taktik - strategi · tactics is defined as how you sail in a fleet and towards your competition....
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Meteorologi, taktik og strategi
Dansk Sejlunion Jan Christiansen, til tørtræningslejr 2012
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Santiago Lange Født i 1961 i Argentina. Uddannet arkitekt og far til fire børn. S. Lange har deltaget i 6 olympiske lege. Han har vundet olympisk gild i Nacra 17 i Rio samt bronze i Tornado i ´04 og ´08. Desuden har han 4 verdensmesterskabs titler i OL klasser. Han har med succes sejlet Americas Cup og Volvo Ocean Race.
I believe that becoming a good strategically sailor is an art. You build a 6th sense of what is happening with the wind. You learn it (tactics and strategy) by racing. Who wins makes the fewer mistakes. The mathematics is very simple.
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Strategy is the answer to how you would sail a given racecourse as if there were no one else on the course. Strategy is about reading and understanding the wind and its behaviour to get around the course as fast as possible. Current and waves are part of strategy.
Tactics is defined as how you sail in a fleet and towards your competition. Tactics is about risk minimising against the fleet and finding solutions to boat to boat situations, reducing losses from traffic.
Definitioner Santiago Lange
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There are three major skills in being a good tactician (taktikker/strateg); 1) Your ability to understand and read the wind. There are many different styles of wind and it is a very difficult skill to become a talented wind reader. 2)Your ability to position yourself to the race course. This means having an overview of where you are on the race course at any time. Distance to next mark, angle for the following mark in relation to wind and waves. Distance from lay lines and land. 3) Your ability to positioning yourself to the fleet. This takes some analytic skills. But
analysing or calculate the tactical decisions, are relatively easy. This is not the most difficult skill. If 30 boats goes one way and 5 the other, then you know what to do.
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Santiago Lange
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Taktik og strategi • Strategiske grundregler • Taktiske grundtræk, kryds og læns (gennemgang af en række situationer) • Nøgleord for let vind, middel vind og hård vind. (uddybet let vind) • Startsituationen
Metrologi • Gradientvind. • Søbrise (termisk vind) • Vinds adfærd og vind fra skyer • Landpåvirkninger
Dette inspirationsværktøj beskæftiger sig med følgende:
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Gradientvind
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Luftmasser bevæger sig. Gradientvind er udligning af luftmasser. Vind synker ned i højtryksområder Vind stiger op i områder med lavtryk Vind bevæger sig fra højtryk mod lavtryk
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Koldsektor
Varmsektor
Koldsektor
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Vinden vil krydse isobarerne i en vinkel på 15-20 grader ind mod lavtrykkets centrum, og derfor opstår cirkulationen mod uret rundt om lavtrykket. Men læg især mærke til hvordan isobarerne knækker lige i nærheden af fronterne: Det betyder at der ofte forekommer en relativ brat vinddrejning mod højre, når man bliver passeret af en front, og det gælder både ved passage af en varm- og en koldfront. Det er ikke altid at isobarerne har skarpe knæk ved fronterne, og derfor er det forskelligt, hvor kraftig vinddrejningen er. Men det er en nyttig viden at have, hvis man inden sejladsen har studeret vejrkort og ved, at en front er på vej. Vejrkortet afslører jo, hvor kraftigt vinddrejningen kan forventes at blive (hvor meget knækker isobarerne?), og hvor kraftig vinden generelt vil være - jo tættere isobarerne ligger, jo kraftigere vind.
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Hvad betyder det at vinden occilerer?
Hvad betyder det at vinden har en permanent drejning?
Hvis et kryds varer 8-10 minutter, hvad er et 2 min. vindskift så?
Hvis et kryds varer 8-10 minutter, hvad vil vindskiftet ved en frontpassage så være?
Hvis et kryds varer 8-10 minutter, hvad er den 6 min højredrejning der kommer I sidste halvdel af krydset, med en stor regnbyge?
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16 grader 16 grader 16 grader 16 grader
10 grader 16 grader
Koldsektor Varmsektor
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Koldsektor Kraftigt occilerende vind Bygeaktivitet kan let virke som permanente drejninger
Varmsektor Occilerende vind, men relativt stabil Lille ændring af vinden i højden
Front Permanent skift Ændringer i vindforhold Kraftige byger omkring lavtryksfronten
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Søbrise
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Hvorfor occilerer en søbrise?
