tamilnet transcription 1 tamil€¦ · 6 mfykhd voj;njhypngahg;gk;el;gkhd voj;njhypngahg;gk;...
TRANSCRIPT
jkpo;new; toq;Fk;
jkpo; vOj;njhypngaHg;G
jkpio Mq;fpyj;jpy; vspikahf thrpg;gjw;Fk; vOJtjw;Fk; trjp
ahd vOj;njhypngaHg;G Kiw xd;iw jkpo;new; jw;NghJ gad;
gLj;jptUfpwJ. ,e;j Kiwia> fzdpapy; ,yFthff; ifahsyhk;.
jkpio> Mq;fpyk; vOJk; cNuhkd; vOj;Jf;fSf;Fj; jhdhfNt
khw;Wtjw;Fk; cNuhkd; vOj;Jf;fspy; vOjg;gl;l jkpo;r;nrhw;
fisj; jhdhfNt jkpOf;F kPs;ngaHg;gjw;Fk; fzdpiag; gad;
gLj;;jf;$ba Kiw xd;iwAk; jkpo;new; cUthf;fpAs;sJ. ,e;j
vOj;njhypngaHg;Gf;fhd tpsf;fq;fSk; tpjpKiwfSk; topfhl;b
fSk; ,q;F jug;gl;Ls;sd. gad;gLj;jpg; ghHf;f tpUk;GNthUf;fhf>
jd;dpaf;f vOj;njhypngaHg;Gf; fUtp xd;Wk; ,q;F ,izf;fg;
gl;Ls;sJ. fUj;Jf;fisAk; ,k;Kiwapd;; msitiag; gpd;gw;wp
nkd;nghUs; jahupf;f Kd;tUNthiuAk; jkpo;new; tuNtw;fpwJ.
ÜÏí⁄§Ÿ∫⁄¶®óîÊ: Ååû´π‹†-1.0
2
vOj;njhypngaHg;G vjw;fhf?
jkpio Mq;fpyj;jpy; vOJtJ> mjhtJ Mq;fpyk; vOJk; cNuhk
vOj;Jf;fspy; vOJtJ> ,d;W gutyhf eilngWfpw tplak;Ä
mtrpakhdJk; $l. ngaH> ,lg;ngaH> Kftup> ngaHg;gyiffs;
Nghd;wtw;wpy; vOj;njhypngaHg;Gr; nra;J vOJfpNwhk;.
jkpowpahNjhH> jkpo;r;nrhw;fis> mtw;wpd; tbtk; rpijahkYk; ngUksT
cr;rupg;Gr; rpijahkYk; ngWtjw;F vOj;njhypngaHg;G mtrpak;.
vOjg;gl;l jkpo; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf;fis> fy;tpAyfj; NjitfSf;fhf
Mq;fpyj;jpy; nfhz;LtUk;NghJ vOj;njhypngaHg;Gj; Njitg;gLfpwJ.
jkpo;r;nra;jpfisf; ifahSk; Mq;fpy Clfq;fspy; ,J md;whl fhupak;.
ifg;Ngrp mQ;rypy; (SMS) vOj;njhypngaHg;Gr; nra;Jjhd; MfNtz;Lk;.
,iza ciuahlypYk; mQ;rypYk; jkpo; mr;rpaw;wYf;Fj; jaf;fk;
,Ug;gjhy; Mq;fpyk; mwpe;j jkpoH> jkpOf;Fg; Nghtjpy;iy. Gyk;ngaHe;j
,lq;fspy; jkpowpe;Jk; jkpo; vOj;jwpahj jiyKiw xd;Wk; ,d;Wz;L.
,tHfs; kj;jpapy; jkpioj; jf;fitg;gjw;F vOj;njhypngaHg;Gj;
Njitg;gLfpwJ.
Muk;g Kaw;rpfs;:
cNuhk vOj;Jf;fspy; jkpio vOJtJ neLq;fhykhf eilngw;Wte;Js;sJ.
NghHj;Jf;NfaH te;jjpy; ,Ue;J> fpl;lj;jl;l IEW Mz;Lfhyg; ghuk;gupak;
,jw;Fz;L. Muk;gj;jpy; INuhg;gpaHfspd; nrtpf;Nfs;tpf;Nfw;g
vOj;njhypngaHg;Gfs; nra;ag;gl;ld. epak tpjpKiwfs; ,Uf;ftpy;iyÄ
gytifahfTk; nra;ag;gl;ld. jkpo; vOj;Njh> xypNah> ,tw;wpy; Kiwahfg;
Ngzg;gltpy;iy.
fPioj;Nja Ey;fs;> fy;ntl;Lfs; Nghd;wit INuhg;gpa nkhopfspy;
nfhzug;;gl;lNghJ nrhw;fspd; vOj;Jtbtj;ijr; rpijahkw; NgzNtz;ba
Njit ngupjhapw;W. njd;dhrpa nkhopfspd; vOj;Jf;fis cNuhk
vOj;Jf;fSf;Fg; ngaHg;gjw;F> rPHkhdkhd Kiw xd;W> gj;njhd;gjhk;
Ew;whz;by; mwpKfkhdJ. ,e;j vOj;Jg;ngaHg;gpd; jkpo;f; ifahs;ifia>
1930 fspy;> nrd;idg; gy;fiyf; fofj; jkpo; mfuKjyp epaktbtQ; nra;jJ.
fy;tpAyfpy; gutyhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ,e;j vOj;Jg;ngaHg;G
fzdpg;gad;ghl;Lf;Fk; rhjhuz thrfUf;Fk; rpukkhdJ.
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vOj;Jg;ngaHg;Gk; vOj;njhypngaHg;Gk;
vOj;Jg;ngaHg;G (transliteration) vd;gJk; vOj;njhypngaHg;G (transcription) vd;gJk; ntt;Ntwhdit. vOj;Jg;ngaHg;gpy; vOj;J khj;jpuNk
ngaHf;fg;gLfpwJ. vOj;jpd; cr;rupg;Gg; Ngjq;fs; ngaHf;fg;gLtjpy;iy.
cjhuzkhf> jkpo; wfuk;> r vd;gjd; fPo; Nfhbl;l vOj;jhf (ṟ) ngaHf;fg;gLtJ tof;fk;. Mdhy;> ,e;j wfuk; jdpnka;ahf tUk; NghJk;
,ul;bf;Fk; NghJk; t vd;w cr;rupg;igg; ngWtJ vOj;Jg;ngaHg;gpy;
(transliteration) fhl;lg;glhJ. xU nkhopapYs;s xypfSf;Fk; mk;nkhopia
vOJk; vOj;Jf;fSf;Fk; cs;s njhlHG mr;nrhl;lhdjy;y. vOj;Jf;fis
khj;jpuk; ngaHf;Fk; transliteration Nghyd;wp cr;rupg;gpd; xypfis xl;br;
nrhw;fisg; ngaHg;gJ vOj;njhypngaHg;G (transcription) MFk;.
