tailieutonghop.com toeic 3

FOREWORD

This textbook is compiled to meet the needs of students taking a TOEIC course

which forms part of the curricula at Lac Hong University.

In selecting the materials for this textbook, the compilers set before themselves a

modest goal. They were guided by the desire to provide the students, within the

framework of the textbook, the possibility of getting acquainted with the format of the

new TOEIC test.

We are aware of the deficiencies that remain in the textbook in spite of the efforts

to make it an efficient aid in the study of this TOEIC course. Needless to say, the

compilers will be greatly indebted for all criticism and corrections sent to Lac Hong

TOEIC Center via the following e-mail address [email protected] .

mailto:[email protected]

2

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

TEACHING PLAN ........................................................................................................................ 3

END-OF-TERM TEST FORMAT AND COURSE RESULT ........................... 4

UNIT 1 ............................................................................................................................................. 5

UNIT 2 .......................................................................................................................................... 10

UNIT 3 .......................................................................................................................................... 15

UNIT 4 .......................................................................................................................................... 20

UNIT 5 .......................................................................................................................................... 25

UNIT 6 .......................................................................................................................................... 30

UNIT 7 .......................................................................................................................................... 35

UNIT 8 .......................................................................................................................................... 40

UNIT 9 .......................................................................................................................................... 45

UNIT 10 ....................................................................................................................................... 50

UNIT 11 ....................................................................................................................................... 54

UNIT 12 ....................................................................................................................................... 59

UNIT 13 ....................................................................................................................................... 63

UNIT 14 ....................................................................................................................................... 67

LANGUAGE FOCUS ............................................................................................................... 72

Comparisons ............................................................................................................................... 72

Nouns .............................................................................................................................................. 75

Pronouns ................................................................................................ 78

Verb Tenses ................................................................................................................................ 83

Modal Auxiliaries and Similar Expressions .......................................................... 94

Active and Passive .................................................................................................................. 99

Gerunds and Infinitives ...................................................................................................... 101

Conditional Sentences ....................................................................................................... 105

Questions and Answers ...................................................................................................... 108

REFERENCES .............................................................................................................................. 110

3

TEACHING PLAN

TOEIC PREPARATION COURSE

TERM 3 (15 weeks x 4 periods = 60 periods)

WEEK UNIT LISTENING

INCOMPLETE

SENTENCES

( VOCABULARY

& GRAMMAR)

INCOMPLETE

TEXTS

READING

COMPREHENSION

SPEAKING

PART E

1 UNIT 1 PART A PART B PART C PART D

TOPIC 1.1


TOPIC 1.2


TOPIC 1.3


TOPIC 1.4


TOPIC 1.5


TOPIC 1.6


TOPIC 1.7


Speaking

9 UNIT 9 PART A PART B PART C PART D Speaking




Speaking

13 UNIT 13 PART A PART B PART C

PART D

- Class attendance

(10%) and 30% marks

announced

- Submission of score-

sheets with students’

signatures to LH TOEIC

Center


15 REVIEW

4

END-OF-TERM TEST FORMAT

At the end of the term, the students will take a multiple choice test. This test lasts

70 minutes and consists of 7 parts as follows:

SECTION A: LISTENING: 40 Questions (5.0 marks) – Listen just one time

PART 1: Picture Description: 04 Questions

PART 2: Questions and Responses: 12 Questions

PART 3: Short Conversations: 12 Questions

PART 4: Short Talks: 12 Questions

SECTION B: GRAMMAR AND READING COMPREHENSION: 40 Questions (5.0 marks)

PART 5: Grammar and Vocabulary: 20 Questions

PART 6: Incomplete Texts: 09 Questions

PART 7: Reading Comprehension: 11 Questions

TOTAL NUMBER OF QUESTIONS: 80 (0.125 MARK/CORRECT ANSWER)

5

UNIT 1

PART A: LISTENING

Part 1: Picture Description

Listen and choose the statement that best describes the picture.

1. (A) (B) (C) (D) 4. (A) (B) (C) (D)

2. (A) (B) (C) (D) 5. (A) (B) (C) (D)

3. (A) (B) (C) (D)

Part 2: Questions and Responses

Listen to the questions and choose the correct answer.

1. (A) (B) (C) 4. (A) (B) (C)

2. (A) (B) (C) 5. (A) (B) (C)

3. (A) (B) (C)

6

PART B: VOCABULARY AND GRAMMAR (Prepositions and Conjunctions)

Choose the correct word or phrase to complete each sentence.

1. The mail carrier left the mail ……………. the secretary‟s desk.

A. in B. at C. on D. above

2. The software company offers training …………… Atlanta.

A. on B. at C. in D. by

3. The doctor will not give the patient the test result …………… tomorrow.

A on B. last C. in D. until

4. The clerk stands ……………… the counter all day.

A. on B. in C. behind D. below

5. We do almost all our responding ……………………. e-mail.

A. in B. by C. on D. with

6. Seminars will be offered ……… no additional cost to the workshop participants.

A. at B. by C. over D. from

7. …………. the management of the TC, Inc., I would like to express my appreciation

to the staff.

A. Due to B. In spite of C. Inasmuch as D. On behalf of

8. Please hand in that report ……….. Friday afternoon.

A. by B. in C. at D. over

9. The downtown shopping mall will be closed …………… further notice due to the

renovation project.

A. next to B. in case C. until D. except

10. ……………… they were tired, they worked overtime.

A. Because B. Since C. In spite D. Although

11. Neither Ms. Chen …........... Mr. Martinez was able to attend the seminar.

A. nor B. neither C. and D. or

12. ……………… Mr. Park worked for us, he had received training abroad.

A. Before B. While C. After D. When

13. Please answer the phone ……………….. it rings.

A. when B. because C. before D. while

14. The soccer game won‟t be postponed ……………….. it looks like rain.

A. because B. even though C. but D. since

15. ………………..profits have improved, we‟re all getting bonuses.

A. Since B. Although C. Before D. During

16. Ms. Adams refused the promotion …………… the large rise.

A. because of B. despite C. in spite D. despite of

17. The hotel will accept no guests …………… it‟s being renovated.

A. although B. while C. because of D. after

18. …………….a news article in the Netwark Times, the domestic economy will pick up

in the coming quarter.

A. Despite B. According to C. Even though D. Pursuant

19. ……… the adverse weather conditions, the outdoor concert will begin on time.

A. Prior to B. Although C. Because D. In spite of

20. …………… the construction work on Benson Highway has finished, there will be

much less traffic congestion.

A. Now that B. Regarding C. Usually D. Due to

7

PART C: INCOMPLETE TEXTS

Choose the best word or phrase for each blank.

Questions 1 through 3 refer to the following passage.

March Is Food Awareness Month

(1) ------- research studies have shown that it is better for your health to eat less meat.

(A) Count

(B) Countless

(C) Countable

(D) Undercounted

The evidence is overwhelming. It is clear that vegetarians are healthier people than meat

eaters. Doctors today suggest aiming for a (2) ------- meal.

(A) large

(B) more colorful

(C) strictly vegetarian

(D) balanced

Parents have the added responsibility of making sure that their children eat healthy foods.

In the past, dietitians recommended a balance of the major food groups. Today, we know

that meat does not provide the same (3) ------- as green, red, and yellow fruits and

(A) nourished

(B) nourishment

(C) nutritious

(D) nutritional

vegetables. However, some meat or other form of protein is still required.


Springfield News-Wednesday Edition FINANCIAL NEWS

Workers at the Springfield Furniture Factory went on strike yesterday. All (4) ------- at

(A) produce

(B) producer

(C) production

(D) productive

the factory has stopped. Employees promise that they will not return to work until they

(5) ------- a new contract with the factory owners.

(A) negotiate (B) negotiator (C) negotiable (D) negotiation

The Springfield economy has been strong since last February when three new factories

opened. Unemployment is at an all-time low. Due to an increase in job (6) -------,

(A) training

(B) requirements

(C) availability

(D) loss

workers can now demand higher pay.

8

PART D: READING COMPREHENSION

Choose the best answer.

Questions 1 through 3 refer to the following notice.

Notice to All Employees

As we enter the cold and flu season, the management wants to remind all employees to

wash their hands after using the restroom and before returning to work. This is especially

important for cooks, waiters and waitresses. As most of you are aware, germs, viruses,

and bacteria are passed on mainly through hand contact. Here at The Happy Sandwich

restaurant, hygiene and cleanliness are our number one priority. This policy will be

strictly enforced. Thank you for your attention in this matter.

The Management

1. What is the name of the restaurant?

(A) The Management (B) The Happy Sandwich

(C) The Winter Season (D) The Strict Policy

2. Which season is approaching?

(A) Spring (B) Fall (C) Winter (D) Summer

3. What is the restaurant's main priority?

(A) Serving delicious food (B) Having the lowest prices in town

(C) Having the most polite staff (D) Hygiene and cleanliness

Questions 4 through 5 refer to the following chart.

4. Which of the following is a benefit for part-time employees?

(A) They get paid when they are on vacation.

(B) They get money to pay for education.

(C) They get insurance for dental care.

(D) They get paid on holidays.

5. Which of the following is NOT a benefit for full-time employees?

(A) Medical Insurance (B) Sick Pay

(C) Life Insurance (D) Retirement Plan

BENEFITS SUMMARY CHART

Benefit Full-time

Employees

Part-time

Employees

Medical Insurance x x

Dental Insurance x

Retirement Plan x x

Paid Holidays x

Paid Vacation x x

Sick Pay x

Educational Assistance x

9

PART E: SPEAKING

TOPIC 3.1: COMPUTERS

Suggested questions:

1. Are you good at using a computer? What do you often do with your computer?

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

2. When did you first start using a computer?

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

3. Who taught you to use a computer?

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

4. Did you learn to use a computer in high school? Why or why not?

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

5. Do you have a web page? When did you start it? How much time did it take to make?

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

6. Do you want to have a more powerful computer? If yes, what kind of computer do you

want? Why?

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

7. Do you use e-mail? What language do you use to write e-mail? Why?

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

8. What is your e-mail address? How many e-mail addresses do you have?

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

9. How do you study English with your computer?

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

10. Do you use chat-rooms? If so, what chat-rooms do you use and who do you talk to?

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

10

UNIT 2

PART A: LISTENING

Part 3: Short Conversations

Listen and choose the correct answer to each question.

1. Where is the man going?

(A) Home (B) New York

(C) To the bus terminal (D) To the ferry

2. What is the man doing?

(A) Taking a bus from New Jersey (B) Taking a bus from New York

(C) Taking a train to New York (D) Taking a bus to New Jersey

3. How much time does the man have?

(A) One hour (B) Until tomorrow

(C) Ten minutes (D) Twenty minutes

4. Who is Peter?

(A) Sara‟s brother (B) Sara‟s friend

(C) Sara‟s neighbor (D) Sara‟s uncle

5. Which of the following sentences is NOT true?

(A) Peter is married. (B) Peter lives next to Sara

(C) Peter has no children. (D) Peter is a father.

6. How many people live in Peter‟s house?

(A) One (B) Two (C) Three (D) Four

Part 4: Short Talks

Listen and choose the best answer to each question.

1. What kinds of classes are being offered?

(A) English classes (B) Many different classes

(C) Korean classes (D) Cooking classes

2. What does the man say about Hondo classes?

(A) They are exciting. (B) They are easy.

(C) They are fun. (D) They are challenging.

3. On which day do the classes start earlier?

(A) Monday (B) Sunday (C) Saturday (D) Tuesday

4. How long has the speaker been working at the zoo?

(A) About ten years (B) About fifteen years

(C) Less than twenty years (D) More than twenty years

5. What does the speaker like to do during her lunch break?

(A) Walk around the zoo (B) Run around the zoo

(C) Walk around the park (D) Feed the hippos

6. What is the speaker favorite animal?

(A) The hippo (B) The penguin

(C) The monkey (D) The elephant

11

PART B: VOCABULARY AND GRAMMAR (Word Families)


1. Most …………….have agreed on the new overtime policy.

A. directors B. directions C. direct D. directly

2. ……………, Christopher received full compensation for the tuition for his graduate

program.

A. Luck B. Lucky C. Luckily D. Unluckily

3. I am glad that all the sales staff worked …………… during the holiday season.

A. cooperate B. cooperative C. cooperation D. cooperatively

4. Nicole became ………………after completing several projects.

A. success B. succeed C. successful D. successfully

5. Faster Shipping offers exceptional ……………………. in customer satisfaction.

A. performer B. performing C. performed D. performance

6. The bank will celebrate the ……………of the senior accountant at the upcoming

monthly meeting.

A. retire B. retirement C. retiring D. retired

7. We introduced an innovative compensation plan to increase staff ………… .

A. produce B. product C. productive D. productivity

8. It took the division almost a week to receive a……… from the manufacturer.

A. response B. respond C. responsive D. responsively

9 The teleconference is scheduled to start …………… at 10 a.m. next Tuesday.

A. precisely B. preciseness C. precision D. precise

10. Replacing the old building with a new one was a ……………… impossible task.

A. near B. nearly C. nearby D. nearness

11. We need to …........... the language in this report.

A. simplify B. simply C. simple D. simplistic

12. In my opinion, her leaving early is a very ……………… thing to do.

A. child B. children C. childish D. childishly

13. We could call the TV stations and ………………..the opening of our new stores.

A. publicity B. publicize C. public D. publisher

14. I like to work because I have the ……………….. to make my own decisions.

A. free B. freedom C. freely D. freeing

15. Our company believe it is the best ……………….. to handle the account.

A. organizing B. organizational C. organization D. organize

16. Other meetings are not as …………… as this one.

A. interested B. interest C. interesting D. interestingly

17. A doctor‟s …………… manner makes patients feel comfortable.

A. friendship B. friend C friendly D. friendliness

18. It was very…………… of the boss to buy us those nice gifts.

A thoughtless B. thought C. thoughtful D. thoughtfully

19. One of your duties will be some …………….typing.

A. light B. lighten C. lightened D. lightness

20. She would like a ……………….raise, not just a few dollars.

A. really B. real C. realist D. reality

12




To: [email protected]

From: [email protected]

Re: Shopping

Sam,

I (1) ------- extra money this month because I worked overtime. I'm going to the bank

(A) added

(B) gained

(C) earned

(D) won

today to cash my check. Then I'm (2) -------. Would you like to come?

(A) getting my haircut

(B) going shopping

(C) going back to work

(D) looking for a new job

I know that you hate going to the mall when you don't have any money. I'd be happy to

(3) ------- you some money.

(A) lend (B) borrow (C) lease (D) rent

You could pay me back as soon as you get paid. Call me and tell me what you think. I

need some new clothes, and you know I hate shopping alone!

Sarah


SHOP FOR A GOOD CAUSE

WEEKEND SALE

Don't miss the big holiday sale at Murray's Department Store. This weekend only, all

living room (4) ------- is on sale for 30% off the regular price.

(A) paint (B) lighting (C) furniture (D) art

This includes sofas, coffee tables, and entertainment stands. You can't miss a bargain like

that. Murray's is a proud member of the Food for Families Community Program. Last

month ten boxes of food (5) ------- collected thanks to kind shoppers like you.

(A) is

(B) are

(C) was

(D) were

Buy a new (6) ------- furniture and Murray's will donate five dollars worth of food to

(A) pieces

(B) piece

(C) piece of

(D) a piece

this charity.

13



Questions 1 through 4 refer to the following e-mail.

Dear Mr. Thompson,

This is just a short email to update you on your medical test results from your physical

examination on January 10th

. Our records show that you took a blood pressure test. Your

test this time showed that your blood pressure is doing quite well for a man at your age. I

am very pleased to note that your blood pressure is much lower than it was last time. It

seems that the medication you have been taking is working well. Unfortunately, we do

not have a record of the name of your medication on file. Can you remember the name of

the medication that you are taking? If you could send an email to my nurse with the

name of the medicine, that would be very helpful to us. His email address is

[email protected].

Also, there is a note in your file stating that you want your medical test results sent to

your insurance company. Which department do you want them sent to? Please let us

know as soon as possible.

Regards,

Dr. Huxley

1. What kind of test did Mr. Thompson take?

(A) A stress test

(B) A blood test

(C) A high blood pressure test

(D) A department test

2. Where will Mr. Thompson's medical test results be sent to?

(A) His employer

(B) His insurance company

(C) His doctor's office

(D) The doctor's nurse

3. What is true about Mr. Thompson's blood pressure?

(A) It is extremely high.

(B) It is very low.

(C) It is non-existent.

(D) It is normal.

4. What information does the doctor need?

(A) Mr. Thompson's email address

(B) The name of his medication

(C) The nurse's email address

(D) Mr. Thompson's age

14


Springfield Automobile Repairs. Inc. 123 Oak Street

Invoice No: 43578

Date: Dec. 30

Replace 2 tires Labor: 0.5 hrs @ $70/hr. = $ 35

Parts: 2 tires @ $60 ea. = $120

Replace brake shoes Labor: 1 hr. @ $70/hr. = $ 70

Parts: 1 pr. @ $95 ea. = $ 95

Total: Labor: $105

Parts: $215

Tax: $ 12

Amt. Due: $332

5. How much does Springfield Automobile Repairs charge for labor?

(A) $60 an hour (B) $70 an hour (C) $105 an hour (D) $332 an hour

6. How long did it take to replace the tires?

(A) Half an hour (B) One hour (C) Two hours (D) Five hours

7. How much does one tire cost?

(A) $35 (B) $60 (C) $120 (D) $215

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

PART E: SPEAKING

TOPIC 3.2: POLLUTION


1. Are there litter laws where you live? If so, what is the penalty for littering? ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

2. How often is garbage collected in your neighborhood? ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

3. Do you think that people should recycle newspapers? Why or why not? ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

4. What are some types of pollution? What causes them? ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

5. What are some things that your community is doing to help the environment? ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

6. Do you think overpopulation is an important environmental issue? Why or why not? ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

7. Who do you think is more responsible for pollution, individual people or the

government? Why? ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

8. What is happening to forests in Vietnam? What happens when we remove forests? ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

9. How is pollution affecting the environment in Vietnam today? ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

10. What can you do to help prevent pollution? ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

15

UNIT 3

PART A: LISTENING



1. (A) (B) (C) (D) 4. (A) (B) (C) (D)

2. (A) (B) (C) (D) 5. (A) (B) (C) (D)

3. (A) (B) (C) (D)


Listen to the questions and choose the correct answer.

1. (A) (B) (C) 4. (A) (B) (C)

2. (A) (B) (C) 5. (A) (B) (C)

3. (A) (B) (C)

16

PART B: VOCABULARY AND GRAMMAR (Comparisons)


1. A second attempt was made to collect ……………..from the space probe.

A. informations B. knowledges C. data D. fact

2. Could you ……………….. drinks to those guests who have just arrived?

A. pour B. serve C. make D. fill

3. We didn‟t need to …………….. the fan since the room was not very hot.

A. turn on B. turn off C. turn into D. put on

4. The moment the teacher went out, the students started………………… .

A. telling B. talking C. saying D. speaking

5. Consumers are interested in solar energy because of ……………..fuel costs.

A. high B. more C. low D. risen

6. Temperature, the simplest weather element to measure, is probably ……………used

than any other kind of data.

A. more frequently B. more frequent C. as frequently D. frequently

7. John is twice ……… his wife is.

A. as old as B. so old as C. elder than D. more older than

8. Impalas cannot move so …………….. cheetahs, but they are more efficient runners.

A. faster than B. fast as C. fast D. fastly as

9. Since they fell in love with each other, they have studied …………… .

A. worse and worse B. more worse and worse

C. badlier and badlier D. more and more badly

10. The more difficult the test is, …………….. .

A. the examinees will pass less B. the less examinees pass

C. the more examinees pass D. the fewer examinees pass

11. He runs …………….. than his brother does.

A. quicklier B. more quickly C. more quicklier D. quicker

12. They study …………….. because they try to get scholarships.

A. harderlier and harderlier B. harder and harder

C. more and more harder D. harder and more harder

13. For ……............ information, please contact our secretary.

A. further B. farther C. more farther D. more further

14. He types ……............ than I do.

A. slowlier B. more slowly C. more slowlier D. slower

15. English isn‟t ……............ French.

A. less difficult as B. as difficult than C. so difficult as D. more difficult

16. He speaks English ……............ his brother does.

A. less fluently than B. more fluent than C. less fluently as D. fluently than

17. She has heaps of work to do in her company, so she often comes back home …….… .

A. late B. lately C. latelier D. later

18. Ann is ………… her elder sister in personality.

A. different to B. more different than

C. different from D. different with

19. In this company, Mr. John is ……… Mr. David.

A. inferior than B. less inferior to C. inferior to D. more inferior than

20. Bill Gate is one of the ………………. people in the world.

A. well-known B. wellest-known C. best-known D. more well-known

17




NOTICE

To: All employees

Re: Staff meeting

There will be a staff meeting next Friday at 11:00 a.m. All employees are required to attend

(1) ------- and to arrive on time. (2) ------- of the meeting is Improving Employee Morale.

(A) meeting (A) Topic

(B) a meeting (B) Topics

(C) the meeting (C) A topic

(D) some meeting (D) The topic

Though it has been a long cold winter, we need to stay positive at work. As usual, we

have invited a guest speaker to join us. (3) ------- at this month's meeting will be talking

(A) A speaker (B) Guest speakers (C) The speaker (D) Speakers

about methods of positive thinking.

Thank you.

Questions 4 through 6 refer to the following memo.

MEMO

Subject: Good-bye

Hey Mark,

It's been great having you here. We hope you enjoyed your stay.

Don't forget to stop at the Airport Bookstore before you get on the plane to buy

(4) -------. It's always a good idea to have something to read when you are taking

(A) a ticket

(B) a book

(C) newspaper

(D) food

(5) -------. However, don't buy snacks there because they are expensive and you'll get a

(A) trip (B) long trip (C) a long trip (D) the long trip

meal on the plane.

Have a safe flight home. Don't forget to give us (6) ------- when you get back to

(A) phone calls

(B) a call

(C) the call

(D) a phone

Florida to let us know that you arrived safely. We hope you'll be back at Christmas.

Love,

Janice and Fred

18



Questions 1 through 4 refer to the following chart and information.

This is a chart of the Food Pyramid. The Food Pyramid serves as a basic guide to

making healthy food choices. If you take a look at the guide you can easily see

which food groups you should be eating. According to the pyramid, most of your daily

food should consist of breads, rice, and cereals. These are the foods in the bottom level

of the pyramid. Almost equal to these, but not quite as much, should be vegetables and

fruits. Therefore, you can feel free to go ahead and eat lots of fruit and vegetables every

day. Servings of meat, fish, eggs, and dairy foods, which include milk and cheese, should

be much smaller. Sugars should be the smallest portion of all. Of course, your daily

nutritional needs will vary according to your activity level and life style. You do not have

to follow the Food Pyramid, but it is a good way to be sure you will get the healthiest

benefits from your daily food. If you keep a copy of the pyramid stuck to the door of

your refrigerator, it will remind you to plan your daily meals wisely every time you go

into the kitchen.

1. Which of the following are dairy products?

(A) Milk and cheese (B) Fish and eggs

(C) Sugar and spice (D) Breads and rice

2. What is the purpose of the Food Pyramid?

(A) To sell food

(B) To help make healthy food choices

(C) To show which foods are bad for you

(D) To help remember the names of foods

3. Which food group has the second smallest serving suggestion?

(A) Sugars (B) Dairy, Meat, Fish, and Eggs

(C) Vegetables and Fruits (D) Breads, Rice, and Cereals

4. What affects your daily food needs?

(A) Your likes and dislikes

(B) The Food Pyramid

(C) Your lifestyle and activity

(D) Small portions

Dairy, Meat

Fish, Eggs

Vegetables and Fruits

Breads, Rice, and Cereals

Sugar

19

Questions 5 and 6 refer to the following article.

