taq leed and salafi sm

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TAQLEED

ANDSALAFISM

Prepared and Published by:

Jamia Maseehiyyah AshrafiyyahP.O. Box 546 De Deur 14

!ou"h Afri#a

$ax: %%&' 16 5(% &451)*Mail: #allofimaan+,mail.#om

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mailto:[email protected]





$O-A-D............................................................................................../0AP2)- O3): 2A))D 7J27AAD A3D 2) $8AA...............61. ha" is 2a9leed......................................................................................6

&. 2he 2a9leed of "he -e;e#"ers of 2a9leed..............................................'/. 2a9leed durin, "he )ra of -asoolullah <!allallahu alaihi =a sallam>...4. $ollo=in, a Par"i#ular 7mam or Ma"h*hab...........................................(5. hy i" is 7n#umben" "o $ollo= a Par"i#ular 7mam or Ma"h*hab.........116. hy 0onfine 2a9leed "o "he $our Ma"h*habs...................................1/'. hy "he anafi Ma"h*hab................................................................14. 2he ues"ion of 2a9leed Bein, Prohibi"ed in "he uraan..................15(. 2he A##usa"ion of "he Mu9allids Dis#ardin, Ahadee"h.....................161%. 2he A?ermen": @2he uraan and adee"h are before us. e #an"herefore refer dire#"ly "o i"..................................................................&111. ha" is u==a"*e*7;"ihaadiyyah....................................................&41&. 2he ues"ion of "he Aimmah*e*Mu;"ahideen Prohibi"in, "heir2a9leed...................................................................................................&'1/. 2he )rror of Jud,in, "he Ahadee"h of "he $u9aha on "he 0ri"eria of"he Muhaddi"heen...................................................................................&(

0AP2)- 2O: A ery !hor" !ele#"ion of "he Praises !ho=ered by "heAimmah of "he 8mmah upon 7mam Abu aneefah <Alaihir -ahmah>....../&0AP2)- 2-)): 2he anafi Dalaail for 0er"ain0on"en"ious Masaail.................................................................................../

1. Cuhr !alaah Af"er "he !hado= of Ob;e#"s)x#eeds "he Ori,inal en,"h................................................................../&. 2he $ee" in iyaam............................................................................/(/. -afa Eadain Only a" "he Be,innin,...................................................4%4. $oldin, "he ands Belo= "he 3a?el...................................................415. !oorah $aa"ihah !hould 3o" be -e#i"ed by "he Mu9"adi...................416. -e#i"in, Aameen !of"ly.....................................................................4&'. 2he ay "o !i" in adah AFheerah...................................................4/. !a;dah of a oman.............................................................................44(. Dua af"er $ardh !alaah =i"h -aised ands.......................................451%. 7s"i=a alal ArshGhere is Allah 2aHala.........................................4'11. 2a=assul and !hirF...........................................................................5&

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I KL N N K Q R S TUVS T K U WX S Y QZ S [\ Q] S^ K Y SS_` KN ] S K LS c N^ K LSZ S NL TUVS Z S Kg K N

FORWARD

On#e ara" Bahlool <-ahma"ullahi alaih> passed by an Aalim =ho =as

9uarrellin, =i"h someone. ara" Bahlool <-ahma"ullahi alaih>#ommen"ed:@7f "his person j"he Aalimk had marifa" jreal per#ep"ionk of Allah he =ould no" ha?e s9uandered his "ime by 9uarrellin,=i"h an i,noramus.

ife is shor" and "ransi"ory. 2he ,oal is Di?ine Pleasure "hrou,hobedien#e "o Allah 2aala and is Belo?ed -asool Muhammad

<!allallahu alaihi =a sallam>. 7n ?ie= of "he ex"remely shor" s"ay in "his"emporary abode people =ho ha?e #ome "o realie "he purpose of "heir #rea"ion are #on"inuously in pursui" of proximi"y un"o Allah 2aala.2hey shun idle "alF and idle pas"imes. As mu#h as an Aalim =ho hasmarifa" of Allah 2aala de"es"s bein, dra=n in"o ar,umen"a"ion as hera"her prefers =orship of his 2rue Belo?ed Allah !ubhaanahu =a2aala #ir#ums"an#es ho=e?er ne#essi"a"e "ha" he #omes "o "he defen#e

of "he Deen*e*a9 from "he fabri#a"ions and falsi"ies of "he people of falsehood.

Amon, "he people of falsehood in "hese "imes are "he modernis" !alafi!e#" =ho has no"hin, "o do in life o"her "han "o #as"i,a"e "he Ma"h*habsof a9 and ?ilify "he follo=ers of "he Ma"haahib <plural of Ma"h*hab>.2hey ha?e se" "heir =hims and fan#ies as "heir 7mams and ha?e lef" nos"one un"urned in "heir endea?our "o =aylay "he 7maan of unFno=in,

and inno#en" follo=ers of "he anafi Ma"h*hab in par"i#ular and o"her Ma"h*habs in ,eneral. 7n

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fa#" "he modernis" !alafi !#holars =i"h "heir shallo= unders"andin, of "he uraan and !unnah and "heir ri,id 2a9leed of "he do#"rine of 7bn2aimiyyah are #urren"ly en,a,ed in an all ou" effor" "o rob people of "heir pra#"i#e of "he uraan and adee"h in "he beau"iful and mos"elabora"e =ay ou"lined in "he Ma"haahib*e*ArbaahG"he anafi!haafii MaaliFi and ambali !#hools of 2hou,h". 7" has "hus be#omeobli,a"ory upon "he 8lama*e*a9 "o expose "he baa"il of "hese peddlersof abandonmen" of 2a9leed.

7,noran#e and arro,an#e ha?e be#ome ma;or hurdles for "he an"i*2a9leed pro"a,onis"s. 7n #onse9uen#e "hey refuse "o dump "heir obli9ueunders"andin, of "he !hariah and ra"her a##ep" "he !hariah as

unders"ood and pra#"ised by "he four !#hools of $i9h o?er "he pas"four"een #en"uries of 7slams exis"en#e. 2his "rea"ise is "herefore no"dire#"ed "o "he ?o"aries of abandonmen" of 2a9leed. 7" is for "he safe"yand s"ren,"h of "hose =ho ha?e "his =onderful pa"h of 2a9leed "o follo=.

2his "rea"ise is for "he ma;or par" a #ondensa"ion of a len,"hy "rea"iseon "he sub;e#" of 2a9leed and 7;"ihaad =ri""en by "he ?enerableMu;addid of his "ime ara" aFeemul 8mma" Moulana Ashraf Ali

2han=i <-ahma"ullahi alaih>. ara" Moulana 2han=i <-ahma"ullahialaih> en"i"led his "rea"ise Al*79"isaad fi" 2a9leedi =al 7;"ihaad. 7n ?ie=of "his #ompila"ion and "ransla"ion bein, in prin#iple a #ondensa"ion of ara" Moulana 2han=is "rea"ise =e ha?e omi""ed "he referen#es "o "he pa,e numbers from "he ori,inal =orF. Apar" from "he =orF of ara"Moulana 2han=i <-ahma"ullahi alaih> 9uo"a"ions ha?e been in#ludedfrom o"her reliable and au"hori"a"i?e =orFs. 2he referen#es of "hese

=orFs ha?e been pro?ided in "he foo"no"es.