Mq;fpy mfuhjpfspy;> nrhw;fspd; cr;rupg;ghdJ FwpaPLfSk; fpNuf;f-
cNuhk vOj;Jf;fSk; fye;jnjhU Kiwapy; fhl;lg;gl;bUg;gijg; ghHf;fyhk;.
mfuhjpiag; gad;gLj;JNthH ,e;jf; FwpaPLfspd; xyptbtq;fisj;
njupe;jpUj;jy; mtrpak;. cyf nkhopfspd; xyptbtq;fis
tuptbthf;Ftjw;fhd gd;nkhop xypnaOj;J (International Phonetic Alphabet) Kiw vdTk; xd;Wz;L. Mq;fpy mfuhjpKiw> gd;nkhop xypnaOj;J Kiw
Nghd;wit rhjhuz gad;ghl;Lf;Fg; nghUe;jhjit.
tof;fpYs;s KiwfSk; rpf;fy;fSk;
rhjhuz toKiwapy;> jkpio Mq;fpyj;jpy; vOJtJ gy;NtWtpjkhfTk;
nra;ag;gl;LtUfpwJ. capNuhirfisg; nghWj;jtiu> jkpopYs;s rpy
nel;Nlhirfs; Mq;fpy tof;fpy; mupjhfNth> ,y;yhkNyh ,Uf;fpd;wd.
,jdhy;> rhjhuz vOj;J tof;fpy; ,tw;iw ehk; fhl;lhkNy
tpl;LtpLfpNwhk;. c+k; Mannar (kd;dhH), Karaitivu (fhiujPT), Mutur (%JH), Achchuvely (mr;RNtyp), Vaddukkoddai (tl;Lf;Nfhl;il). jkpo;
mwpe;jpUe;jhYk; ,e;j CHfisj; njupahjtHfs; ,tw;iw kd;dH> fiuj;jPT>
Kl;^H> mr;Rntsp> tl;Lf;nfhl;il vd;Wk; gbf;ff;$Lk;.
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nka;Nahirfis Mq;fpyj;jpy; vOJk;NghJ> n vd;w xNu Mq;fpy vOj;jhy;
efuk;> dfuk;> zfuk;> qfuk;> Qfuk; vd;w Ie;Jk; vOjg;gLtijg;
ghHf;fpNwhk;. yfuk;> sfuk;> ofuk; vd;w %d;WNk l vd;w vOj;jhy;
vOjg;gLfpd;wd. ufu wfu Ngjj;ij r vd;w xNu vOj;jhy; fhl;lKbahJ.
rpy nka;Nahirfis Mq;fpyj;jpy; vOJtjpy; vOj;J kaf;fKz;L. ffuj;ij
vOJtjw;F k cld; c Ak;> tfuj;jpw;F v cld;w ck;; toq;fptUtJ ehk;
mwpe;jNj. afuj;jpw;Fk; Ifhuj;jpw;Fk; ,fuj;jpw;Fk;> y, ai Nghd;wtw;iwg;
gad;gLj;JtjpYk; kaf;fk; cz;L.
jkpio vOj;njhypngaHg;gjpy; ,q;F $wg;gl;ltw;iw tpl Kjd;ikahd
rpf;fy; xd;W ,Uf;fpwJ. jkpo; vOj;Jf;fs; cr;rupf;fg;gLk;NghJ Vw;gLk;
xypNgjq;fNs me;jr; rpf;fy;. ty;ypd vOj;Jf;fspy; ,r;rpf;fy; ngupJk;
czug;gLfpwJ. cjhuzkhf ffuk;> k, g, h vdTk; rfuk; ch, s, j vdTk; lfuk; ṭ, d vdTk; jfuk; th, dh vdTk; gfuk; p, b vdTk; wfuk; t, r vdTk;
re;jHg;gj;jpw;Nfw;gg; Ngjg;glyhk;. nky;ypd> ,ilapd nka;fSf;Fg;
gpd;dhy; ,it tUk;NghJk; ,uz;L capHfSf;fpilapy; tUk;NghJk;
,g;Ngjq;fs; mtjhdpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
,tw;Ws; rpy Ngjq;fs; vy;yhj; jkpo; tof;fhWfspYk; xNukhjpupahf
,Ug;gjpy;iy. cjhuzkhf ffuk;> rpy tof;fhWfspy; g MfTk; rpy
tof;fhWfspy; h MfTk; cs;sJ. aho;g;ghzj; jkpo; tof;fhw;wpy; ffuk;> jfuk;>
gfuk; Nghd;wit ngUksT k, th, p vd;Nw Ngzg;gLfpd;wd. epakkhd
vOj;njhypngaHg;nghd;iwr; nra;tJ ,q;F fbdkhfpd;wJ. xU
tof;fhw;iwr; rPHtbtkhf Vw;Wf;nfhz;L ,d;ndhU tof;fhw;iwg;
Gwf;fzpg;gjhfpd;wJ.
ty;ypd nka;fisr; rPHkhdkhf vOj;njhypngaHg;gjpy; NtnwhU rpf;fYk;
,Uf;fpwJ. jkpopy; toq;fptUk; tlnrhw;fs; tplaj;jpy; ,J czug;gLfpwJ.
tlnrhw;fisj; jkpo; tbtQ; nra;J cr;rupg;gJ jkpo; kuG.
gpuhfpUjq;fSf;Fk; ,e;j kuG cz;L. INuhg;gpa nkhopr; nrhw;fs; vkf;F
mwpKfkhdNghJk; ,e;j Ntiyia ehk; nra;jpUf;fpNwhk;. ,Ug;gpDk;>
jkpoupilNa tlnkhopg;gad;ghl;Lld; gof;fKs;s tl;lq;fspy; Kw;$wpa
nrhw;fs; mtw;wpd; tlnkhop cr;rupg;GlNdNa Ngzg;gLfpd;wd. cjhuzk;:
fq;if> rq;fPjk;> jHkk;> gak; (kangkai/gangkai; changkeetham/sanggeedham; tharmam/dharmam; payam/bhayam). ,j;jifa nrhw;fis> ve;j tof;fhw;iw
mbnahw;wp vOj;njhypngaHg;gJ vd;gJ Nfs;tpahfpd;wJ.
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%y xypfSk; mirnthypfSk; (Phonemes and allophones) xU nkhopapd; xyp%yf;$Wfis> phonemes vd;gH nkhopapayhsH. ,e;j
xyp%yf;$WfSf;Fk; mirT cz;L. ,it allophones vdg;gLk;.
cjhuzkhf> p vd;Dk; xyp Mq;fpyj;jpy; xU phoneme. ,Ug;gpDk;> pin vd;Dk; nrhy;ypy; ,J fhw;W Vwpa rj;jj;Jld; (aspirated/mahāprāṇa) cr;rupf;fg;gLfpwJ. Spin vd;w nrhy;ypy; cs;s p ,ypUe;J ,J NtWgLfpwJ.
,it p apd; allophones vdyhk;. Mq;fpyj;jpy; ,e;j NtWghL tuptbtpy;
Fwpg;gplg;gLtjpy;iy. Mdhy;> rk;];fpUjj;jpy; ,t;NtWghL ,uz;L
NtWNtwhd vOj;Jf;fshf> p, ph vd;W nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd. tuptbTfSk;
jdpahdit. ,it> rk;];fpUjj;jpy; nrhw;fspd; fUj;ij khw;wf;$bait.
vdNt> Mq;fpyj;jpy; allophone Mf ,Ug;gJ rk;];fpUjj;jpy; phonemes Mfpd;wd.
