tailoring the conceptual reference model to archaeological requirements

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ARIADNE is funded by the European Commission's Seventh Framework Programme Tayloring The CRM to Archaeological Requirements Martin Doerr Center for Cultural Informatics Institute of Computer Science Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas

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Page 1: Tailoring the conceptual reference model to archaeological requirements

ARIADNE is funded by the European Commission's Seventh Framework Programme

Tayloring The CRM to Archaeological Requirements

Martin Doerr Center for Cultural Informatics

Institute of Computer Science

Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas

Page 2: Tailoring the conceptual reference model to archaeological requirements

Phases of the scholarly process: – collecting and organizing evidence (observation and primary sources)

– connecting facts via involved items

– interpreting facts – contextualizing and hypothesis building

– presenting results - publication

Problem: Billions of facts, artefacts and documents possibly shed light on the past in unexpected contexts across all disciplines and sciences

A research infrastructure must primarily: – enable homogeneous access to all known facts

– allow for restricting search (querying) to facts likely to contribute to context and/or hypothesis

– trace provenance of knowledge (dependency, reliability, precision)

– allow for correcting/ refining facts in a scientific discourse

The Scholarly Process

2

Page 3: Tailoring the conceptual reference model to archaeological requirements

The Scholarly Process in a Digital World

discover

collect

aggregate

update

Search,

correlate,

integrate

Refer

interpret

present

Layer of

“Latest stage of

Knowledge”

“Evidence layer”

Things

Sources

Collections

Corpora

Publications

Stories

exhibitions

Ethiopia

Johanson's Expedition

Hadar

Discovery of Lucy

Lucy

Cleveland Museum of Natural History

Donald Johanson

AL 288-1

3

Researc

h I

nfr

astr

uctu

re

Page 4: Tailoring the conceptual reference model to archaeological requirements

A Global Ontology – allows for integrating and connecting evidential data and derived facts

– the CIDOC CRM is a good starting point

The CIDOC CRM (ISO21127) – is about people and things meeting in space-time, parts and wholes,

use, influence and reference.

– It is not specific about circumstances of observation, find and measurement, states of matter and geometry.

– It has no notion of input-output or derivation, only of “influence”

Therefore we have organized 4 interdisciplinary meetings – We have analyzed types of archeological data sets, identified gaps and

set priorities.

– Then, we have been creating extensions of the CRM (and proposing improvements) collaboratively

Approach for Fact Connection

4

Page 5: Tailoring the conceptual reference model to archaeological requirements

Types of archaeological data sets :

About things and “finds”:

o Archive/Museum/SMR collection registries: collection level description

o Archive/Museum collection databases and “corpora”: documentation of objects collected by subject, such as o fine arts, sculpture, numismatic, epigraphy, particular excavations,

particular culture o Description and declaration of archaeological sites or monuments

(“SMR”) o Architectural drawings

About “finding”:

o Survey records o Remote sensing (see also “measuring”) o Excavation records: daily context/layer/phase/find descriptions,

description of larger structures, images

Types of Data

5

Page 6: Tailoring the conceptual reference model to archaeological requirements

Types of data sets cont’d:

About measuring things (during excavation, conservation, other specific research):

o Imaging methods (X-ray, seismic, photogrammetry, laser, 3D surface/density

models)

o Physical analytical investigation records: o measurements of C14, thermoluminescence etc. o mineralogical/chemical analysis: lithic , metallurgic, ceramic, bone

o Biological analytical investigation records. o archaeobotanic observations and measurements o physical anthropological data, osteological data… (health state of human

remains) o DNA analysis

o Analytical reference data: o calibration/ reference sets of analytic data: C14, tree ring,.. o material provenance reference sets o archaeobotany: species, seeds, pollen, tissues o DNA reference

Types of Data

6

Page 7: Tailoring the conceptual reference model to archaeological requirements

Types of data sets cont’d :

Integrated hypothesis building: o GIS: Find distributions, landscape, visibility analysis, resources and land use o spatiotemporal distribution of cultures etc. o synthetic data: Simulations (population behavior, land use etc.) o virtual reconstructions o quantitative statistical analysis

About administration: o protection zones o conservation planning o excavation licenses

Types of Data

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Page 8: Tailoring the conceptual reference model to archaeological requirements

CIDOC CRM Top-level Classes

participate in

E39 Actors

E55 Types

E28 Conceptual Objects

E18 Physical Thing

E2 Temporal Entities

affect or / refer to

refer to / refine

location

at E53 Places

E52 Time-Spans

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Page 9: Tailoring the conceptual reference model to archaeological requirements

