tactical combat casualty care ewsc 1 · 2020, v1.0 9 eastridge study: 4,596u.s. deaths 87%...
TRANSCRIPT
1
Emergency War Surgery CourseJoint Trauma System
Introduction to Tactical Combat
Casualty Care (TCCC)
Joint Trauma System Battlefield Trauma Educational Program
22020, v1.0
EWS Tactical Combat Casualty CareIntroduction
Video on Deployed Medicine Link Video on YouTube Link
32020, v1.0
EWS Tactical Combat Casualty CareStandardized Training
DoDI 1322.24 Congressional Mandate for
Standardized Training
Standardizes Combat Casualty Care for all Service members.
Covers the use of a standardized trauma training platforms.
42020, v1.0
EWS Tactical Combat Casualty CareStandardized Training Tiers
S TANDARD I Z ED LONG I TUD INA L CURR I CU LUM
ROLE 1 CARE
NON-MEDICAL PERSONNEL MEDICAL PERSONNEL
52020, v1.0
EWS Tactical Combat Casualty CareTCCC – All Service Members
BASIC LIFE-SAVING SKILLS FOR NON-MEDICAL PERSONNEL
APPLICABLE TO COMBAT, DEPLOYED, OR HOME STATION SETTINGS
62020, v1.0
EWS Tactical Combat Casualty CareTCCC – Combat Lifesaver
IMMEDIATE LIFE-SAVING MEASURES FOR COMBAT INJURIES BY NON-MEDICAL PERSONNEL
FOCUSED ON CASUALTY CARE IN A TACTICAL SETTING
ASSIST MEDICAL PERSONNEL IN TREATMENT & EVACUATION
72020, v1.0 7
EWS Tactical Combat Casualty CareTCCC – Medic / Corpsman
ADVANCED LIFE-SAVING SKILLS FOR COMBAT INJURIES & TRAUMA MANAGEMENT
APPLICATION OF HEMORRHAGE CONTROL, AIRWAY MANAGEMENT, FLUID RESUSCITATION AND MEDICATIONS
BASIC MANAGEMENT OF DISEASE & NON-BATTLE INJURIES
82020, v1.0
EWS Tactical Combat Casualty CareTCCC – Combat Paramedic/Provider
EXPERT & INDEPENDENT LIFE-SAVING & MEDICAL SKILLS
DIRECTION AND SUPERVISION OF TCCC IN ORGANIZATIONS
CONDUCT& OVERSIGHT OF TCCC TRAINING
92020, v1.0
Eastridge study:■ 4,596 U.S. deaths■ 87% pre‐hospital deaths■ 24% of pre‐hospital deaths were potentially survivable
EWS Tactical Combat Casualty CarePreventable Death
Preventable Death on the BattlefieldOperation Enduring Freedom (OEF) & Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF)
Almost 90% of all combat deaths occur before the casualty reaches a Medical Treatment Facility (MTF). The fate of the injured often lies in the hands of the one who provides the first care to the casualty (most likely non‐medical).