Hvor er motoren i en søbrise?
Hvornår på året er der rigtig gode betingelser for søbrise?
Hvad er gode betingelser for søbrise?
Hvordan ser en inversion ud?
Hvad skal man se/mærke efter for at vurdere om søbrisen vil dø ud?
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Betingelser for søbrise: • Et hav eller søområde af en vis størrelse • Horisontal instabilitet (ingen inversion) • Solopvarmning af land • Temperaturforskel imellem land og hav over 1-2 grader er nok, • men mere er en fordel, eksempel 6-10 grader • Søbrisen styrkes af en svag til moderat fralandsvind
Maksimal søbrise 20 kt og rækkevidde ca 50 km ind i landet
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Søbrisens adfærd (nordlig halvkugle) • En veludviklet søbrise etablere sig i løbet af 2-3 timer fra sidst på formiddagen • Søbrisen vil typisk starte vinkelret på kystlinjen • Allerede tidligt i etableringsfasen vil søbrisen dreje mod højre og den vil i en maksimal fase være 20 grader offset fra kystlinjen. • Søbrisen vil dreje mod højre imens den øger i styrke - det virker som et lavtryk • Søbrisen vil dreje mod venstre når den aftager • Søbrisen pulserer fordi vind aldrig er jævn og fordi en veludviklet søbrise kan skygge for sig selv • En søbrise vil øge når tidevand løber ind og aftage når det løber ud • En søbrise dør ud når solopvarmningen aftager sidst på dagen
NB: Søbrisens adfærd er påvirket af gradientens retning.
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Vindens adfærd ved skyer
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W
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Vindpust
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W
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Hvordan er vinden – Hvordan føles vinden? Bølgende Stødende Rytmisk Urytmisk Stående pust Løbende pust Vindbånd Vindfelter Retningsstabil Trykstabil Tiltagende Aftagende ….
Det skal I se efter….
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Effekter ved land
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Vinden er: Langsom og venstredrejet over land Hurtig og højredrejet over vand
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Vinden søger ud hvor der er mindst modstand
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Vinden øger i konvergensområder Vinden aftager i divergensområder
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Vinden er stærkere hvor den presses sammen
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Der er læ bag høje forhindringer Der er læ på vindsiden af høje forhindringer
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Vinden er stærkere hvor kysten presser den sammen. - Men den skal rammes rigtigt
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De 6 grundregler For at kunne gennemføre en god strategi
4 5 3 2 1 6
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En god taktik og strategi er næsten som tysk grammatik – der er ingen regler uden undtagelser…. Det kræver opmærksomhed, øvelse og erfaring at finde ret vej
Men husk lige…
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W
Fri vind er en forudsætning for at båden sejler hurtigt
W
Behold din frihed og handlemulighed
Undgå i almindelighed ydersider og laylines Den trænede behøver kun lidt plads J
1 2
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Slå aldrig uden grund Slå så lidt som muligt
…..!
Jeg slår ved
næste skift!
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Overvej din risiko Sejl med lille risiko
W1
W2
Afstand = risiko eller gevinst
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?
?
A når… B når…
A
B
Forudseenhed
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Konkurrencer vindes med laveste score J - Ikke med flest førstepladser - Der er ikke en bonus for at være langt foran
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Taktiske grundregler Konkrete taktiske handleregler
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Lille risiko Risiko><gevinst? Risiko><gevinst?
Sejl med lille risiko og søg gevinsten når du er sikker
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Du skal altid vide om det næste ben er præget af occilationer eller et permanent skift (tilbageskift)
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Occilerende skift (vind)
Hold dig til rummerne Slå når vinden er forbi middelkursen Hold dig til læ for konkurrenterne Undgå laylines 54
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Vedvarende skift (vinddrejning) i udvikling eller på vej
Slå imod skiftet Fortsæt på det lave ben til du er tæt på layline Hold dig til luv og på vindsiden af konkurrenterne 55
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Vedvarende skift (vinddrejning) i udvikling eller på vej
Slå væk fra skiftet på læns Tag den direkte vej først
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Occilerende skift (vind)
Hold dig til skralderne Undgå laylines
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Andre krydssituationer
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W1
W2
Hold dig foran ved at blive imellem konkurrenterne og det næste skifte
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Lad ikke andre krydse dig, når du er på rigtig side
W W
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W1
Sejl på indersiden af feltet
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Bevar initiativet
W1
W2
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Konsolider når du kan
W1
W2
W3
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W1
W2
Hold dig til feltet, så længe de sejler den rigtige vej – også når du er bagud. 64
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W før W nu
Sejl det lange ben først
W3?