CIDOC CRM Temporal Entities

E2 Temporal Entity

E5 Event E63 Beginning of Existence

E7 Activity

E69 Death

E6 Destruction

E87 Curation Activity

E83 Type Creation

E13 Attribute Assignment

E86 Leaving

E80 Part Removal

E 79 Part Addition

Generalization

E64 End of Existence

E10 Transfer of Custody

E15 Identifier Assignment

E4 Period

E3 Condition State

E68 Dissolution

E81 Transformation

E67 Birth

E66 Formation

E65 Creation

E11 Modification

E9 Move

E8 Acquisition

E85 Joining

E12 Production

E17 Type Assignment

E14 Condition Assessment

E16 Measurement

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Page 10: Tailoring the conceptual reference model to archaeological requirements

Historical Events as Meetings

S

t

Caesar’s mother Caesar

Brutus

Brutus’ dagger

“coherence volume” of

Caesar’s death

“coherence volume”

of Caesar’s birth

was present at! was present at! was present at!

was present at!

was present at!

? Forum Romanum,

Rome 10

Page 11: Tailoring the conceptual reference model to archaeological requirements

Exchanges of Information as Meetings

t

S

runner

1st Athenian

coherence volume of

first announcement

coherence volume of the

battle of Marathon

Marathon

other

Soldiers

Athens

2nd Athenian

coherence volume of

second announcement

Victory!!!

Victory!!!

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Page 12: Tailoring the conceptual reference model to archaeological requirements

S

t

operator

1st Computer

coherence volume of

mesh-creation

coherence volume

of acquisition

Museum

museum object

It-Lab

2nd Computer

coherence volume of

rendering

scan-data

3D

model

scanner

mesh-

data

12

Observation and Measurement as Meetings

Page 13: Tailoring the conceptual reference model to archaeological requirements

• CRMgeo: a Spatiotemporal model – integrates CRM with OGC standards

– a complete model of phenomena occupying spacetime

– integrates geometry- and semantics-derived topological relations

• CRMsci: a Scientific Observation model (descriptive sciences)

– generalizes over INSPIRE, OBOE, SEEK, Darwin Core

– generalizes concepts of units of matter and their “genesis”

– introduces concept of observation and data evaluation

– also validated in geology and biodiversity

• CRMarchaeo: an Excavation model – introduces concepts of stratigraphy and excavation

• CRMdig: a model of Digital Provenance – outcome of project 3D-COFORM being adapted to CRMsci

Outcome: CRM compatible Extensions

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Page 14: Tailoring the conceptual reference model to archaeological requirements

Challenge: Integrating Special and General… (not core & application profiles !)

Access all data from any level

by property generalization

Dublin Core

CDWA

MIDAS

Data

Few concepts,

high recall

Special concepts,

high precision

automatic

data export

CIDOC

Conceptual Reference Model (CRM)

Thing Actor

Event

Acquisition

was present at

used object

happened at

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Page 15: Tailoring the conceptual reference model to archaeological requirements

CIDOC CRM extension suite

Few concepts,

high recall

Special concepts,

high precision

CIDOC

Conceptual Reference Model (CRM)

Thing Actor

Event

was present at

happened at

15

CRMSci

CRM

CRMArcheo CRMDig

Page 16: Tailoring the conceptual reference model to archaeological requirements

CRMSci (part of)

E13 Attribute

Assignment

E55 Type

S5 Inference Making

S4 Observation

S10 Material Substantial

S14 Fluid Body S11 Amount of Matter

E54 Dimension

E18 Physical Thing

P2 has type

S9 Property Type

O8 observed

S6 Data Evaluation

S8 Categorical Hypothesis Building

S7 Simulation or Prediction

S15 Observable Entity

O11 described

S1 Matter Removal

O5 removed

S2 Sample Taking

S13 Sample

E7

Activity

S19 Encounter Event

O19 has found

object

O10 assigned

dimension

O12 has dimension

1

6

O9 observed property

type

O16 observed value

E1 CRM Entity

E55 Type

S21 Measurement

E55 Type

O20 sampled from type of

part

E53 Place

O3 sampled from

O2 removed

O1 diminished

O24 measured

S12 Amount of Fluid

O6 forms former or current part of

O15 occupied

O4 sampled at

CRMSci concept

CRM Concept

Page 17: Tailoring the conceptual reference model to archaeological requirements

Encounter Event

S4 Observation

E7 Activity

1

7

E16 Measurement

S19 Encounter Event S21 Measurement

E53 Place E18 Physical Thing

O21 has found

at O19 has found

object

S20 / E26 Physical Feature

E27 Site E25 Man-Made Feature S22 Segment of Matter

O22 partly or completely

contains

E92 Spacetime Volume

O23 is defined

by

S19 Encounter Event

Scope Note:

Activities of S4 Observation (substance) where an E39 Actor

encounters an instance of E18 Physical Thing of a kind relevant

for the mission of the observation or regarded as potentially

relevant for some community (identity). This observation

produces knowledge about the existence of the respective thing

at a particular place in or on surrounding matter. This

knowledge may be new to the group of people the actor belongs

to. In that case we would talk about a discovery.