The National Motorworks automobile plant has been closed since yesterday, after

workers failed to reach an agreement with the company on a new contract. Union

representatives say the workers will remain on strike until the National Motorworks

Company agrees to a 15% wage increase and improved health benefits. "I really can't

afford this break from work right now, financially speaking," said one plant employee,

"but this is for my future and my family's future. The way things are now, I can't even

afford to take my kids to the doctor." The National Motorworks Company is the largest

producer of automobiles in the country.

5. Why is the automobile plant closed?

(A) They have produced too many automobiles.

(B) The workers need a break.

(C) The workers are on strike.

(D) It's a holiday.

6. What do the workers want?

(A) To produce more automobiles (B) Higher salaries and health insurance

(C) A day off to go to the doctor (D) To spend more time with their families

---------------------------------------------------------------

PART E: SPEAKING

TOPIC 3.3: MUSIC


1. How much time do you spend listening to music every day?

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

2. What kind of music do you like? Classical music, country music, punk or jazz?

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

3. Do you like singing karaoke? How often do you sing karaoke?

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

4. Do you listen to music while doing your homework? Why or why not?

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

5. Do you often sing while taking a bath? Why or why not?

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

6. Do you watch music shows on TV? If so, what do you watch?

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

7. Which do you prefer, songs in English or songs in Vietnamese? Why?

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

8. Who is your favorite singer? Why do you like that singer?

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

9. Do you like dancing? When was the last time you went dancing?

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

10. What are some special or traditional musical instruments in Vietnam?

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

20

UNIT 4

PART A: LISTENING



1. How much coffee does the woman drink every day?

(A) Two cups (B) Three cups (C) Four cups (D) Five cups

2. What is the man‟s advice?

(A) The woman should make coffee for her co-worker.

(B) The woman should drink less coffee.

(C) The woman shouldn‟t put sugar in her coffee.

(D) The woman should find a new job.

3. Why does the woman drink so much coffee?

(A) She really likes it. (B) It helps her focus on her work.

(C) It keeps her awake. (D) She gets free coffee at work.

4. What are the man and woman discussing?

(A) A party (B) Work (C) Time (D) Vacations

5. What time did the man arrive?

(A) 10 p.m. (B) Not yet

(C) After 10 p.m. (D) Before 10 p.m.

6. Why didn‟t the man see the woman?

(A) She was in a different room. (B) She left before he arrived.

(C) She wasn‟t invited. (D) She was hiding from him.

Part 4: Short Talks


1. How does the speaker get to work?

(A) He drives to work. (B) He walks.

(C) He cycles. (D) He takes a bus.

2. When does the speaker finish work?

(A) 6:00 (B) 7:00 (C) 8:00 (D) 9:00

3. Which activity does the speaker NOT do after work?

(A) Go shopping (B) Walk through the park

(C) Play tennis (D) Watch T.V

4. What is on sale?

(A) Pets (B) Vehicles (C) Markets (D) Bikes

5. What kind of cars does Bunny Motors sell?

(A) Rich ones (B) Cheap ones

(C) Smart ones (D) Expensive ones

6. How much can you save at Bunny Motors?

(A) 50% or less (B) 50% or more

(C) Fifty times (D) Fifty dollars

21

PART B: VOCABULARY AND GRAMMAR (Nouns and Subject-Verb Agreement)


1. It was not until the 1950s that an effective …………….. for that virus was found.

A. injection B. solution C. vaccine D. method

2. Hurry, or we shall ………… the bus.

A. catch B. run C. miss D. deceive

3. How often do you ……….. your cat?

A. eat B. food C. feed D. give

4. We shall …………… a letter to John.

A. receive B. send C. reply D. ask

5. In the end, Manchester won after ………… 3 goals.

A. scoring B. making C. winning D. kicking

6. There are many …………….. in their house.

A. mouses B. mice C. mices D. mouse

7. Several ………………sleeping under the tree over there.

A. of lions are B. of lions is C. lions are D. lions is

8. When I visited my uncle, he gave me …………….. .

A. two kilos of rice B. two kiloes of rice

C. two kiloes of rices D. two rice kilos

9. Every morning, he eats …………….. before going to work.

A. two loafs of bread B. two loaves of breads

C. two loaves of the bread D. two loaves of bread

10. Her uncle raises a lot of …………….. on his farm

A. sheeps B. sheep C. the sheep D. the sheeps

11. All of the drivers in that taxi - company are …………….. .

A. women -driver B. woman-drivers C. women-drivers D. drivers-women

12. Construction workers need …………….. to build a highway.

A. a few heavy equipments B. a heavy equipment

C. heavy equipment D. heavy equipments

13. Travel is as a …………….. of education.

A. mean B. means C. meaning D. one means

14. The English courses at this …………….. difficult.

A. schools are B. school is C. school are D. school‟s is

15. One of the foreign …………….. from Australia.

A. teachers are B. teacher is C. teachers is D. teacher are

16. You have to pay extra tax if you take too …………….. with you.

A. many luggages B. many luggage C. much luggages D. much luggage

17. …………….. in your class have tickets for the concert tonight?

A. Do any of the student B. Does any of the student

C. Do any of the students D. Does any of the students

18. Many …………….. not expect to win.

A. the participants in the race do B. of the participants in the race does

C. participant in the races does D. of the participants in the race do

19. Each …………….. available in the school library.

A. reference books on that list is B. of the reference books on that list is

C. of the reference book on that list is D. reference book on that list are

20. What ……………… you used to pick a winner in the art contest?

A. are criterions B. is the criteria C. are the criterion D. are the criteria

22




NOTICE

To: All Employees

Effective date: February 1st

Re: Staff uniforms

Each employee is required to wear (1) ------- during work hours. This will make it

(A) uniform

(B) a uniform

(C) an uniform

(D) those uniform

(2) ------- easy task to distinguish staff members from customers.

(A) a (B) an (C) the (D) some

Women should wear a colorful blouse with black pants or a knee-length skirt. Men

should wear black pants with (3) ------- or red T-shirt. No white, beige, or neutral-

(A) an ordinary

(B) a plain

(C) a white

(D) an orange

colored tops, please.

Posted by Management


MEMO

From the Desk of: Cheryl Roberts, Manager

To: Timothy Higgins, Clerk

Timothy,

Are you feeling OK today? You (4) ------- behind in your work. This is not like you.

(A) be (B) is (C) are (D) was

Usually you are on time with all of your submissions. You (5) ------- your trip report

(A) haven't turned in

(B) hasn't turned in

(C) doesn't turn in

(D) aren't turning in

yet. This was due yesterday. I know you (6) ------- to be going to a meeting at 2:00.

(A) be supposed

(B) are supposed

(C) is supposed

(D) was supposed

Please cancel this meeting. You need to have the report on my desk by the end of the

day. Please come and talk to me if you aren't feeling well.

Thanks,

Cheryl

23




Notice to all teachers!

This memo is to inform you of the following situation. Last week, the office caught

several students cheating on exams. They were using their cell phones to text message

answers to other students. I want all teachers to collect their students' cell phones before

every exam. Cheating will not be tolerated! If students are caught with cell phones

during a test, it will automatically be considered cheating. The student will receive an F

and a two-day suspension from school. Thank you for your assistance.

Principal McMathews

1. Who is this memo directed at?

(A) Teachers (B) Students

(C) Students' parents (D) Principal McMathews

2. What will the punishment be for cheating students?

(A) Go to the principal's office (B) Take away their cell phones

(C) An F and a two-day suspension (D) Be sent to another school

3. What does the principal want the teachers to do?

(A) Stop giving exams

(B) Give more difficult exams

(C) Teach students about honesty

(D) Take away all cell phones before each exam

Questions 4 through 6 refer to the following report.

The Wessex Food Corporation has named Wilma Frank

as its new chief executive officer, according to Wessex

public relations officer Howard Ryder. Ms. Frank

replaces Patrick James, who, after twenty-five years at

Wessex, has moved over to the Benfield Corporation to

become its chairman of the board. Ms. Frank, a former

government employee with fifteen years in the private

sector, has been at Wessex for almost a decade.

4. What is the purpose of this article?

(A) To talk about the work of the Wessex corporation

(B) To explain Ms. Frank's background

(C) To announce the new chief executive officer of Wessex

(D) To explain what a public relations officer does

5. Who is the former chief executive officer of the Wessex Food Corporation?

(A) Ms. Frank (B) Mr. Ryder (C) Ms. Benfield (D) Mr. James

6. How long has Ms. Frank been working at the Wessex Food Corporation?

(A) Three days (B) Almost ten years

(C) Fifteen years (D) Over twenty-five years

24

PART E: SPEAKING

TOPIC 3.4: TRANSPORTATION


1. Are there speed limits in Vietnam? If so, what is the average speed limit?

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

2. At what age does a person obtain a driving-license?

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

3. What do you need to do to get a driving-license? Do you have it?

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

4. What make is your motorbike? What color is it?

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

5. Have you ever been in a traffic accident? If so, when and why?

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

6. Have you ever gotten a speeding ticket? If yes, when and why?

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

7. What do you think is the most dangerous form of transportation? Why?

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

8. What are the most annoying driving habits of drivers in Vietnam?

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

9. What should the government do to reduce the traffic accidents?

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

10. Is parking a problem in Vietnam? Why or why not?

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

25

UNIT 5

PART A: LISTENING


Listen and choose the statement that best describes what you see in the picture.

1. (A) (B) (C) (D) 4. (A) (B) (C) (D)

2. (A) (B) (C) (D) 5. (A) (B) (C) (D)

3. (A) (B) (C) (D)


Listen to the questions and choose the best answer.

1. (A) (B) (C) 4. (A) (B) (C)

2. (A) (B) (C) 5. (A) (B) (C)

3. (A) (B) (C)

26

PART B: VOCABULARY AND GRAMMAR (Pronouns and Relative Clauses)


1. I feel ………. . I don't know what to do.

A. embarrassed B. sleepy C. comfortable D. relaxed

2. I can't give you the job because you have no …………….. .

A. convenience B. facility C. prescription D. qualification

3. She …………….. a fortune from her father.

A. offered B. inherited C. drew up D. got over

4. I like ………… foreign coins.

A. choosing B. keeping C. collecting D. knowing

5. Could I have a ………… of tissues, please?

A. tube B. box C. tin D. jar

6. I am looking for an electric can opener…………… can also sharpen knives.

A. who B. whom C. which D. it

7. We are planning to buy …………….. a new radio.

A. ourselves B. ourself C. us D. our

8. Bob is a kind person to …………….. one can talk about anything.

A. who B. whom C. that D. him

9. Bob got fired. It is going to be difficult for him to find ……………job.

A. other B. the other C. another D. the another

10. I gave the check to Oliver, ………… promptly cashed it and spent all the money.

A. who B. which C. that D. whom

11. People …………… live in glass houses shouldn‟t throw stones.

A. who B. whom C. whose D. which

12. People …………… outlook on life is optimistic are usually happy people.

A. who B. whom C. that D. whose

13. The tanks and the soldiers……………were stopped on the way to the Independence

Palace had to wait for hours.

A. who B. which C. that D. whom

14. “Who is eligible for the scholarship?”

“Anyone ……….. scholastic record is above average can apply for the scholarship.”

A. who has a B. has C. who‟s a D. whose

15. Ann quit her job at the advertising agency, …………… surprised everyone.

A. who B. which C. that D. it

16. I have three brothers, ……………are businessmen.

A. who all of them B. all of them C. all of whom D. all of they

17. I want to visit Paris, …………… of France.

A. is the capital B. which is capital C. the capital D. that is the capital

18. Florida, …………… the Sunshine State, attracts many tourists every year.

A. is B. known as C. is known as D. that is known as

19. “The movie …………… last night was terrific.”

A. which I went B. I went to it C. I went to D. to that I went

20. “My writing has improved a lot in this class.”

“Mine has, too. All the students …………… do well in writing.

A. whom Dr. David teaches them B. Dr. David teaches them

C. that Dr. David teaches them D. Dr. David teaches

27




To: All Trainees

Cc: Training Supervisors

From: Elliot

Re: Vacations

A number of you have e-mailed me recently about our vacation policies. I apologize that

the rules related to holiday time (1) ------- in the training manual.

(A) needs to print (B) are not printed (C) isn't printed (D) not printing

We realize that many updates for the training manual (2) -------. A new manual

(A) requires

(B) is required

(C) are required

(D) requiring

should be available next spring. The forms for requesting vacation leave (3) -------

(A) is

(B) be

(C) are

(D) was

available from the office manager. Your number of allowed vacation days depends on

your length of service with this company. Please see Judy, the Benefits Manager, for

more details. Judy can e-mail you the information you need.


To: All Staff


Hi everyone,

I hope you are all working hard this week. Yolanda and I have been thinking of you and

wondering how you are doing. (4) ------- the weather was rainy, the weekend work

(A) Although

(B) Because

(C) However

(D) Since

retreat went very well. We worked inside most of the day. (5) ------- the skies cleared in

the late afternoon, we enjoyed some relaxing outdoor activities.

(A) Before (B) While (C) Until (D) After

We will be coming home on Wednesday, but won't be back in the office until Friday. We

will need a day of rest after this retreat. You may not believe this, but we have been

putting in some very long hours. We are actually looking forward to coming back to a

relaxing work environment (6) ------- this has been a great learning experience.

(A) if (B) even though (C) that (D) because

Yours,

Mario

28



Questions 1 through 4 refer to the following article.

How to get accepted to Fullgate University

By Alex Herd, Fullgate University Admissions Office. It is time to start applying for

university. Some students will be successful, but others will not. If you have dreamed of

being admitted to Fullgate University, this article can show you what to do to improve

your chances of success. First, you must apply early. You must apply before the

application deadline. This is, perhaps, the most important consideration. We receive a lot

of applications from excellent students who we have to reject because they sent us their

application far too late. Make sure to apply before January 17th. Fullgate University

believes that after-school activities such as volunteer work, sports participation, and

employment are very important. We look for any activities that help develop a student's

character. Your grades are not the only aspect we consider. Finally, Fullgate University

looks closely at letters of recommendation. We require at least three letters of

recommendation. These should be written by people such as your teachers, sports club

coaches, employers and the leaders of any volunteer organizations you belong to. We

suggest that you get these as soon as possible so you can submit them with your

application.

1. Who would be interested in this information?

(A) High school students (B) Fullgate University students

(C) Volunteers (D) School teachers

2. What is the most important thing to consider?

(A) Volunteer work (B) Sports participation

(C) The application deadline (D) Employment

3. How many letters of recommendation does the university require?

(A) Three (B) Four (C) Five (D) None

4. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as someone to write a letter of

recommendation?

(A) Teacher (B) Employer (C) Sports coach (D) Priest

Questions 5 and 6 refer to the following notice

NOTICE!

Tenants of Central Square Office Towers are hereby informed that on

Monday, January 20,

the elevators in the South Tower will be closed from

7:30 A.M. to 5:30 P.M. for repairs.

Repairs will be performed by the Billings Elevator Company.

You are asked to use the elevators in the North Tower or the stairs

during this time. If you have any questions, please contact me in my

office on the first floor, or by pager: 326-1789.

Thank you.

Roseanne Williams, Building Manager

29

5. What will happen on January 20?

(A) Central Square Office Towers will be closed.

(B) Tenants won't be allowed to use the stairs.

(C) The South Tower elevators will be repaired.

(D) The North Tower will be closed.

6. What is 326-1789?

(A) The phone number of the Billings Elevator Company

(B) The pager number of Roseanne Williams

(C) The Building Manager's phone number

(D) A repair person's pager number

------------------------------------------------------------------

PART E: SPEAKING

TOPIC 3.5: TRAVEL


1. Have you ever been abroad? Where have you been? With whom? How long?

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

2. Could you live in another country for the rest of your life? Why or why not?

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

3. Who do you like to travel with? Why?

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

4. Which do you prefer, summer vacations or winter vacations? Why?

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

5. Have you ever been on an airplane? How many times? What airlines have you flown

with?

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

6. Have you ever gotten lost while traveling? If so, tell about it.

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

7. Have you ever hitchhiked? If so, how many times?

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

8. If you were going on a camping trip for a week, what 3 most important things would

you bring? Explain why.

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

9. What are some countries that you would never visit? Why?

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

10. Where will you go on your next vacation? Why?

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

30

UNIT 6

PART A: LISTENING



1. What is wrong with Mary?

(A) Her teeth hurt. (B) Her tooth hurts.

(C) Her mouth hurts. (D) Her gums hurt.

2. How long has Mary had the problem?

(A) Two weeks (B) Since Tuesday (C) One week (D) Since Thursday

3. What day is it?

(A) Thursday (B) Tuesday (C) Friday (D) Saturday

4. What kind of test is Mr. Thomas taking?

(A) A heart test (B) A memory test (C) An eye test (D) A spelling test

5. At the beginning of the conversation, which line does the doctor ask Thomas to read?

(A) The first line (B) The second line

(C) The last line (D) The second last line

6. What is the last letter in the second line?

(A) Z (B) K (C) M (D) T

Part 4: Short Talks


1. What job is the talk about?

(A) Animal trainer (B) Animal doctor (C) Sports doctor (D) Professor

2. According to the talk, what is the most important quality a person in this job

should have?

(A) A sense of humor (B) Lots of money

(C) Basic medical information (D) A good understanding of animal

3. What is different about being an animal doctor?

(A) The training is easier.

(B) You need to know where all the different animals‟ organs are.

(C) You need to spend more time in university.

(D) You earn more money.

4. Which part of the body did the person injure?

(A) Her elbow (B) Her wrist (C) Her foot (D) Her ankle

5. What treatment did the doctor suggest?

(A) Take two tablets of medicine a day and go to bed

(B) Take two tablets of medicine a day and wrap the ankle

(C) Wrap the ankle for one week and then have an operation

(D) Play more basketball

6. How did she injure herself?

(A) She kicked the ball too hard. (B) She was hit in the leg with a basketball.

(C) She fell down. (D) A little dog bit her.

31

PART B: VOCABULARY AND GRAMMAR (Verb Tenses)


1. Have you …………… any progress in English so far?

A. done B. made C. carried out D. finished

2. Her daughter is now an airline …………… .

A. waitress B. stewardess C. steward D. server

3. I want to buy a pair of new shoes. Could you tell me where the shoe- ………… is?

A. part B. shop C. place D. position

4. I'd like to make a …………… to 035 - 968545, please.

A. ring B. call C. phone D. dial

5. That customer has ............... every dress in the shop, but she doesn‟t like any of them.

A. taken on B. carried on C. tried with D. tried on

6. Yesterday, he …………… some money from me.

A. sent B. borrowed C. had sent D. had borrowed

7. Last night, he ……………some money to me.

A. had sent B. sent C. borrowed D. had borrowed

8. At this time last week, we …………… in Hawaii.

A. had picnicked B. picnicked C. were picnicking D. were picnicing

9. I…………… in the sea when I was a student.

A. used to swim B. often swum C. had swum D. would swam

10. Linda has lost her passport again. It is the third time this …………… .

A. have happened B. happened C. is happening D. has happened

11. Susan is not at work now. She …………… to Canada.

A. will go B. has been C. has gone D. goes

12. They …………… everything before they took their exams.

A. had reviewed B. reviewed C. have reviewed D. review

13. After we …………… my motorbike, we will go to his house.

A. will repair B. repaired C. have repaired D. will have repaired

14. “When are you going to ask your boss for a raise?”

“…………… to her twice already! I don‟t think she wants to give me one.”

A. I‟ve talked B. I‟ve been talking C. I was talking D. I‟d talked

15. He speaks English very fluently. He …………… for seven years.

A. studied B. had studied C. has studied D. studies

16. Marry is an excellent tennis player. She …………… tennis since she was ten.

A. had been playing B. has played C. played D. plays

17. I did not meet John at the party. When I came, he …………… away.

A. had gone B. has gone C. went D. had been

18. We …………… in Nha Trang city at this time next week.

A. will picnic B. picnic C. are picnicking D. will be picnicking

19. He ………………… with his father when he was a little boy.

A. used to go to fish B. often goes fishing

C. used to go fishing D. was going fishing

20. Why are you too late? I …………… for you for 30 minutes.

A. am waiting B. had waited C. waited D. have been waiting

32




MEMO From the Desk of: Sarah Whitney

To: Luis Danza

Response required: Yes: No: x

Luis,

I don't think we should buy the photocopier that Marta recommended. I went to the

computer shop last night to test it out. It doesn't copy (1) ------- as our old Samuri

(A) quick

(B) quickly

(C) as quickly

(D) as quickly as

L1 copier. It also costs almost (2) ------- other copiers that have many more features.

(A) more (B) much (C) much as (D) as much as

The thing I loved about our old copier was the small size. The product that I was most

impressed with was Samuri's new L2 model. It's just as (3) ------- as our old one. It will

(A) compact (B) slow (C) expensive (D) modern

take up only as much room as our old copier, if not less. And, it's a good price. Let me

know if you want me to order one.

Sara




Re: My office

Dear Mr. Bendetti,

I am very grateful for my promotion. However, I am very unhappy with my new office.

Because it is close to the elevator, it is (4) ------- my old office. As you know, none of

(A) noisy (B) noise (C) noisier (D) noisier than

the offices on the third floor have doors on them. Also, this office has only one small

window, so it is (5) ------- the office I am used to. It is hard for me to work here.

(A) dark

(B) darker

(C) dark than

(D) darker than

Could you please look into seeing if there is a (6) ------- one available?

(A) more quiet than (B) quieter (C) quieter than (D) more quieter

If not, would it be possible to get a door put on my office? It's very distracting when

people walk through the hall, and I'm worried that I am not being as productive as I

could be.

Ginger Roberts

33




New Students!

Welcome to Blue Oak High School!

Congratulations on being accepted to Blue Oak High School. You are about to begin

three exciting years and make memories that will stay with you forever.

We will have our freshman student orientation next Wednesday (September 2nd

) in the

school gymnasium. The opening ceremony will begin at 9 a.m. You should arrive to

check attendance at 8:30 a.m.. Don't be late on your first day! You will need to bring

your student ID card and a copy of your class schedule. You will have a chance to talk

with some of your new teachers, and you can ask them questions about your schedule

and classes. It will also be a good chance to meet your new classmates. Last year, we had

the famous movie actor Tim Grimley as a guest speaker (Tim graduated from Blue Oak

High School in 1990). This year, our guest speaker is a surprise!!! If you want to know

who it is, you have to come to the orientation and see for yourself!

The gymnasium is easy to find. Just go to the library and turn left. The gymnasium is the

blue building next to the cafeteria. You will find a map of the school on the reverse of

this letter.

After the orientation you will be dismissed and classes will begin at 8:30 a.m. on

Thursday.

1. What do the freshman students have to take with them to the orientation?

(A) Their parents

(B) Some money for food

(C) Their ID cards and class schedules

(D) Their schoolbooks

2. Where is the orientation going to be?

(A) At Tim Grimley's house

(B) In the cafeteria

(C) In the library

(D) In the gymnasium

3. Who is Tim Grimley?

(A) A teacher speaking at the orientation

(B) A former student from the school

(C) The school's principal

(D) The surprise guest at this year's orientation

4. When do freshman classes begin?

(A) On Wednesday September 2nd

(B) At 9 a.m.

(C) On Thursday September 3rd

(D) They have already started.

34

Questions 5 and 6 refer to the following

Cancellation!!!

To all participants in the Casties of the Rhine tour

We are sorry to inform you that this spring's tour

has been cancelled due to insufficient bookings.

You will receive a complete refund,

minus a 5% service charge, within a few days.

We are sorry for any inconvenience this may cause you.

5. Why has the tour been cancelled?

(A) Participants didn't pay enough money.

(B) It was inconvenient.

(C) Some people wanted their money back.

(D) Not enough people signed up for it.