2his "rea"ise is almos" a pure na9l i.e. i" #onsis"s of almos" only9uo"a"ions ex"ra#"s and ex#erp"s. e ha?e only rarely inser"ed =ords of our o=n. 2he reason for "his is "=ofold. $irs"ly =ha" =e ha?e #ompiledhere is no" our personal opinion. 7" is "he ?ie= of "he Au"hori"ies of Deen. !e#ondly "he s"a"emen"s of our elders and senior 8lama ob?ia"e"he need for our s"a"emen"s. 0onsiderin, "heir 7lm and 2a9=a "heir

unders"andin, and #ommen"ary of "he 2ea#hin,s of "he !haria" far

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ou"=ei,hs =ha"e?er =e #an produ#e. And af"er all =e are onlymu9allideen.

Al"hou,h =e ha?e relied only on 9uo"a"ions =e ha?e ho=e?eramended some "ex"s "o fa#ili"a"e #omprehension andor for bre?i"y.

i"aabs and booFs on "he sub;e#" of 2a9leed are numerous. e are#onfiden" ho=e?er "ha" "his "rea"ise =ill ser?e as a "ex"booF on "hesub;e#" of 2a9leed. 7" is only "hrou,h edu#a"in, oursel?es in "herudimen"s of "his !hari re9uiremen" "ha" =e #an "h=ar" "he mena#e of !alafism. And Allah 2aala is "he i?er of 2o=fee9 and e is "he Bes"Aid.

as*!alaamJamia Maseehiyyah Ashrafiyyah6"h -amadhaanul MubaaraF 14&1"h !ep"ember &%%'

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CHAPTER ONE: TAQLEED, IJTIHAAD ANDTHE FUQAHA

1. What is Taqleed

2a9leed means "o a##ep" someones s"a"emen" simply on "he basis of afa?ourable opinion abou" him "ha" is he speaFs on "he basis of proof.

en#e "here is no need "o 9ues"ion him abou" his proof.

2he ob;e#" of 2a9leed is "o pra#"ise on "he uraan and adee"h =i"hease.

2he re;e#"ers of 2a9leed =hose s"andard is held pre#ariously in "hese"imes by "he se#" s"ylin, i"self !alafiyyoon or !alafiyyah insolen"ly

dub 2a9leed blind*follo=in,.

Blind bears "he follo=in, #onno"a"ions:1

=i"hou" foresi,h" dis#ernmen" in"elle#"ual per#ep"ion or ade9ua"einforma"ionno" ,o?erned by purpose or reasonre#Fless

2he ?ery na"ure of 2a9leed demands dis#ernmen" in"elle#"ual per#ep"ion and ade9ua"e informa"ion as a fa?ourable opinion of an7mam bein, 9ualified in "he field of !hari 8loom <7slami# !#ien#es>and "hus bein, =or"hy of bein, follo=ed is dependen" on "hese fa#"ors.2a9leed "herefore #an ne?er be blind*follo=in, in "his sense.

1 -eaders Di,es" Oxford 0omple"e ord*finder 6



2he ob;e#" and purpose of 2a9leed has been #larified in 1.&. 2hus "hea##usa"ion of 2a9leed bein, blind*follo=in, in "his sense is palpablyfalse.

hen "he mu9allid or person maFin, 2a9leed follo=s an 7mam or Ma"h*hab he unders"ands "he 7mam and Ma"h*hab "o be a "rus"=or"hy,uide and "he safes" #ourse "o obedien#e "o "he #ommands of Allah2aala and "he "ea#hin,s or !unnah of -asoolullah <!allallahu alaihi =asallam>. e <"he mu9allid> unders"ands his la#F of #ompe"en#y inunders"andin, "he uraan and adee"h. $or him "o resor" "o a self*s"udyof "he uraan and adee"h and "hereby form his o=n opinion is aFin "o bar"erin, a=ay his 7maan. e "hus op"s for "he safes" and sures" pa"h "o

"he obedien#e and pleasure of Allah and is -asool <!allallahu alaihi=a sallam> and "ha" is in 2a9leed. 7s "his bein, re#Fless 7s "his blind*follo=in, May Allah 2aala sa?e us from "he de#ep"ion of !hai"aan and"he e?il s#hemes of "he nafs Aameen.

hen none of "he senses of blind por"ray "rue 2a9leed "he usa,e of "his =ord in rela"ion "o 2a9leed is #rass i,noran#e or mali#iousobs"ina#y. May Allah 2aala sa?e us from "he e?ils of "he "on,ue and

nafs.

!. The Taqleed "# the Re$e%te&s "# Taqleed

&.1 7n so far "he re;e#"ers of 2a9leed are #on#erned i" should be

unders"ood "ha" a##ordin, "o "heir ?ery o=n prin#iple jof 2a9leed bein,haraamk i" is no" possible a" all for "hem "o pra#"ise on "he adee"h. 2hereason for "his is "ha" pra#"isin, on "he adee"h is only possible "hrou,h2a9leed of "he 8lama in "he ma""er of "he adee"h bein, !aheehDhaeef aa;ibul Amal Mus"ahab or impermissible. And "his as isob?ious is s"ri#" 2a9leed in "he AhFaam ja=s of "he !hariah$i9hk.2here is no doub" "o "he fa#" "ha" a adee"h bein, in#umben" for

pra#"i#e or ?i#e ?ersa or disallo=ed for pra#"i#e or ?i#e ?ersa are issues per"ainin, "o "he AhFaam. 7" is pre#isely for "his reason "ha" "he $u9aha

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dis#uss "he ?arious la=s ,o?ernin, "he !unnahGi"s a##ep"an#e i"sre;e#"ion i"s employmen" i"s relaxa"ion and "he la=s per"ainin, "o "henarra"orsGin $i9h and 8sool*e*$i9h "hese issues bein, "he elemen"s of "he AhFaam.

3o= =hen "hese people re;e#" 2a9leed "hen =ha" ,i?es "hem "he ri,h" "omaFe 2a9leed of "he Muhaddi"heen in "hese issues and on =ha" basis do"hey de#lare "he ?ie=s and i;"ihaad of "he Muhaddi"heen in "he field of

adee"h #a"e,oria"ion "o be hu;;a" jproofk in "he !hariah&

'. Taqleed d(&i)* the E&a "# Ras""l(llah+allallah( alaihi -a salla/

/.1 7" is repor"ed from As=ad Bin Eaeed =ho says: @Muaa<-adhiyallahu anhu> #ame "o "ea#h us "he AhFaam of "he Deen and "oser?e as ,o?ernor. e asFed him "he mas*alah of a de#eased lea?in, behind a dau,h"er and a sis"er. ara" Muaa <-adhiyallahu anhu>de#lared half j"he es"a"e of "he de#easedk for "he dau,h"er and half for "he sis"er. 2his =as in "he life"ime of -asoolullah <!allallahu alaihi =asallam>. GBuFhari and Abu Da=ood

e learn from "his adee"h "ha" durin, "he blessed life"ime of -asoolullah <!allallahu alaihi =a sallam> 2a9leed =as in ?o,ue. 2he one posin, "he 9ues"ion did no" asF for proof. e a##ep"ed "he fa"=a of

ara" Muaa purely on "he basis of his Deeni in"e,ri"y. 2his is2a9leed.