Holcomb, et al, 2005: U.S. SOF Preventable Deaths = 15% Kelly, et al, 2008: U.S. Military Preventable Deaths = 24% Eastridge, et al, 2011 & 2012: U.S. Military Preventable Deaths = 27.6%
102020, v1.0
Hostile fire Darkness Environmental extremes Different wounding epidemiology Limited equipment Multiple casualties Need for tactical maneuver Long delays to hospital care Different provider training and experience TCCC’s phased care helps warfighters work through these challenges
EWS Tactical Combat Casualty CareMilitary vs Civilian
Prehospital Trauma Care: (Military vs Civilian)
112020, v1.0
∎ Phased care in TCCC (CUF, TFC, TACEVAC)∎ Aggressive use of tourniquets in CUF∎ Combat Gauze as hemostatic agent∎ Aggressive needle thoracostomy∎ Sit up and lean forward airway positioning∎ Extraglottic airways – i‐gel∎ Surgical airways for maxillofacial trauma∎ Hypotensive resuscitation with whole blood∎ IVs only when needed/IO access if required∎ PO meds, OTFC, Ketamine as “Triple Option”
for battlefield analgesia∎ Hypothermia prevention; avoid NSAIDs∎ Battlefield antibiotics∎ Tranexamic acid – given ASAP when indicated∎ Junctional Tourniquets/XStat
EWS Tactical Combat Casualty CareTC3 vs Civilian EMS protocols
122020, v1.0
Committee on Tactical Combat
Casualty Care (CoTCCC):
Publisher of the Definitive
Standard Guidelines for TCCC
EWS Tactical Combat Casualty CareCoTCCC Guidelines
132020, v1.0
EWS Tactical Combat Casualty Care3 GOALS OF TCCC
Treat the Casualty
Prevent additional Casualties
Complete the Mission
142020, v1.0
EWS Tactical Combat Casualty CarePhases of Care
Care under Fire
• Fire Superiority (Continue)
• Protect self & casualty• Identify &assault control life‐threatening bleeding
• Move casualty to cover
Tactical Evacuation Care
• Prepare for evacuation• Evacuate• Stabilize• Reassess• Treat preventable causes of death
Tactical Field Care
• MARCH‐PAWS assessment• Treat preventable causes of death
• Stabilize• Maintain tactical situationalawareness
152020, v1.0
EWS Tactical Combat Casualty CareCare Under Fire
RETURN FIRE AND TAKE COVER
APPLY SELF AID AND MOVE TO COVER (if able)
GAIN FIRE SUPERIORITY
DIRECT CASUALTY TO REMAIN ENGAGED
For life-threatening bleeding, place a tourniquet "high and tight"above the wound
APPLY TOURNIQUET TO CONTROL LIFE-THREATENING BLEEDING
CASUALTY MOVEMENT
162020, v1.0
∎ Tactical Field Care is rendered by the casualty, first responder, or medical personnel once casualty is removed from threat.
∎ Prehospital provider reassess interventions then recommences combat casualty care.
∎ Tactical Field Care may transition back to Care Under Fire if threat returns.
EWS Tactical Combat Casualty CareTactical Field Care
172020, v1.0
EWS Tactical Combat Casualty CareMARCH PAWS Algorithm
A Airway
R Respiration (Breathing)
C Circulation
H Hypothermia/Head Injuries
M Massive Bleeding
A Antibiotics
W
S Splinting
P Pain
Life‐threatening After Life‐threatening
#1 Priority
Wounds
182020, v1.0
Aggressive use of tourniquets, hemostatic dressings and junctional devices to rapidly control massive hemorrhage.
EWS Tactical Combat Casualty Care
Massive BleedingM
192020, v1.0
A
∎ Allow a conscious casualty to assume any position that best protects the airway – include sitting up.
∎ Place casualty in the recovery position.∎ Chin lift or jaw thrust maneuver or∎ Nasopharyngeal airway or
∎ Extraglottic airway∎ If the previous measures are
unsuccessful, perform a surgical cricothyroidotomy.
EWS Tactical Combat Casualty Care
Massive Bleeding
202020, v1.0
∎ Needle Decompression to treat tension pneumothorax Lateral Site: The 5th intercostal space (ICS)
in the anterior axillary line (AAL) Anterior Site: The 2nd ICS in the mid‐clavicular
line (MCL) Recommended needle size is either a 14‐ or a
10 ‐gauge, 3.25‐inch needle/catheter unit.
∎ All open and/or sucking chest wounds should be treated by immediately applying a vented chest seal.
EWS Tactical Combat Casualty Care
Respiration (Breathing)R
212020, v1.0
∎ A pelvic binder should be applied for cases of suspected pelvic fracture.
∎ Consider tourniquet repositioning or conversion to hemostatic/pressure dressing.
∎ IV/IO Access for casualties requiring fluid resuscitation
∎ Administer Tranexamic Acid (TXA) if a casualty is anticipated to need significant blood transfusion.
