•Leather industry ,after cotton and textile industry.Currently less dev. garments and footwear.

•Six sub-sectors: tanning, leather footwear, leathergarments, leather gloves, leather shoe uppers andleather goods.

•Tanning: basic material i.e. leather.

•Colonial era, few tanneries in large cities such asKarachi, Lahore, and New Delhi etc.

• In the 1950s the number of well-equipped tanneriesincreased in Karachi, Lahore, Hyderabad, Kasur,Sialkot, Multan, Sahiwal, Sheikhupura, Peshawarand Gujranwala.

•Finished products ,raw material

•Leather Garments and Gloves.•Investment $ 874 million a year.•GDP 6.15%,•Total exports 7%•Foreign exchange 6.56%• Export $1.22 billion in 2007-08• $959 million in 2008-09• $867 million in 2009-10 .

• Exports of 2010-11, high prices, quantity less.• Insufficient supply, import (Iran , Afghanistan &Africa)•800 tanneries•Registered tanneries:529 in 1999 to 600 in 2003 and to 725 at present. •Leather footwear industry capacity:200 million pairs annually ,current production :100 million pairs. •Employment :500,000 people.

•Sea gold Private Limited,Karachi,Lahore•Nashrah Leather Industry,Sialkot•UMH Industries (Pvt) Gujranwala•White-Green Company,Karachi•Continental Leather Company,Gujranwala•Royal Leather Industry, Lahore

Conversion of an animal skin/hide into leather by soaking in a liquid containing tannic acid, or by the use of other chemicals.

SkinningCuring(protein,bacteria)

Beam house operationsSoaking(soft)

Liming(degrease,condition)Unhairing &scudding

Deliming&bating (pH,enzymes)Pickling(penetration)

Immersing(wet blue)Basification(pH,fixation)

Crusting(wet,sammying,split,neutralize,retan,dye,dry,soft)

Surface coating(finishing:oil,brush,pad,buff,rollercoating)

•Absence of advanced technology•Shortage of human power•High cost of production•Environmental impacts•Chrome issue•Relocation of industries•Flood impact•Unskilled workers

•More labor involvement.•Skilled man power.•Use of advanced technology and machines.•Omission of taxes.•Subsidy must be provided by the government.•Take measures to decrease pollutants and reduceenvironmental hazards.•Chromium III salts are used extensively in thetanning process. Chromium IV can also be used.

•Pakistan has potential to earn $3billion annually.•There is no scantiness of hides in the country asmillions of animals are sacrificed every year.•The Pakistani businessmen can start joint ventureswith foreign investors.• Leather garments and footwear is a job orientedsector providing employment to a very largepopulation.

•Leather manufacturers & exporters are decisive toincrease export of quality finished leather andleather products.• Leather is one of a prolific contributor to thecountry’sGDP and foreign exchange earnings.

• Pakistan Tanneries Association (PTA)• Figures from ITC Trade Map• GDP data from Federal Bureau of Statistics• Figures from State Bank of Pakistan Foreign ExchangeData (2011)• www.pitad.org.pk• www.seagoldlimited.com• Pakistan leather industry survey report• www.plgmea.com• www.customstoday.com.pk• www.companylist.org