2hen "here is no e?iden#e of 3abi <!allallahu alaihi =a sallam>disa,reein, =i"h "his fa"=a and "he implemen"a"ion of "his fa"=a =hi#h"ranspired in his life"ime. 3or for "ha" ma""er is any differen#e or re;e#"ion re#orded. 2hus permissibili"y of 2a9leed and i"s open and

& a=aaid $ee 8loomil adee"h pp.&1&



free*pra#"i#e =i"hou" rebuFe in "he life"ime of -asoolullah <!allallahualaihi =a sallam> is es"ablished.

/.& 7" is repor"ed from !ulaiman Bin Easaar "ha" Abu Ayyoob Ansaari<-adhiyallahu anhu> =en" for a;. On "he =ay "o MaFFah he los" his#amels. On Eo=mun 3ahr j"he 1%"h of Cul i;;ahk =hen a; =as o?er he#ame "o 8mar <-adhiyallahu anhu> and rela"ed his s"ory. 8mar <-adhiyallahu anhu> said: @Do =ha" a person performin, 8mrah doesand you =ill be released from your ihraam. 2hen =ai" for "he a; seasonnex" year and perform a;;. $or no= maFe 9urbaani and slau,h"er =ha"e?er you are in "he means of. GMaaliF

$rom "his adee"h =e learn "ha" "hose !ahaabah =ho #ould no" maFei;"ihaad ji.e. as#er"ain "he rulin, of a masalah dire#"ly from "he uraanor adee"hk "hey =ould maFe 2a9leed of "he Mu;"ahideen !ahaabah.ara" Abu Ayyoob Ansaari <-adhiyallahu anhu> =as also a !ahaabiand he did no" asF ara" 8mar <-adhiyallahu anhu> for any proof for his fa"=a.

/./ )pisodes of "his na"ure amon, "he !ahaabah and e?en durin, "he

blessed era of -asoolullah <!allallahu alaihi =a sallam> repor"s of is"if"aas j9ues"ionsk and fa"=as =i"hou" referen#es and proofs amon, "he!ahaabah or amon, "he 2aabieen and !ahaabah ha?e been do#umen"ed=i"h su#h abundan#e "ha" i" is an a=esome "asF "o #ompile all. 2hose?ersed in adee"h li"era"ure are =ell a=are of "his.

0. F"ll"-i)* a Pa&ti%(la& Ia "& ath2ha3

4.1 7" is repor"ed from ara" u"haifah <-adhiyallahu anhu> "ha"-asoolullah <!allallahu alaihi =a sallam> said: @7 do no" Fno= ho= lon,7 =ill be =i"h you people. 2herefore follo= "hese "=o =ho =ill be af"er

me. 3abi <!allallahu alaihi =a sallam> indi#a"ed "o ara" Abu BaFr and ara" 8mar <-adhiyallahu anhuma>.

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G2irmi"hi

2he purpor" of @=ho =ill be af"er me is: durin, "heir rei,n of hilaafa".2hus "he #ommand is "o follo= "hem durin, "heir respe#"i?e "erms of hilaafa". And ob?iously "he haleefah is a sin,le person. 2he#on#lusion "hus is "o follo= ara" Abu BaFr <-adhiyallahu anhu>durin, his hilaafa" and ara" 8mar <-adhiyallahu anhu> durin, hishilaafa".

2hus 3abi <!allallahu alaih =a sallam> ins"ru#"ed "ha" one par"i#ular person should be follo=ed for a spe#ifi# "ime. And no=here did he s"a"e"ha" proof for "he AhFaam should also be en9uired. 3or =as i" a

s"andard pra#"i#e of as#er"ainin, "he proof for ea#h and e?ery mas*alah.2his is no"hin, bu" follo=in, a par"i#ular 7mam or Ma"h*hab.

4.& 7" is repor"ed from As=ad Bin Eaeed =ho says: @Muaa<-adhiyallahu anhu> #ame "o us "o "ea#h "he AhFaam of "he Deen and "oser?e as ,o?ernor. e asFed him "he masalah of a de#eased lea?in, behind a dau,h"er and sis"er. ara" Muaa <-adhiyallahu anhu>de#lared half j"he es"a"e of "he de#easedk for "he dau,h"er and half for

"he sis"er. 2his =as in "he life"ime of -asoolullah <!allallahu alaihi =asallam>. GBuFhari and Abu Da=ood

Jus" as 2a9leed bein, !unna" is pro?en from "his adee"h as men"ionedin i"s appropria"e pla#e jsee /.1k similarly "his adee"h #onfirms2a9leed of an 7mam or Ma"h*hab. 2he reason for "his is "ha" =hen 3abi

<!allallahu alaihi =a sallam> sen" ara" Muaa <-adhiyallahu anhu> "oEemen "o "ea#h "he AhFaam of "he Deen he mos" assuredly ,a?e permission "o "he people of Eemen "o refer "o him jara" Muaak in all"heir affairs. 2his is 2a9leed of an 7mam.

4./ 7" is repor"ed from ara" uail Bin !hurahbil "ha" a 9ues"ion =as posed "o ara" Abu Moosa <-adhiyallahu anhu>. 2hen "he same9ues"ion =as posed "o ara" 7bn Masood <-adhiyallahu anhu> and he

=as fur"hermore informed of "he fa"=a of ara" Abu Moosa

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<-adhiyallahu anhu>. ara" 7bn Masood ,a?e ano"her rulin,. 2his =as brou,h" "o "he no"i#e of ara" Abu Moosa. 8pon lis"enin, "o ara"7bn Masoods ans=er he said: @As lon, as "his O#ean of no=led,eis in your mids" do no" refer "o me. GBuFhari Abu Da=ood and 2irmi"hi

Any person #an unders"and from "he =ords of ara" Abu Moosa: @Aslon, as he is in your mids" do no" refer "o me "ha" he ins"ru#"ed "hem"o "aFe all "heir 9ues"ions "o him jara" 7bn Masood -adhiyallahuanhuk. And "his is 2a9leed of an 7mam "ha" is "o refer all ones9ues"ions "o one Aalim due "o some pre#ep" and a#" a##ordin, "o hisfa"=a.