∎ Assess for hemorrhagic shock (altered mental status in the absence of brain injury and/or weak or absent radial pulse)
EWS Tactical Combat Casualty Care
CirculationC
222020, v1.0
∎ Order of precedence for fluid resuscitation of casualties in hemorrhagic shock: Whole blood: Best Option: Type O, Low‐Titer Whole Blood 1:1:1 plasma:RBCs:platelets 1:1 plasma:RBCs Either plasma (liquid, thawed,
or dried) or RBCs alone Hextend Either Lactated Ringer’s
or Plasma‐Lyte A
EWS Tactical Combat Casualty Care
CirculationC
232020, v1.0
∎ Early & aggressive prevention of trauma induced hypothermia using CoTCCC‐recommended hypothermia prevention and enclosure systems.
∎ Field‐ready fluid warming systems
∎ Head injury/traumatic brain injury assessment Hypertonic saline Head elevation Hyperventilation Oxygen if available
EWS Tactical Combat Casualty Care
Hypothermia/Head InjuriesH
242020, v1.0
∎ Triple‐option analgesia in TCCC Mild/Moderate: Tylenol/Meloxicam Moderate/Severe: OTFC 800ug Moderate/Severe in Shock/Resp Distress:
Ketamine 50mg IM/IN or 20mg IV/IO
∎ Antibiotics are recommended for ALL open wounds on the battlefield Oral: Mofiloxacin 400 qd IV/IM: Ertapenem 1gm qd
EWS Tactical Combat Casualty CarePain & AntibioticsAP
252020, v1.0
∎ Penetrating Eye Trauma Eye Shields (NO Pressure Patches)
∎ Burns Hemorrhage & hemorrhagic shock takes
precedence over burn management All TCCC interventions can be done through
burns if necessary Burn fluid resuscitation using USAISR Rule of Ten
∎ Splint Fractures
EWS Tactical Combat Casualty CareWounds & SplintingW S
262020, v1.0
EWS Tactical Combat Casualty CareTactical Evacuation Care
Evac Request
Use 9‐Line Format
M Mechanism of injury
I InjuriesS Symptoms
T Treatment
Casualty Prep
Prep LitterComplete MIST reportSecure Items
Pack Casualty
Prep Evac Equipment
Complete DD‐1380(Field Medical Card)
272020, v1.0
∎ Factor in evacuation requirements (HLZ, time of flights, etc…).
∎ Time for evacuation to a BAS, role 2, or role 3 may vary considerably.
∎ Reassess en route and treat as necessary .
∎ Additional prehospital providers and equipment may be pre‐staged and available during this phase of care.
∎ May require transition of care (casualty handoff).
∎ TC3 ends when the casualty reaches a surgical asset.
EWS Tactical Combat Casualty CareTactical Evacuation Care
282020, v1.0
EWS Tactical Combat Casualty CareTCCC Casualty AAR Submission
Submit DD 1380 or TCCC AAR after the mission at http://jts.amedd.army.mil/
or email JTS‐prehospital usarmy.jbsa.medcom‐aisr.list.jts‐[email protected]‐trauma‐system‐[email protected]
*All patients, every mission. For patients admitted to an MTF, use the hospital name for the AAR.
292020, v1.0
TCCC Guidelines are available at Deployed Medicinehttps://www.deployedmedicine.com/market/11/content/40
EWS Tactical Combat Casualty CareTCCC Guidelines
302020, v1.0
EWS Tactical Combat Casualty CareGuidelines (Mobile App)
Google: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.allogy.deployedmedicine
Apple: https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/deployed‐medicine/id1203051672?mt=8
312020, v1.0
EWS Tactical Combat Casualty CarePodcasts
Tactical Combat Casualty Care Podcasts: https://www.deployedmedicine.com/market/11/category/4
Subscribe on Android at:http://subscribeonandroid.com/tccc.blubrry.net/feed/podcast/
RSS Feed for the Combat Casualty Care Podcast: http://tccc.blubrry.net/feed/podcast
Combat Casualty Care Podcasts: https://www.deployedmedicine.com/market/29
Subscribe on iTunes: Search for “Combat Casualty Care”
Available on Deployed Medicine
322020, v1.0
∎ Prehospital trauma care in tactical settings is very different from civilian settings.
∎ Tactical and environmental factors have a profound impact on trauma care rendered on the battlefield.
∎ Good medicine can be bad tactics.
∎ Up to 24% of combat deaths today are potentially preventable.
∎ Good first responder care is critical.
EWS Tactical Combat Casualty CareSummary of Key Points