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?
W
Er du ikke sikker på strategien - bliv ved feltet
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W
Søg mod midten når du har mulighed
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W
Trykvejr
W
Fart mere end højde Tryk mere end retning
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W
Retningsvejr
W
Søg kurserne Afvent det næste skifte
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W
Afslutning
Indledning
Midt
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W
Afslutningen. Hurtigt ind – hurtigt ud
Fri vind Fart frem for højde Bevar handlefrihed – undgå trafik Undgå regelbrud Skab afstand – tight cover
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W1 W2P
Tag det sidste skifte som et blivende vindskifte
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W1 W2
Start ud så direkte mod gaten som muligt eller Start ud mod favoriseret side
Hvad er min strategi for læns?
A eller B?
Øh!?
Prioriter Fri vind Handlemuligheder
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Mere vind giver hurtigere læns
Vind og bølger giver fartfordel Fri vind giver fartfordel Frihed til at sejle teknisk giver fartfordel 74
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W1
Indledning: Er du i tvivl om strategi, start ud på en høj kurs
Prioriter Handlefrihed Fri vind Hurtigt ind – hurtigt ud
W2
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Indledning: Er du sikker - start ud mod favoriseret side
Prioriter Fri vind Hurtigt ind – hurtigt ud
Land
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W1
W2
Hvad er min strategi på
næste kryds?
Øhhh ?!?
A eller B?
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Indledning: Er du i tvivl, følg konkurrenterne
Land
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Båd til båd
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Løs kontrol
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Tæt kontrol
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Tæt kontrol
Indled aldrig en tæt kontrol med en lav kurs
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At låse
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Forhold dig til Vindstyrken Let vind, middelvind og hård vind - nøgleord
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Let vind - strategi
Middel vind - bådfart
Hård vind - boathandeling
Vindstyrken har betydning for din sejlads Karakteristik:
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Let vind
Gå efter den side med mest vind • Undgå midten
• Her er vinden forstyrret • Ny vind kommer fra kanterne
• Er du i tvivl, gå mod land
Hold fart i båden – fart er mere vigtig end retning • Check vindretningen konstant • Tilpas dit sejltrin konstant
Hold fast i din plan • Slå ikke på de små vindtryk – tænk det som occilationer • Slå først når du møder den forventede gevinst (tålmodighed!)
Slå kun når… • Du møder den forventede gevinst • Eller hvis en større vindøgning på modsat side af dig, viser sig
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Observationer • Tidligere erfaringer • Vindens oprindelse, adfærd og udvikling • Lokale påvirkninger • Strøm • Linjen
Plan • Banefordelen afgør halse i starten, eller umiddelbart efter start • Linjefordelen afgør hvor på linjen starten skal foregå • Feltets størrelse, occilationer, strøm, linjefordelens størrelse afgør:
• Den præcise position på linjen • Din approach til linjen
Altid en prioritet • Fri vind og frihed til at slå • Bevar overblik over feltet
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Starten
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Fordel lige eller luv
Start til styrbord når: • Det er vigtigt at have frihed til at slå med det samme • Når højre side af banen er favoriseret • Vinden occilerer og SB er lav • Let vind • Der er strøm fra højre mod venstre
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Fordel lige eller luv
Start fra midt til styrbord når: • Det er let vind • Venstre side af banen har fordel • Det er hård vind
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Fordel lige eller læ
Start til bagbord når: • Der skal fortsættes på styrbord halse • Det er let vind og moderat vind • Venstre siden af banen har fordel • Strømmen går fra venstre mod højre
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Start imellem midt og bagbord når: • Frihed til at slå er vigtig • Occilerende vind • Det er sandsynligt med et blivende skifte, men retningen er usikker • Højre side af banen har fordel • Hård vind
Fordel lige eller læ
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Fordel lige eller læ
Bagbord halse starter: Linjen er lige, eller der er læ fordel • Occilerende vind og vind i middelkurs eller til venstre • Let vind • Højre side banefordel
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Opmærksomhold Tålmodighed
Øvelse Erfaring
J
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