4. Wh5 it is I)%(3e)t t" F"ll"- a Pa&ti%(la& Ia "& ath2ha3

5.1 7" should be Fno=n "ha" "he in#umben#y and obli,a"ion of some"hin,jin "he !haria"k is es"ablished in any of "he follo=in, =ays:

• 2he uraan or adee"h dire#"s spe#ial emphasis "o some a#"

e.,. !alaah !o=m e"#. !u#h in#umben#y is "ermed wujoob

biz zaat.2he a#" i"self has no" been emphasied ho=e?er pra#"i#ally i" is no" possible "o #arry ou" "hose a#"s =hi#h ha?e been emphasied in "heuraan and adee"h =i"hou" resor"in, "o "his a#". 7n "his #ase "his a#"

=ill also be #onsidered ne#essary. 2his is "he purpor" of "he 8lamas=ords: @2he founda"ion of a aa;ib is also aa;ib. 2aFe as an example"he =ri"in, and prin"in, of "he uraan and adee"h li"era"ure. 3o=herein "he !haria" is "his emphasied. 7n fa#" "he follo=in, adee"h #learlye?in#es "he non*#ompulsion of =ri"in,. 7" is repor"ed from ara" 7bn8mar <-adhiyallahu anhu> "ha" "he -asool of Allah <!allallahu alaihi =asallam> said: @e are an 8mmi 3a"ion. e nei"her =ri"e nor #al#ula"e.

GBuFhari and Muslim

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2he adee"h #learly indi#a"es i"s purpor". 3o= =hen =ri"in, in ,eneralis no" =aa;ib "hen ho= #an =ri"in, some"hin, in par"i#ular be =aa;ib

o=e?er "here is emphasis on "he preser?a"ion of "he uraan andadee"h and "heir pro"e#"ion from loss. And i" is pro?en "hrou,hexperien#e and obser?a"ion "ha" i" is no" pra#"i#ally possible "o preser?e"he uraan and adee"h =i"hou" resor"in, "o =ri"in, and prin"in,.2herefore "he =ri"in, and prin"in, of "he uraan and adee"h arere,arded "o be ne#essary. A##ordin,ly "here is an implied unanimi"y of "he en"ire 8mmah for "he pas" 14 #en"uries on i"s in#umben#y in "his

=ay. !u#h an in#umben#y is "ermed wujoob bil ghair.

Af"er unders"andin, "he "ypes of =u;oob and "heir na"ure no=unders"and "ha" =hen i" is said "ha" "he 2a9leed of a par"i#ular 7mam or

Ma"h*hab is =aa;ib "hen i" means wujoob bil ghair no" wujoob

biz zaat . 2hus "here is no need "o produ#e an Aaya" or adee"h =hi#hemphasies "his "ype of 2a9leed in name ;us" as a demand of an Aaya"or adee"h is no" made for proof of "he in#umben#y of =ri"in, and prin"in, "he uraan and adee"h li"era"ure and re,ardless of "he #lear de#lara"ion of "he aforemen"ioned adee"h of =ri"in, no" bein,in#umben" "hen "oo i" is #onsidered "o be =aa;ib and "his is no" ?ie=ed"o be an"i"he"i#al "o "he adee"h. 7n "he same =ay "here is no need "o produ#e any 3ass jexpli#i" uraani# or adee"h "ex"k "o sho= "he=u;oob of 2a9leed of an 7mam or Ma"h*hab.

Ees "here is a need "o pro?e "=o premisses ?i.:

ha" are "hose "hin,s =hi#h =ill be harmed in our pre?ailin,#ir#ums"an#es if =e do no" follo= a par"i#ular 7mam or Ma"h*hab2he =u;oob of "hose fa#"ors

2he follo=in, in;un#"ions of "he !hariah =ill be harmed in "he absen#eof 2a9leed of a Ma"h*hab:1. A sin#ere niyya" of only Deen in 7lm and Amal.&. 2he Deen ,o?ernin, ones desires i.e. "o maFe ones desires

subser?ien" "o "he Deen no" "he o"her =ay round.

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/. 2o abs"ain from su#h "hin,s =hi#h pose a real dan,er "o ones Deen.4. 3o" "o oppose "he 7;ma or 0onsensus of "he Ahl*e*a9.5. 3o" "o "rans,ress "he perime"ers of "he a=s of "he !hariah.

2hese bein, waajib biz zaat is empha"i#ally pro?en in "heAhadee"h.

7n so far as "he harm "o "hese fa#"ors in "he #ase of no" follo=in, a par"i#ular 7mam or Ma"h*hab is #on#erned i" is #onne#"ed "o experien#eand obser?a"ion. j7n o"her =ords experien#e "ea#hes and i" #an openly be obser?ed "ha" "hose =ho abandon 2a9leed of an 7mam or Ma"h*habfall in"o "he pi"falls of insin#eri"y 2a9leed of "heir nafs harm "o "heir

Deen opposi"ion "o "he 0onsensus of "he 8mmah and "rans,ression of "he limi"s of "he !hariah. De"ails and examples are "oo numerous "o #i"ein "his shor" "rea"ise. Only someone blind "o reali"y =ill ?en"ure "o #laim"he #on"rary.k And "he reason for "his is "ha" in "hese "imes #orrup"ionand personal mo"i?es ha?e se""led in "he disposi"ion of mos" people.2his is ob?ious and i" has been prophesised in "he Ahadee"h on $i"nahj"rials mis#hief and e?il "imesk. 2hose ?ersed in 7lm and adee"h are

fully a=are of "his.

6. Wh5 C")#i)e Taqleed t" the F"(& ath2ha3s

6.1 Pre?iously i" has been pro?en "ha" 2a9leed of a par"i#ular 7mam isne#essary. $ur"hermore "aFin, ?ie=s from differen" 7mams is frau,h"=i"h harm. 2hus i" is impera"i?e "o maFe 2a9leed of an 7mam =hoseMa"h*hab has been #ompiled and #odified in"o prin#iples and de"ailedla=s "o su#h an ex"en" "ha" almos" all ans=ers "o 9ues"ions are found ini" in "he form of a par"i#ular or a uni?ersal prin#ipal. 7n "his =ay "hereremains no need "o refer "o o"her ?ie=s.

1/



By Di?ine 7n"er?en"ion "his a""ribu"e is found only in "he $our Ma"h*habs janafi !haafii MaaliFi and ambalik. 3o o"her Ma"h*haben;oys "his s"a"us. 2hus i" is impera"i?e "o adop" one of "hese four Ma"h*habs as op"in, for a fif"h Ma"h*hab =ill resul" in "he same problem anddis#repan#y of flir"in, =i"h "he Ma"h*habs in fulfilmen" of "he nafsdesire "o remain unfe""ered from "he !haria". 2he #orrup"ion of "his has been #larified earlier.

2his is "he reason for #onfinin, 2a9leed "o "hese $our Ma"h*habs andhen#e for #en"uries "his has been "he s"andard pra#"i#e of "he Jumhoor 8lama of "he 8mma". !ome 8lama ha?e e?en re#orded 7;ma "ha" "heAhlus !unnah =al Jamaah is #onfined "o "hese $our Ma"h*habs.