,t;thNw> rk;];fpUjj;jpy; phonemes Mf ,Uf;Fk; ty;ypd tHf;f rj;jq;fs;
(kha, ga, gha; pha, ba, bha Nghd;wit) jkpopy; phonemes my;y. ,it
allophones. ,it> jkpopy; nrhw;fis khw;Wk; typik ngw;witay;y.
rk;];fpUjj;ij vOj;njhypngaHf;Fk;NghJ ,e;j xypfisf; fhl;l Ntz;;ba
Kf;fpaj;Jtk;> jkpio vOj;njhypngaHf;Fk;NghJ ,Uf;fNtz;bajpy;iy.
jkpo; cr;rupg;gpy; ,t;thwhd xyp khWghLfSf;F ,lKz;L vd;gij
tpsq;fpf;nfhs;Sk; tifapy; vOj;njhypngaHg;G ,Ue;jhy; NghJkhdJ.
xypkhWghLfs; NeHrPuw;wjhf> ,lj;Jf;F ,lk;> tof;fhw;Wf;F tof;fhW
NtWgLkhapd; mtw;iw vOj;njhypngaHg;gpy; nfhz;Ltuhky; vOj;ij
khj;jpuk; ngaHg;gJ ey;yJ.
Phonemes vd;git xU nkhopapd; xyp%yf;$Wfs; vd;gij Kd;dNu
ghHj;Njhk;. ,e;jtifapy;> ,jw;F ,d;ndhU tpsf;fKk; cz;L. cr;rupg;gpy;
tuf;$ba mOj;jk;> nkd;ik> jaf;fk;> epWj;jk;> %f;fpNdhir Nghd;w
vy;yhtifahd xypEl;gNgjq;fSk;> phonemes vd;gjpy; mlq;fptpLfpd;wd.
vdNt> xU nkhopiag; NgRgtupilNa $l> MSf;F Ms;> phonemes NtWglyhk;. xUtNu Neuj;Jf;F Neuk; NtWgLj;jpg; Ngryhk;. jkpo;nkhop
cr;rupg;gpy;> vkJ epidTf;F vl;b> phonemes ,d; xypAUkhw;wq;fis mwpa
tpUk;GNthH> ,d;iwa jpiug;glq;fs;-ghly;fis 50fspd; jpiug;glq;fs;
ghly;fSld; xg;GNehf;fpj; njupe;Jnfhs;syhk;.
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mfykhd vOj;njhypngaHg;Gk; El;gkhd vOj;njhypngaHg;Gk;
nkhopfis vOj;njhypngaHg;Gr; nra;tjpy; ,Utif cz;L. xd;W
mfykhdJ (broad transcription)> kw;wJ El;gkhdJ (narrow transcription). El;gkhd vOj;njhypngaHg;G xU xypg;gjpTf; fUtpiag; Nghd;wJ.
vy;yhtpjkhd cr;rupg;G El;gNgjq;fisAk; nfhz;Lte;Jtplyhk;.
fy;tpAyFf;Fk; nkhopapayhsUf;Fk; ngupJk; gad;glf;$baJ. vdpDk; ,J>
xUtH xU Fwpj;j Neuj;jpy; vg;gbg; NgrpdhH vd;gijNa
gjpTnra;af;$baJ. xU nkhopiag; NgRNthH midtUf;Fk; nghJthdjhf
,Uf;fKbahjJ. NkYk;> ,t;thwhd vOj;njhypngaHg;igr; nra;tjw;F
vz;zpwe;j FwpaPLfisg; gad;gLj;jNtz;b ,Uf;Fk;. ,J rhjhuz
thrpg;Gf;F cjthJ.
mfykhd vOj;njhypngaHg;gpy; xU nkhopiag; NgRNthH midtUf;Fk;
,lKz;L. Fiwe;j FwpaPLfshy; vOjg;glf;$baJ. ,jdhy;
Ntw;WnkhopahsHfs; gad;gLj;Jk; mfuhjpfspy; ,J ngupJk; gad;gLfpwJ.
,j;jifa mfuhjpfspy; allophones, Njit jtpHf;fKbahky; ,Ue;jhyd;wp>
jdpf;FwpaPLfshy; fhl;lg;gLtjpy;iy. mit> cr;rupg;G Kd;Diuapy;
nrhy;yg;gl;LtpLk;. nkhopapay; Ma;TfspYk;> Kjypy; mfykhd
vOj;njhypngaHg;igf; nfhLj;J> gpd;dH Njitia xl;bNa El;gkhd
vOj;njhypngaHg;igf; nfhLg;gJ tof;fk;.
jkpo;new; vOj;njhypngaHg;gpd; Nehf;fq;fs;
jkpo;new; vOj;njhypngaHg;G> Kf;fpakhf Clfj;NjitiaAk;
fzdpg;gpuNahfj;ijAk; kdjpw;nfhz;L cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. jkpo;new;
Nghd;w Mq;fpy Clfj;jpy; md;whlk; vz;zpwe;j jkpo; ,lg; ngaHfisf;
ifahsNtz;bapUf;fpwJ. ,lg;ngaHfspd; nrhy;Yk; nghUSk; rpijahky;>
Mq;fpyj;jpy; ,ad;wsT vspikahfj; jUtJ vg;gb> vd;w Nfs;tpapy;
gpwe;jNj ,e;j vOj;njhypngaHg;G. ,ijAk;> rhjhuz fzdp
tpirg;gyifapd; xNu jl;bNyNa mr;rpaw;Wk; xOq;Fk; nra;ag;gl;lJ.
eilKiwapy; ,Uf;Fk; rpy vOj;njhypngaHg;G Kiwfspy; ngupa
vOj;Jf;fSk; rpd;d vOj;Jf;fSk; fye;jpUg;gJ> vOj;jikjpf;Fj;
jpUg;jpfukhf ,Uf;ftpy;iy.
jkpo;new; Kaw;rpapd; kw;nwhU Kf;fpa Nehf;fk;> vOj;njhypngaHg;igAk;
kPsj; jkpOf;Fg; ngaHg;gijAk; fzdpj; jd;dpaf;fk; (computer automation)
nra;tJ. ,j;NjhL> nrd;id jkpo; mfuKjyp vOj;Jg;ngaHg;igAk;
,izj;Jj; jd;dpaf;fk; nra;tJ gaDilajhfj; Njhd;wpaJ. ,tw;iwr;
nra;tjw;F> vOj;njhypngaHg;Gf;fhd FwpaPLfSk; tpjpKiwfSk;
rPHkhdkhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. vOj;njhypngaHf;fg;gl;l thrfj;jpw;F jkpo;
vOj;Jf;fSldhd njhlHGk; rPHkhdkhf ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;. ,j;jifa
Kaw;rpf;F> mfykhd vOj;njhypngaHg;G KiwNa (broad transcription) nghUj;jkhdjhf mike;jJ.
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jkpo;new; vOj;njhypngaHg;gpd; Kf;fpa msitfs;
• capnuOj;Jf;fspd; Fw;nwOj;Jf;fSk; nel;nlOj;Jf;fSk;
NtWgLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.
• capnuOj;Jf;fspd; xypNgjq;fs; (Fw;wpaYfuk;> Vfhuj;jpy; cs;s
NtWghL Nghd;wit) jdpf;FwpaPLfshy; fhl;lg;gltpy;iy.
• nka;naOj;jpd; ty;ypd vOj;Jf;fspy; rfuj;Jf;Fk; wfuj;jpw;Fk;
Vw;gLk; xypNgjq;fs;> mit vg;nghOJk; kaf;fkpd;wp
,lk;ngWtjhy;> vOj;JNtWgLj;jpf; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd.
• Vida ty;ypd vOj;Jf;fspy; Vw;gLk; xypNgjq;fspy; tof;fhw;W
xw;Wikapd;ik ,Ug;gjhy;> mit jdp vOj;Jf;fshy;
fhl;lg;gltpy;iy. vOj;Jf;fs; khj;jpuNk ngaHf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
• nka;naOj;Jf;fshd wfuk;> qfuk;> Qfhuk; zfuk;> ofuk;> sfuk;
Nghd;wit vOj;Jf;fshNyh my;yJ FwpaPLfshNyh
NtWgLj;jpf;fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd.