6. How much money will participants get back?

(A) They will get 95 percent of what they paid.

(B) They will get 5 percent of what they paid.

(C) They will get all of their money back.

(D) They will get no money back.

---------------------------------------------------------------------

PART E: SPEAKING

TOPIC 3.6: COLORS


1. What is your favorite color? Has your favorite color changed as you‟ve grown older?

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

2. Do you hate any colors? If yes, why do you hate it/them?

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

3. Do you think colors affect your mood? Why or why not?

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

4. How does red, blue, black, orange or white make you feel?

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

5. Do you think different cultures have different meanings for colors?

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

6. What do different colors mean in your culture?

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

7. How many colors are there in the rainbow? What are they?

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

8. What is the color for hope, for happiness, for anger, for death?

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

9. What color do you think looks good on you? Why?

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

10. What does “feel blue” mean?

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

35

UNIT 7

PART A: LISTENING



1. (A) (B) (C) (D) 4. (A) (B) (C) (D)

2. (A) (B) (C) (D) 5. (A) (B) (C) (D)

3. (A) (B) (C) (D)



1. (A) (B) (C) 4. (A) (B) (C)

2. (A) (B) (C) 5. (A) (B) (C)

3. (A) (B) (C)

36

PART B: VOCABULARY AND GRAMMAR (Verb Tenses – cont.)


1. Camels live in the …………… .

A. ocean B. North Pole C. South Pole D. desert

2. All the students like Anna. She's a very ………… girl.

A. difficult B. reserved C. popular D. strange

3. The lift is not working now. It is out ………….. order.

A. of B. in C. for D. by

4. Many foreign visitors love …………… coffee.

A. immediate B. quick C. instant D. fast

5. A Hungarian, Laszlo Biro, made the first ………… pen in 1838.

A. ball-point B. round-point C. turning-point D. rolling-point

6. Last week, she told me that she …………… to my house.

A. will come B. would come C. comes D. is coming

7. By last week, our grandmother …………… with us for 2 years.

A. have stayed B. stayed C. was staying D. had been staying

8. After Jessica …………… her degree, she intends to work in her father‟s company.

A. will finish B. will have finished

C. finishes D. have already finished

9. By the time I go to bed tonight, I …………… my work for the day.

A. will finish B. have finished C. finish D. will have finished

10. Until you learn to relax more, you …………… your ability to speak English.

A. don‟t improve B. aren‟t improving C. won‟t improve D. haven‟t improved

11. When my parents …………… for a visit tomorrow, they will see our new baby for the

first time.

A. will arrive B. arrived C. arrive D. will have arrived

12. “When is Mr. Fields planning to retire?”

“Soon, I think. He……………. here for a long time. He‟ll probably retire either next

year or the year after that.”

A. worked B. has been working C. is working D. had been working

13. Next week when there ……………. a full moon, the ocean tides will be higher.

A. is being B. will be C. is D. will have been

14. I didn‟t hear the thunder during the storm last night because I …………… .

A. slept B. was sleeping C. were sleeping D. sleep

15. “Why did you buy all this sugar and chocolate?”

“I ………………. a delicious dessert for dinner tonight.”

A. make B. will make C. will be making D. am going to make

16. “Let‟s go! What‟s taking you so long?”

“I‟ll be there as soon as I…………..my keys.”

A. found B. will find C. find D. am finding

17. While I ………………. TV last night, a mouse ran across the floor.

A. watched B. was watching C. were watching D. am watching

18. I ………………. you for a long time. Where have you been?

A. didn‟t see B. won‟t see C. don‟t see D. haven‟t seen

19. All of the witnesses ………………… to tell the truth in the court of law yesterday.

A. swear B. swore C. sworn D. were swearing

20. The earth ………………… the sun for its heat and light.

A. is depend on B. depends C. depends on D. has depended

37






Re: Hotels

Dear Ms. Chang,

As you have requested, I have booked you a room at (1) ------- hotel in the downtown

(A) cheap (B) the cheap (C) the cheaper (D) the cheapest

area. It is a nice, clean hotel with a view of the city and costs about fifty dollars less than

most of the other local hotels per night. However, it is also (2) ------- distance from the

(A) the far (B) farthest (C) the farthest (D) the farther

convention center. You will have to take a taxi because it is too far to walk. If you are

willing to pay an extra twenty-five dollars, I can get you a (3) ------- hotel.

(A) nicer

(B) more convenient

(C) more closer

(D) cleaner

It won't be the best hotel, but it will be closer to where you need to be. It doesn't have a view,

however, and I've heard that the rooms aren't always cleaned properly. Please let me know

what you prefer. I have to cancel the booking today in order to get the deposit back.

Amanda Peters

Sun Tours Travel Agency


Dear Guest,

Welcome! Thank you for joining our workshop series. Please make yourself at home this

week. For your convenience, (4) ------- available in the employee lounge.

(A) hot coffee always is (B) is hot coffee always

(C) always hot coffee is (D) hot coffee is always

The coffee machine has a hot water pot on the left-hand side. (5) ------- in high

(A) Hot water is usually

(B) Cups are generally

(C) Lunch time is always

(D) Cutlery is occasionally

demand, so we suggest bringing one from home. There is also a snack bar downstairs

where you can buy hot soups and sandwiches. (6) ------- for sale there, too.

(A) Are donuts often

(B) Donuts are often

(C) Donuts often are

(D) Often are donuts

Enjoy the workshops. If you have any questions, visit Kathy at reception.

Best wishes,

Andy Smithers

mailto:[email protected]

38



Questions 1 through 3 refer to the following advertisement.

Just on the market

Paradise Hills Beauty!

Brand new luxury 4 bedroom, 2 bath home.

In a bright and sunny location just 1 mile north of Paradise Hills.

With approximately 1900 square feet, this home features remote-controlled ceiling fans,

whirlpool bathtub in the master bathroom, fully-fitted kitchen including a gas oven with

a five-burner gas range and stainless steel fridge-freezer, marble tile floors, fireplace, and

large 3-car garage. Selling at just $198,000!

For further information, contact:

Christal DeShannon at Moore and Parker Realty, 245-3376 mobile or 486-0975 direct.

1. Where is the house located?

(A) At the center of Paradise Hills (B) North of Paradise Hills

(C) North Hills (D) In Colorado Hills

2. Which is NOT included in the house?

(A) A bathroom (B) A garage (C) A swimming pool (D) A fireplace

3. Who is Christal DeShannon?

(A) A real estate agent (B) The home owner

(C) A homemaker (D) Unknown

Questions 4 through 6 refer to the following announcement.

* LECTURE SERIES *

We are pleased to announce that this winter's Friday evening lecture series begins this

week with a talk entitled, "The Art of Ancient Egypt."

We are honored to have as our speaker Dr. Miranda Dibov of Whitney University.

Dr. Dibov will discuss the artifacts currently on exhibit at the National Museum.

All lectures in this series take place in the company auditorium on the first level at

7:30 p.m. The lectures are free, but tickets are required.

Tickets must be picked up in the lobby the day before each lecture.

4. What is the lecture about?

(A) Upcoming exhibits at the National Museum

(B) Relics of ancient Egypt

(C) Art at Whitney University

(D) Contemporary Egyptian art

5. Where will this week's lecture take place?

(A) At the museum (B) At the university

(C) In the lobby (D) In the auditorium

6. When must tickets be picked up?

(A) On Friday (B) On Thursday

(C) At 7:30 P.M. (D) At the beginning of the lecture

39

PART E: SPEAKING

TOPIC 3.7: EDUCATION


1. Who selected the university you are now attending? You or your parents? Why?

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

2. What are some important factors in selecting which university to attend?

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

3. Do you think your university is a good one? Why or why not?

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

4. Do you have difficulty with your studies?

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

5. Do you think your teachers give you too much homework?

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

6. How do you go to school? How long does it take you to go to school?

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

7. Is it difficult for people without university education to get good jobs in Vietnam?

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

8. In your opinion, what are the qualities of a good student? Why?

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

9. Why are you studying a foreign language?

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

10. In your opinion, what are some good ways to learn English?

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

40

UNIT 8

PART A: LISTENING



1. What will the man study next semester?

(A) Plants and animals (B) A scientific subject

(C) Rocks and minerals (D) A language

2. What did the man want to study?

(A) English (B) A language (C) History (D) Algebra

3. Why is the man not happy about the subject he is taking?

(A) He is interested in science. (B) He isn‟t interested in languages.

(C) He is interested in languages. (D) It was only his second choice subject.

4. Why does the woman want to study Spanish?

(A) She can study with her friend. (B) She thinks it sounds romantic.

(C) She thinks it will be easy. (D) It will be fun to study with her friend.

5. When does the Spanish class meet?

(A) On Tuesday (B) On Thursday

(C) On Tuesday and Thursday (D) On Friday

6. When can her friend study?

(A) On Tuesday (B) On Thursday

(C) On Friday (D) On Wednesday

Part 4: Short Talks


1. According to the speaker, what does she use to solve chemistry problems?

(A) Logic (B) Creativity (C) Answers (D) Feelings

2. Why does the speaker like art?

(A) It helps her relax.

(B) She can make a lot of money.

(C) She can express her feelings.

(D) She can go to the lab and experiment.

3. What does the speaker like about chemistry?

(A) It is very easy. (B) She can be creative.

(C) She likes doing the experiments. (D) She can express her feelings.

4. When did the speaker have the French exam?

(A) In the morning (B) At noon

(C) In the afternoon (D) In the evening

5. Why does the speaker dislike history?

(A) He doesn‟t like his classmates. (B) It is boring.

(C) The books are heavy. (D) He doesn‟t like the teacher.

6. What subject is the speaker‟s favorite?

(A) History (B) Sports (C) French (D) Math

41

PART B: VOCABULARY AND GRAMMAR (Verb Tenses – Cont.)


1. She was ................ because she didn't get the job.

A. pleased B. hurt C. disappointed D. excited

2. I went to the station to ..................... last Sunday. I hope to see them again soon.

A. see my close friends off C. put my close friends away

B. knock out my close friends D. cut off my close friends

3. If you do not know the meaning of a word, you should..................... in a dictionary.

A. look it over B. look it up C. anticipate it D. watch

4. They live in a .................. of Oxford, and come into town by bus every day.

A. suburb B. area C. center D. countryside

5. She has a good job. I'm sure she ................ over 20,000 dollars a year.

A. gains B. received C. earns D. wins

6. Yesterday as soon as he .................. out of the room, we laughed loudly.

A. gone B. was going C. went D. has gone

7. Jack isn‟t usually nice to me, but at this moment he ………. so nice to me. I wonder why.

A. is being B. is C. being D. will be

8. By the time Alfonso finally graduated from high school, he …………. seven different

schools because his parents moved frequently.

A. attended B. has attended C. had attended D. had been attending

9. Ann looked down to discover a snake at her feet. When she saw it, she…………. .

A. was screaming B. had screamed C. screamed D. screams

10. I know you feel bad now, Tommy, but try to put it out of your mind. By the time

you‟re an adult, you …………. all about it.

A. forget B. will forget C. forgot D. will have forgotten

11. Among the earliest forms of life, fish ………… on earth for ages and ages.

A. existed B. exist C. have existed D. has existed

12. When I ……….….. the doctor tomorrow, I will ask him to look at my throat.

A. am seeing B. see C. will see D. will have seen

13. A snake ……….….. me last night.

A. paniced B. had panicked C. panicked D. was panicking

14. “What ……….….. about my new wallet?” - “It‟s very nice.”

A. are you thinking B. do you think C. will you think D. have you thought

15. We ……….….. about our final examination at this moment.

A. think B. have been thinking C. are thinking D. are going to think

16. The phone ……….. constantly since Jack announced his candidacy for president.

A. has been ringing B. has rang C. rings D. had been ringing

17. I don‟t feel good. I ……….….. home from work tomorrow.

A. am staying B. stay C. will have stayed D. going to staying

18. After ancient Greek athletes won a race in the Olympics, they……….….. a simple

crown of olive leaves.

A. received B. had received C. were receiving D. were received

19. My family loves this house. It ……….….. the family home ever since my grandfather

built it 60 years ago.

A. was B. has been C. is D. will be

20. I …………. all of the questions correctly since I began this exercise.

A. am answering B. have answered C. answer D. answered

42






Re: Warm Regards

Dear Ms. Peters,

We just wanted to write and personally say good-bye. (1) ------- your hard work and

(A) We have appreciated always

(B) We always have appreciated

(C) Always we appreciated

(D) We have always appreciated

dedication. You were one of our very first employees and it is hard to see you go.

However, you never make bad decisions, and we think taking (2) ------- was wise.

(A) over my position (B) the new job (C) your salary away (D) time off

Colleen and I have always shopped at Marie's boutique and we know you will love

designing her style of clothes. (3) ------- the great contributions you have made to this

(A) Never we will forget

(B) We will forget never

(C) Never will forget

(D) We will never forget

company. I wish you great success in the future.

Warm regards,

Bianca Pierce

Questions 4 through 6 refer to the following letter.

Dear Sam,

I'm having a great vacation. (4) ------- to the beach to swim and relax in the sun.

(A) I every morning go (B) Every morning I go

(C) Go I every morning (D) I go every morning

I always bring sandwiches with me so I can have lunch on the beach. The climate here is

very comfortable and so far it hasn't (5) -------. I've heard from many of the local

(A) been very sunny

(B) rained at all

(C) warmed up

(D) gotten busy

people and lots of tourists that it is almost always sunny here. I'm not expecting the

weather to change. My skin usually burns when I go south, but this beach has a lot of

umbrellas and trees for shade. I like to get some daily exercise, so I (6) ------- take a

(A) rarely (B) never (C) usually (D) infrequently

walk before dinner. It's a bit too hot in the day to jog; besides, there are too many people

lying on the beach. I am so happy here that I may never go home.

Love,

Jane

43




Tidy Tools

101 Main Street

Littlebury, WI 38843

Mr. J. Bevan

234 Main Avenue

Pittsburgh, PA 12244

Dear Mr. Bevan,

Thank you for your recent letter regarding our All-Power vacuum cleaner. I am happy to

answer your question. The All-Power can, indeed, be used outdoors. In fact, according to

recent consumer reports, many people feel it is more efficient outdoors than any other

similar vacuum cleaner. Since the unit is cordless, it can be used anywhere. This means

there are no limitations on movement, making it perfect for cleaning hard to reach places

around the home and garden. It is also double-insulated for safety, so it is safe to use in

most weather conditions.

However, I would recommend being careful whenever you use an electrical appliance

outside. I would advise against using the All-Power in heavy rain. Exposing it to too

much moisture may harm it. I would also suggest storing it inside. If you store it

outdoors, the moisture in the atmosphere may cause the engine to rust. While the engine

is easy to replace, we want all our customers to enjoy their products problem free for as

long as possible. Take good care of your All-Power and it will give you many years of

service.

Please do not hesitate to contact me if you have any more questions.

Yours sincerely,

Albert R. Jones

Consumer Relations, Tidy Tools

1. What did Mr. Bevan want to know?

(A) Where to buy the vacuum cleaner (B) How much the vacuum cleaner costs

(C) If the vacuum could be used outside (D) If the vacuum cleaner was heavy

2. What can damage the vacuum cleaner?

(A) Exposure to moisture (B) Using it outside

(C) Using it indoors (D) Double insulation

3. Who is Albert Jones?

(A) A vacuum cleaner repair person (B) The owner of Tidy Tools

(C) An employee of Tidy Tools (D) The inventor of the All-Power

4. What can customers do to protect the All-Power?

(A) Use it indoors (B) Replace the engine

(C) Keep it clean (D) Store it indoors

44

Questions 5 and 6 refer to the following advertisement.

Glenville

7400 sq.ft. residential lot for sale

The city of Glenville is selling houses, buildings, and lots seized by the city for

nonpayment of taxes. These properties will be sold by local real estate brokers.

The first such property to be sold, a residential lot, will be offered by John Michaels of

the Glenville Leasing and Land Sales Company. 478-1253. ext. 5.

5. What is the advertisement offering?

(A) A house for sale

(B) An apartment building for rent

(C) An office for lease

(D) A piece of land for sale

6. Who is John Michaels?

(A) The owner of the property

(B) A real estate agent

(C) A stock broker

(D) The city comptroller

45

UNIT 9 PART A: LISTENING



1. (A) (B) (C) (D) 4. (A) (B) (C) (D)

2. (A) (B) (C) (D) 5. (A) (B) (C) (D)

3. (A) (B) (C) (D)



1. (A) (B) (C) 4. (A) (B) (C)

2. (A) (B) (C) 5. (A) (B) (C)

3. (A) (B) (C)

46

PART B: VOCABULARY AND GRAMMAR (Auxiliaries)


1. Movies, sports and reading are forms of ................. . They help us relax.

A. exercise B. study C. entertainment D. research

2. Ann .............. a dress for her doll last week.

A. made B. sold C. built D. handed

3. The ............. depth of Suez canal is about 10 meters.

A. usual B. average C. habitual D. popular

4. I need some ............. before I can let you cash this check.

A. identification B. questionnaire C. accommodation D. temperature

5. My sister is very ............. of music.

A. like B. enjoyed C. interested D. fond

6. “Did you enjoy the picnic last Sunday?”

“It was okay, but I‟d rather .............. to a movie then.”

A. go B. went C. have gone D. have been

7. “I left a cookie on the table, but now it‟s gone. What happened to it”

“I don‟t know. One of the children .............. it.”

A. may have eaten B. had to eat C. could eat D. should have eaten

8. Peter .............. rather sleep on a mattress than on the floor.

A. shall B. should C. would D. could

9. You haven‟t eaten anything since yesterday afternoon. You ........... be very hungry now.

A. might B. must C. will D. can

10. The children should ............... “thank-you” when you gave them the gifts.

A. say B. have said C. said D. had said

11. Soldiers .............. disobey a superior officer.

A. must B. have to C. mustn‟t D. don‟t have to

12. Peter painted his bedroom black. It looks dark and dreary. He …..…… a different color.

A. had to choose B. must have chosen

C. should have chosen D. could have been choosing

13. Tom will have a test tomorrow. He is sitting at his desk. He ……….. .

A. could study B. will study

C. should be studying D. must be studying

14. I can‟t find the grocery list. Gail must .............. it with her when she went out.

A. take B. has taken C. have taken D. had taken

15. My room is a mess, but I .............. clean it now. I can do it in the morning.


16. In Britain, you ………vote until you are 18 years old.

A. shouldn‟t B. mustn‟t C. can‟t D. needn‟t

17. We .............. make any noise when we go inside. Everyone is asleep.

A. might not B. can‟t C. mustn‟t D. don‟t have to

18. Since we have to be there in a hurry, we ………..take a taxi.

A. had better B. would rather C. may D. ought

19. Bill is in the darkroom developing the negatives of the photos he took on his last trip to

Peru. You ............ open the door while he‟s there because the light will ruin the pictures.

A. might not B. can‟t C. mustn‟t D. don‟t have to

20. In the past, whenever my parents went out in the evening, I .............. the job of taking care

of my younger brother.

A. would get B. had better get C. should get D. must have gotten

47




To: seymourfletcher@t&c.com

From: ednamerrit@t&c.com

Re: Spring Cleaning

Seymour,

It's time for a spring cleaning. I'd like to have the office (1) -------. Please choose a

(A) paint (B) paints (C) painted (D) painting

neutral color such as cream, beige, or even plain white. Let's get the painters to redo the

washrooms, too. I know they were just done a few months ago and they look fine, but I

want all of the walls to be the same color.

We should also get the curtains (2) -------. I haven't had these done for over a year.

(A) will be cleaned

(B) will clean

(C) to clean

(D) cleaned

I would like to have the stains (3) ------- before the sun starts shining through them.

(A) to remove (B) removed (C) remove (D) removing

Please call the painters and the cleaners this week. Thanks.

Edna


Date Posted: August 18

CLASS REGISTRATION

REMINDER

Class registration begins August 21 and classes begin August 29. If you (4) ------- for a

(A) register

(B) to register

(C) will register

(D) is going to register

class after August 28, you will have to pay a $25 late registration fee. You will have to

have a signed permission letter from the course instructor if you sign up for an advanced

level class. If a class (5) ------- due to low enrollment, the university will contact you.

(A) cancels (B) is canceled (C) will cancel (D) be canceled

We recommend that you provide your phone number and e-mail address on your course

selection sheet in case one of your selections is no longer available. We cannot (6) -------

you if we don't have this information.

(A) contact

(B) enroll

(C) instruct

(D) recommend

Our staff is not responsible for searching for you in a directory.

48




Making Life Easier in the Home

This month in Golden Age Magazine we would like to share some tips for making life

easier as you get older. These tips are all quick and easy, and most importantly, they

won't cost you a lot of money. Here are a few ways that senior citizens can make their

homes more comfortable and less dangerous places to live:

1) When lining your garbage can with plastic bags, put 6 or so extra in the bottom.

When you fill one, you will have another at your fingertips to replace it.

2) Store heavy items on center cabinet shelves, light objects on high or low shelves.

This way you won't risk straining your back to pick up heavy objects.

3) Put a night safety light in your hallway or bathroom. Installing a light can help

reduce night-time accidents. If you use a glow-in-the-dark light switch, even better!

4) Sticking traction strips on slippery surfaces is essential, especially on tiled surfaces

such as bathrooms. Traction strips are available from most major retailers.

5) Be sure to remove clothes from the dryer with a reacher. This will help you protect

your back. These are just a few ways that you can help make your daily living more

enjoyable.

1. Who is this article intended for?

(A) People who like to do home improvements

(B) People with big houses

(C) Elderly people

(D) People with young children

2. Which of the following positive aspects is NOT mentioned?

(A) The tips are easy.

(B) The tips are quick to perform.

(C) The tips don't cost much money.

(D) The tips are especially good for women.

3. What is a reacher?

(A) A machine to dry clothes

(B) A kind of long stick

(C) A kind of chair

(D) A night safety light

4. What does the article NOT suggest?

(A) Installing night lights

(B) Using track slips to stop slipping

(C) Storing heavy items outdoors

(D) Putting light objects on high shelves

49

Questions 5 through 8 refer to the following announcement.

Notice of Fare Increase and Bus Schedule Changes Due to city budget cuts, the following changes will be made to the city bus service,

effective April 1st.

Fares on all city buses will be increased from $1.25 to $1.50.

Bus schedule changes will be made as follows:

The #36 bus route from downtown to the airport will run every thirty minutes instead

of every 20 minutes.

The #5 bus route from downtown to City Park will run every 35 minutes instead of

every 25 minutes.

The #16 bus route from the university to the Outer City Shopping Mall will run once

every hour instead of every 40 minutes.

There will be no bus service after 10:00 p.m. on weeknights and after 11:30 p.m. on

Friday and Saturday nights.

5. Why will the bus schedules change?

(A) The city does not have enough money.

(B) There are not enough people to ride the buses.

(C) People don't like to take the bus at night.

(D) The buses are too slow.

6. Where does the #36 bus go?

(A) To the park

(B) To the university

(C) To the airport

(D) To the mall

7. After April 1st, how often will the bus to City Park run?

(A) Every 5 minutes

(B) Every 25 minutes

(C) Every 35 minutes

(D) Every hour

8. What will happen to bus fares?

(A) They will be higher on all buses.

(B) They will be lower on all buses.

(C) They will stay the same on some buses.

(D) They will be higher on some buses.

50

UNIT 10

PART A: LISTENING



1. Why is the woman studying?

(A) She has a spelling test. (B) She has a final test.

(C) She has a mid-term test. (D) It does not say.

2. What is true about the man?

(A) He is watching a talk show. (B) He has to write a report.

(C) He doesn‟t like crocodiles. (D) He isn‟t interested in the program.