6.& $or 2a9leed i" is ne#essary "ha" "he Mu;"ahids Ma"h*hab be#ompiled. 2a9leed of "he illus"rious !ahaabah is diffi#ul" be#ause noneof "heir Ma"h*habs are fully #ompiled and #odified. o=e?er "hrou,h"he medium of 2a9leed of "he Aimmah*e*Arbaah j"he $our 7mamsk =efollo= "he !ahaabah.

7. Wh5 the Ha)a#i ath2ha3

'.1 e reside in a pla#e =here "he Ma"h*hab of 7mam Abu aneefah<-ahma"ullahi alaih> is pre?alen" =i"hou" any endea?our on our par".8lama and i"aabs on "his Ma"h*hab are "o be found in abundan#e. ad=e adop"ed ano"her Ma"h*hab "hen i" =ould ha?e been diffi#ul" for us "ofind ou" "he la=s appli#able "o day*"o*day #ir#ums"an#es. 2his is due "o

"he fa#" "ha" "he 8lama do no" possess "ha" insi,h" and deepunders"andin, of ano"her Ma"h*hab as "hey possess in "heir o=n Ma"h*hab. 7n ?ie= of "heir o##upa"ion and ex#essi?e s"udy and "ea#hin, "hede,ree of exper"ise and unders"andin, "hey ha?e of "heir o=n Ma"h*hab#anno" be a#hie?ed =i"h ano"her Ma"h*hab al"hou,h s"udy of "hei"aabs of ano"her Ma"h*hab is possible. 2his poin" is self*e?iden" andob?ious "o "he Ahl*e*7lm.

14



8. The Q(esti") "# Taqleed 9ei)* P&"hi3itedi) the Q(&aa)

.1 Question: 2he uraan #ensures 2a9leed in "his Aaya": @hen i"is said "o "he Fuffaar: $ollo= "he la=s =hi#h Allah 2aala has re?ealed"hen "hey ans=er: 3oq 7n fa#" =e =ill follo= "he pa"h of our forefa"hers. <Dismissin, "heir response Allah 2aala de#lares>: ha"qill "hey Feep "o "he pa"h of "heir forefa"hers re,ardless of "heir forefa"hers la#Fin, unders"andin, of Deen and "hem bein, as"ray2his sho=s "ha" i" is e?il "o follo= "he =ay of ones prede#essors =hen=e ha?e "he uraan and adee"h.

!imilarly i" is s"a"ed in ano"her Aaya" "ha" =hen you ha?e a dispu"e"hen refer "he ma""er "o Allah and is -asool. $rom "his =e #anunders"and "ha" =e should no" refer "o an 7mam or Mu;"ahid.

Response: 2he mere "ransla"ion of "he former Aaya" re?eals "ha" "he

2a9leed of "he Fuffaar has no affini"y =i"h "he 2a9leed under dis#ussion.2he 2a9leed of "he Fuffaar has been denoun#ed for "=o reasons.

2he firs" is "ha" "hey =ould re;e#" "he Aayaa" and AhFaam sayin,: @edo no" a##ep" i". e =ould ra"her prefer "o follo= our elders.

!e#ondly "heir elders la#Fed in"elli,en#e in "he Deen and "hey la#Fed,uidan#e.

2hese "=o are non*exis"en" in "he 2a9leed =e are dis#ussin,. 3ei"her does any mu9allid say "ha" he re;e#"s "he Aayaa" and Ahadee"h. 7n fa#"he j"he mu9allidk says: @Our Deen is "he uraan and adee"h. o=e?er7 am i,noran" or @la#Fin, Fno=led,e or @am "o"ally in#ompe"en" in"he field of i;"ihaad and is"imbaa". 7 do ho=e?er ha?e a fa?ourableopinion and fai"h in so*and*so Aalim or @7mam. e =as "horou,hly

?ersed in "he =ords and meanin,s of "he Aayaa" and Ahadee"h. 2hus 7#onsider "he purpor" =hi#h he unders"ood jfrom "he uraan and

15



adee"hk "o be #orre#" and "he s"ron,er ?ie=. 2herefore 7 am a#"in, on"he adee"h albei" in a##ordan#e "o his ,uidan#e.

7n shor" no mu9allid re;e#"s "he uraan and adee"h. And "he 7mam=hom he follo=s did no" la#F Fno=led,e and ,uidan#e as is pro?en"hrou,h reliable "ransmission from ,enera"ion "o ,enera"ion <"a=aa"ur>"ha" "hey possessed in"elli,en#e and ,uidan#e.

2hus in ?ie= of bo"h reasons jfor "he denoun#emen" of "he 2a9leed of "he Fuffaark bein, non*exis"en" here "his 2a9leed jof "he Ma"h*habsk is beyond "he ambi" of "he #ensure in "he uraan.

And ho= #an 2a9leed on "he =hole be "he purpor" of "he Aaya"O"her=ise "he Aaya" =ill be in #lear #on"radi#"ion "o all "hose Ahadee"h=hi#h es"ablish "he ?alidi"y of 2a9leed.

. The A%%(sati") "# the (qallidsDis%a&di)* Ahadeeth

(.1 Jus" as i" is permissible "o dedu#e a la= "hrou,h i;"ihaad similarly i"is also permissible "o re,ard a adee"h "o be sub;e#" "o ra"ionale and a#"in a##ordan#e "o "he ra"ionale. 2his en"ails spe#ifyin, "he sphere of "heAhFaam or pla#in, i" on one of se?eral possibili"ies or res"ri#"in, a,eneral rule or a#"in, on "he inner meanin, ra"her "han "he ex"ernalmeanin,. 2his is no" an"i"he"i#al "o or dis#ardin, of "he adee"h.

2herefore su#h an i;"ihaad is permissible and fur"hermore 2a9leed of su#h an i;"ihaad is also perfe#"ly permissible.

(.& 7n BuFhari i" is repor"ed from 7bn 8mar <-adhiyallahu anhu> "ha"-asoolullah <!allallahu alaihi =a sallam> said "o "he !ahaabah af"er "heBa""le of Ahaab: @3one of you shall read Asr !alaah before rea#hin,"he Bani urai"hah. Asr "ime #ame =hils" some !ahaabah =ere s"ill on"he =ay. 2hey =ere spli" on =ha" "o do. !ome said: @3o =e are ,oin, "o

read our !alaah. 2ha" =as no" "he purpor" of -asoolullah <!allallahualaihi =a sallam>. Gis purpor" ra"her =as "o emphasie speed and

16



has"e in rea#hin, "here before Asr. G 2his in#iden" =as brou,h" "o-asoolullahs no"i#e. e did no" reprimand or me"e ou" punishmen" "oanyone.