• efuj;jpw;Fk; dfuj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapYs;s El;gkhd xypNgjk;
,yf;fzEy;fspy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;L> mit NtWNtW vOj;Jf;fshfj;
jPHkhdpf;fg;gl;bUe;jhYk;> Mq;fpy thrfUf;F mJ mtrpakw;wjhy;>
xNu vOj;jhNyNa vOj;njhypngaHg;Gr; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.
• fpue;j vOj;J xypfs; NtWgLj;jpf; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd. ty;ypd
nka;fspy; tUk; xypNgjq;fshd> s, h Nghd;witAk; ,tw;Wf;Fr;
rkkhd fpue;j XirfSk; xNu vOj;Jf;fshNyNa
vOj;njhypngaHg;gpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd.
• ty;ypd nka;fspd; allophones, kPs; vOj;njhypngaHg;gpd;
fzdpj;jd;dpaf;fj;jpy; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mjhtJ ,e;j
allophones I Mq;fpy vOj;njhypngaHg;gpy; vOjpdhYk; mit
fzdpj;jd;dpaf;fj;jpy; mtw;Wf;Fupa jkpo; vOj;Jf;fshf khw;wg;gLk;.
• efuk; dfuk; ,uz;Lk; vOj;njhypngaHg;gpy; xNu n My;
fhl;lg;gl;lhYk; jkpo; kPs;ngaHg;Gf;Ff; fzdpj; jd;dpaf;fk;
nra;Ak;NghJ> ,lk; fUjp> jhdhfNt efukhfTk; dfukhfTk;
fhl;lg;gLk;. rpy Fwpj;j ,lq;fspy; khj;jpuk;> efuj;ij NtWgLj;Jk;
FwpaPL nfhLf;fNtz;bapUf;Fk;.
• fpue;j vOj;Jf;fSk; ty;ypd allophone fSk; xd;whf ,Uf;Fk; s, h
Nghd;w ,lq;fspy;> mtw;Wf;Ff; tpjpf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;
jdpf;FwpaPLfisf; nfhLj;J> fpue;j vOj;Jf;fshf jkpo; kPs;ngaHg;Gr;
nra;J nfhs;syhk;.
8
jkpo;new; vOj;njhypngaHg;G> Clfj;NjitfSf;fhf
cUthf;fg;gl;bUe;jhYk; md;whlg; gad;ghl;by; vtUNk> mr;rpaw;wy;
NjitfSf;Fk; ,izaj; njhlHG> ifg;Ngrpj; njhlHG Nghd;wtw;Wf;Fk;
gad;gLj;jf;$baJ. vOjg;gl;l jfty; njhlHghd Njitfspy;> vy;yh
,yj;jpudpay; Clfq;fspYk; gprfpd;wpg; Ngha;tuf;$baJ.
fzdpj; jd;dpaf;fj;jpw;Fupa msitiaAk; fUtpiaAk; jkpo;new;
cUthf;fpAs;sJ. ,J> jw;NghJ jkpo;new;wpd; Clfj; NjitfSf;F
khj;jpuk; gad;gLfpd;wJ. ,jd; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l vLj;Jf;fhl;L>
thrfHfspd; ghHitf;F ,izaj;jpy; jug;gl;Ls;sJ. nghUj;jkhd
nkd;nghUl;fisj; jahupg;gjd; %yk;> vtUk; gad;gLj;jf;$bajhf>
,ijf; nfhz;Ltuyhk;. jkpo;new; Kiwf;fpzq;f nkd;nghUs; jahupf;f
Kd;tUNthUf;F msitiaf; nfhLj;Jjt jkpo;new; jahuhfTs;sJ.
9
§∑¨ÿ⁄•ú ÜÏí⁄§Ÿ∫⁄¶®óîÊ: Ååû´π‹†-1.0
1 .0 ±Æî∂®òÊûõ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 2.0 ¶®ù¶Ÿê‚åûŸØ ÄæÎÓí§òûõ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.1 §∑ºò Äé±®úæ, Åç∞™í¥ú‡í §Ÿø®ç∞
ÜÏí⁄§Ÿ∫⁄¶®óîÊé ⁄†ñËï Á‹Æ......................................................................................12
2.2 §∑ö ´Ÿ†ûí¥ú‡π® §Ÿø®ç∞ ÜÏí⁄§Ÿ∫⁄¶®óîÊ ......................................................12
2.3 Ѥ©Ÿß ÜÏí‰åûΩò §∑ö ´Ÿ†û틧 Äé±®úÆò..........................................................12
2.4 Ѥ©Ÿß ÜÏí‰åûΩò Äé±®ú残§ §∑Ïå‡í §ùø®åûè⁄†ñ§ò......................13
2.5 ⁄†ù‹Ø §∑ö Äû©Á§∫ ÜÏí‰î⁄¶®óî∂ú‡ §ùø®åûè ⁄†ñ§ò: .......................13
3.0 vOj;njhypngaHg;G ml;ltizfs ; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 3.1 jkpopypUe;J cNuhkd; vOj;Jf;fSf;F: vOj;njhypngaHg;Gk; jd;dpaf;fKk; ....... 14
3.1.1 capnuOj;Jf;fs; ............................................................................................................................... 14
3.1.2 Ma;jk;...................................................................................................................................................... 15
3.1.3 nka; vOj;Jf;fs; ................................................................................................................................ 15
3.1.3.1 ty;ypdk; ...................................................................................................................................... 15
3.1.3.2 nky;ypdk;.................................................................................................................................... 17
3.1.3.3 ,ilapdk; .................................................................................................................................. 18
3.1.4 fpue;j vOj;Jf;fs; ............................................................................................................................ 19
3.2 cNuhkdpypUe;J jkpOf;F: jd;dpaf;f kPs;ngaHg;G............................................................ 20
3.2.1 jd;dpaf;f kPs;ngaHg;G topfhl;b: capnuOj;J................................................................ 20
3.2.2 jd;dpaf;f kPs;ngaHg;G topfhl;b: Ma;jk;............................................................................ 20
3.2.3 jd;dpaf;f kPs;ngaHg;G topfhl;b: nka;naOj;Jf;fs;..................................................... 21
3.2.3.1 ty;ypd vOj;Jf;fs;................................................................................................................ 21
3.2.3.2 nky;ypd vOj;Jf;fs; ............................................................................................................. 22
3.2.3.3 ,ilapd vOj;Jf;fs;............................................................................................................ 23
3.2.4 jd;dpaf;f kPs;ngaHg;G topfhl;b: fpue;j vOj;Jf;fs;.................................................... 24
4.0 jkpo;-cNuhkd; vOj;Jg;ngaHg;G: nrd;id jkpo; mfuKjyp Kiw 25 4.1 capH ............................................................................................................................................................. 25
4.2 Ma;jk; .......................................................................................................................................................... 25
4.3 nka;naOj;Jf;fs; ................................................................................................................................... 26
4.3.1 ty;ypd vOj;Jf;fs; ........................................................................................................................... 26
4.3.2 nky;ypd vOj;Jf;fs;......................................................................................................................... 26
4.3.3 ,ilapd vOj;Jf;fs; ....................................................................................................................... 26
4.4 fpue;j vOj;Jf;fs; .................................................................................................................................. 27
5 .0 Mtz tuyhW .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
10
1.0 ±Æî∂®òÊûõ
• §∑öé⁄†Ÿúû‹≠ Ä´úæù ´≤´ï ±‹§®Ÿßò, Ç®ùÆ´‹© Ñé†πîÊï
∂‹¨åûŸßò, Åç∞™ ´Ÿ†ûóûÌå‡ Ä´óûõ ¶®ù¶‚í‰ï Ѥ©Ÿß
ÜÏí‰åûΩò, ÜΩ‹ß®Ÿû ÜÏí⁄§Ÿ∫⁄¶®óí‰í §È´¤§ Çï
Á®ú±∏ù ¤•Ÿåûï.