3. What does the woman want to do?

(A) Talk to the man (B) Go out for dinner

(C) Watch a documentary (D) Watch a different program

4. What is NOT true about the man?

(A) He is driving to the store. (B) He is leaving in ten minutes.

(C) He will get the food. (D) He will bring his wife with him.

5. Which of the following does the woman NOT need?

(A) Cheese (B) Milk (C) Pasta (D) Tomatoes

6. What did the man do wrong last time?

(A) He bought cheese that was green. (B) He bought fruit that was too ripe.

(C) He bought tomatoes that were not ripe. (D) He forgot to buy tomatoes.

Part 4: Short Talks


1. How many children does the man have?

(A) Two sons and two daughters (B) Two sons and three daughters

(C) A son and two daughters (D) A son and three daughters

2. Who is the man talking to?

(A) The father (B) Mike (C) Sandy (D) Ken

3. What does the speaker say about the twins?

(A) One of them is shy.

(B) They have very different personalities.

(C) They are now seven years old.

(D) They are both boys.

4. How many bedrooms does the man‟s house have?


5. What is true about the man?

(A) He has a wife and three kids. (B) There are three people in the family.

(C) He has a wife and two kids. (D) He just bought his second home.

6. What is close to the man‟s house?

(A) Many beautiful homes (B) A school and shops

(C) The kids‟ favorite park (D) A first-time home owner

51

PART B: VOCABULARY AND GRAMMAR (Auxiliaries – Cont.)


1. Our team has scored a goal from a .............. .

A. match B. contest C. penalty D. final

2. She needs a pair of ............. shoes.

A. skin B. feather C. leather D. complexion

3. The painting, which is ........... half a million pounds, was given to the gallery in 1975.

A. cost B. price C. fix D. worth

4. When you cross a street, remember to use the ............ .

A. junction B. roundabout C. zebra crossing D. pavement

5. He went to the butchers‟, but there wasn‟t any ........... left.

A. steak C. tea B. wine D. bread

6. Tom wasn‟t at the party last night. He must not . ………a ride. I know he wanted to

come, but he didn‟t have a car.

A. be able to have gotten B. have been able to get

C. be able to get D. to have been able to get

7. Yesterday, I ………. to a furniture store. I bought a new lamp there.

A. went B. could went C. could have gone D. ought to have gone

8. When Mr. Lee was young, he ………. work in the garden for hours, but now he has to

take frequent rest because he has emphysema.

A. has got to B. could be able to C. had better D. could

9. When I worked at the embassy, I ………. meet a friend at five every afternoon for a

game.

A. should B. had better C. would rather D. would

10. You …………. wait for me. I can meet you later.


11. He has got thousands of music CDs. He …………. love music very much.

A. must B. can C. has to D. need

12. You …………. a sporty person to keep fit. There are lots of activities you can do.

A. needn‟t to be B. don‟t need be C. need not being D. needn‟t be

13. . ……….. taking me downtown on your way to work this morning?

A. Can you B. Would you mind C. Why don‟t you D. Could you please

14. You …………. up late tonight because you have to get up early tomorrow.

A. had better not stay B. had not better stay

C. had better not to stay D. had better to not stay

15. It …………. rain this evening. Why don‟t you take an umbrella?

A. had better B. could be C. mustn‟t D. may

16. He has been working very hard today. He …………. very tired.

A. must be B. can be C. might be D. have to be

17. Peter …………. be able to help you with your loan.

A. has to B. can C. could D. may

18. Hey! You …………. walk on the grass. That sign says, “Do not walk on the grass.”

A. don‟t have to B. can‟t C. mustn‟t D. are not

19. “I ……….. there at 6.00 p.m. for a job interview, but my car doesn‟t start!

A. will be B. may be C. supposed to be D. have got to be

20. Laura drove all night to get here for his sister‟s wedding. He …………. exhausted by

the time he arrived.

A. ought to be B. must have been C. could be D. will have been

52




NOTICE

To all office personnel:

A gold necklace was found in the office last night. It (1) ------- valuable. If you think it

(A) looks (B) will be looking (C) is looking (D) was looking

(2) ------- to you, please report to the Lost and Found Office. We realize that certain

(A) has been belonging

(B) had belonged

(C) is belonging

(D) belongs

personal belongings are also of sentimental value. Our policy with lost jewelry is as

follows:

Go to the front desk and fill out a lost and found form. Describe the item. For example: I

lost a bracelet. It is heart-shaped and the word Sweetheart is engraved on the heart.

We (3) ------- this item belongs to a member of the cleaning crew because it was

(A) believe (B) were believing

(C) are believing (D) will be believing

found on the sink in the staff washrooms this morning.


To: Janet at Home


Re: Work

Dear Janet,

How are you doing? I haven't talked to you in a while. I'm keeping busy these days. I had

that job interview with the Clarkson Company last Tuesday. I (4) ------- it went well.

(A) will be thinking

(B) was thinking

(C) am thinking

(D) think

They understand that I can only work part-time because I am still going to school at

night. The job seems challenging, and they will probably offer a good salary. I am so

anxious to hear from them that I sit by the phone every day. I'm finding it hard to

concentrate on my (5) -------.

(A) job (B) resume (C) studies (D) family

They promised to get back to me within a week, so I guess I will know their decision

before too long. I hope they call soon because I have exams in two weeks and I need to

regain my focus. I (6) ------- you as soon as I find out.

(A) call (B) called (C) will call (D) have called

Love,

Richard

53




Parisian Hotel

Set in France during World War II, this movie takes a look at the life of one young lady

who risked her life to save others. "Amazing" is the only way to describe Sandra Ditoni's

portrayal of a hotel manager who saves the lives of over 300 people in a Parisian Hotel.

Ms. Ditoni will probably find herself earning an Academy Award nomination. Based on

a true story, this movie shows the bravery of a woman who stood up for what she thought

was right. Playing at theaters nationwide beginning today.

1. What kind of movie do you think Parisian Hotel is?

(A) A travel documentary (B) A romance

(C) A historical drama (D) A comedy

2. About how old do you think Sandra Ditoni is?

(A) About 14 or 15 (B) About 18 or 19 (C) About 30 (D) About 40

3. Where can you see this movie?

(A) At any movie theater (B) On video

(C) On television (D) It will be released next year.

Questions 4 through 6 refer to the following form.

Educational Opportunities

Scholarship Fund 1701 University Circle, Orford, NY

Your gift will make it possible for needy young people to get a college degree.

We rely on gifts from people like you. Please be as generous as possible.

$25 $75 $100 $250

Thank you!

Name ____________________________________________________________

Street ____________________________________________________________

City/State/ Zip _____________________________________________________

Check one:

____ Check enclosed

____ Money order enclosed

____ Charge my credit card: No. ______________ Expiration date ________

Signature (required for credit card charges) ______________________________

4. What is this form for?

(A) Ordering holiday gifts

(B) Contributing to a scholarship fund

(C) Paying college tuition

(D) Requesting information on educational opportunities

5. What possible form of payment is not listed?

(A) Cash (B) Check (C) Money order (D) Credit card

6. Who should sign this form?

(A) Anybody who sends in a payment (B) Anybody who has a credit card

(C) Anybody who needs a scholarship (D) Anybody who pays by credit card

54

UNIT 11

PART A: LISTENING



1. (A) (B) (C) (D) 4. (A) (B) (C) (D)

2. (A) (B) (C) (D) 5. (A) (B) (C) (D)

3. (A) (B) (C) (D)



1. (A) (B) (C) 4. (A) (B) (C)

2. (A) (B) (C) 5. (A) (B) (C)

3. (A) (B) (C)

55

PART B: VOCABULARY AND GRAMMAR (Active and Passive)


1. Joe wins every time. He always ............. Bill.

A. wins B. gains C. beats D. earns

2. I want you to ............. a room in the Savoy Hotel.

A. ask B. reserve C. phone D. occupy

3. He‟s……….slowly after the operation.

A. mending B. recovering C. relieving D. getting

4. Let me give you a……….with those bags.

A. help B. hand C. support D. hold

5. People often……….confidence when they are criticized.

A. lose B. fail C. drop D. omit

6. I still cannot believe it. My motorbike ............. last night.

A. was stole B. was stealing C. stolen D. got stolen

7. The child‟s arm was swollen because he ............. by a bee.

A. stung B. had stung C. had been stung D. had being stung

8. Many U.S automobiles ............. in Michigan so far.

A. are manufactured B. was manufactured

C. have manufactured D. have been manufactured

9. The Mayan Indians ............. an accurate and sophisticated calendar over 7 centuries ago.

A. were developed B. had developed C. developed D. has been developed

10. George ............. Lisa.

A. is married with B. marrying C. is married to D. is married by

11. Let‟s go ahead and do it now. Nothing ............. by waiting. A. accomplishes B. will accomplish C. can accomplish D. will be accomplished

12. I think that this report will ............. late this afternoon.

A. finish B. be finishing C. be finished D. have finished

13. Both domestic and imported automobiles must ............. anti-pollution devices.

A. equip with B. be equipped by C. equip by D. be equipped with

14. Those letters ……….. before next Friday.

A. must type B. will type C. must be typed D. must be typing

15. How did that window ………...?

A. get broken B. broke C. got broken D. is broken

16. As the fairy tale goes, the prince ……….. into a frog by an evil magician, and only a

kiss from a beautiful princess could restore him to his original state.

A. were turned B. was turned C. turned D. was turning

17. We can‟t even walk in this storm. Let‟s wait in the hallway where we‟ll be ………

the strong wind until things quiet down.

A. protected with B. protected from C. protecting from D. protected by

18. Be sure to wash these vegetables thoroughly. A lot of pesticide residue ………… on

unwashed products.

A. can find B. can found C. are found D. can be found

19. It‟s hard to believe that my application for a scholarship was denied. I was sure I

………... it. I don‟t know if I‟ll be able to go to school next year.

A. will be gotten B. won‟t get C. would get D. would be gotten

20. The man died because medical help was not summoned. A doctor should…………

immediately.

A. have called B. call C. be called D. have been called

56




To: Sam Tyler

From: Jack Stone

Subject: Meeting with Mr. Williams

Sam,

Mr. Williams has agreed (1) ------- with us in order to discuss the contracts. Have you

(A) met (B) meets (C) to meet (D) meeting

had a chance to review them yet? He says he doesn't mind (2) ------- over to our office

(A) comes

(B) coming

(C) to come

(D) will come

some time next week. Is next Tuesday afternoon a good time for you? If so, would right

after lunch work?

Before we meet with him, I think we should take a few minutes to discuss this together.

We could get together over the weekend if that would be easier for you. I've (3) -------

(A) offering (B) offered to (C) to offer (D) offered

help one of our colleagues move on Saturday. I'll be home all day Sunday.

Jack



From: j&[email protected]

Dear Ms. Chang,

I enjoyed (4) ------- you last week. I was impressed by your talents and interesting

(A) met (B) meeting (C) to meet (D) have met

background. You seem (5) ------- well qualified for the position we are offering. I also

(A) be (B) are (C) to be (D) will be

noted your enthusiasm for our company. Mr. Park and I plan (6) ------- together in the

(A) get

(B) to get

(C) will get

(D) getting

next few days to discuss all the people who applied for the job. There were so many

highly qualified candidates that we are considering creating another position. We may

actually hire two people rather than one. We will let all the applicants know by the end of

next week. Thank you for your patience.

Sincerely,

Shirley James

57




Children and Television

A lot of research has been done trying to determine the effects of television viewing on

your child. Some research shows that television is harmful, but is television really

harmful to your child? You know that your child loves to be entertained. All children

enjoy cartoons and movies. But are these things good for them? How can you monitor

your child's television viewing? Here are some tips parents can take to help reduce

television's negative effect on their children.

1. Watch television with your child - too often TV is used as a cheap babysitter.

Know what your child is watching and don't be afraid to turn off the television if you

think there is nothing good on.

2. Choose programs carefully - after watching a show, start a family discussion. Ask

your children if they understand what the television program was about.

3. Don't let your child have a TV in the bedroom - know what he or she is watching.

Televisions and computers should be kept in a common area so parents can see what

their children are watching.

4. Don't watch TV during meal times - eating together is an important part of family

life. Use meal times to talk about the day's events. Ask your children about their day and

tell them about yours.

5. Establish regular viewing times - don't keep the television on all day.

There are many educational programs out there, so, used carefully, television doesn't

have to be a meaningless distraction.

1. Who is this advice aimed at?

(A) Young children (B) Teenagers

(C) Parents (D) Teachers

2. Why should the reader watch TV with his or her child?

(A) Children love it.

(B) It offers educational programs.

(C) Television is not a babysitter.

(D) Television is a babysitter.

3. Which of the following tips was NOT mentioned above?

(A) Keep TV out of the bedroom

(B) Keep mealtimes TV-free

(C) Discuss TV programs with your family

(D) Make a list of good programs

4. According to the article, what other device should be kept in a common area?

(A) Radio (B) Dishwasher

(C) Computer (D) Telephone

58

Questions 5 through 7 refer to the following paragraph.

Thank you for becoming a National Bank credit card customer. Your new credit card is

enclosed. Before using your card, please read the enclosed material describing your

rights and responsibilities as a National Bank credit card user. If you have any questions,

call 567-0998. To activate your card, call 567-4557 to confirm that you have received

your card. Your card will not be valid for use until you call this number.

5. Who is this notice for?

(A) A person who has an account at the National Bank

(B) A person who has a new credit card from the National Bank

(C) A person who wants to work at the National Bank

(D) A person who wants to find out about services at the National Bank

6. Why would a bank customer call 567-0998?

(A) To ask questions about credit cards

(B) To order a new credit card

(C) To make the new credit card valid

(D) To order materials about credit cards

7. What must the customer do to receive his new card?

(A) Call 567-4557

(B) Answer some questions

(C) It is enclosed with this notice.

(D) Go to the bank

59

UNIT 12

PART A: LISTENING


Listen and choose the best answer.

1. When will the film start?

(A) In fifteen minutes (B) In five minutes

(C) In ten minutes (D) In twenty minutes

2. What does the woman want to eat?

(A) Popcorn with salt and butter (B) Popcorn with butter but no salt

(C) Popcorn with salt but no butter (D) Popcorn with neither butter nor salt

3. What else does the woman want?

(A) An orange juice (B) An orange (C) A cola (D) A lemonade

4. How many seats does the man want?

(A) One seat (B) Three seats (C) Four seats (D) Two seats

5. Why does the man want an aisle seat?

(A) He can leave quickly. (B) He can use the bathroom more easily.

(C) He has a better view. (D) The seats are more comfortable.

6. What does the man buy?

(A) Tickets and a program (B) Tickets and a drink

(C) A gift for his friend (D) A program

Part 4: Short Talks


1. What is the topic of the program?

(A) Problems with neighbors (B) Good neighbors

(C) Families (D) Problems with coworkers

2. How many guests are on the show?


3. What kind of show is this?

(A) A comedy show (B) A news show

(C) A talk show (D) A drama

4. What language does the main character speak?

(A) English (B) French

(C) Spanish (D) It doesn‟t say.

5. What kind of movie is it?

(A) It‟s a funny love story. (B) It‟s an action movie.

(C) It‟s a sad story. (D) It‟s a scary movie.

6. Who can watch this movie?

(A) Adults only (B) Adults and teenagers

(C) Everyone (D) Only children

60

PART B: VOCABULARY AND GRAMMAR (Gerunds and Infinitives)


1. I‟m sorry. I took your hat ............ .

A. of mistake B. by chance C. by mistake D. by fault

2. I was sorry to hear of her ............. to come to the party.

A. refusal B. comment C. refuse D. criticism

3. He goes to church every Sunday. He is .............. .

A. conscious B. precious C. religious D. arduous

4. Please ............. the radio. It‟s too noisy.

A. slow down B. put down C. let down D. turn down

5. They are fighting the oil pollution which is ............. local beaches.

A. threatening B. pleasing C. tiring D. exhausting

6. We considered .............. after work.

A. to go shopping B. going shopping C. going to shop D. to go to shop

7. I don‟t blame you for not .............. outside in this awful weather.

A. wanting to go B. wanting going C. want to go D. to want to go

8. The painting was so beautiful. I stood there .............. it for a long time.

A. for admiring B. being admired C. to admire D. admiring

9. Sometimes, very young children have trouble ............ fact from fiction, and may

believe that dragons actually exist.

A. to separate B. separating C. to be separated D. for separating

10. She is now busy ............... her homework for her class tomorrow.

A. to do B. for doing C. will do D. doing

11. Jack made me .............. him next week.

A. to promise to call B. promise to call

C. to promise calling D. promise calling

12. I got Babara …..…… her car for the weekend.

A. to let me to borrow B. let me borrow

C. to let me borrow D. let me borrowing

13. I‟ll never forget ……….. that race last month. What a thrill!

A. to win B. won C. being won D. winning

14. I was reading an interesting novel when she came. I had to stop .............. her.

A. to read it for talking to B. reading it for talking with

C. reading it to talk to D. to read it to talk to

15. Who is the woman talking to Mr. Lee? I don‟t recall .............. her around the office.

A. to have seen B. seeing C. to see D. being seen

16. It is a beautiful day today. Would you like .............. with me?

A. to go to fish B. going fishing C. going to fish D. to go fishing

17. Please remember .............. your hand during the lesson if you have a question.

A. raising B. to raise C. rising D. to rise

18. I hear someone ……….. in the distance. Do you hear it, too?

A. shouting B. to shout C. shouted D. is shouting

19. The manager demands that everyone .............. to work on time from now on.

A. go B. goes C. going D. to go

20. Mary‟s children ............. after school every day. They don‟t have to walk home.

A. used to be picked up B. are used to being picked up

C. are used with picking up D. are used to picking up

61




Maria,

Good news! I now have the (1) ------- contracts in my hand, so we can get started on

(A) signature (B) signing (C) signed (D) sign

the work. I'm sure you will be happy to get going on this as we have been waiting for

more than two months now for this grant.

Unfortunately, they did not agree to pay the entire amount that we asked for. I hope that

news is not too (2) ------ for you. In all honesty, I think they have offered us a fair

(A) disappointment (B) disappointing

(C) disappointed (D) disappoints

amount. I wasn't expecting the full amount anyway. (3) ------- part is that they don't

(A) The surprising

(B) The surprised

(C) Surprising the

(D) I'm surprised

require a breakdown of our spending. That will save us time in creating a formal budget.

Luis


To: Edouard Fleurat

From: Maria Rotini

Subject: Client Visit

Ed,

Olga Kovacs, (4) ------- represents one of our most important clients, will visit our city

(A) who

(B) who she

(C) whom

(D) whom she

next week. We want to make sure she gets the best treatment possible while she is here.

She (5) ------- at the Grand Hotel, not too far from our office.

(A) stays (B) stayed (C) has stayed (D) will be staying

We expect her to arrive at the office on Monday morning. Please send (6) ------

(A) a greeting

(B) directions

(C) a limousine

(D) instructions

to her hotel by 7:30 on Monday so that she doesn't have to look for a cab. You should

ride with her and make sure that she has everything she needs.

Thanks.

Maria

62




The Orange Cat Coffee Shop

Dear Customers,

Beginning next month, we will no longer be accepting Orange Cat Coffee Coupons. The

recent increasing price of coffee beans has made it difficult to keep both the everyday

low prices that our customers have come to expect and the high quality of our drinks. We

have decided not to raise prices. Instead, we will do away with the coupon system. We

will continue to accept coupons until the end of the month.

Thank you for choosing The Orange Cat.

Sincerely,

The Management

1. What is the name of the coffee shop?

(A) The Valued Customer (B) The London Coffee Shop

(C) The Orange Cat (D) The Open Letter

2. What does the coffee shop plan to stop using?

(A) Coffee (B) Coffee coupons (C) Coffee beans (D) Low prices

3. Coupons will continue to be accepted until when?

(A) The end of this month (B) The end of next month

(C) The beginning of this month (D) The end of the year

Questions 4 and 5 refer to the following report.

The Jolly Hamburger restaurant chain reported that, because of cost cutting, it was able

to double its profits this year to $52 million. Jolly Hamburger is the second largest fast-

food company in the country, after Big Burgers, which reported profits this year of $60

million, up from $48 million last year. Jolly Hamburger plans to broaden its customer

base by introducing a special low-fat, low-sodium menu geared towards senior citizens.

4. How was Jolly Hamburger able to increase its profits?

(A) By lowering its prices

(B) By introducing a new menu

(C) By getting more customers

(D) By decreasing its expenses

5. What were Jolly Hamburger's profits last year?

(A) $26 million (B) $48 million

(C) $52 million (D) $104 million

63

UNIT 13

PART A: LISTENING



1. (A) (B) (C) (D) 4. (A) (B) (C) (D)

2. (A) (B) (C) (D) 5. (A) (B) (C) (D)

3. (A) (B) (C) (D)



1. (A) (B) (C) 4. (A) (B) (C)

2. (A) (B) (C) 5. (A) (B) (C)

3. (A) (B) (C)

64

PART B: VOCABULARY AND GRAMMAR (Conditional Sentences)


1. The neighbors are very kind, they are always willing to……….a hand.

A. offer B. make C. lend D. provide

2. I have often ………………. why they went to live abroad.

A. wondered B. surprised C. thought D. puzzled

3. Just keep …………………… on the baby while I cook the supper, will you?

A. a look B. a glance C. an eye D. a care

4. You have to show your .............. when you board a plane.

A. boarding card B. permit C. identity card D. passport

5. At fourteen, she ............... the French Alpine Club to learn more.

A. joined B. took part C. participated D. went

6. We will have the party outside unless it ............... .

A. rains B. won‟t rain C. will rain D. doesn‟t rain

7. Please come to meet me if you ............... me.

A. will need B. need C. needed D. would need

8. You will be late ............... now.

A. unless you don‟t go B. unless you go

C. if you will go D. if you won‟t go

9. I ............... that work if I were you.

A. didn‟t do B. don‟t do C. won‟t do D. wouldn‟t do

10. ………… he come yesterday, he would have met her.

A. If B. Have C. Had D. Unless

11. If the temperature drops to 0oC, water ............... into ice.

A. would turn B. turn C. turns D. turned

12. If you don‟t study hard, you ............... a good result.

A. will get B. won‟t get C. don‟t get D. get

13. ............... a millionaire now, what would you do?

A. Are you B. If you C. Were you D. If you was

14. ………… he driven carefully, the accident wouldn‟t have happened.


15. If you had told us earlier who he was, we ............... him to our friends at the party.

A. will introduce B. have introduced

C. would have introduced D. introduced

16. ............... anyone come while I am out, please ask him or her to wait for me.

A. If B. Unless C. Does D. Should

17. You will not be good at English unless you ................ harder.

A. study B. will study C. don‟t study D. won‟t study

18. ………… you obeyed my order, that disaster wouldn‟t have happened.


19. If I had known that you were coming, I ............... you up at the airport.

A. had picked B. would pick C. picked D. would have picked

20. It is a pity that I couldn‟t meet Jane at the party yesterday. I wish I ………… her

there to invite her to dance with me.

A. met B. could meet C. had met D. would have meet

65




The Auckland Quarterly March 1st

Life Section-Health

Is Smoking the Latest Trend?

Smoking is becoming more popular among young people, and they are starting to smoke

at earlier ages than before. (1) ------- there have been many campaigns to discourage

(A) Although (B) Because (C) When (D) Since

teenagers from smoking, more than 40% of teens say they have tried it at least once.

Over 30% of these say they tried their first cigarette before the age of fourteen. This is

not (2) ------- news for public health officials, teachers, and parents.

(A) encourage

(B) encouraged

(C) encouraging

(D) encouragement

"We need to develop better anti-smoking campaigns that are directed at teenagers," said

Dr. Howard MacDonald, director of the Center for Healthy Living. "Starting a habit like

smoking during (3) ------- can mean serious health problems for the rest of one's

(A) adversity

(B) addiction

(C) advertising

(D) adolescence

life," he added.