7n "he abo?e episode some unders"ood "he a#"ual purpor" by ?ir"ue of 9u==a"*e*i;"ihaadiyyah jpo=er of i;"ihaadk. 2he purpor" "heyunders"and =as one of "he "=o possibili"ies and "hey performed "he!alaa". -asoolullah <!allallahu alaihi =a sallam> did no" reprimand "hem by sayin,: @hy do you dis#ard "he apparen" meanin,. And nor did hede#lare "hem dis#arders of "he adee"h.

(./ 2o a?er in rela"ion "o any mas*alah "ha" i" is in #onfli#" "o "he

adee"h depends on "hree "hin,s:

2he purpor" of "he mas*alah is #orre#"ly unders"ood.7"s daleel is Fno=n.2he pro#edure of "he inferen#e is Fno=n.

7f any of "hese "hree fa#"ors remain obs#ure "o "he opposin, par"y "heir ;ud,emen" =ill be erroneous.

$or ins"an#e 7mam Abu aneefahs s"a"emen" of !alaa"ul 7s"is9a no" bein, !unna" is =ell*Fno=n. 2he apparen" meanin, of "his s"a"emen"seems "o be in #onfli#" =i"h "he adee"h be#ause i" is men"ioned in "heAhadee"h "ha" -asoolullah <!allallahu alaihi =a sallam> performed7s"is9a !alaa". o=e?er "he purpor" of "his s"a"emen" jof 7mam Abuaneefahk is "ha" i" is no" sunna"*e*muaFFadah. A##ordin,ly

some"imes -asoolullah <!allallahu alaihi =a sallam> =ould perform!alaah and maFe dua for rain and o##asionally he =ould maFe dua=i"hou" performin, "his !alaah. 2hus =e find "he follo=in, adee"h inBuFhari:

@7" is repor"ed from Anas <-adhiyallahu anhu> "ha" -asoolullah<!allallahu alaihi =a sallam> =as deli?erin, "he hu"bah onJumuah day =hen a person s"ood up and said: Eaa-asoolallahq orses and ,oa"s ha?e perished. MaFe dua un"o

1'



Allah 2aala for rain. -asoolullah <!allallahu alaihi =asallam> s"re"#hed ou" bo"h his hands and made dua.

2he abo?e purpor" of 7mam Abu aneefah <-ahma"ullahi alaih> isfur"hermore re?ealed by "he follo=in, "ex" of idaayah:

@e j"he Ahnaafk say "ha" he j-asoolullah !allallahu alaihi =asallamk did i" on one o##asion and omi""ed i" on ano"her o##asion. 7" "herefore is no" sunna". GA==alain

2hus on#e "he #orre#" purpor" surfa#es "he 9ues"ion of opposi"ion isdispelled.

!imilar is "he #ase =hen "he daleel remains obs#ure. $or ins"an#e?aryin, Ahadee"h are repor"ed in re,ard "o one mas*alah. 3o= i" =ill bein#orre#" "o a?er "ha" a Mu;"ahid has opposed "he adee"h merely bylooFin, a" one of "he adee"hs. 2he Mu;"ahid has dra=n a rulin, for "heo"her adee"h and he presen"s a ?alid in"erpre"a"ion for "his one. Anexample of "his is "he mas*alah of iraa"ul $aa"ihah Fhalfal 7mamj-e#i"in, !oorah $aa"ihah behind "he 7mamk. 2he Ahadee"h in "his

re,ard differ.

Or a sin,le adee"h holds s#ope for se?eral ?aryin, possibili"ies. 2heMu;"ahid unders"ands a #er"ain possibili"y on "he basis of his 9u==a"*e*i;"ihaadiyyah "o be s"ron,er. e "hus infers "his. 2his "oo is no"opposi"ion "o "he adee"h. An example of "his is "ha" i" appears in "headee"h "ha" if a person passes in fron" of you =hils" you are readin,

!alaah "hen you should =ard him off. 2he one possibili"y is "ha" "heli"eral meanin, applies. 2he o"her possibili"y "aFin, in"o a##oun" o"her prin#iples and rules is "ha" "his adee"h is by =ay of =arnin, and ade"erren" from passin, in fron" of a Musalli. 7f a Mu;"ahid "aFes "hese#ond possibili"y "hen i" #anno" be a?erred "ha" he has dis#arded "headee"h. 7n fa#" his pra#"i#e is pre#isely on "he adee"h.

And similarly if "he pro#edure of inferen#e is obs#ure "hen "oo "he

;ud,emen" of #onfli#" =ill be erroneous. $or ins"an#e 7mam Abu

1



aneefah <-ahma"ullahi alaih> s"a"es "ha" "he period of breas"feedin,ex"ends "o & years. 2he daleel i.e. "he Aaya": @7"s #arryin, and=eanin, is =ell*Fno=n. o=e?er "he popular explana"ion of "heinferen#e is ex#ep"ionally faul"y. 7n MadaariF ho=e?er "he "afseer of hamluhu ji"s #arryin,k is repor"ed from 7mam Abu aneefah as bilaFuf j=i"h handsk. By ?ir"ue of "his "afseer all ob;e#"ions are dispelled.7n "his #ase "he Aaya" means: Af"er bir"h "he maximum period of "he baby bein, #arried around in arms and i"s =eanin, is /% mon"hs. 2hereis no problem in "his "afseer and "he ?ie= of 7mam Abu aneefah iseasily subs"an"ia"ed.

7n #on#lusion ;ud,in, a mas*alah "o be in #onfli#" =i"h "he adee"h is

"he prero,a"i?e of su#h a person =ho is "horou,hly ?ersed in "he2radi"ions and he possesses Feen insi,h" and s"ron, men"al per#ep"ion.One =ho possesses one a""ribu"e and la#Fs "he o"her is no" #ompe"en" "o pass off a mas*alah "o be in ?iola"ion of "he adee"h.

7" is pro?en in "he adee"h jrefer "o 1%./k "ha" merely bein, a afi of "he adee"h does no" 9ualify one "o be a Mu;"ahid. Any unbiased reader #an unders"and from "his "ha" =hen a afi of adee"h #an be obli?ious

"o "he forms and pro#edure of inferen#e "hen ho= on ear"h #an "hei,noramuses of "oday fa"hom all "he ?arious =ays a Mu;"ahid employsin his dedu#"ion of "he Masaail 2hus ho= auda#ious i" is on "heir par""o s"upidly #all "he Mu9allid dis#arder of adee"h. May Allah 2aalareform "heir #ondi"ion.

7n "his re,ard =hene?er exper"s ha?e found any s"a"emen" in #onfli#"

=i"h a Daleel*e*!hari "hey omi""ed "he s"a"emen" a" on#e. )xamples of "his are "he mas*alahs of "he prohibi"ion of #onsumin, e?en a small9uan"i"y of an in"oxi#an" and muaaraa" jfarmin, on a profi"*share basisk. 2here is #lari"y in "he u"ub of "he anafiyyah "ha" in "hese "=oissues "he ?ie= of 7mam Abu aneefah is dis#arded. o=e?er "henumber of su#h jdis#ardedk ?ie=s probably does no" e?en rea#h "en. 7n"his re,ard "his lo=ly ser?an" jara" Moulana 2han=i Alaihir -ahmahkin?es"i,a"ed and besides fi?e or six Masaail in =hi#h 7 had some

reser?a"ions no" a sin,le mas*alah =as found "o be a,ains" "he adee"h.