• Çì§ ÜÏí⁄§Ÿ∫⁄¶®ó §∑ºò ÇÈì‰ Åç∞™í¥ú‡ï
Åç∞™í¥∫Èì‰ §∑Ïå‡ï ÇÈ´º®ŸûÎï û£øí§ùø®åûï
⁄†ñ®™Ÿï.
• §∑ö ÜÏí‰åû‹≠ Ѥ©Ÿß ÜÏí‰åûÌå‡ ÜÏí‰î⁄¶®ó§ ßê‚ï
⁄†ñËï Á‹Æ âùÓ ⁄†ù‹Ø §∑ö Äû©Á§∫¯¢Ÿû ÄæÁûߟ∞,
⁄•‚çûŸ™ßŸû ´¨å∞Íõ≠‰. §∑ö⁄•ú ÜÏí⁄§Ÿ∫⁄¶®ó
⁄†ù‹Øí §∑ö Äû©Á§∫ Á‹Æå‡ï û£øí §ùø®åûï ⁄†ñ®™Ÿï.
• §∑öé⁄†Ÿúûõ Ѥ©Ÿß ÜÏí‰åûΩò ÜÏí⁄§Ÿ∫
⁄¶®óåûï⁄¶ŸÏ‰ û£ø∏ò §û´ú¶¥Îï ¤§¢Íï ÜΩ‹ß®Ÿ‡ï
´ŸñîÊë‚.
• §∑¨æ줧ŸÈï ∑ùø®ò Ö¢ûçûΩò Åç∞™í‹§î ¶®ù¶‚í‰ï
µ‹™ ÇùÓ Ñõ≠‰. ÜÏí⁄§Ÿ∫⁄¶®óîÊ Á‹Æ®Ÿò ∑ùØè†ò,
‹û± Äè†ò N¶ŸùÆ´úæò §∑ö ⁄ߟºî¶®ù¶Ÿê‹¢
Ö凪åû™Ÿï.
• û£ø∏ò §∑ö Äé±®úÆí ⁄§π®Ÿ¤§ŸÈï §∑ö ⁄ߟº ⁄§πì‰ï §∑ö
Üϧí ⁄§π®Ÿ¤§ŸÈï §∑ö⁄•ú ÜÏí⁄§Ÿ∫⁄¶®óîÊ Á‹Æ∏ò Ѥ©Ÿß
ÜÏí¥ò Äé±®úæ, §∑Ïå‡í §ùø®åûï ⁄†ñ‰⁄ûŸõ≠™Ÿï.
11
2.0 ¶®ù¶Ÿê‚åûŸØ ÄæÎÓí§òûõ
2.1 §∑ºò Äé±®úæ, Åç∞™í¥ú‡í §Ÿø®ç∞ ÜÏí⁄§Ÿ∫⁄¶®óîÊé ⁄†ñËï Á‹Æ
• §ú¤¶Ÿ‹§å‡ ‘¶Ÿ∑ø’ ÜÏí‰Èªò ßŸí¥©ï Äé±®úÆÎï.
• ¶Ÿ∑ø ÜÏí‰È Çò™Ÿ§´óûõ Ç‹£®í¥∫Èì‰ Çì§ ÜÏí‰È‹´
ÇÆå∞å⁄ûŸõ≠™Ÿï.
• ¶Ÿ∑ø ÜÏí‰Èªò ¤¶ŸùÆ Äπ¥ú ¶®ù¶‚ï ÜÏí‰åûõ
Çò‹™ Üù¶‹§å û´Øí¥ú ⁄ûŸõ≠Îï.
• ûŸ™î¤¶Ÿå∞ò, ‘¯øå¤ûŸê’ àËï ßúÓï ¶©´™Ÿûî ¶®ù¶‚ï ∂Æ
ÜÏí‰Èåû‹≠Ëï ¢ Ѷ¤®Ÿ∞åûå≤®§Ÿû §∑ö⁄•ú
ÜÏí⁄§Ÿ∫⁄¶®óîÊ ⁄†ï‹ßí§î¶‚ï.
• §∑ºò Äé±®úÓ虜Ÿ‰ Ǣï âô⁄´ŸÈ ÁúÓîÊõΩ∏ù ∂ù
´Èï Á§™Ÿ´‰ ÜÏí‰, ħŸ´‰, ÁúÓîÊõΩ∏ù ∂ù âÈ
Ç‹¢⁄´Ω ªê‚ ´Èï Ä‚í§ ´†Øí¥ù Á§ò ÜÏí‰, Åç∞™
ÜÏí⁄§Ÿ∫⁄¶®óî∂ò §ŸØŸû¤´ ⁄¶π® ÜÏí§Ÿû (capital) ߟúÆï.
¤§‹´î¶¢Ÿ§⁄¶ŸÏ‰ §Ÿø®ç∞∏∫Èì‰ Çô´†¥‹® ≈å∞ª¢™Ÿï.
• ´Ÿå∞®í ⁄§Ÿ¢åûí¥ò Äò™Ÿßò ¤´Ó ᧟´⁄§ŸÈ Ç¢í¥ò ⁄¶π®
ÜÏí‰ (capital) ¤§‹´î¶ê¢Ÿò, §∑ºò Äì§ ÜÏ틧
Äé±®úÓ虜Ÿ‰ Äì§ ÜÏí¥ú‡ Ñ¢Ø≤ ÁùØŸû âÈ ÁúÓîÊõΩ
Ç¢Îï. Ç‹¢⁄´Ω®úÆ ÇîÊõΩ ÜÏí⁄§Ÿ∫⁄¶®óî∂ò ⁄§π® ´©Ÿ‰.
12
2.2 §∑ö ´Ÿ†ûí¥ú‡π® §Ÿø®ç∞ ÜÏí⁄§Ÿ∫⁄¶®óîÊ
• ÇïÁ‹Æ¯¢Ÿû Üí§‹û® §∑ö ´Ÿ†û틧Ëï §Ÿø®ç∞
ÜÏí⁄§Ÿ∫⁄¶®óîÊé ⁄†ñ®™Ÿï.
• Çì§ ÜÏí⁄§Ÿ∫⁄¶®ó؉ Ѥ©Ÿß ÜÏí‰åûΩò ÇÈ짟Íï
Ñé†πî∂ò ⁄¶π‰ï Åç∞™ ´Ÿ†ûóû‹≠ ßØ¥ú⁄ûŸë¤¢
ÑÈ´Ÿåûî¶ê¢‰. Ѥ©Ÿß ÜÏí‰åû‹≠î ¶®ù¶‚í‰ï ∂Æ à¤©Ÿî∂®
⁄ߟºûΩù Ñé†πîÊ Á‹Æ ¤´ÆŸØ‰.