Questions 4 through 6 refer to the following advertisement.

Techno Business Academy

Hone your office skills at Techno Business Academy. We guarantee to train you

(4) ------- any other business school. We guarantee the lowest prices in town.

(A) faster than

(B) more professionally than

(C) longer than

(D) more costly than

We guarantee that (5) ------- you finish our three-month course, you will be in demand

(A) as soon as (B) soon as

(C) sooner (D) soon

at all the best offices in town. That's three guarantees. Our recent graduates earn

(6) ------- salaries than other office professionals with years of experience. All other

(A) high (B) higher (C) highest (D) the highest

Business Academies require at least six months of training. Our professors are professionals,

just like theirs.

Why study longer?

Why go anywhere else?

66




Notice to All Employees

As part of our "Good Health" policy, we wish to inform our employees of the new

no-smoking policy in the office. In order to create a clean working environment, smoking

is no longer allowed in the office break-room or in the restrooms. All offices, of course,

remain no smoking areas. The only area in which smoking will be allowed is the new

smoking lobby near the parking area. Although this is outdoors, it is a covered area.

Therefore it is possible to use it in all weather conditions. Also, we are not allowing smoke

breaks longer than five minutes for every one hour period. This means that smokers may

take a five-minute break each hour of work or a ten-minute break every two hours of work.

We will not be monitoring workers, but we do expect you to stick to this timing. For a

cooperative office atmosphere, we need workers to feel that everyone is working equal

hours. As this is the official policy for the company, no exceptions will be allowed. From

next month, we will be introducing a bonus system for all employees who give up smoking

for more than three months. More information will be given at a later date. If you feel that

this policy is somehow unfair or that you are being discriminated against, we encourage

you to contact your department's supervisor.

Thank you.

1. According to this notice, smoking is not allowed in which of the following?

(A) The break-room (B) Restrooms (C) The parking area (D) A and B

2. What is the allowed length of time for smoke breaks?

(A) Five minutes for each hour of work (B) Five minutes for every two hours work

(C) Ten minutes for each hour of work (D) It is not stated in the notice.

3. If workers feel that the smoking policy is unfair, whom should they contact?

(A) A co-worker (B) The company owner

(C) The fire department (D) A department supervisor

4. What will happen next month?

(A) All smokers will be monitored.

(B) Bonuses will be given to people who stop smoking.

(C) People will be discriminated against.

(D) Department supervisors will contact all workers.

Questions 5 and 6 refer to the following sign.

My name is Becky. I'm your room attendant. I take pride in keeping your room neat and

clean. I hope you have a really pleasant stay.

Please dial Housekeeping at Ext. 28 if there's anything you need.

5. Where would you most likely see this sign?

(A) In a recreation center (B) In a hotel or motel room

(C) At a health club (D) At a beauty salon

6. Which of the following is probably one of Becky's duties?

(A) Supervising sports (B) Changing bed linens

(C) Painting walls (D) Waking guests in the morning

67

UNIT 14

PART A: LISTENING


Listen and choose the best answer.

1. Why did Lisa quit her old job?

(A) She didn‟t like her boss. (B) The pay was too low.

(C) She got offered a better job. (D) She never got a raise.

2. When did she apply for a job?

(A) Three weeks ago (B) One week ago

(C) Four weeks ago (D) Two weeks ago

3. What is true about Lisa‟s new job?

(A) The hours are longer, but the pay is more.

(B) The hours are shorter, but the pay is less.

(C) The hours and pay are the same, but she likes it more.

(D) The hours are shorter, and the pay is more.

4. What does the man want to do?

(A) Buy dinner for Jean (B) Have breakfast with Jean

(C) Have lunch (D) Buy breakfast for Jean

5. Why can‟t Jean go with Steve?

(A) She has a business meeting to go to. (B) She is not happy.

(C) She has no money. (D) She is eating a business lunch.

6. What is true about Steve?

(A) He is annoyed. (B) He knows some good restaurants nearby.

(C) He will take her tomorrow. (D) He has a busy day.

Part 4: Short Talks


1. Swing shift jobs are during what times of the day?

(A) 9:00 a.m. – 5:00 p.m. (B) 5:00 p.m. – 01:00 a.m.

(C) 11:00 p.m. – 7:00 a.m. (D) 4:30 a.m. – 6:00 p.m.

2. When do people on graveyard shifts usually work?

(A) During the day (B) During the night

(C) On the weekends (D) Only during holidays

3. What is flexi-time?

(A) You work eight to four. (B) You can choose your own hours.

(C) You work at night. (D) You work only during the day.

4. How many hours a day did the person work in his old job?

(A) Six (B) Eight (C) Ten (D) Twelve

5. What kinds of benefits does his new job have?

(A) Medical insurance (B) Home insurance

(C) Life insurance (D) A company car

6. How does the man save money on gasoline?

(A) By taking the bus (B) By walking to work

(C) By parking close to the office (D) By riding with a co-worker

68

PART B: VOCABULARY AND GRAMMAR (Questions and Inversions)


1. The show was dull. It was .............. .

A. uninteresting B. terrifying C. interesting D. frightening

2. Vung Tau is a leading coast .............. .

A. ground B. resort C. field D. stadium

3. The camel can go without ............. for a long time.

A. food B. water C. fat D. heat

4. The murderer was ............ this morning.

A. hung B. hang C. hanged D. to be hung

5. Argentina ............. the World Cup in 1986.

A. brought B. carried C. beat D. won

6. Who ............. to join our garden club?

A. does want B. want C. wanting D. wants

7. What ............. you sad?

A. does it make B. do make C. makes D. make

8. How much money ............. on clothes every month?

A. she spends B. is she spends C. does she spend D. spends

9. Let‟s finish this exercise, ..............?

A. do we B. don‟t you C. shall we D. shan‟t we

10. No one died in the accident, ..............?

A. did he B. did they C. didn‟t they D. didn‟t he

11. I am late, .............?

A. am I B. am not I C. aren‟t I D. isn‟t it

12. He often gets up early, .............?

A. does he B. doesn‟t he C. never he D. is he right

13. She‟s never met Jack, .............?

A. is she B. has she C. isn‟t she D. hasn‟t she

14. Come and see me soon, .............?

A. do you B. don‟t you C. will you D. won‟t you

15. You hardly have free time, .............?

A. do you B. haven‟t you C. don‟t you D. hardly you

16. There‟s been nothing wrong, ………….?

A. hasn‟t it B. has it C. has there D. hasn‟t there

17. She‟s been to England many times before, .............?

A. is she B. has she C. hasn‟t she D. isn‟t she

18. Almost everyone knows how to do this exercise, ………….?

A. isn‟t he B. doesn‟t he C. do they D. don‟t they

19. Never …………. dreamed of such a wonderful day as this.

A. I have B. did I C. have I D. I did

20. Jane doesn‟t want to go to work by bus, and …………. .

A. her younger sister, either B. so does her younger sister

C. neither does her younger sister D. nor doesn‟t her younger sister

69




Please Post NOTICE

To: All Employees

Re: Volunteering

In order to give back to the community, our company lets each employee (1) ------- up

(A) takes (B) will take (C) take (D) taking

to three hours a month of paid leave for volunteer work with a local volunteer

organization. In order to get credit for this, the employee must have the volunteer

organization (2) ------- the enclosed form.

(A) sign

(B) signed

(C) to sign

(D) signs

Some departments may prefer to volunteer as a group on a monthly basis. The head of a

department should (3) ------- his staff members write down all of the local charities

(A) get

(B) has

(C) have

(D) made

and organizations they are interested in. A vote may be the best way to choose a new

volunteer project each month.

Thank you for helping us help others.


MEMO From the Desk of: Ned Rogers

To: Connie Hung

Connie,

The photocopier has broken down again. Please get a repairperson (4) ------- it as soon

(A) service (B) services (C) to service (D) will service

as possible. I'm afraid that whatever Eric did when he took it apart may end up costing us

money. In the future, we cannot allow staff members (5) ------- the copier themselves.

(A) using

(B) to fix

(C) making

(D) to have

It almost always makes the problem worse. Having said that, I (6) ------- Shane from

(A) allowed (B) allowing (C) will allow (D) allow

Sales to look into any technical problems we have in the future. Besides being a

salesman he is a trained technician. I got him to fix my printer at home and he did a great

job. Unfortunately he's away on vacation this week.

Ned

70




How Not to Succeed in Your Job

Many magazines have articles on how to be a success, but here at Business Monthly, the

Magazine for Busy Businesspeople, we thought it would be helpful if our readers knew

how to fail.

Step One: Don't come to work on time. If you want to fail at work, then don't be on

time. Punctuality, or being where you should when you should, is a common

trait of successful people. If you don't want to succeed, be late for all of your

appointments.

Step Two: Don't ask questions. Successful people often try to learn what they don't

already know. They ask questions if they are unsure of a situation or a

procedure. If you want to fail, make sure you keep your questions to yourself.

Step Three: Never learn new things. In order to get ahead in your career, it is necessary

to keep yourself updated on current information in your field. Information

changes quickly; if you want to be left behind, then don't keep up with the

changes.

Step Four: Don't mind your own business. MYOB, or Mind Your Own Business, means

not getting involved in office gossip. If you talk about others behind their

backs, then you can expect that others are talking about you as well. So if

you want to fail, stick your nose where it does not belong.

1. According to the article, what does punctuality mean?

(A) Having good punctuation when writing

(B) Being where you should

(C) Being successful

(D) Being where you should, when you should

2. According to this article, what is true about successful people?

(A) They are late, don't ask questions, and never learn new things.

(B) They are late, don't ask questions, and try to learn new things.

(C) They are late, ask questions, and try to learn new things.

(D) They aren't late, ask questions, and try to learn new things.

3. What does MYOB mean?

(A) That you should study about business in school.

(B) That you should not get involved in office gossip.

(C) That you should prepare to own your own business.

(D) That you should talk a lot about other people.

4. What are the steps of failure?

(A) Being late, not asking anything, gossiping, and not learning

(B) Being late, asking questions, talking about others, and not learning

(C) Being punctual, not asking questions, gossiping, and not learning

(D) Being late, not asking questions, not learning, and not gossiping

71

Questions 5 through 7 refer to the following chart.

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EDUCATION AND INCOME, 2002

Level of Education Median Annual Income

Elementary

8 years or less ............................................................................................. $14,500

High School

1-3 years ..................................................................................................... $17,400

4 years ......................................................................................................... $22,500

College

1-3 years ...................................................................................................... $31,050

4 years.......................................................................................................... $45,000

5. What statement can be made about the relationship between education and income?

(A) The more education one has, the less one earns.

(B) The more education one has, the more one earns.

(C) A college education is the most expensive.

(D) The cost of elementary education is the least expensive.

6. What is the money referred to in the chart?

(A) A worker's average yearly salary

(B) A student's tuition for one year

(C) A student's tuition for the number of years indicated

(D) A worker's median monthly salary

7. How much would a person with twelve years of education expect to be making?

(A) $14,500

(B) $17,400

(C) $22,500

(D) $31,050

72

LANGUAGE FOCUS

COMPARISONS

COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS

There are three main degrees of comparison: Positive (Equal), Comparative and

Superlative.

1. Positive comparison: “…………(not) as + adj/adv + as …………”

Equal positive comparison: To say that two things or people are the same or equal, we use:

S1 + V1 + as + adj/adv + as + S2 (subjective pro/ noun) + (V2)

Ex: - He is as tall as she (is).

- He runs as fast as his brother (does).

- Nam drives as carefully as Hung (does).

Unequal positive comparison: To say that two things or people are not the same, or unequal,

we use:

S1 + V1 + not (….) + as (so) + adj/adv + as + S2 (Subject pro/ noun) + V2

Ex: - You are not as (so) old as I (am).

- Hung is not as (so) studious as Thien (is).

- She does not speak E as well as he (does).

- Hong does not speak English as fluently as Lan (does).

Note: “…. not as adj/adv as” =”…. less adj/adv than…”.

Ex: - Our class is not as crowded as that one = Our class is less crowded than that one.

- He does not run as quickly as I (do). = He runs less quickly than I (do).

Note: “……..twice as adj/adv as…, … three times/ten times + as adj/adv as…..; twice, three

times + short adj/adv +er than/more +long adj/adv +than….”

Ex: - Their house is about three times as big as ours.

- Her salary is twice as high as mine. Her salary is twice higher than mine.

- He works twice as hard as his wife (does).

2. Comparative of adjectives and adverbs

2.1. Comparatives of short adjectives and short adverbs

Note: Short adjectives and short adverbs are words with one syllable such as tall, short, long,

nice, thin, fat, small, fine, thick, old, young, new, hot, fast, hard, long, ….

2.1.1 .Form: … + Short adj/adv + er + than +….

S1 + V1 +

Short adjective + er

Short adverb + er

+ THAN + S2 (noun/ subject pronoun) + (V2)

Ex: - He is taller than she (is).

- You are younger than I (am).

- He works harder than she (does).

- She runs faster than he does.

73

2.1.2. Rules of adding “er” into short adjectives or adverbs:

2.1.2.1. Commonly, we add “er” into short adjectives/adverbs without any changes.

Ex: tall taller young younger

old older short shorter

fast faster hard harder

2.1.2.2. If the one-syllable adjectives end in “e”, we just add “r”.

Ex: large larger safe safer

nice nicer fine finer

2.1.2.3. If the one-syllable adjectives end in 1 vowel + 1 consonant, we double the final

consonant and add “er”.

Ex: hot hotter thin thinner

fat fatter big bigger

Note: Don‟t double the final consonant when the one - syllable adjectives end in “w” or “x”.

Ex: new newer few fewer lax laxer

2.1.2.4. Two-syllable adjectives ending in “consonant + y” are considered short adjectives.

Therefore, we change y i, and add “er”.

Ex: easy easier lucky luckier

happy happier noisy noisier

2.1.25. Two-syllable adjectives ending in "et, er, ow, le" are considered either short or long.

Consequently, we can use “er” or “more” with them.

Ex: quiet quieter/more quiet clever cleverer/more clever

narrow narrower/more narrow simple simpler/more simple

2.1.26. Some adjectives and adverbs have their irregular forms in comparative and superlative.

Ex: good better/best bad worse/worst

far farther/(further)/farthest)furthest*

little less/least many/much more/most

old older (elder)/oldest)eldest *

well better/best badly worse/worst

2.2. Comparative of long adjectives and adverbs

Note: Long adjectives are words with more than one syllable such as handsome, graceful,

beautiful, wonderful, intelligent, polite, cruel,….

- Long adverbs are words with more than one syllable such as quickly, easily, carefully,…..

S1 + V 1 + more + long adj/adv + THAN + S2 (noun/ subjective pronoun) +V2

Ex: - She is more economical than he (is).

- They are more intelligent than their parents (are).

- He drives more carelessly than his wife (does).

- His mother does exercise more often than he (does)

Note: All two-syllable adverbs ending in “ly” are long adverbs except “early”. “Early" is

always considered a short adverb.

Ex: - He ran more quickly than I (did) (not quicklier than).

But: - Last night, he got up earlier than I (did) (not more early).

3. Superlatives of adjectives and adverbs

3.1. Short Adj/Adv:

S + V + the + short adj + est + (noun) + (in/of + collective/plural noun).

+ the + short adv + est…….

Ex: - Lan is the nicest (student) in this class.

- Hung is the fattest (person) in his family.

- They all work hard, but Hoang works the hardest.

- All of my horses run fast, but the gray one runs the fastest.

74

3.2. Long Adj/Adv:

S + V + the most + long adj + (noun) + (in/of + collective nouns/plural nouns).

+ the most + long adv

Ex: - My father is the most intelligent (person) in my family.

- Among the taxi-drivers of Mai Linh company, Mr. Thai drives the most carefully.

4. Repeating Comparative

- Repeating comparative gives the idea that something becomes progressively greater or lesser,

i.e., it increases or decreases in intensity, quality, or quantity.

4.1. One-syllable adj/adv

…. short adj/adv +er + and + short adj/adv +er….

Ex: The weather is getting warmer and warmer.

Because he was afraid, he walked faster and faster.

Note: He studies better and better.

4.2. Long adjectives/adverbs

…….more and more + long adj/adv…….

Ex: - Life in the modern world is becoming more and more complex.

- Mary looks more and more beautiful day by day.

- He speaks more and more quickly.

4.3. Repeating comparatives with “less”

…………….. less and less + short/long adj/adv…….

Ex: - My father becomes less and less strong.

- You are less and less studious.

- He less and less often visits his parents.

Note: He studies worse and worse.

5. Double Comparative:

The + comparative + S1 + V1, + the + comparative + S2 + V2

Ex: - The hotter it is, the more miserable I feel.

- The more interesting the lesson is, the more attentive the students are.

If Adj/Adv is only in one clause, we use “the more” for the other clause:

The more + S1 + V1, + the + comparative + S2 + V2

Ex: The more you study, the smarter you will become.

With verbs:

The more/less + S1 + V1, + the more/less + S2 + V2

Ex: The more you learn, the more you earn.

The less you study, the less you succeed./the more you fail.

If “it is” or “to be” is in both clauses, we omit “it is” or “to be”:

Ex: The shorter (it is), the better (it is).

75

NOUNS

1. UNCOUNTABLE AND COUNTABLE NOUNS

1.1. Uncountable nouns cannot be counted as one, two, or three,… Uncountable nouns are

always in singular form (have no plural form) and take a singular verb form.

Ex: Milk, water, sugar, tea, beer, money, food, news, information, rice, music, sand,….

Ex: Milk is good for your health, but wine is not good for your health.

1.2. Countable nouns are ones that can be counted as one, two or three,…

Ex: a table, two tables, a person, 100 people/persons, a child, 20 children, a cat, two cats,…

1.3. The usages of countable and uncountable nouns in the relations to other parts of speech

Countable nouns Uncountable nouns + Singular countable nouns can be used with “A/An” + Uncountable nouns cannot be used with “A/An”

Ex: I need a house/an apple - I need water and food to survive. + Countable nouns can be singular or plural + Uncountable nouns cannot be plural

Ex: I am a teacher - The Vietnamese often eat rice.

We are teachers - This room has a lot of furniture. + Plural countable nouns are used with + Uncountable nouns are used with singular

plural verb form. verb form.

Ex: Friends are thieves of time. - Love is not everything. + Plural countable nouns can be used with + Uncountable nouns are used with little / a little /

few/a few/many. much.

Ex: I have a few English books. - He drinks a little wine daily.

- She has many boyfriends. - He doesn‟t have much money.

Note: We can use “a lot of” with either countable nouns or uncountable nouns.

Ex: She has a lot of friends. She has a lot of money.

2. SINGULAR AND PLURAL NOUNS

Countable nouns always have two forms: Singular and plural forms. We have some

common ways to change singular nouns into their plural forms as follows:

2.1. Generally, we add “s” into singular nouns to make their plural forms without any changes:

Ex: A book two books, a pen three pens, a plate four plates, a wall six walls, a bed

nine beds, ……

Note: - If the last sound of the word is [t, p, f, or k], “S” is pronounced /s/.

Ex: plates, lips, photographs, cakes, ….

- If the last sound of the word is a vowel or one of the following consonants /b, g, n, l, d, v, m, or

(r)/, “s” is pronounced /z/.

Ex: seas, pens, walls, doors, bags, jobs, ……..

2.2. If the word ends in s, ss, ch, sh, z, or x; or the last sound of the word is /s,z,∫, t∫, ζ /

we add “es” into the word, and “es” is pronounced /iz/.

Ex: a bus two buses, a glass three glasses, a watch four watches,

a dish ten dishes, a fez five fezzes, a box two boxes, a buzz two buzzes,

a fizz two fizzes, a quiz two quizzes,…..

Note:

2.2.1. If, however, the final “ch” is pronounced /k/, we add “s” only.

Ex: a stomach two stomachs; a monarch two monarchs; an epoch ten epochs,…

2.2.2. If the word ends in ce, se, ze or ge, we add “s”, and we have another extra sound [iz].

Ex: A house two houses, a sentence three sentences, a maze ten mazes, an orange

four oranges,….

76

2.3. If the word ends in consonant + o, we add “es”, and “es” is pronounced /z/.

Ex: A mango six mangoes, a tomato nine tomatoes, a potato ten potatoes,…..

Note:

2.3.1. For nouns ending in vowel + o, we add “s” only. “s” in this case is pronounced /z/.

Ex: A bamboo two bamboos An embryo two embryos

A cuckoo two cuckoos A radio two radios

A studio two studios A cameo two cameos

2.3.2. For some abbreviation words ending in consonant + o, we add only “s”:

Ex: A photo (photograph) two photos An auto (automobile) two autos

A kilo (kilogram) two kilos A disco (discotheque) two discos

A memo (memorandum) two memos “S” in these words is pronounced /z/.

2.3.3. For some words having the foreign origins ending in consonant + O, we also add only “s”:

- A kimono two kimonos - A solo two solos

- A piano two pianos - A concerto two concertos

- A grotto two grottos - A dynamo two dynamos

“S‟ in the above words is also pronounced [z].

2.4. If the word ends in consonant + y, we change “y” into “i”, and add “es” “es” is

pronounced [z].

Ex: a lady two ladies, a lorry three lorries, a fly four flies, a pigsty two pigsties,….

Note : If the final “y” is preceded by a vowel, we add “s” only. “S” in this case is pronounced /z/.

Ex: A toy two toys, a bay three bays, a boy five boys,…

2.5. Twelve words end in f or fe, we change f or fe to ve, and add “s” “ves” is pronounced [vz].

Ex: Life, wife, half, calf, knife, wolf, thief, sheaf, loaf, self, shelf, leaf).

Note: Other words end in f or fe, we add “s” .

Ex: roof roofs, riff riffs, proof proofs, puff puffs, cliff cliffs, (sheriff, staff, …)

2.6. Exception

2.6.1. The following nouns have special plural forms.

Singular form Plural form Singular form Plural form

man men goose geese

woman women mouse mice

child children louse lice

person people/persons foot feet

ox oxen tooth teeth,…..

2.6.2. The following nouns have the same plural forms.


deer deer means means

fish fish species species

sheep sheep series series,…

aircraft aircraft

2.6.3. The following nouns are always singular.

Ex: News, mumps, measles, rickets, optics, athletics, billiards, economics, phonetics, linguistics,

ethics, physics, mathematics, gymnastics,…

2.6.4. The following nouns are always plural.

Ex: Clothes, shoes, trousers, glasses, pliers, scissors, goods, thanks, wishes, police, public,…

Note: The + adj = plural noun

Ex: The rich (people), the poor (people), the blind (people), the bad (things), the good (things),….

77

2.7. A number of foreign words have become part of the English language and retain their

plural form. (Latin/Greece,…)

2.7.1. Change “is” “es”


analysis analyses basis bases

hypothesis hypotheses axis axes

2.7.2. Change “um” “a”

bacterium bacteria datum data*

curriculum curricula/curriculums medium media

2.7.3. Change “us” “i”

cactus cacti syllabus syllabi/syllabuses

stimulus stimuli fungus fungi/funguses

2.7.4. Change “on” “a”

criterion criteria

phenomenon phenomena

2.8. When “man” or “woman” is the first word in a compound noun, we change both words into

plural form.

Ex: Singular form Plural form Singular form Plural form

a man-driver two men-drivers a man-servant two men-servants

a woman-driver two women-drivers a woman-servant two women-servants.

78

PRONOUNS

Pronouns can be divided into nine groups as follows:

1. Personal pronouns

2. Possessive pronouns

3. Reflexive pronouns

4. Emphasizing pronouns

5. Reciprocal pronouns

6. Demonstrative pronouns

7. Relative pronouns

8. Interrogative pronouns

9. Indefinite pronouns

Personal pronouns, Possessive pronouns, Reflexive and Emphatic pronouns

Personal pronouns may be in the subjective case (subjective pronouns) or objective

case (objective pronouns).