1(



7 e?en re#orded "he ?arious =ays "he Masaail #orrespond "o "heAhadee"h in a "rea"ise. By #oin#iden#e ho=e?er "he "rea"ise =as los".

3e?er"heless i" is araam "o re?ile a Mu;"ahid be#ause "he Mu;"ahidserror is no" in"en"ional. is error is i;"ihaadi ji.e. an error in ;ud,emen"k.7n "he li,h" of "he adee"h he is re=arded for "his "oo.

e ha?e said "his a##ordin, "o our Fno=led,e o"her=ise i" is possible"ha" 7mam Abu aneefah had a##ess "o a adee"h =hi#h =e areuna=are of.

(.4 7bn 2aimiyyah s"a"es "ha" "he forms of inferen#es from a adee"h or

Aaya" are so many "ha" no Mu;"ahid #an be assailed for his inferen#e.2his he s"a"ed in his Fi"aab -aful Malaam anil Aimma"il Alaam. 2his

Fi"aab is =or"hy of perusal./

(.5 )?en if =e had "o assume "ha" some Ahadee"h did no" #ome "o "heno"i#e of 7mam Abu aneefah =e ne?er"heless find "ha" 7mamMuhammad Abu Eusuf Bin u"hail 7bnul MubaaraF asan Bin

Ciyaad and o"her eminen" s"uden"s of 7mam Abu aneefah li?in, "o "heera of adee"h 0ompila"ion.

$ollo=in, "hem #ame 7mam 2ahaa=i arFhi aaFim "he au"hor of aafi Abdul Baa9i Bin aani Mus"a,hri 7bnush !hara9i Cailai ando"her uffaa and 3u99aad j)xaminersk of adee"h amon, "he Ahnaaf =ho flourished durin, "he a,e of "he perfe#"ion of "he s"andards inexaminin, "he Ahadee"h from 3abi <!allallahu alaihi =a sallam>. 2hey

=ere fully #o,nian" of "he !aheeh Dhaeef Mash*hoor and AahaadAhadee"h.

2hus "hey omi""ed any 9iyaas janalo,i#al dedu#"ionk of 7mam Abuaneefah "hey per#ei?ed "o be in #onfli#" =i"h "he Ahadee"h.

2hus "he liFes of 7mam Muhammad 7mam Abu Eusuf Cufar and asandiffered j=i"h 7mam Abu aneefahk in a si,nifi#an" por"ion of his Ma"h*

/ Al*7faadhaa"ul Eo=miyyah&%



hab. 2he anafi Ma"h*hab a,ain is "he #olle#"i?e s"a"emen"s of 7mamAbu aneefah and "hese s"uden"s and asso#ia"es of his.

<-ahimahumullah 2aala>.4

1;. The A<e&e)t: =The Q(&aa) a)d Hadeetha&e 3e#"&e (s. We %a), the&e#"&e, &e#e& di&e%tl5 t" it.>

1%.1 One =ho does no" possess 9u==a"*e*i;"ihaadiyyah jrefer "o no. 11kholds no ri,h" "o resor" "o i;"ihaad.

1%.& 7" is repor"ed from ara" Adi Bin aa"im <-adhiyallahu anhu> "ha"=hen "he Aaya": @And ea" and drinF un"il "he =hi"e "hread be#omesno"i#eable from "he bla#F "hread =as re?ealed he "ooF a =hi"e "hreadand a bla#F "hread and Fep" i". Durin, "he ni,h" he looFed a" i".o=e?er "he "=o "hreads =ere no" dis"in,uishable from ea#h o"her. 7n"he mornin, he informed -asoolullah <!allallahu alaihi =a sallam>.-asoolullah <!allallahu alaihi =a sallam> responded: @Eour pillo= is

ex#ep"ionally hu,e for "he =hi"e and bla#F "hreads <=hi#h a#"uallyimply "he da=n li,h" and darFness of "he ni,h"> "o be under your pillo=.

3o"=i"hs"andin, "he fa#" "he "his !ahaabi =as a na"i?e =ho spoFe "heArabi# lan,ua,e he erred in unders"andin, "he purpor" of "he uraani#Aaya" in ?ie= of him no" possessin, 9u==a"*e*i;"ihaadiyyah.-asoolullah <!allallahu alaihi =a sallam> brou,h" his mis"aFe "o his

no"i#e in a humorous =ay. 7n some o"her Ahadee"h 3abi <!allallahualaihi =a sallam> did no" ?oi#e his disappro?al of i;"ihaad from #er"ain!ahaabah. 2his indi#a"es "ha" "he !ahaabi here did no" possess 9u==a"*e*i;"ihaadiyyah and hen#e 3abi <!allallahu alaihi =a sallam> did no"#redi" him for his opinion and per#ep"ion.

1%./ 7" is repor"ed from ara" 7bn Masood <-adhiyallahu anhu> "ha"-asoolullah <!allallahu alaihi =a sallam> said: @May Allah 2aHala Feep

4 a=aaid fi 8loomil adee"h p. &1&1



"ha" person happy and prosperous =ho lis"ens "o my adee"h re"ains i"remembers i" and deli?ers i" "o o"hers. 7ndeed many of "hose =ho passon Fno=led,e are no" "hemsel?es ?ersed in Fno=led,e and of"en a person passes on Fno=led,e "o someone =ho unders"ands i" more "han"he one =ho deli?ered "o him. G!haafii Baiha9i in MadFhal Ahmad 2irmi"hi AbuDa=ood 7bn Maa;ah and Daarimi =ho repor"s from ara" Caid Bin2haabi".

2here is #lari"y in "his adee"h "ha" some afies of adee"h do no"unders"and "he meanin,s of "he adee"h or possess li""le unders"andin,of i".

1%.4 2he simple and s"rai,h"for=ard "es" in "his ma""er is "o "aFe ahundred by*la=s from a $i9hi Fi"aab in =hi#h "he dalaail jproofsk areno" men"ioned a" random from ?arious #hap"ers and "ra#e "heir sour#esin "he uraan and adee"h. $ur"hermore "he prin#iples ,o?ernin, "he by*la=s should be pro?en from "he "ex" or indi#a"ions of "he uraan andadee"h or =i"h sound ra"ional ar,umen"s. On#e "his assi,nmen" is#omple"e i" should be #ompared "o "he ans=ers and proofs of "he

$u9aha. 2hen one =ill =aFe up "o "he limi" of ones in"elli,en#e and "he=or"h of "he $u9ahas in"elli,en#e. 7nsha Allah "his =ill be#ome e?iden""o one and in fu"ure one =ill no" ?en"ure "o maFe su#h a #laim.

