐staged and available during this phase of care.

∎ May require transition of care (casualty handoff).

∎ TC3 ends when the casualty reaches a surgical asset.

EWS Tactical Combat Casualty CareTactical Evacuation Care

Page 28: Tactical Combat Casualty Care EWSC 1 · 2020, v1.0 9 Eastridge study: 4,596U.S. deaths 87% pre‐hospital deaths 24% of pre‐hospital deaths were potentially survivable EWS Tactical

282020, v1.0

EWS Tactical Combat Casualty CareTCCC Casualty AAR Submission

Submit DD 1380 or TCCC AAR after the mission at  http://jts.amedd.army.mil/

or email JTS‐prehospital usarmy.jbsa.medcom‐aisr.list.jts‐[email protected]‐trauma‐system‐[email protected]

*All patients, every mission. For patients admitted to an MTF, use the hospital name for the AAR. 

Page 29: Tactical Combat Casualty Care EWSC 1 · 2020, v1.0 9 Eastridge study: 4,596U.S. deaths 87% pre‐hospital deaths 24% of pre‐hospital deaths were potentially survivable EWS Tactical

292020, v1.0

TCCC Guidelines are available at Deployed Medicinehttps://www.deployedmedicine.com/market/11/content/40

EWS Tactical Combat Casualty CareTCCC Guidelines

Page 30: Tactical Combat Casualty Care EWSC 1 · 2020, v1.0 9 Eastridge study: 4,596U.S. deaths 87% pre‐hospital deaths 24% of pre‐hospital deaths were potentially survivable EWS Tactical

302020, v1.0

EWS Tactical Combat Casualty CareGuidelines (Mobile App)

Google:  https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.allogy.deployedmedicine

Apple:  https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/deployed‐medicine/id1203051672?mt=8

Page 31: Tactical Combat Casualty Care EWSC 1 · 2020, v1.0 9 Eastridge study: 4,596U.S. deaths 87% pre‐hospital deaths 24% of pre‐hospital deaths were potentially survivable EWS Tactical

312020, v1.0

EWS Tactical Combat Casualty CarePodcasts

Tactical Combat Casualty Care Podcasts: https://www.deployedmedicine.com/market/11/category/4

Subscribe on Android at:http://subscribeonandroid.com/tccc.blubrry.net/feed/podcast/

RSS Feed for the Combat Casualty Care Podcast: http://tccc.blubrry.net/feed/podcast

Combat Casualty Care Podcasts: https://www.deployedmedicine.com/market/29

Subscribe on iTunes: Search for “Combat Casualty Care”

Available on Deployed Medicine 

Page 32: Tactical Combat Casualty Care EWSC 1 · 2020, v1.0 9 Eastridge study: 4,596U.S. deaths 87% pre‐hospital deaths 24% of pre‐hospital deaths were potentially survivable EWS Tactical

322020, v1.0

∎ Prehospital trauma care in tactical settings is very different from civilian settings.

∎ Tactical and environmental factors have a profound impact on trauma care rendered on the battlefield. 

∎ Good medicine can be bad tactics.

∎ Up to 24% of combat deaths today are potentially preventable.

∎ Good first responder care is critical.

EWS Tactical Combat Casualty CareSummary of Key Points