Sub. pro. Object pro. Poss. Adj. Poss pro. Ref. and Emphatic pro.

I me my mine myself

you you your yours yourself

he him his his himself

she her her hers herself

it it its *** itself

we us our ours ourselves

you you your yours yourselves

they them their theirs themselves

1. Subject pronouns and object pronouns

- The subject pronoun is the person or thing doing the action.

- The object pronoun is the person or thing receiving the action or being affected by the action.

Ex: She likes him.

He hates her.

1.1. Subject pronouns may be used: a. As a subject of a verb:

Ex: I teach Grammar. She likes bananas.

b. As a subject complement (after “to be”):

Ex: Mr. Hung proclaims that the most handsome person in the class is he.

It is she who sang this song last night.

But: I took his younger brother to be him.

c. As a co-referent to other subjective pronouns:

Ex: We, my wife and I, went shopping yesterday.

1.2. Object pronouns may be used:

a. As a direct object of a verb:

Ex: I like her, but she hates me.

b. As an indirect object of a verb:

Ex: He often buys me flowers.

c. As a preposition object (used after prepositions):

Ex: She is looking at him.

- Please listen to me.

- What I have done is for you.

d. As a co-referent to other object pronouns:

Ex: Hot weather makes us, you and me, tired.

79

e. In some special exclamatory phrases or sentences:

Ex: Oh! Poor him/her/them!

1.3. Pronoun “it” can be used: a. In place of nouns referring animals or things:

Ex: I have a dog. It is five years old.

- She has just bought a motorbike. It costs 10 million VND.

b. Instead of babies or very young children whose sex is unknown:

Ex: When a baby is born, it cries.

- There is a little child next door. It cries all day and night.

c. As a vague subject to an impersonal verb:

Ex: It rains heavily.

- It snows in winter.

d. With “to be” as an introductory subject, the real subject comes after it:

Ex: It is difficult to study English.

Introductory S. Real subject

2. Possessive adjectives, and Possessive pronouns Each personal pronoun has a possessive adjective. The possessive adjective is always

followed by its noun. This means that a possessive adjective always stands before a noun to

modify that noun whereas a possessive pronoun is never followed by its noun.

Ex: Is that your house? Is that house yours? (not your).

- This is not my pen . This pen is not mine.

- She is my friend. She is a friend of mine (not “of my” or “of me”).

- I can give you some pieces of advice, but the final decision is yours (not your).

We can also use a possessive pronoun in place of a possessive adjective and a noun which is

previously mentioned.

Ex: - My watch is old. Your watch is new. My watch is old. Yours is new.

- My name is Peter. What is yours/your name? (not your).

Note: Noun + of + possessive pronoun/possessive case

Ex: Your brother is intelligent. That brother of yours is intelligent.

- She is Tom‟s friend. She is a friend of Tom‟s.

3. Reflexive pronouns and emphatic pronouns

Reflexive pronouns and emphatic pronouns have the same written forms, but

3.1. A reflexive pronoun is used as an object of the verb when the action of the verb returns to

the doer, i.e. the object is the same person or thing as the subject.

Ex: - You should respect yourself if you expect others to respect you.

Functions of reflexive pronouns: A reflexive pronoun can be used

a. As a direct object:

Ex: He hurt himself.

- Please help yourself to the food in the fridge. Please make yourself at home.

- The electric cooker will switch itself off automatically.

b. As an indirect object:

Ex: We bought ourselves a house.

- Give yourself a treat.

c. As a preposition object (after prepositions):

Ex: She is looking at herself in the mirror.

- Their parents are always away from home, so they have to look after themselves.

- Please take care of yourself/yourselves.

Note: If the preposition indicates locality, we use the object pronoun, not the reflexive pronouns.

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Ex: - Do you bring your book with you? (not with yourself).

- They put their child between them. (not between themselves).

3.2. An emphatic pronoun is used to emphasize a noun or a pronoun.

Ex: - The teacher himself gave me the book (= It was the teacher that gave me the book).

- Michelle herself opened the window (= It was Michelle that opened the window).

+ When used in this way, the emphatic pronoun is never essential and can be omitted without

changing the sense. It usually emphasizes the subject of the sentence and is placed after the

subject. However, the reflexive pronoun can also be placed after the object if there is only one

object in the sentence.

Ex: - Ann herself opened the door. Ann opened the door herself.

+ When the emphatic pronoun emphasizes another noun in the sentence, not the subject, it is

placed immediately after the noun it emphasizes.

Ex: - I saw Tom himself (= It was Tom that I saw)

- They like this gold ring itself (= It was this gold ring that they like).

Note the difference between

- I did it myself or I myself did it (It was done by me and not by someone else) and I did it by

myself (I did it alone or on my own).

+ To do some thing by one‟s self = to do some something on one‟s own or alone.

Ex: I live here by myself = I live here on my own = I live here alone.

4. Reciprocal pronouns

- There are two reciprocal pronouns in English: “each other” and “one another”.

+ “Each other” is used for two people.

Ex: Lan and Hung often help each other.

+ “One another” is used for more than two people.

Ex: The students in this class often help one another.

+ However, “each other” can be used in stead of “one another” nowadays.

Reciprocal pronouns can be used:

4.1. As a direct object:

Ex: They help each other. They love each other.

4.2. As a preposition object:

Ex: They speak to each other.

- They are looking at each other.

- They take care of each other.

4.3. In the possessive case:

Ex: They share each other‟s meals.

Pay attention to the difference between “together and each other/one another.

Ex: They have loved and understood each other, but they don‟t look at the same aim together.

5. Demonstrative pronouns

- Demonstrative pronouns in English consist of This, That, These, Those, One, Ones, Such,

The same, The former, The latter.

5.1. “This”, “that” and “one” are used in place of singular noun:

Ex: This is my friend. That is hers.

- Which shirt do you like, the green one or the red one? - I like the green one (green shirt).

Note: “This” and “that” can also be used to refer to a clause that has already been mentioned or

is going to be mentioned.

Ex: John passed his final exam. This makes his parent happy.

- Let‟s go to the cinema now. That is a good idea.

- Listen! This is what I want to say: you are chosen to be the monitor.

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5.2. “These”, “those” and “ones” are used in place of plural nouns:

Ex: These are my friends. Those are her friends/hers.

- I have two old pens and three new pens. The old ones are better than the new ones.

Note: Those who = anybody/one who

Ex: Those who insulted themselves will be insulted by others.

- God will help those who help themselves.

5.3. “Such” can be used in place of singular nouns, plural nouns or even a clause.

Ex: You are a student, and as such (as a student), you should try your best to study as much as

you can.

- I have suffered a lot of ups and downs. Such is life = That is life.

5.4. “The same” can be used in various ways.

Ex1: She has to get up early and works hard daily. – It is the same to me/ I do the same as she

does.

Ex2: Mr. John: Good luck to you, Ann

Ms. Ann: The same to you, John.

Ex3: A: I am 25 years old. How old are you.

B: I am the same as you.

5.5. “The former” and “the latter” are used in place of the aforementioned singular or plural

nouns.

Ex: I have a sister and a brother. The former is 30 years old, and the latter is 20.

- My parents bought me two books and a pen on my birthday. I like the former, but I don‟t like

the latter.

6. Interrogative and Relative pronouns

6.1. Interrogative pronouns

Subject pronouns Object pronouns

For people Who, Which of, Whom

For animals or things What, Which of Which, What

6.1.1. Subjective interrogative pronouns

Note: We always use the singular verb form with the aforementioned subject pronouns.

Ex: Who speaks English in the world?

- Which of them wants to go?

- What is happening to you?

- Which of those dogs is yours?

6.1.2. Objective interrogative pronouns

Note: The objective interrogative pronouns do not affect the verb in the sentence.

Ex: Whom does she like?

- Whom do you like?

- Which does he like, tea or coffee?

- What do they want to do?

6.2. Relative pronouns

Antecedents Subj. relative pronouns Obj. relative pronouns

People Who, That Whom, That

Things Which, That Which, That

6.2.1. Relative pronouns as subject

Ex: These are the men who/that often help me.

- The dog which/that bit me was killed.

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6.2.2. Relative pronouns as object

Ex: The girl whom/that you saw yesterday is my friend.

- The books which/that you gave me are interesting.

Note 1: The objective relative pronouns can be omitted.

Ex: The man (whom/that) my sister likes is a doctor.

Note 2: “Which” can also be used as a subject to refer to the whole clause or sentence.

Ex: She signed the contract without reading it, which was very silly of her.

Note 3: “That” must be used:

a. After superlative (including first, last):

Ex: That was the most dangerous earthquake that I have ever seen.

b. After the mixed antecedent:

Ex: The people and the cities that I visited were excellent.

c. After the emphatic structure: It + to be + noun/pronoun + that ……. .

Ex: It is my father that taught me how to live well. It is I that told her that news.

(We can use “Who” instead of “That” in the sentences above.)

d. After the interrogative pronoun “Who or What”:

Ex: Who is he that everyone respects?

- What is it that makes you frightened?

e. After indefinite adjective or pronouns: only, very, few, little, many, much, anything/body,

nothing/body, all, none, …..

Ex: He told me everything that he had told you. He asked everybody that came to meet him the

same question.

- This is the very book that I like. She is the only woman that saw the accident.

Note 4: “That” cannot be used:

a. After a preposition:

Ex: He is the only person that I have thought about.

But, He is the only person about whom I have thought.

b. After non-restrictive clause:

- Uncle Ho, whom (not that) every Vietnamese respects, devoted his whole life for our country.

7. Indefinite pronouns

People Someone/body everyone/body, anyone/anybody, no one/ nobody

Things Something, everything/every one anything, nothing

7.1. These indefinite pronouns refer to people or things in a vague or general way. All of these

indefinite pronouns are singular and go with singular verb form.

Ex: Everyone tries to listen to him, but no one understands him.

- Everything goes along well with me. Nothing is new.

Note 1: “Everyone” means everybody used to refer to people, but “every one” is used to refer to

things.

Ex: I wish everyone/everybody here to be happy.

- Every one of these answers is wrong.

Note 2: The adjectives usually go after indefinite pronouns.

Ex: Do you have anything new? Do you meet someone strange?

7.2. Quantities and other indefinite pronouns

Some, all, others, none, each of, either of, neither of,….

Ex: Some say this; others say that, and I do not know what to do.

- Each (neither/either) of you has to do this exercise.

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ENGLISH VERB TENSES

I. THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

A. Formation: (ordinary verbs)

Affirmative: S (I/we/you/they) + V (bare infinitive) …..

S (he/she/it) + V+s/es ….

Ex: I often get up early. He often gets up early.

Negative: S (I/we/you/they) + do not + V(bare infinitive) ….. (do not = don‟t)

S (he/she/it) + does not + V(bare infinitive) ….. (does not = doesn‟t)

Ex: I do not often get up early. He does not often get up early.

Interrogative (Questions): Do/Does + S + V(bare infinitive) ….?

+ Short answer: Yes, S + do/does

No, S + do/does + not

Ex: Do you often get up early? Does he often get up early?

Negative interrogative: Don‟t/Doesn‟t + S + V(bare infinitive) …..?

Do/Does + S + not + V(bare infinitive) …..?

+ Short answer: Yes, S + do/does

No, S + do/does + not

Ex: Don‟t you often get up early? = Do you not often get up early?

- Doesn‟t he often get up early? = Does he not often get up early?

Note: Am I not your friend? = Aren‟t I your friend?

Rules of adding “s/es” into verbs: No V – ending Rule Pronunciation Example

1 1 “O”

* Note: OO

+ es

+ s

[z]

[z} go goes ; do does

woo woos; cuckoos

2

S, ss, sh, ch, z, x [s, ∫, t∫,z]

* Note: ce, se, ze, ge

+ es

+ s

[iz]

[iz] fish fishes, miss misses

gaze gazes; change changes

3 Consonant + Y

* Note: Vowel + Y y i+es

+ s

[z}

fly flies; study studies

obey obeys; say says

4 [ t, p, f, k] + s [s] stop stops; look looks

5 The remainder + s [z] live lives; beg begs

B. Main usages: The simple present tense can be used:

1. To express opinions or general statements of facts, jobs, careers, … at present time; Ex: It is cold in the winter and hot in the summer.

I like my class. I love my parents.

She works six days a week.

2. To express abilities, regular events, repeated actions, habits, customs or traditional activities;

Ex: - He speaks six languages.

- My sister often goes shopping on Sundays.

- I always smoke after class.

- In Vietnam, brides usually hold some flowers in their arms on the wedding day.

3. To express timeless or general truths and facts;

Ex: - The sun rises in the East and sets in the West.

- Everyone dies finally. All kinds of oil float in water.

4. To express future events that are on a definite time table or schedule; Ex: It is 7.15 now. I am in a hurry. The train leaves at 7.30.

- “When does flight B1 land off today?” – “It lands off at 8.30.”

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Note: We often use the following adverbs of frequency in the simple present tense;

- often, always, usually, sometimes, every time, hardly, seldom, rarely,….

II. THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

A. Formation: to be (am/is/are) + V + ing Affirmative: S + am/is/are + V + ing …..

Ex: I am speaking English. She is looking at you.

Negative: S + am/is/are + not + V+ ing ….. (is not = isn‟t/ are not = aren‟t)

Ex: She is not listening to me.

Interrogative (Questions): Am/Is/Are + S + V+ ing …?

+ Short answer: Yes, S + am/is/are

No, S + am/is/are + not

Ex: Are you studying English?

Negative interrogative: Am/Is/Are + S + not + V+ ing …?

Aren‟t/Isn‟t + S + V+ ing ……?

+ Short answer: Yes, S + am/is/are

No, S + am/is/are + not

Ex: Are you not studying English? = Aren‟t you studying English?

Rules of adding “-ing”

No V – ending Rule Example

1 Verbs end in 1 “e”

Note 1: singe, dye

Note 2: Verbs end in “ee”

- Drop “e” + ing

- Keep “e” + ing

- Keep “ee” + ing

write writing; live living

singe singeing; dye dyeing

agree agreeing, see seeing

2 Verbs end in “ie” ie y + ing lie lying; die dying

3

Verbs with one syllable end in

1 vowel +1 consonant. Note 1: Verbs with more than one

syllable have the last stressed syllable

ending in 1 vowel +1 consonant.

Note 2: Verbs with one syllable

end in 1 vowel + x or w.

- Double the final

consonant + ing

- Double the final

consonant + ing

- Do not double x

or w.

run running; hit hitting

swim swimming

be‟gin beginning; pre‟fer

preferring;

fax faxing; flow flowing

4 Verbs end in “ic” + k + ing picnic picnicking;

panic panicking

5 The remainder + ing without any

changes learn learning; go going;

work working; read reading

B. Main usages: The present continuous tense can be used:

1. To express actions that are in progress at the right moment of speaking;

Ex: I am speaking. You are writing now.

2. To express actions currently in progress around the moment of speaking;

Ex: I am studying Russian. He is teaching English and studying Chinese.

3. To express temporary actions or characteristics;

Ex: I usually go to school by motorcycle, but I am going by bicycle today.

- He is very selfish, but he is being generous now. I wonder why.

4. To express annoyance or complaint (usually with “always”, “constantly” or “forever”);

Ex: He is always smoking in the classroom. He is always wooing me whenever he sees me.

Note: Identify the difference between the two following sentences.

- He always waits for me in front of the school gate >< He is always waiting for me in front

of the school gate.

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5. To express actions in the near future (planned actions);

Note 1: The time of the action should be always mentioned, as otherwise, there might be

confusion between present and future meanings;

Ex: My father is coming to visit me next week. She is going to The U.S.A tomorrow.

Note 2: We often use the structure “S + to be + going to + V (inf) ...” to express near future actions;

Ex: She is going to get married next month. She is going to leave this job.

6. There are some verbs in English which cannot be used in continuous tenses:

6.1. Verbs of mental state

know believe doubt need

realize suppose remember prefer

understand think* forget mean

recognize imagine want ………….

Ex: I need a book. (Not: I am needing a book.)

6.2. Verbs of emotional state

love dislike fear mind

like hate envy care,….

appreciate

Ex: I love her. (Not: I am loving her.)

6.3. Verbs of possession

possess have* own belong,….

Ex: I have a house. (Not: I am having a house.)

6.4. Verbs of existing states

appear* exist contain consist of include,…

Ex: Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen. (Not: Water is consisting of hydrogen and oxygen.)

6.5. Linking verbs

seem sound taste* look* smell*, …. Ex: The food tastes delicious. (Not: The food is tasting delicious.). But: I am tasting the food (ordinary

verb).

6.6. Verbs of measurement:

weigh* cost measure*

Ex: This book costs 13,000 VND. (Not: This book is costing 13,000 VND)

- She weighs 55 kilos (Not: She is weighing 55 kilos.) But: The receptionist is weighing my box.

III. THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE

A. Formation: (ordinary verbs)

S + V +ed/ V (C2)

Affirmative: S + V + ed (regular verbs) …..

S + V (C2) …..

Ex: They watched T.V last night.

Negative: S + did + not + V (bare infinitive)

Ex: We did not meet him yesterday.

Interrogative (Questions): Did + S + V (bare infinitive) ….?

+ Short answer: Yes, S + did

No, S + didn‟t

Ex: Did you go to school last week?

Negative interrogative: Did + S + not + V (bare infinitive)….?

Didn‟t + S + V (bare infinitive) ….?

+ Short answer: Yes, S + did

No, S + didn‟t

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Ex: Did you not go to work yesterday? = Didn‟t you go to work yesterday?

Rules of adding “-ed”

No V – ending Rule Example

1 Verbs end in e + d live lived; arrive arrived

2 Verbs end in consonant + y y i + ed study studied; marry married

3

Verbs with one syllable end in

1 vowel +1 consonant

* Note 1 : Vs with more than one

syllable have the last stressed syllable

ending in 1 vowel +1 consonant

* Note 2: Verbs with one syllable

end in 1 vowel + x or w.

-Double the final

consonant + ed

-Double the final

consonant + ed

- Do not double x

or w.

stop stopped; scan scanned

clap clapped

pre‟fer preferred; re‟gret

regretted;

fax faxed; snow snowed

4 Verbs end in ic + k + ed Picnic picnicked; panic panicked

5 The left + ed without any

changes listen listened; talk talked

open opened; need needed

Rules of Pronunciation

No V – ending Rule Pronunciation Example

1 Verbs end in [t, d] ed [id] decide decided; want wanted

2 Verbs end in voiceless

sounds [k,f,p,s,∫, t∫] ed [t]

book booked; watch watched

fish fished; laugh laughed

3

The remainder ed [d] live lived; prefer preferred

travel traveled; open opened

B. Main usages: The simple past tense can be used:

1. To express actions or situations that began and ended in the past at a particular time (with time expressions such as yesterday, last night (week, month, year, century), a week

(month, year,… ) ago, in 1990, in July 2003,….)

Ex: What did you do last night? – I watched T.V.

- I met him in 1999.

- We came here a few minutes ago.

2. To express a series of actions that happened one after another in the past:

Ex: The thief broke into the house, opened the drawer, took the money and ran away.

3. To express habits in the past. We usually use “used to + V(inf)” to express actions that

happened regularly in the past but no longer happen in the present.

Ex: - I often swam in the sea = I used to swim in the sea. (I no longer swim in the sea.)

- She usually rang me when I was single = She used to ring me when I was single. (She

does not ring me any more.)

4. To express an action that happened nearly at the same time as another action in the past

(usually with “when” or “as soon as”);

Ex: - He rushed into the station as soon as he saw his boss.

- We helped each other when we worked together.

Note 1: If a sentence contains “when” or “as soon as” and has the simple past tense in both

clauses, the action in “when or as soon as clause” happened first.

Ex: - When she heard a strange noise, she got up to investigate.

- She turned away as soon as she saw me.

Note 2: Pay attention to “for” when it is used in the simple past tense and in the present perfect tense.

Ex1: Ms. Binh is now living in Ho Chi Minh City. However, she knows Bien Hoa City very

well because she lived in Bien Hoa City for ten years.

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Ex2: Ms. Binh knows Bien Hoa City very well because she has lived in Bien Hoa City for ten years.

IV. THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE

A. Formation: To be (was/were) + V + ING …

Affirmative: S + was/were + V + ing …..

Ex: I was watching T.V at ten last night.

Negative: S + was/were + not + V+ ing ….. (was not = wasn‟t/ were not = weren‟t)

Ex: They were not sleeping when I arrived.

Interrogative (Questions): Was/Were + S + V+ ing ……?

+ Short answer: Yes, S + was/were

No, S + wasn‟t/weren‟t

Ex: Were you working at this time yesterday?

Negative interrogative: Was/Were + S + not + V+ ing ……?

Wasn‟t/Weren‟t + S + V+ ing ……?

+ Short answer: Yes, S + was/were

No, S + wasn‟t/weren‟t

Ex: Were you not working at this time yesterday? = Weren‟t you working at this time yesterday?

B. Main Usages: The past continuous tense can be used:

1. To express actions which were progressing at some concrete time in the past such as at

9.00 last night, at this time last week,….

Ex: I was watching T.V at 10.00 last night.

- At this time last week, we were watching football.

Pay attention to the difference between:

+ He had dinner at 8 o‟clock last night. (He started to have dinner at 8 o‟clock.)

+ He was having dinner at 8 o‟clock last night. (He started to have dinner before 8 o‟clock and

he was in the middle of having dinner at 8 o‟clock.)

2. To express an action which was progressing in the past when another action occurred

(usually with “when”).

Ex: - When I was having dinner, she rang me.

- When we came, they were fighting against each other.

3. To express two actions or more which were in progress at the same time in the past

(usually used with “when” or “while”).

Ex: - While he was working hard, his wife was going out with another man.

- When I came back home, my mother was cooking dinner, and my father was watering

flowers in the garden.

4. To express future actions or intentions in the past;

Ex: Last week she told me that she was coming to my house.

5. To express complaint or annoyance in the past (usually used with “always” or

“constantly”);

Ex1: Last month he was always coming back home after midnight. >< Last month he always

came back home after midnight.

Ex2: She was constantly talking in the class last year. >< She constantly talked in the class last

year.

Note: Using expressions of place with the progressive tenses:

Ex1: She is watching T.V. in her bedroom = She is in her bedroom watching T.V.

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V. THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

A. Formation: HAVE/HAS + Past Participle (PP)

(PP = V + ed/ V(third column in the table of irregular verbs).

Affirmative: S + have/has + PP …..

Ex: - They have studied English for three years.

- She has lived here for a month.

Negative: S + have/has + not + PP ….. (have not = haven‟t/ has not = hasn‟t)

Ex: - They have not studied English for three years.

- She has not lived here for a month.

Interrogative (Questions): Have/Has + S + PP ….?

+ Short answer: Yes, S + have/has

No, S + have/has + not

Ex: Have they studied English for three years? Has she lived here for a month?

Negative interrogative: Have/Has + S + not + PP ….?

Haven‟t/Hasn‟t + S + PP ….?



Ex: - Have they not studied English for three years? = Haven‟t they studied English for three

years?

- Has she not lived here for a month? = Hasn‟t she lived here for a month?

B. Main Usages: The present perfect tense can be used:

1. To express actions that happened and finished before now, but the exact time is

unknown or not mentioned (at an unspecified time in the past), or never happened in

the past, (usually with “before” “ever” or “already”, “never”).

Ex: - I have studied this tense before.

- I have ever been to Da Lat.

- We have already had breakfast.

- I have never seen snow.

Pay attention to the difference between “to have been to” and “ to have gone to”:

Ex: She has gone to America. ≠ She has been to America.

2. To express actions that began in the past, but last to the present and maybe continue in

the future (usually with “for” + a period (duration) of time or “since” + a point of time).