• Çì§ ÜÏí⁄§Ÿ∫⁄¶®óîÊ Á‹Æ‹®Ëï, §Ÿø®ç∞‹®Ëï, ¶®ù¶‚í§
ªÈïʤ´Ÿó ∂ùØŸò §©î¶ê≤Èå‡ï Äꢴ‹£ûΩò ÜÏí‰åûÌï
â∫ûÌï ‹û®Ÿ≠î¶ê≤Èå‡ï Á‹Æ‹®î ¶¨∞å⁄ûŸõ≠ ¤´ë‚ï.
2.3 Ѥ©Ÿß ÜÏí‰åûΩò §∑ö ´Ÿ†û틧 Äé±®úÆò
• Ѥ©Ÿß ÜÏí‰åûΩ∫Èå‡ï Üì§å û£ø ª‹†î¶™‹û‹®Ëï ǧú‡î
¶®ù¶‚í§™Ÿï.
• Äé±®úÆ ÁùØó Äꢴ‹£û‹≠î ¶≤í‰ ÜÏí⁄§Ÿ∫ߟúÆ
Á‹Æ‹®î Êπì‰⁄ûŸõ´‰ Ä´±®ï.
• Ѥ©Ÿß ÜÏí‰åûΩò §∑ö ´Ÿ†ûï âù‹Æ Äé±®úæ, Ä‹§í §∑Ïå‡
§ùø®åûï ⁄†ñËï ⁄¶ŸÏ‰, Ç‹¢∏ò âÈ Åç∞™é ⁄†Ÿò‹¤®Ÿ
´Ÿ†û틧¤®Ÿ ⁄ûŸ‚åûªÈï∂ØŸò, Äûí¥ù ÇÈÊÆÁï Ç©ê‹¢
@@ ‡æ»‚⁄ûŸ‚åûÎï. Ñ-ï: Aanaiyi'ravu @@(Elephant Pass)@@ paravaik
kadal. §∑Ïå‡í §ùø®åûè ⁄†ñ®î¶‚ï⁄¶ŸÏ‰ lj, Å‹Ø∏ÆÎ
(Elephant Pass) ¶©‹´å û¢ò, ÜØ ´Èï. @@ ‡æ»‚ ⁄§π®Ÿ‰.
13
2.4 Ѥ©Ÿß ÜÏí‰åûΩò Äé±®ú残§
§∑Ïå‡í §ùø®åûè⁄†ñ§ò • Äꢴ‹£ûΩò ûŸ£î¶‚ï §∑ö⁄•ú ÜÏí⁄§Ÿ∫⁄¶®óîÊ Á‹Æ∏ò
Ѥ©Ÿß ÜÏí¥ò Äé±®úÆï Üì§ âÈ ´Ÿ†ûÁï §Ÿø®ç∞¯¢Ÿûí
§∑Ïå‡ ßŸúÆå ≤®‰.
• Çô´ŸÆŸû §∑Ïå‡ ßŸúÆî¶‚ï ´Ÿ†ûï §ú¤¶Ÿ‰ ¶Ÿ∑ø, ¯ø¤ûŸê,
ÜùÆ ÇÈ ÜÏí‰ÈåûÌ墟ûå ûŸê¢î¶‚ï. ûŸ™î¤¶Ÿå∞ò, TSCII
ÜÏí‰ÈªÍï ûŸê¢î¶‚ï.
• ¶Ÿ∑ø, ¯ø¤ûŸê ÜÏí‰Èåû‹≠ Ç‹£®í¥ò ÇÈì‰
ÇÆå∞å⁄ûŸõ≠™Ÿï.
• Windows, MacOS X, Linux ¤¶ŸùÆ ´¨å∞Íõ≠ ⁄¶Èﶟ™ŸØ Ç®å∞ûõ
¯ø¤ûŸê‹¢ Ç®ò¶Ÿû¤´ ûŸê¢å≤®‹´. ÇÈî∂Ôï ≈çûõ
¶®ù¶‚í‰ï û£ø §∑ö ÜÏí‰Èåû‹≠å ûŸê¢å≤®§Ÿ Üù¶‹§
Ñӥí¥å⁄ûŸõ≠Îï.
2.5 ⁄†ù‹Ø §∑ö Äû©Á§∫ ÜÏí‰î⁄¶®óî∂ú‡
§ùø®åûè ⁄†ñ§ò: • Üì§ âÈ §∑ö ´Ÿ†û틧¤®Ÿ Äò™‰ §∑ö⁄•ú Á‹Æ∏ò
ÜÏí⁄§Ÿ∫⁄¶®óîÊ ⁄†ñ®î¶ê¢, Ѥ©Ÿß ÜÏí¥ò Ñõ≠ §∑ö
´Ÿ†û틧¤®Ÿ §∑ö⁄•ú §Ÿø®ç∞¯¢Ÿû ⁄†ù‹Ø §∑ö Äû©Á§∫
ÜÏí‰î⁄¶®óî∂ú‡í §ùø®åûè ⁄†ñ®Á≤Ëï.
• Çô´ŸÆŸûí §ùø®åûè ⁄†ñ®î¶‚ï ⁄†ù‹Ø §∑ö Äû©Á§∫
ÜÏí‰î⁄¶®ó؉ §∑ö ´Ÿ†û틧¤® Ä≤¢®Ÿûå ⁄ûŸë¢‰.
ħŸ´‰ Ѥ©Ÿß ÜÏí¥Íõ≠ ÜÏí⁄§Ÿ∫⁄¶®óîÊï Á§∫ò §∑Ïå‡î
⁄¶®óåûî¶ê¤¢ ∂ùØó ⁄†ù‹Ø §∑ö Äû©Á§∫ ÜÏí‰î⁄¶®óîÊå‡
ߟúÆï.
14
3.0 vOj;njhypngaHg;G ml;ltizfs;
3.1 jkpopypUe;J cNuhkd; vOj;Jf;fSf;F: vOj;njhypngaHg;Gk; jd;dpaf;fKk;
3.1.1 capnuOj;Jf;fs;
Uyir/vowels jkpo;
vOj;J cNuhk
vOj;J cr;rupg;G topfhl;b jkpo;r;
nrhy; vOj;njhyp ngaHg;G
m a as u in nun. near to a in apple
mwpT
muprp a'rivu arisi
M aa as a in arm ML aadu
, i as i in ink as i in imp
,iy
,O ilai izhu
< ee as ee in see <uk; eeram
c u as u in put. Half u is possible at certain instances of the end of words
cwT
MW
u'ravu aa'ru
C oo as oo in loop CH oor
v e as e in enter. as a in among
vr;rk;
vWk;G echcham e'rumpu
V ea as ea in early. In certain instances, elongated sound of e or a as in end, angel etc., is possible. There is no exact equivalent in English pronunciation.