CRMSci (part of)

Page 18: Tailoring the conceptual reference model to archaeological requirements

CRMarcheo: Modelling stratigraphic units

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A2 Stratigraphic Deposit Unit

A3 Stratigraphic Interface

A8 Stratigraphic Unit

…comprises physical features (S20) that are either stratigraphic deposit units (A2) or Stratigraphic Interfaces (A3)

Page 19: Tailoring the conceptual reference model to archaeological requirements

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A2 Stratigraphic Deposit Unit

A3 Stratigraphic Interface

A7Embedding

A1 Excavation Process Unit

AP4 created surfaceS2 with spit

method

A1 Excavation Process Unit

AP4 created surfaceS1 with

stratigraphic method

CRMarcheo: Modelling Excavation Activities

Page 20: Tailoring the conceptual reference model to archaeological requirements

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Modelling stratigraphic units

A2 Stratigraphic Deposit Unit comprises connected portions of terrain or other solid

structure on, in, or under the surface of earth or seafloor exhibiting some homogeneity of

structure or substance and completely bounded by surfaces or discontinuities in substance or

structure with respect to other portions of the terrain or surfaces of objects/finds … may

contain physical objects.

… can be attributed to a single genesis event or process and have the potential to be

observed.

… is regarded to exist as long as a part of its matter is still in place with respect to a

surrounding reference space

A3 Stratigraphic Interface comprises coherent parts of the boundary surface of one or more

stratigraphic units, which appears as result of a common genesis event or process. In particular

it may be due to a removal process, which may be part of the genesis process of a

Stratigraphic Unit or not. .. …confines (AP12) partly or completely the surface (A3 Stratigraphic

Interface) of an A2 Stratigraphic Deposit Unit. One A3 Stratigraphic Interface may confine two

or more A2 Stratigraphic Deposit Units.

Page 21: Tailoring the conceptual reference model to archaeological requirements

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A8 Stratigraphic Unit

A2 Deposit Unit (18)

A2 Deposit Unit (15)

A3 Interface [3]

A2 Deposit Unit (4)

AP11 has

physical

relation

cuts

fills

above

cuts

A3 Interface [19]

cuts

fills

A2 Deposit Unit (2)

A2 Deposit Unit (1)

above

above

above

CRMarcheo: Observing Physical Constellations

Page 22: Tailoring the conceptual reference model to archaeological requirements

CRMarcheo: Derivation of Temporal Relations

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A8 Stratigraphic Unit

A8 Stratigraphic Unit 34

A8 Stratigraphic Unit 35

A8 Stratigraphic Unit 36

A8 Stratigraphic Unit 37

above

AP11 has

physical

relation

above

above

A4 Stratigraphic Genesis

AP7 produced

(was produced

by)

AP13 has

stratigraphic

relation (is

stratigraphic

relation of)

AP14 justified by

Page 23: Tailoring the conceptual reference model to archaeological requirements

CRMarcheo: Stratigraphic Genesis

A1 Excavation Process Unit

E7 Activity

A8 Stratigraphic Unit

A3 Stratigraphic Interface

A4 Stratigraphic Genesis S10 Material Substantial

S11 Amount of Matter

AP1 produced

AP7 produced

AP9 took matter from

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A5 Stratigraphic Modification Event S17 Physical Genesis

S20 Physical Feature

AP13 has stratigraphic relation

AP8 disturbed

A2 Stratigraphic Deposit Unit

AP12 is confined by

S18 Alteration

A9 Segment of Matter

E18 Physical Thing

AP24 is or contains remains of

AP11 has physical relation

AP10 is part of

Page 24: Tailoring the conceptual reference model to archaeological requirements

Besides others, we have analyzed

– special collection databases (numismatic etc.) – 5 different national methods of excavation recording – 10 different kinds of analytical investigation, including DNA,

thermoluminescence etc, – temporal gazetteers and “therauri of periods

We have consulted and collaborated with archaeologists, physicists, chemists, microbiologists, biologists and other specialists and observed a surprising analogy of procedures, which we could model as generic concepts.

Now we have a coherent global ontology for deep integration of scientific and cultural-historical evidence and facts, probably the most elaborate and generic currently existing for descriptive sciences.

We have submitted these extensions to CIDOC for approval and recommendation, and work on further validation and quality of documentation.

Conclusions

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Page 25: Tailoring the conceptual reference model to archaeological requirements

Acknowledgement

ARIADNE is a project funded by the European Commission under the Community’s Seventh Framework Programme, contract no. FP7-INFRASTRUCTURES-2012-1-313193.

The views and opinions expressed in this presentation are the sole responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the European Commission.