Ex: We have studied English for six years. Or: We have studied English since 2000.

3. To express actions that have just happened or finished (“Just” is usually used in this case).

Ex: “What have you just said?” - “I have just said I am tired.”

They have just had dinner.

He has just gone by.

4. To express the repetition of an activity before now. The exact time of each repetition of

an activity is not important or not mentioned.

Ex: - I have studied this tense three times.

5. Some structures with superlative (or the first…., the second,……) are usually used with

the present perfect tense (“Ever” is usually used in this case).

Ex: - This is the easiest lesson I have ever learnt.

- He is the most intelligent man I have ever met.

- This is the second time we have come here.

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Note: These following adverbs of time: for, since, up till now, just, not….yet, ever, never,

before, so far, recently, lately, already,…. are usually used in the present perfect tense.

XI. THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

A. Formation: HAVE/HAS + BEEN + V +ING +……

Affirmative: S + have/has + been + V + ing …..

Ex: They have been studying English for three years. She has been living here for a month.

Negative: S + have/has + not + been + V + ing …..

Ex: They have not been studying English for three years. She has not been living here for a month.

Interrogative (Questions): Have/Has + S + been + V + ing ….?



Ex: Have they been studying English for three years? Has she been living here for a month?

Negative interrogative: Have/Has + S + not + been + V + ing ….?

Haven‟t/Hasn‟t + S + been + V + ing ….?



Ex: - Have they not been studying English for three years? = Haven‟t they been studying English

for three years?

- Has she not been living here for a month? = Hasn‟t she been living here for a month?

B. Main usages:

1. This tense emphasizes the continuity of actions or situations that began in the past and

continues to the present and may last to the future. (Sometimes we can use the present

perfect continuous tense or the present perfect tense interchangeably.)

Ex: - I have lived here for 4 years I have been living here for 4 years.

- People all over the world have suffered a lot of natural disasters.

People all over the world have been suffering a lot of natural disasters.

2. There are, however, some differences between the present perfect continuous tense and

the present perfect tense.

The present perfect tense

(completed action)

The present perfect continuous tense

(action still in progress)

1. We are interested in the result of the

action.

Ex: I have already repaired your bike.

Your bike is good now (result). I do not

mention how long I have repaired it.

2. We use this tense to say how much we

have done, or how many times we have

done something.

Ex: I have read ten books.

- I have spoken to him three times.

1. We are interested in the action. Ex: I have been repairing your bike for two hours.

I want to emphasize (the duration of) the

action. It does not matter whether I have

finished or not.

2. We use this tense to say how long we have

been doing something.

Ex: I have been reading books for ten hours.

- I have been speaking to him for fifteen

minutes.

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VII. THE PAST PERFECT TENSE

A. Formation: Had + PP

Affirmative: S + had + PP …..

Ex: They had studied English for three years by last month.

Negative: S + had + not + PP ….. (had not = hadn‟t)

Ex: They had not studied English for three years by last month.

Interrogative (Questions): Had + S + PP ….?

+ Short answer: Yes, S + had

No, S + hadn‟t

Ex: Had they studied English for three years by last month?

Negative interrogative: Had + S + not + PP ….?

Hadn‟t + S + PP ….?


No, S + hadn‟t

Ex: Had they not studied English for three years by last month? = Hadn‟t they studied English for

three years by last month?

B. Main usages: The past perfect tense can be used:

1. To express an action that began and continued up to a point of time or another action in the

past;

Ex: - Until last Friday, he had worked here for two months.

- When they got divorced, they had lived together under the same roof for three years.

2. To express an action that was completed before a point of time or another action in the

past;

Ex: - I had already finished my homework before 8.00 o‟clock yesterday morning.

- When she arrived, he had gone out.

VIII. THE PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

A. Formation: HAD + BEEN + V-ING ….

Affirmative: S + had + been + V-ing …..

Ex: They had been living here for two years by last week.

Negative: S + had + not + been + V-ing ….. (had not = hadn‟t)

Ex: They had not been living here for two years by last week.

Interrogative (Questions): Had + S + been + V-ing ….?


No, S + hadn‟t

Ex: Had they been living here for two years by last week?

Negative interrogative: Had + S + not + been + V-ing ….?

Hadn‟t + S + been + V-ing ….?


No, S + hadn‟t

Ex: Had they not been living here for two years by last week? = Hadn‟t they been living here for

two years by last week?

B. Main usages

1. The past perfect continuous tense can be used to emphasize the duration or the

continuous nature of an action that was in progress before another action or a point of

time in the past. Ex: Ken had been smoking for thirty years before he gave it up.

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- She had been waiting for him in the rain for 30 minutes when he came.

- By last month, they had been living here for two years.

2. We can sometimes use the past perfect continuous tense or the past perfect tense

interchangeably.

Ex: Ken had smoked for thirty years before he gave it up.

Ken had been smoking for thirty years before he gave it up.

- She had waited for him in the rain for 30 minutes when he came.

She had been waiting for him in the rain for 30 minutes when he came.

- By last month, they had lived here for two years. By last month, they had been living

here for two years.

IX. THE SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE

A. Formation: SHALL/WILL + V(bare inf) + ………. (“Will” is commonly used for all

subjects nowadays.)

Affirmative: S + shall/will + V(bare infinitive) …..

Ex: - They will come here tomorrow.

Negative: S + shall/will + not + V(bare infinitive)….. (will not = won‟t; shall not = shan‟t)

Ex: He won‟t come here next week.

Interrogative (Questions): Shall/Will + S + V (bare infinitive) ….?

+ Short answer: Yes, S + shall/will

No, S + shan‟t/ won‟t

Ex: Will he come here next week?

Negative interrogative: Shall/Will + S + not + V (bare infinitive) ….?

Shan‟t/Won‟t + S + V (bare infinitive) ….?



Ex: Will he not come here next week? = Won‟t he come here next week?

B. Main usages: The future simple tense can be used:

1. To express general statements about future that can be certain or uncertain or to

predict future actions;

Ex: - The trip will take 3 hours.

- I think it will rain tomorrow.

- I hope you will get good marks in your exam.

2. To express a sudden decision to do something (without prior intention);

Ex: A. “It is too dark here.”

B. “Wait a moment. I will open the window.”

C. “Jane is in hospital.”

D. “Why? I will go to visit her.”

3. To show promise, suggestions, requests, willingness or offers;

Ex: Teacher: “You are late today, Lan.”

Lan: “I am sorry. I will not be late again.”

- Shall we go out tonight?

- Will you turn on the fan?

- Do not hesitate to ask me what you want to know. I will answer any questions you ask me.

A: “The phone is ringing.”

B: “I will answer it.”

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Simple Future V.S Near Future

Simple Future Near Future

1. To express a prediction; Ex: According to the weather report, it will

rain tomorrow.

2. To express a sudden decision;

What a beautiful house! I will build a house

like this in the future.

3. To express a general statement about

future that can be certain or uncertain;

Ex: It is too hot today. I think it will rain this

evening.

1. To express a prediction;

Ex: According to the weather report, it is

going to rain tomorrow.

2. To express a prior plan; A. I have bought enough bricks and cement.

I am going to build a house next week.

3. To express an event that is sure to

happen in the near future;

Ex: Look at the black cloud! It is going to

rain.

X. THE FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE

A. Formation: SHALL/WILL + BE + V+ing….

Affirmative: S + shall/will + be + V + ing …..

Ex: They will be working here at ten tomorrow morning.

Negative: S + shall/will + not + be + V + ing …..

Ex: They will not be working here at ten tomorrow morning.

Interrogative (Questions): Shall/Will + S + be + V + ing ….?



Ex: Will they be working here at ten tomorrow morning?

Negative interrogative: Shall/Will + S + not + be + V+ing ….?

Shan‟t/Won‟t + S + be + V+ing ….?



Ex: Will they not be working here at ten tomorrow morning? = Won‟t they be working here at

ten tomorrow morning?

B. Main usages: The future continuous tense can be used:

1. To express an action which will be in progress at a specific time in the future (usually

with time expressions such as at 10.00 tomorrow morning, at this time next week,….);

Ex: They will be watching football at 10.00 P.M next Saturday.

- At this time tomorrow, I will be working in the English Department.

2. To express an action that is progressing in the future when another action comes

(usually used with “when”);

Ex: Tomorrow evening, I will be waiting for you when you come.

- When you come, I will be cooking dinner.

XI. THE FUTURE PERFECT TENSE

A. Formation: SHALL/WILL + HAVE + PP + ….

Affirmative: S + shall/will + have + PP …..

Ex: They will have worked here for two years by next month.

Negative: S + shall/will + not + have + PP …..

Ex: They will not have worked here for two years by next month.

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Interrogative (Questions): Shall/Will + S + have + PP ….?



Ex: Will they have worked here for two years by next month?

Negative interrogative: Shall/Will + S + not + have + PP ….?

Shan‟t/Won‟t + S + have + PP ….?



Ex: Will they not have worked here for two years by next month? = Won‟t they have worked

here for two years by next month?

B. Main usages: The future perfect continuous tense can be used:

1. To express an action that will be completed before a point of time or before another

action in the future;

Ex: - They will have finished their lunch when you come.

- You will have studied for four and a half years when you graduate from this university.

- He will have finished his homework by 10.00 tonight.

2. To express an action that has happened and will last to a point of time or until another

event in the future;

Ex: - By next 30 December, I will have worked here for 3 years.

- Professor John will have taught English for 50 years by the time he retires.

XII. THE FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE:

A. Formation: SHALL/WILL + HAVE + BEEN + V+ing …

Affirmative: S + shall/will + have + been + V + ing …..

Ex: They will have been working here for two years by next month.

Negative: S + shall/will + not + have + been + V + ing …..

Ex: They will not have been working here for two years by next month.

Interrogative (Questions): Shall/Will + S + have + been + V + ing ….?



Ex: Will they have been working here for two years by next month?

Negative interrogative: Shall/Will + S + not + have + been + V+ing ….?

Shan‟t/Won‟t + S + have + been + V+ing ….?



Ex: Will they not have been working here for two years by next month? = Won‟t they have been

working here for two years by next month.

B. Main usages

1. The future perfect continuous tense can be used to emphasize the duration or the

continuity of an action that will be in progress before another event or point of time in the

future. Ex: - By the end of this month, you will have been studying here for three weeks.

- Tom began to sleep at 9.00. He will have been sleeping for 3 hours by the time you wake him up.

2. Sometimes the future perfect tense and the future perfect continuous tense give the same

meaning and can be used interchangeably.

Ex: By next 30 December, I will have worked here for 2 years.

By next 30 December, I will have been working here for 2 years.

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MODAL AUXILIARIES AND SIMILAR EXPRESSIONS

A. INTRODUCTION

I. MODAL AUXILIARIES: The modal auxiliaries in English are can, could, may, might,

must, ought to, had better, would rather, shall, should, will, and would.

1.1. Modals do not take the final –s when they are put in the simple present tense, even when the

subject is the singular third person (he, she, or it.).

Ex: - He plays football very well.

- He can play football. (not: He cans play football.)

1.2. Modals are immediately followed by the simple form of an ordinary verb (the bare

infinitive).

Ex: - He wants to play football.

- He enjoys playing football.

- He can play football.

The only exception is ought to:

Ex: - He ought to go to work on time.

1.3. Modals are not put in all tenses like ordinary verbs.

Compare the ordinary verb “swim” and the modal “can”.

II. SIMILAR EXPRESSIONS: Following is a list of similar expressions whose meanings are

similar to those of some of the modal auxiliaries.

be able to ≈ can/could

be going to ≈ will

be supposed to ≈ should

be to ≈ must

have to/have got to ≈ must

used to ≈ would

prefer ≈ would rather

2.1. CAN/COULD & BE ABLE TO

2.1.1. “Can”

2.1.1.1. “Can” is used to express ability or to talk about something one is or is not able to do at

the present.

Ex: She can play the violin. I can speak three languages.

2.1.1.2. We can use “can” to refer to the future if it is followed by a future time word:

Ex: We can go tomorrow. - She can go to Canada next year.

Note: The negative is “cannot or can‟t”

2.1.2. COULD is used to express one‟s ability in the past. In other words, we use “could” to talk

about something one was or was not able to do in the past.

Ex: They could swim when they were ten.

Ex: She could not speak English three years ago.

2.1.3. BE ABLE TO: Be able to is close to Can/Could in meaning, but it is uncommonly used

in the simple present time. It is more commonly used in other tenses to express one‟s ability

when “Can” or “Could” cannot be used in those tenses.

Ex: You will be able to speak English fluently next year.

Ex: She had not been able to finish the homework before she went to school.

2.2. WILL and BE GOING TO (Presented in verb tenses)

2.3. SHOULD & BE SUPPOSED TO

“Be supposed to” is close to “should” in meaning, but “Be supposed to” gives the ideas

that someone else expects a particular person to do something.

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Compare the following two examples

Ex1: I should go to the convention. I can get some useful information if I go.

Ex2: I am supposed to go to the convention. My boss wants me to attend it.

2.4. MUST & BE TO: “Be to” is closed to “must” in meaning, but “be to” gives the ideas that

someone else expects a particular person to do something.

Compare the following two examples

Ex1: I must be at the meeting. The meeting can‟t occur without me because I am the presider.

Ex2: I am to be at the meeting. My boss ordered me to be there. He will accept no excuses.

2.5. MUST & HAVE TO/HAVE GOT TO:

2.5.1. Expressing obligation & necessity:

Ex: I must/ have to phone my parents to tell them that I will come back soon.

- All applicants must/have to take an entrance exam.

Note: “have to” is used as an ordinary verb.

Ex: He has to do this work now.

Ex: He does not have to do this work now?

Ex: Does he have to do this work now?

Ex: Doesn‟t he have to do this work now?

2.5.2. Differences between “must” & “have to”:

2.5.2.1. “Must” is used only in the simple present while “have to” may be used in all tenses and

may replace “must”:

Ex: I must/have to go home now.

Ex: I had to go home before 9.00 last night.

Ex: I will have to go home tomorrow.

2.5.2.2. We use “must” when the speaker himself/herself feels an obligation to do something

and “have to” when the obligation comes from the external factors.

Ex: I must study harder (This is what I feel obliged to do).

Ex: I have to submit my assignment today. (The teacher obliges me to do).

2.5.2.3. In negative form: "mustn’t" & "not have to" have different meanings:

- “Mustn’t” is used to express prohibition:

Ex: You mustn‟t smoke at the petrol station.

You must not fish here.

- “Not have to” is used to indicate that we are not obliged to do something (not necessary). In

this case, “not have to” has the same meaning as “need not/needn’t”

Ex: You do not have to/need not go to class if you don‟t want to.

You don’t have to/needn’t shout. I can hear you well.

Note:

Must I go now?

Typical responses: - No, you needn‟t.

- Yes, you have to.

2.6. WOULD & USED TO

2.6.1. “Would” has the same meaning as “used to” when being used to express an action that

was repeated regularly in the past (habitual past).

Ex1: When I was a child, I would/used to go fishing with my father.

Ex2: He would/used to smoke after lunch when he was single.

2.6.2. “Would” is used only for regularly repeated actions in the past. When we want to express

a situation that existed in the past, we use “used to”, not “would”.

Ex: She used to live in Singapore. (We use “used to”, not “would”.)

I used to have a car. There used to be an airport here. (We use “used to”, not “would”.)

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B. THE USAGES OF MODAL AUXILIARIES

Modal auxiliaries generally express a speaker‟s attitudes or moods. For example, modals

can express that a speaker feels something is necessary, advisable, permissible, possible, or

probable. In addition, they can convey the strength of these attitudes.

Each modal has more than one meaning or use.

1. MODAL AUXILIARIES CAN BE USED TO MAKE POLITE REQUESTS.

1.1. Polite requests with “I” as the subject (May/ Might/ Can/ Could I):

“May I…?” and “Could I…?” are used to request permission. They are equally polite.

In a polite request, “Could” has a present or future meaning, not a past meaning. In some cases,

we can use the interjection “please” to make our requests more polite.

Ex1: Student: “May/Could I go out, Sir?”

Typical responses: Teacher: “Yes, you can/Yes, please. I am afraid you can‟t.”

Ex2: Student: „May/Could I borrow your pen, please?‟

Teacher: „Yes, certainly/Yes, of course/ Yes, please. No, I am afraid you can‟t”

“Can I…?” is used informally to request permission, especially if the speaker is talking

to someone s/he knows fairly well. “Can I…?” is not usually considered as polite as “May

I…?” or “Could I…?”

Ex: Teacher: “Can borrow your pen, please?”

Student: “Yes, please/ Yes, of course/certainly.”

“Might I…?” is also possible, but is much less frequently used than “May I…?” or

“Could I…?”

1.2. Polite requests with “You” as the subject (Would/Will/Could/Can you):

Ex: Would you pass me the book, please?

Will you pass me the book, please?

Can you pass me the book, please?

“Would” and “Will”: The meaning of “would you…?” and “will you…?” in polite

requests is the same. “Would you…?” is more common and is often considered more polite. The

degree of politeness, however, is often determined by the speaker‟s tone of voice.

“Can you…?” is often used informally. It usually sounds less polite than “would

you…?” or “will you…?”

1.3. Polite requests with “Would you mind…?”

1.3.1. Asking permission: Would you mind if + Clause (S (I/We) + V (simple past)…?

Ex: - Would you mind if I turned off the fan?

- Would you mind if we smoked?

Typical responses: No. Not at all.

No, of course not.

No, that would be fine.

1.3.2. Asking someone else to do something: Would you mind + V –ing...?

Ex: Would mind turning off the fan?

Typical responses: No. I‟d be happy to.

Not at all. I‟d be glad to.

1.4. Using imperative sentences to make polite requests or commands:

An imperative sentence had an understood subject (you) and a simple verb form (bare

infinitive). In negative, “don’t” precedes the simple form of the verb.

Ex: Close your book. Don‟t close your book, please.

Be a good boy, please. Don‟t be naughty.

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Imperative sentences can be used:

1.4.1. to give directions

Ex: Go up stair, and turn right.

1.4.2. to give orders:

Ex: Close the window. Stand up.

1.4.3. to make polite request when the word “please” is added:

Ex: Close the window, please.

Please, stand up.

2. EXPRESSING ADVISABILITY (SHOULD, OUGHT TO & HAD BETTER)

2.1. “Should” and “Ought to” have the same meaning. They express advisability.

Ex: You should study hard. = You ought to study hard.

Drivers should obey the speed limit. = Drivers ought to obey the speed limit.

2.2. “Had better” is close to “should” and “ought to” in meaning, but “had better” is usually

stronger. “Had better” often implies a warning or a threat of possible bad consequences.

Note: “Ought to” is not commonly used in the negative. If it is used in the negative, the “to” is

often dropped.

Ex: - You oughtn‟t (to) leave your keys in the car.

- The gas tank is almost empty. You had better stop at the next service station.

- You had better take care of that cut on your hand, or it will get infected.

Note: The negative form is “had better not + V (bare infinitive)…”

Ex: You had better not stay up late tonight because you have to start your trip early tomorrow.

Note 2: “Had better” has the present and future meaning. It is more common in speaking than in

writing.

3. THE PAST FORM OF “SHOULD”

Positive: “Should have + Past participle” is used to give hindsight advice or to express what

was good to do, but not done in the past.

Ex1: A: I took a taxi to the airport yesterday. It cost $25.

B: You should have taken a bus. It is much cheaper.

Ex2: I did not pass my exam last week because I did not study hard. I should have studied hard for

it.

Negative: “Should not have + Past participle” is used to express that someone did something

in the past, but it turned out to be bad, or not necessary to do so.

Ex1: I have a pain in my stomach now. I ate a lot of chocolate last night. I should not have

eaten a lot of chocolate.

Ex2: We went to the concert last Sunday, but it was too boring. We should not have gone there.

Note: The past form of “ought to” and “had better” has the same meaning as “should”, but not

common.

4. THE PAST FORM OF “COULD”

Positive: “Could have + Past participle” is used to offer hindsight possibilities.

Ex1: Ann: I sold my moped last month to pay for my school fee. I have to go to school on foot now.

Jane: You could have asked me to lend you some money.

Ex2: I regret not attending your birthday party last Sunday. I could have attended it, but I had an

accident on my way to your house.

5. MAKING SUGGESTIONS: LET’S, WHY DON’T, SHALL I/WE

Ex: - Let‟s eat out tonight. We are too tired to cook dinner.

- Why don‟t we eat out tonight? We are too tired to cook dinner.

- Shall we eat out tonight? We are too tired to cook dinner.

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6. EXPRESSING DEGREES OF CERTAINTY AT THE PRESENT TIME (POSITIVE)

“Degree of certainty” refers to how sure we are about something or what we think the

chances are.

Ex: Teacher: “Why isn‟t Ms. Lan in class today?”

Students‟ responses:

Student 1: “She is sick.” (100% sure)

Student 2: “She must be sick.” (95% sure)

Student 3: “She may/might/could be sick.” (less than 50% sure)

7. EXPRESSING DEGREES OF CERTAINTY AT THE PRESENT TIME (NEGATIVE)

Ex1: A: “Why doesn‟t Ann have lunch with us?”

Responses: B: “She is not hungry.” (100% sure)

C: “She must not be hungry.” (95% sure)

D: “She may not be/might not be hungry.” (less than 50% sure)

Ex2: Tom: “I am very hungry.”

Ann: “You have just had a big lunch. You can’t be/couldn’t be hungry.” (99%)

8. EXPRESSING DEGREES OF CERTAINTY IN THE PAST (POSITIVE)

Ex: A: “Why didn‟t Tom go to class yesterday?”

Responses: B: “He was sick.” (100% sure)

C: “He must have been sick.” (95% sure)

D: “He may /might/could have been sick.” (less than 50% sure)

9. EXPRESSING DEGREES OF CERTAINTY IN THE PAST (NEGATIVE)

Ex1: “I rang Lan‟s home phone many times last night, but no one answered the phone.”

Responses: - “She wasn’t at home.” (100% sure)

- “She mustn’t have been at home.” (95% sure)

- “She may not /might not have been at home.” (less than 50% sure)

Ex2: Husband: “Where did you go yesterday afternoon?”

Wife: “I stayed at home all the afternoon.”

Husband: “You can’t/couldn’t have stayed at home all the afternoon (99% sure). I

rang home hundreds of times, but no one answered the phone.”

Wife: “huh………….huh…..”

10. “NEED” and “DARE”

10.1. As ordinary verbs

Ex: Do you need to wait for him?

Ex: Do you dare to tease her?

Ex: He needs to buy some pens.

Ex: She doesn‟t dare to stay at home alone at night.

10.2. As modals Ex: Need you wait for him?

Ex: Dare you tease her?

Ex: He need buy some pens.

EX: She daren‟t stay at home alone at night.

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ACTIVE and PASSIVE

1. GENERAL FORM

Active Voice: Subject + Verb + Object

Passive voice: Subject Be + PP by Object (agent)

2. DETAILED FORMS: ACTIVE VOICE PASSIVE VOICE

2.1. Present simple tense: V (bare inf/V+s/es) Am/is/are + PP (past participle)

Ex: He does this exercise. This exercise is done by him.

2.2. Present continuous: Am/is/are + V+ing Am/is/are + being + PP.

Ex: He is looking at her. She is being looked at by him.

2.3. Present perfect: Have/has + PP Have/has + been + PP

Ex: She has finished her homework. Her homework has been finished by her.

2.4. Present perfect continuous: Have/has + been + V+ing Have/has + been + being + PP

Ex: They have been building this house for 3 months. This house has been being built for 3

months.

2.5. Past simple tense: V+ed/V(C2) Was/were + PP

Ex: She helped me last night. I was helped by her last night.

2.6. Past continuous: Was/were + V+ing Was/were + being + PP

Ex: She was doing her housework at 8.00 last night. Her housework was being done at 8.00….