Vzp
Vd;
ea'ni ean
I ai as i in ivory ItH aivar
x o as o in on xl;lfk; oddakam
X oa as oa in loan Xl;lk; oaddam
xs au as ow in cow xsit auvai
15
3.1.2 Ma;jk; Aaytham
jkpo;
vOj;J cNuhk
vOj;J cr;rupg;G topfhl;b jkpo;r;
nrhy; vOj;njhyp ngaHg;G
/ :h near to consonant h v/F e:hku
3.1.3 nka; vOj;Jf;fs;
Mey/ Consonants
3.1.3.1 ty;ypdk;
Vallinam / Hard Consonants jkpo;
vOj;J cNuhk
vOj;J cr;rupg;G topfhl;b jkpo;r;
nrhy; vOj;njhyp ngaHg;G
f; k as c in cat. Pronunciation may shift towards g or h in certain instances. This is not differentiated in transcription due to ambiguity and dialectal differences (Ex: akam: aham/agam; Thangkam/ Thanggam).
fy;
gf;fk;
mfk;
jq;fk;
kal pakkam akam thangkam
r; ch/s as ch in chin. Pronunciation may shift to s in certain instances which will be shown in the transcription. Shift to s in the beginning of words and shift towards j when ch follows gn are not transcribed due to ambiguity and dialectal differences. Ex.: cheeppu /seeppu and vagnchi / vagnji.
rup
mr;rk;
murd;
tk;rk;
rPg;G
tQ;rp
chari achcham arasan vamsam cheeppu vagnchi
l; d as d in did or near to tt in putt
glk;
gl;lk; padam paddam
j; th near to th in thin. Pronunciation may shift towards dh (ð) as th in then in certain
japH
rj;jk;
thayir chaththam
16
instances. This is not differentiated in transcription due to ambiguity and dialetcal differences. Ex.: aanthai / aandhai; tharmam / dharmam; patham/padham)
Me;ij
jHkk;
gjk;
aanthai tharmam patham
g; p as p in put. The pronunciation shift towards b in certain instances is not transcribed due to ambiguity and dialectal differences. Ex: ampalam/ambalam and payam/bayam.
gzk;
mg;gh
mk;gyk;
gak;
pa'nam appaa ampalam payam
w; 'r / t near to r in rat. This is a retroflex r, produced by the tip of the tongue touching the deeper part of the palate in a raised position. When doubled and when occurs as a single consonant the pronunciation becomes similar to t, which will be shown in the transcription.
gwit
Fw;;wk;
,aw;if
pa'ravai kuttam iyatkai
17
3.1.3.2 nky;ypdk;
Mellinam/Soft Consonants jkpo;
vOj;J cNuhk
vOj;J cr;rupg;G topfhl;b jkpo;r;
nrhy; vOj;njhyp ngaHg;G
q; ng as ng in ring gq;F pangku
Q; gn as ñ in spanish señor
QhapW
gQ;R gnaayi'ru pagnchu
z; 'n Retroflex sound of n. Near to ne in one
gzk;
tz;zk; pa'nam va'n'nam
e; n (Tamil -> Roman) :n (Roman -> Tamil)
as n in no. As a single consonant, when followed by th, it is pronunced similar to n in month. This is not differentiated in transcription.
epyk;
ge;J
nilam panthu
k; m as m in man kjp
mk;kp mathi ammi
d; n pronunciation is similar to n in sand. The subtle difference in pronunciation between d;; and e;, outlined in the grammatical texts is not shown in the transcription.
kdk;
td;dp manam vanni
18
3.1.3.3 ,ilapdk;
Idaiyinam / Medium Consonants jkpo;
vOj;J cNuhk
vOj;J cr;rupg;G topfhl;b jkpo;r;
nrhy; vOj;njhyp ngaHg;G
a; y as y in yard tay;
gha; vayal paay
H r/t The palatal sound of r, produced by the tip of the toungue stroking the front part of the palate. No exact equivalent in English. In certain instances, when preceded by n, it may be pronounced as t.
ePH
kuk;
vd;iu
neer maram entai
y; l as l in love ,y;yk; illam
t; v as v in voice ts;sk;
ntsthy; va'l'lam vauvaal
o; zh Retroflex sound of l, produced by the tip of the tongue touching the deeper part of the palate in a raised position. No equivalent in English or in Indian languages other than Tamil and Malayalam.
gok;
tho;f;if
jkpo;
pazham vaazhkkai Thamizh
s; 'l Palatal sound of l, produced by the tip of the tongue, gently touching the palate. Near to l in temple
Fsk;
gs;sk; ku'lam
pa'l'lam
19
3.1.4 fpue;j vOj;Jf;fs;
Granta characters [; j as j in June n[ak; jeyam
]; s (Tamil -> Roman)
's (Roman -> Tamil)
as s in sing t];J vasthu
\; sh as sh in crash G\;gk; pushpam
; h (Tamil -> Roman)
'h (Roman -> Tamil)
as h in hat `up hari
Ñ; ksh combination of k and sh
yÑ;kp lakshmi
= s'ree (Tamil -> Roman)
s'ree/sree (Roman -> Tamil)
combination of palatal 's', r and ee
=y = s'reela s'ree
20
3.2 cNuhkdpypUe;J jkpOf;F: jd;dpaf;f kPs;ngaHg;G
3.2.1 jd;dpaf;f kPs;ngaHg;G topfhl;b: capnuOj;J
cNuhkd; jkpo; a m aa M i , ee < u c oo C e v ea V ai I o x oa X au xs
3.2.2 jd;dpaf;f kPs;ngaHg;G topfhl;b: Ma;jk;
cNuhkd; jkpo; Fwpg;G :h / Used rarely in classical Tamil.
goe;jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fspy; rpy ,lq;fspy; nrhw;fs; msngLj;J vOjg;gl;bUf;Fk;. c+k;: M^c (aadoou). ,jpy; ^ vd;gjpy; cs;s C tpw;F ,d;ndhU khj;jpiu $l;b cr;rupf;fNtz;Lk;.
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3.2.3 jd;dpaf;f kPs;ngaHg;G topfhl;b: nka;naOj;Jf;fs;
3.2.3.1 ty;ypd vOj;Jf;fs; cNuhkd; jkpo; Fwpg;G
k kh g gh h
f; jug;gl;Ls;s cNuhkd; vOj;Jf;fspy; vij mr;rpaw;wpdhYk; f; (k) vd jkpopy; kPs;ngaHg;Gr; nra;ag;gLk;. nrhw;fspd; KjypYk; jdp nka;ahfTk; mr;rpaw;wg;gLk; h jkpo; kPs;ngaHg;gpy; `; MFk;. Vida ,lq;fspy; f; MFk;. vt;thwhapDk; jkpopy; ,Ue;J cNuhkDf;Fg; ngaHf;fg;gLk;nghOJ> f vg;NghJk; (k) vd;Nw ngaHf;fg;gLk;.
ch s
r; ch vg;NghJk; r; vd jkpopy; kPs;ngaHg;ghFk;. jdpnka;ahf tUk; s jkpopy; ]; vd kPs;ngaHg;ghFk;. Vida ,lq;fspy; ,J r; MFk;. jkpopy; mr;rpaw;wg;gLk; rfuk; ,U capHfSf;fpilapy; tUk;NghJk; nky;ypd ,ilapd nka;Af;;Fg; gpd;dhy; tUk;NghJk; s vd cNuhkdpy; ngaHf;fg;gLk;.
d l;
th dh
j; jug;gl;Ls;s ve;j vOj;Jk; jkpopy; j; vd kPs;ngaHf;fg;gLk;. Mapd;> jkpopy; mr;rpaw;wg;gLk; j; MdJ th vd;W khj;jpuNk cNuhkDf;Fg; ngaHf;fg;gLk;.
p ph b bh
g; jug;gl;Ls;stw;Ws; vjid mr;rpaw;wpdhYk; g; vd jkpOf;F kPs;ngaHg;ghFk;. Mapd;> jkpopy; mr;rpaw;wg;gLk; g; MdJ p vd;W khj;jpuNk cNuhkDf;Fg; ngaHf;;fg;gLk;.