2.7. Past perfect: Had + PP Had + been + PP

Ex: She had finished her housework before 9.00 last night. Her housework had been finished….

2.8. Past perfect continuous: Had + been + V+ing Had + been + being + PP

Ex: They had been teasing me for hours when you came. I had been being teased for hours….

2.9. Future simple: Shall/will + V(bare inf) Shall/will + be + PP

Ex: The police will catch him soon. He will be caught by the police soon.

2.10. Future continuous: Shall/will + be + V+ing Shall/will + be + being + PP

Ex: They will be doing the test at 9.00 am tomorrow. The test will be being done at 9.00 am.

2.11. Future perfect: Shall/will + have + PP Shall/will + have + been + PP

Ex: They will have finished the test before 10:30 tomorrow. The test will have been

finished….

2.12. Future perfect continuous: Shall/will have been +V+ing Shall/will have been being + PP

Ex: She will have been looking after him for He will have been being looked after for

three years by next December. three years by next December.

3. MODAL VERBS

Active voice: Subject + Modal Verb + Ordinary Verb + Object

Passive voice: Subject Modal Verb + Be + PP by Object (agent)

Ex: She can do this exercise. This exercise can be done by her.

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4. VERBS WHICH DO NOT ALLOW PASSIVE TRANSFORMATION

4.1. Intransitive verbs: to work, live, go, arrive, ……

Ex: I live in Bien Hoa. He works as a teacher. (These sentences cannot be turned into passive voice.)

4.2. Linking verbs: to be, seem, look, stay, remain, taste, smell,…..

Ex: She is a nurse. They seem tired. This cake tastes sweet. They remain friends.

4.3. Verbs of possession: to have, belong, own, possess, owe,….

Ex: I have a car. This car belongs to me. He possesses a big house.

4.4. Verbs of measurement: to measure, take, cost, weigh,…

Ex: This window measures 1m by 3m. This book costs 20,000VND.This suitcase weighs 2 kilos.

4.5. Verbs of equal reciprocity: to resemble, to marry,….

Ex: John married Ann last year = Ann married John last year. (Not: Ann was married by John.)

Ex: He resembles his father (Not: his father is resembled by him.)

5. POSITIONS OF ADVERDS IN PASSIVE VOICE

5.1. Adverbs of place: ……. PP + adverb of place + by + agent

Ex: His father took him home. He was taken home by his father.

- He hid the watch under his bed. The watch was hidden under his bed by him.

5.2. Adverbs of time: ……………….by + agent + adverb of time

Ex: She gave me a book yesterday. I was given a book by her yesterday.

5.3. Adverbs of manner: ……………. be + adverb of manner + PP

Ex: They are looking after the children well. The children are being well looked after by them.

- She did her homework carelessly. Her homework was carelessly done.

6. AGENTS: Everyone, everybody, nobody, no one, someone, somebody, they, people, ….

should be omitted in passive voice.

Ex: Someone stole my bike last night. My bike was stolen last night.

- People built this house in 1990. This house was built in 1990.

- People grow rice here. Rice is grown here.

7. SPECIAL CASES

7.1. To have someone do something V.S. to have something done:

Ex: Jane had a workman repair her house yesterday. Jane had her house repaired yesterday.

7.2. To get + Past Participle = To be + Past Participle (Passive in meaning):

Ex: These workers get paid monthly. He got tired after playing football. They got lost in the

town yesterday. My dog got run over by a car yesterday.

Note: The following expressions are not passive in meaning: to get married; to get divorced; to

get changed; to get dressed,… Ex: She wants to get married. (active)

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GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES 1. GERUNDS

1.1. DEFINITION: The gerund is the form of a verb and "ing" (Gerund = Verb + ing), i.e. the

gerund has exactly the same form as the present participle.

Ex: talk talking, drive driving, picnic picnicking, travel traveling,…

The difference between the “Gerund” and the “Present participle”

Gerund forms compound nouns Present participle as Adj. in single nouns

- a sleeping-lamp a lamp for sleeping

(Not: The lamp is sleeping).

- a sleeping girl a girl is sleeping

(Not: The girl for sleeping).

1.2. List of common verbs followed by the gerund

adore cease enjoy hate pardon start

advise consider endure imagine postpone stop

admit continue escape keep (on) permit suggest

allow delay excuse like practise put off

avoid deny fancy love propose give up

appreciate delete finish loathe recollect can‟t stand

anticipate detest forbid mind remember can‟t bear

begin dislike forgive miss regret can‟t help

dread forget omit resume

Ex: He does not allow smoking here.

Ex: She detests staying at home alone.

Ex: She loathes having to learn by heart these things.

Ex: I suggest eating out tonight.

Ex: I appreciate being given this opportunity.

1.3. The “gerund” is also used after the following expressions

1.3.1. Go + gerund

Go skiing, go fishing, go shopping, go camping, go sightseeing, go hunting,….

Ex: We often go shopping on weekends.

Ex: He goes singing with us.

1.3.2. Expressions with noun + gerund

It is no use; to have/meet difficulty; there is no point in, to have fun/trouble, a

hard/good/difficult time, ….+ gerund.

Ex: It is no use learning everything by heart without understanding.

Ex: I have difficulty applying for a job.

Ex: There is no point in searching that problem.

1.3.3. Expressions with adjective + gerund

- It is no good; it is (not) worth/worthwhile; to be near; to be foolish, to be busy, there is (no);

there is little; there is much;

Ex: It is no good waiting for them so long.

Ex: It is worth studying these things.

Ex: It is foolish signing an official document without reading it.

Ex: She is always busy doing her housework.

Ex: There is talking in the next room. There is no knowing what may happen.

Ex: There was little/much debating on the gerund.

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1.4. Some gerunds are used after some certain verbs such as “need”, or “require” as the

passive form: S + V + gerund = S +V + to be PP.

Ex: This machine needs repairing = This machine needs to be repaired.

Ex: I want my house to be mended = My house needs mending (to be mended).

1.5. Expressions with preposition “to” + gerund:

- object to, get/be used to/accustomed to, look forwards to, …

Ex: I object to being treated like that.

Ex: I am used to getting up early.

Ex: She is looking forwards to hearing from her husband.

1.6. Some more expressions followed by a gerund:

- Stand/lie/sit + place + V-ing,

- Find/catch + someone + V-ing

Ex: She often lies in her bed dreaming about her boyfriend.

Ex: I caught him reading your letter yesterday.

3. INFINITIVES

2.1. DEFINITION: The “infinitive” is the original form of the verb with or without “to”.

Therefore, we have two forms of infinitives in English: “full infinitive” (infinitive with “to”),

and “bare infinitive” (infinitive without “to”).

2.2. BARE INFINITIVES: A bare infinitive is the original verb without “to” such as “be”,

“have”, “do”, “go”, “work”, ….. A bare infinitive can function:

2.2.1. As a main verb after modal verbs: S + modal + bare inf…….

Ex: I should go to class regularly.

2.2.2. After perceptive verbs: S+ perceptive V + O + V (bare inf.)

See, watch, look at, smell, hear, listen to,…

Ex: I marked them play football I marked them playing football

Ex: I listened to him whistle I listened to him whistling.

Ex: We heard them sing last night We heard them singing last night.

2.2.3. After some certain verbs such as in the following structure:

S +“make”/“let”/“bid”/“help” ,….+ O + bare inf….

Ex: I made her cry; They let me go; They bade me sit down; Help me (to) carry this bag.

2.2.4. In the causative form with “have”

S + have + O + bare inf…..

Ex: He had me polish his shoes.

Note: To have S.O do S.T = To have S.T done.

Ex: He had his shoes polished.

2.2.5. In positive imperative:

Ex: Look at the board, please. Be careful. Come in. Study hard, please,……

2.2.6. In the subjunctive noun clauses after the following verbs:

- advise, ask, command, demand, direct, insist, move, propose, urge, recommend, suggest,

require

S + V + that + S + bare inf ………..

Ex: He moved that I be ready for my next exam.

Ex: My girlfriend insisted that her father have a mistress.

Note: We can use “should” in the above clauses:

Ex: He suggested that his friend get marriage . Or He suggested that his friend should get

marriage.

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- Or after some certain adjectives: vital, advisable, urgent, essential, …….

It is + vital/ advisable/urgent/essential,…. that + S + bare inf. …….

Ex: It is vital that he make up his mind soon.

Ex: It is urgent that she have to go immediately.

2.3. FULL INFINITIVES (INFINITIVES WITH TO)

2.3.1. List of common verbs followed by a full infinitive

arrange decide offer hope trouble

agree deserve refuse pretend bother

afford forget manage neglect undertake

attempt fail promise plan volunteer

aim learn threaten prepare vow

ask expect beg help want,…..

2.3.2. A full infinitive is used after “too” or “enough”.

Too +adj/adv + to inf.

Ex: He is too busy to do the shopping.

Ex: He runs too slowly to win the prize.

Adj/Adv + enough + to inf.

Ex: She is intelligent enough to understand everything.

Ex: They are qualified enough to get the scholarship.

Ex: She ran quickly enough to catch the bus.

Enough + N + to inf. Ex: She had enough energy to climb up that mountain.

2.3.3. A full infinitive is used to connect two or more clauses.

Ex: If you want to pass the exam, you have to study hard.

→ You have to study hard to pass the exam.

She went to the supermarket last Sunday. She bought many things.

→ She went to the supermarket last Sunday to buy many things.

3. The differences between the verbs followed by the “infinitive” and by the “gerund”

3.1. Some verbs are followed either by the “gerund” or by the “infinitive” without any

important difference in the meaning. Some of them are begin, start, prefer,…

Ex1: I began to work here in 2000. = I began working here in 2000. (no difference in meaning)

Ex2: She prefers to do her homework in the evening. = She prefers doing her homework in the

evening. (no difference in meaning)

Ex3: He started to work at 7.30. = He started working at 7.30. (no difference in meaning)

3.2. Some other verbs, however, have different meanings according to whether they are followed

by the gerunds or by the infinitives. Following are the common ones of those verbs:

To stop

- To stop + to infinitive = to stop what is being done to do another thing

Ex1: When I arrived, he was doing his homework. He stopped to talk to me.

Ex2: She realized that she lost her way in the town, so she stopped to ask the police the way.

- To stop + gerund = to give up doing something

Ex1: He stopped smoking. = He gave up smoking. (He does not smoke any longer.)

Ex2: We often wrote to each other when we were young, but we stop writing to each other now.

(We no longer write to each other.)

To try

- To try + to infinitive = to make an effort/attempt to do something

Ex: He tried to listen to me, but he could not.

- To try + gerund = to give a try at + gerund

Ex: If you cannot fall asleep, try drinking some warm milk before bedtime.

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To mean

- To mean + to infinitive = to intend to do something

Ex: My father means to come and visit me next month.

- To mean + gerund = to signify/imply/involve in doing something

Ex: Spending all money today means starving tomorrow.

To remember

- To remember + to infinitive (to remember before performing the action)

Ex: When you go out, remember to lock the door.

- To remember + gerund (to remember after performing the action)

Ex: I remember meeting you somewhere before. (I have met you before.)

To forget

- To forget + to infinitive (not doing something because of forgetting).

Ex: I am sorry. I forgot to ring you last night.

- To forget + gerund (to forget something that has been already done)

Ex1:

A. “Why have you sent me the same message many times?”

B. “Oh, I am sorry. I forget sending it to you last time. (I sent it to you, but I forget I did that.)

To regret

- To regret + to infinitive

Ex: I regret to tell you that I do not like you. (I have not told you yet, I am going to tell you that I

do not like you.)

- To regret + gerund

Ex1: I regret lending him some money. (I have already lent him some money, and now I am

sorry to do that because he will never pay me back.)

To help

- To help + to infinitive = to contribute

Ex: Beside health, jobs and money, love also helps to make people happy.

- To help + Object + bare/full infinitive

Ex: Please help me (to) do this exercise/ He often helps his wife (to) do the housework.

Ex: I cannot help you (to) do this exercise/ He cannot help his wife (to) do the housework.

- Cannot help + gerund = cannot bear + gerund

Ex: When I saw that man slipping on a banana skin, I could not help laughing.

Ex: She misunderstood me. I cannot help explaining this matter to her.

To need

- To need + to infinitive (active)

Ex: I need to repair my moped.

- To need + gerund (passive)

Ex: My moped needs repairing.

To allow/recommend/permit/advise

- To allow/recommend/permit/advise + Object + to infinitive:

Ex: He allows people to smoke here.

- To allow/recommend/permit/advise + gerund

Ex: He allows smoking here.

Verbs of perceptions: See, Hear, Watch, Smell,…

- V + bare infinitive (Complete action)

Ex: I saw them eat that cake yesterday.

Passive: They were seen to eat that cake yesterday.

- V + V+ing (Incomplete action)

Ex: I saw them eating that cake yesterday.

Passive: They were seen eating that cake yesterday.

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CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

There are four main types of conditional sentences: zero conditional, first conditional,

second conditional and third conditional.

1. Zero Conditional

There are two main parts in a conditional sentence.

If Clause (conditional clause) Main clause

Tense: Simple present tense Simple present tense

If + S + V(simple present tense) , S + V(simple present tense)

Punctuation: When the sentence starts with “if”, we put the comma (,) between the “if clause”

and the main clause, but when the sentence starts with the main clause, both parts of the

sentence are not separated with a comma. This is applied to all types of conditional sentences.

- If clause , + main clause

- Main clause + if clause (no comma).

In the zero conditional, “if” has the same meaning with when.

Usages: Zero Conditional is used:

a. For instructions

Ex1: If you want to turn off the first two lamps, you press the first button.

= When you want to turn off the first two lamps, you press the first button.

b. For general truths or natural laws

Ex1: If you pour oil into water, oil floats in water = when you …..

Ex2: If there is no gravity, everything floats.

Ex4: Water turns to ice if the temperature drops to 0 degrees Celsius.

c. For habits

Ex: If I have free time, I play football. ≠ If I have free time tomorrow, I will play football.

2. First Conditional – Conditional sentence - type I:

If clause (conditional clause) , Main clause

Tense: Present tense Future tense (Shall/will+….)

Modal (can/may/must) + …..)

Imperative (Do/ Don’t + V (bare inf.)

Usages: We use conditional type 1 to express an action or a situation which may happen in the

future time.

Ex1: If you do not study hard, you will fail in your next exam.

Ex2: If you do not want to study my lessons, you can stay at home.

Ex3: If you do not understand anything I teach you, please don‟t hesitate to ask me.

Note 1: In the “if clause of conditional type 1”, we can use “Unless” to replace “If …..not...”

Ex1: Unless you study hard, you will fail in your next exam.

Ex2: Unless you want to study my lessons, you can stay at home.

Ex3: Unless you understand everything I teach you, please don‟t hesitate to ask me.

Note 2: We can use "should" or "in case" instead of "if" in Conditional - type 1:

Ex: If it snows tomorrow, the flight will be canceled ≈ Should it snow tomorrow, the flight will

be canceled ≈ In case it snows tomorrow, the flight will be canceled

3. Second Conditional – Conditional sentence - type II (Unreal in the present)

If clause (conditional clause) Main clause

Past tense - Conditional tense (should/would+V (bare inf.)

(Subjunctive) - Modal (could/might/had to) + V (bare inf.)

Note: For the verb “to be”, we use “were” for all persons.

106

Usages: We use conditional sentence - type II

a) To express an action or a situation which is untrue, impossible, or cannot happen in the

present, or for an imaginary situation;

Ex1: If I had wings, I would fly to school instead of traveling by Honda.

Ex2: What would you do if you were a King?

Ex3: What would you do if you were the Prime Minister?

b) To talk about something that does not apply to the present but it may happen in the

future;

Ex1: If you saw someone having an electric shock, you should turn off the electricity.

Ex2: What would you do if this room caught fire?

Ex2: If I taught you Speaking, I would get you to speak as much as possible.

c). To give advice

Ex1: What would you do if you were in my situation?

Ex2: If I were you, I would study harder.

Ex3:If I were you, I would never apply for that job.

Note 1: Inversion

Ex: If I were a millionaire, I would help the poor.

Were I a millionaire, I would help the poor.

But: If I were you, I would study hard. (Not: Were I you, I would study hard.)

Note 2: We can use "should" instead of "if" in Conditional - type 2:

Ex: If I had wings, I would fly around the world.

Should I have wings, I would fly around the world.

4. Third Conditional – Conditional sentence - type III (Unreal in the past)

If clause (conditional clause) , Main clause

Past perfect - Conditional (should/would + ….)

- Modal (could/might+ …..)

Usages: We use conditional sentence - type 3

a). To express an action or a situation which was unreal or did not happen in the past, or to

express our regret about something that we have or have not done, or to be critical of

somebody‟s action. Ex1: If you had listened to me, you would not have regretted.

Ex2: If you had not gotten married, I would have married you.

Note: Inversion: We can omit “If” and move “Had” to the beginning of the “If clause”

Ex2: Had you listened to me, you would not have regretted.

Ex3: Hadn‟t you gotten married, I would have married you/Had you not gotten……

5. Special cases

5.1. LEST CONDITIONAL

MAIN CLAUSE + LEST CLAUSE

Present simple tense Should would + V(Inf)

Should/would/had better + V(inf) Could/might + V (inf)

Past simple tense

Imperative

Ex1: You should go home lest it would rain soon.

Ex2: Go home lest it would rain soon.

Ex3: Run away quickly lest you might be seen.

107

5.2. S + WISH + CLAUSE

Note: (I WISH I WOULD ….. = IF ONLY I WOULD…)

5.2.1. We use “I WISH + S + would/could + V (bare inf.)…” to make a wish about the future

(which may happen in the future.)

Ex1: I wish all my dreams would become true.

Ex2: I wish it would not rain tomorrow.

Ex3: If only I could go with you tomorrow = I wish I could go with you tomorrow.

5.2.2. We use “I WISH = IF ONLY + S + past subjunctive” to make a wish about the

present, or to express our desire for something that we would like to be different in the

present. (Unreal in the present as Conditional type II).

Note: We use “were” for all persons.

E x1: I wish I were taller = If only I were taller.

Ex2: I wish it were cooler now = If only it were cooler now.

Ex3: If only I were a big ant, I would climb onto her hat band to kiss her.

5.2.3. We use “I WISH = IF ONLY + S + past perfect” when we want to wish that

something had been different in the past. (Unreal in the past as conditional type 3).

E x1: I wish I had not lied to her = If only I had not lied to her.

108

QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

There are four main kinds of questions.

1. Yes - no questions

2. W(h) – questions

3. Alternative/or questions

4. Tag – questions

1. Yes-no questions: The short answers to this kind of questions usually begin with “Yes” or “No”.

There are two forms of Yes-no questions: interrogative and interrogative-negative.

1.1. Interrogative form

a). “To be” is the main verb in the question.

To be (am/is/are/was/were) + S + ………? Short answers: Yes, S + to be (am/is/are/was/was).

No, S + to be + not (short form) (’m not, isn’t, aren’t, wasn’t, weren’t).

Ex: Are you a student? Am I your friend? Are they happy? Was he at home last night?

b). Ordinary verb is the main verb in the question.

Auxiliary verb/modal verb + S + main verb + …?

Short answers: Yes, S + auxiliary verb/modal verb.

No, S + auxiliary verb/modal verb + not (short form).

- Do you like English? Does she speak English well? Did they go to work yesterday?

- Has she been to the U.S.A? Had they gone before you came?

- Will you go to work tomorrow?

1.2. Interrogative-negative form

a). “To be” is the main verb in the question:

To be (am/is/are/was/were) + S + not ………?

To be + not (Short form: aren’t/isn’t/wasn’t/weren’t) + S + …? Short answers: Yes, S + to be (am/is/are/was/was).

No, S + to be (am not, isn‟t, aren‟t, wasn‟t, weren‟t).

Ex: Aren‟t you a student? Are you not a student?

Aren‟t I your friend? Am I not your friend?

Wasn‟t he at home last night? Was he not at home last night?

b). Ordinary verb is the main verb in the question:

Auxiliary verb/modal verb + S + not + main verb + …?

Auxiliary verb/modal verb + not (Short form) + S + main verb + …?

Short answers: Yes, S + auxiliary verb/modal verb.

No, S + auxiliary verb/modal verb + not.

- Didn‟t they go to work yesterday? - Did they not go to work yesterday?

- Hasn‟t she been to the U.S.A? Has she not been to the U.S.A?

- Won‟t you go to work tomorrow? Will you not go to work tomorrow?

2. (W)h - questions: The questions begin with a wh or h- word such as who, whom, where,

what, which, when, how, how much, how long,….

There are two patterns of W(h) – questions:

2.1. A wh - word is the subject in the question. (Who/what/which)

Who/what/which + main V (always in singular third person) + …?

Ex: - Who speaks English well in this class?

- What makes you sad? What was happening when you arrived?

109

2.2. A wh or h- word is not the subject in the question.

Wh or H- word + Auxiliary V/modal V + S + main V + …?

Ex: - Who/Whom do you like best? What does he want to do?

- Where can we find kangaroos? Where did she live? Where is he living now?

3. Alternative questions/ “Or” questions: The questions always go with “OR”.

Ex: - Do you like coffee, tea, or milk?

- Do you want to stay or go?

- Which shirt is yours, the red one or the white one?

4. Tag – questions: There are two parts in a tag-question: a main clause and a question tag.

There are two main patterns of tag-questions:

4.1. Pattern 1

S + V (positive form), auxiliary/modal verb + not (Short form) + S ?

Ex: - She likes bananas, doesn‟t she?

- She could swim when she was eight years old, couldn‟t she?

- You will come to the party tonight, won‟t you?

4.2. Pattern 2

S + V (negative form), auxiliary/modal verb + S ?

Ex: - You cannot swim, can you?

- She won‟t come, will she?

- She isn‟t from Ho Chi Minh City, is she?

- She has never been to Ho Chi Minh City, has she?

- He hardly wants to go, does he?

4.3. Special cases

4.1. There is/there are/there have been, + … there?

Ex: - There is a computer in her office, isn‟t there?

- There has never been a storm here so far, has there?

4.2. This/That/These/Those Ex: - This is a table, isn‟t it?

- Those are not your suitcases, are they?

4.3. Everyone, no one, nobody, someone, somebody, anyone,…. they?

Ex: - Everyone understands him, don‟t they?

- No one could know what had happened, could they?

4.4. Everything, nothing, something, anything,... it?

Ex: - Nothing is new, is it?

- Everything goes smoothly for you, doesn‟t it?

4.5. Imperative: will you?

Ex: - Open the door, will you?

- Don‟t turn on the fan, will you?

- Let me go out with you tonight, will you?

4.6. Let’s (not) + V (bare infinitive) : shall we?

Ex: - Let‟s go out tonight, shall we?

- Let‟s not talk about it any longer, shall we?

Note: - I think that he did not go to class yesterday, did he?

- He knows that I did not go to class yesterday, doesn‟t he?

110

REFERENCES

An, N. V. (2003). Modern English Grammar. Publishing house of National University of

Ho Chi Minh city.

Azar, B.S. & Azar D. A. (1990). Understanding and Using English Grammar. Prentice-

Hall, Inc.

Lougheed, L. (2006). Barron’s 600 Essential Words for the TOEIC (4th

edition). The

Youth Publishing House

Lougheed, L. (2009). Barron’s TOEIC Test (4th

edition). First News.

Lougheed, L. (2009). Preparation Series for the New TOEIC Test: Introductory Course

(4th

edition). Longman

Lougheed, L. (2009). Preparation Series for the New TOEIC Test: Intermediate Course

(4th

edition). Longman

Taylor, A. & Malarcher, C. (2007). Starter TOEIC (3rd

Edition). First News.

Thomson, A.J. & Martinet, A.V. (1986). A Practical English Grammar. Oxford

University Press.

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