'r t
w; capHnka;ahd re;jHg;gq;fspy; mr;rpaw;wg;gLk; 'r w> wh vd;wthW jkpopy; kPs;ngaHg;hFk;. jdpnka;ahf ,Uf;Fk;nghOJk; ,ul;bf;Fk;nghOJk; t I mr;rpaw;wpdhy; w; vd;W jkpopy; kPs;ngaHg;ghFk;. ,ul;bf;Fk; re;jHg;gq;fspy; w; Ij; njhlHe;JtUk; capHnka; wfuKk; tt vd;W mr;rpaw;Wtjhy; kPs;ngaHg;ghFk;. gpioahf ,Ug;gpDk;> 'r my;yJ 'r'r $l w;> w;w vd;wthW kPs;ngaHg;ghFk;. jkpopy; mr;rpaw;wg;gLk; wfuk; jdp capHnka; vOj;jhf ,Uf;Fk;NghJ 'r vdTk; jdpnka;ahfNth ,ul;bj;Njh tUk;nghOJ t my;yJ tt vdTk; cNuhkdpy; vOj;njhypngaHg;Gr; nra;ag;gLk;.
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3.2.3.2 nky;ypd vOj;Jf;fs;
ng q;
gn Q;
'n z;
n :n
e; nrhw;fspd; KjypYk; jfuj;Jf;F Kd;dhy; jdpnka;ahfTk; mr;rpaw;wg;gLk; n MdJ efukhf jkpopy; kPs;ngaHg;ghFk;. Vida re;jHg;gq;fspy; ,J dfukhf jkpOf;Fg; ngaHf;fg;gLk;. nte;ePH Nghd;w $l;Lr;nrhw;fspYk; me;epaH> tpGyhee;jH Nghd;w nrhw;fspYk; efuk; nrhw;fspd; kj;jpapYk; ,lk;ngwyhk;. ,t;thwhd ,lq;fspy; :n I mr;rpaw;wp efuj;Jf;Fg; ngaHj;Jf;nfhs;syhk;. jkpopy; mr;rpaw;Wk; efuk;> dfuk; ,uz;LNk cNuhkdpy; n vd;W khj;jpuNk vOj;njhypngaHf;fg;gLk;.
m k;
n d; nrhw;fspd; njhlf;fkhfNth my;yJ jfuj;Jf;F Kd; jdpnka;ahfNth ,y;yhtpbd; cNuhkdpy; mr;rpaw;wg;gLk; n MdJ dfukhf jkpOf;F kPs;ngaHg;ghFk;. Nkw;$wpa re;jHg;gq;fs; jkpopy; dfuj;Jf;F ,y;iyahjyhy; n MdJ dfukhf jkpOf;F kPs;ngaHf;fg;gLtjpy; vt;tpj rpf;fYk; ,Uf;fg;Nghtjpy;iy. jkpopy; mr;rpaw;wg;gLk; dfuKk; efuKk; n Mf cNuhkdpy; vOj;njhypngaHf;fg;gLk;.
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3.2.3.3 ,ilapd vOj;Jf;fs;
y a; r t
H cNuhkdpy; mr;rpaw;wg;gLk; r, vg;nghOJNk ufukhf jkpOf;F kPs;ngaHg;ghFk;. rpy re;jHg;gq;fspy; d; Ij;; njhlHe;J tUk; ufuk; t Mf cr;rupf;fg;gLtJz;L. c+k; mtd;iu> vd;iu (avantai, entai). ,t;thwhd ,lq;fspy; mr;rpaw;wg;gLk; t Ak; $l ufukhf jkpOf;F kPs;ngaHg;ghFk;. jkpopy; mr;rpaw;wg;gLk; ufuk; r vd cNuhkdpy; vOj;njhypngaHf;fg;gLk;. jkpopy; d; Ij; njhlHe;J mr;rpaw;wg;gLk; ufuk; t vd cNuhkdpy; vOj;njhypngaHf;fg;gLk;.
l y;
v w
t; cNuhkdpy; mr;rpaw;wg;gLk; v, w ,uz;LNk tfukhf jkpOf;F kPs;ngaHf;fg;gLk;. jkpopy; mr;rpaw;wg;gLk; tfuk;> v vd;W khj;jpuNk cNuhkDf;F vOj;njhypngaHf;fg;gLk;.
zh o;
'l s;
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3.2.4 jd;dpaf;f kPs;ngaHg;G topfhl;b: fpue;j vOj;Jf;fs;
Grantha characters j [; 's s
]; cNuhkdpy; 's I mr;rpaw;Wtjd; %yk; vy;yhr; re;jHg;gq;fspYk; ]fuj;ij jkpOf;F kPs;ngaHj;Jf;nfhs;syhk;. jdpnka;ahf mr;rpaw;wg;gLk; s ck; ]; Mf kPs;ngaUk;. kw;w ,lq;fspy; s, rfukhf kPs;ngaUk;. jkpopy; mr;rpaw;wg;gLk; ]fuk; vg;nghOJNk cNuhkDf;F s vd vOj;njhypngaHf;fg;gLk;.
sh \;
'h h
; cNuhkdpy; mr;rpaw;wg;gLk; 'h, vy;yhr; re;jHg;gq;fspYk; `fukhf jkpOf;F kPs;ngaHg;ghFk;. nrhw;fspd; njhlf;fj;jpYk; jdpnka;ahfTk; cNuhkdpy; mr;rpaw;wg;gLk; h ck; `fukhf jkpOf;F kPs;ngaUk;. kw;w ,lq;fspy; h, ffukhf kPs;ngaUk;. jkpopy; mr;rpaw;wg;gLk; `fuk; vg;nghOJNk hMf cNuhkDf;F vOj;njhyp ngaHf;fg;gLk;.
ksh f\;
s'ree sree
= cNuhkdpy; mr;rpaw;wg;gLk; s'ree, sree ,uz;LNk
jkpOf;F = vd kPs;ngaHf;fg;gLk;.
jkpopy; mr;rpaw;wg;gLk; => cNuhkdpy;; s'ree vd;W khj;jpuNk vOj;njhypngaHf;fg;gLk;.
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4.0 jkpo;-cNuhkd; vOj;Jg;ngaHg;G: nrd;id jkpo; mfuKjyp Kiw
4.1 capH
Vowels jkpo; vOj;J cNuhkdpy; vOj;Jg;ngaHg;G
m a
M ā , i < ī c u C ū v e V ē I ai x o X ō xs au
4.2 Ma;jk;
Aaytham jkpo; vOj;J cNuhkdpy; vOj;Jg;ngaHg;G
/ ḵ
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4.3 nka;naOj;Jf;fs;
Consonants
4.3.1 ty;ypd vOj;Jf;fs;
Consonants: hard jkpo; vOj;J cNuhkdpy; vOj;Jg;ngaHg;G
f; k r; c l; ṭ j; t g; p w; ṟ
4.3 .2 nky;ypd vOj;Jf ;fs;
Consonants: soft jkpo; vOj;J cNuhkdpy; vOj;Jg;ngaHg;G
q; ṅ Q; ñ z; ṇ e; n k; m d; ṉ
4 .3 .3 ,ilapd vOj;Jf;fs;
Consonants: medium jkpo; vOj;J cNuhkdpy; vOj;Jg;ngaHg;G
a; y H r y; l t; v o; ḻ s; ḷ
27
4.4 fpue;j vOj;Jf;fs;
Grantha characters [; j ]; s
\; ṣ ; h
f\; kṣ = sri
5.0 Mtz tuyhW
Document History Date Version Comment April 28, 2007 Beta 1 Trial June 01, 2007 1.0 Improved and modified
after feedbacks June 02, 2007 1.0 Typo in A'risi. Changed to
Arisi in table 3.1.1 June 12, 2007 1.0 Tamil version of the
document released