1%.5 ara" Abdullah Bin MubaaraF <-ahma"ullahi alaih> fur"hermoresaid:

@ad i" no" been for "he fa#" "ha" Allah 2aHala res#ued me

"hrou,h "he medium of Abu aneefah and !ufyaan 7=ould ha?e been ;us" liFe "he o"hers.

7n o"her =ords Allah 2aHala sa?ed him "hrou,h 7mam Abu aneefah and7mam !ufyaan 2ho=ri from "he perplexi"y and #onfusion =hi#h a raa=ijnarra"or of adee"hk is embroiled in =hen seein, "he #onfli#"in,Ahadee"h and opposin, narra"ions. 2he "=o 7mams <-adhiyallahuanhuma> =ould sho= him ho= "he "=o j#onfli#"in, adee"hsk are

&&



re#on#iled =hi#h narra"ion en;oys firs" preferen#e and "hey =ouldexplain "he meanin,s of "he "=o "o him.

7ndeed "his jperplexi"y and #onfusionk =as "he #ase =i"h no" one bu"many ru=aa" jplural of raa=ik. 2hey =ere res#ued by none o"her "han"he $u9aha*e*Muhaddi"heen "hose =ho =ere exper"s in ri=aaya" anddiraaya" j2radi"ions and reasonin, po=ersk.

ai 7yaadh rela"ed "he follo=in, in 2adreebul MadaariF under "he bio,raphy of Abdullah Bin ahb uraishi Misri "he pupil of 7mamMaaliF <-ahma"ullahi alaih> G./ pp. &/16:

@Eusuf Bin Adi said: 7 found some people "o be fa9eehs

no" Muhaddi"heen and some "o be muhaddi"hs no" fa9eehs.Only Abdullah Bin ahb did 7 find "o be a $a9eehMuhaddi"h and a aahid jBuru, sain" re#lusek.

7bn ahb said: ad i" no" been "ha" Allah 2aHala sa?ed me"hrou,h MaaliF and ai"h 7 =ould ha?e ,one as"ray. e=as asFed: o= is "ha" e replied: 7 immersed myself in adee"h and in #onse9uen#e 7 be#ame perplexed. 7

=ould "hen presen" my doub"s "o MaaliF and ai"h =ho=ould "ell me =hi#h adee"h "o "aFe and =hi#h "o dis#ardjon a##oun" of i"s unreliabili"y abro,a"ion or o"her fa#"or =arran"in, i"s non*appli#a"ionk. 2he end of ai 7yaadhs9uo"e.

afi 7bn Abdul Barr do#umen"ed "his in 7n"i9a =i"h a similar "ex". Our

!haiFh Muha99i9 o="hari <-ahimahullahu> anno"a"ed i" =i"h "hefollo=in, =ords:@7bn AsaaFirs "ex" =i"h his #hain "o 7bn ahb is: ad i" no" been for MaaliF bin Anas and ai"h bin !ad 7 =ould ha?e perished. 7 =as under "he impression "ha" e?ery"hin, repor"edfrom 3abi <!allallahu alaihi =a sallam> had "o be #arried ou".7n one narra"ion i" appears: 7 =ould ha?e ,one as"ray i.e.in ?ie= of "he #onfli#" be"=een "he Ahadee"h =hi#h happens

"o many ru=aa" =ho are s"ran,ers "o $i9h =ho #anno"

&/



dis"in,uish be"=een a adee"h =i"h =hi#h pra#"i#e is

asso#ia"ed from one unliFe "he pre?ious.5

1%.6 ai Bishr Bin aleed said: @e =ould be by !ufyaan Bin

8yainah. hen a problema"i# mas*alah =ould #ome "o us he j7mam!ufyaank =ould asF: 7s "here anyone here from "he As*haab js"uden"sasso#ia"esk of 7mam Abu aneefah My name =ould be "aFen. ej7mam !ufyaank =ould say j"o mek: Ans=er. 7 =ould "hen ans=er. e

=ould "hen remarF: !afe"y in Deen is "o "urn "o "he $u9aha.6

11. What is Q(--at2e2I$tihaadi55ah

11.1 3o= lis"en "o "he adee"hs from =hi#h "he na"ure of 9u==a"*e*i;"ihaadiyyah =ill be#ome manifes".

Hadeeth One: 7" is repor"ed from ara" Abdullah Bin Masood<-adhiyallahu anhu> "ha" -asoolullah <!allallahu alaihi =a sallam>

s"a"ed: @2he uraan =as re?ealed in se?en diale#"s. )?ery Aaya" has anapparen" meanin, and an inner meanin,. And for e?ery horion "here isa ?ie=. <7n o"her =ords: "he ex"ernal purpor" of "he Aayaa" #an beunders"ood "hrou,h Arabi# lin,uis"i#s and "he hidden purpor" "hrou,hin"elle#"ual and reasonin, po=ers.> GMishFaa" !hareef from !harhus !unnah

Hadeeth Two: 8r=ah Bin Cubair repor"s: @7 en9uired from Aishah<-adhiyallahu anha> abou" "his Aaya": erily !afa and Mar=ah areamon, "he salien" si,ns of j"he Deen ofk Allah 2aHala. 2hus =hoe?er performs a; or 8mrah "here is no sin on him if he maFes saee be"=een"he "=o. 7 said: 2his Aaya" "ea#hes "ha" "here is no sin on a person =hodoes no" maFe saee of !afa and Mar=ah <=hi#h is "he apparen" purpor"of "he Aaya" be#ause =hen "here is no sin in maFin, saee "he apparen"

5 a=aaid fi 8loomil adee"h pp/1%116 7bid p. //%

&4



meanin, is "ha" saee is permi""ed. 7f one does no" maFe saee "hen "oo i"=ill be permissible.> ara" Aishah <-adhiyallahu anha> replied: O 3ephe=q Eou ha?e made a bi, mis"aFe. 7f "his Aaya" mean" =ha" youha?e unders"ood from i" "hen i" =ould ha?e read: 2here is no sin in no"maFin, saee be"=een "he "=o. GMaaliF BuFhari Muslim Abu Da=ood 2irmi"hi and 3asaai.

Hadeeth Three: !peaFin, on "he ?ir"ues of "he !ahaabah ara"7bn Masood <-adhiyallahu anhu> said: @2hey are "he mos" ?ir"uous of "he en"ire 8mmah "heir hear"s are pure "hey possessed "he deepes"Fno=led,e and "hey =ere ?ery open and informal.

G-aeen.

Hadeeth Four: ara" 7bn Juhaifah repor"s: @7 asFed Ali<-adhiyallahu anhu>: Do you ha?e some Fno=led,e =hi#h is no" foundin "he uraan e responded: 7 "aFe an Oa"h in "ha" Bein, ho spli""he seed and #rea"ed lifeq e do no" ha?e any Fno=led,e ex#ep" for adis"in#" per#ep"ion =hi#h Allah 2aHala ,ran"s "o =home?er e =ishes in

junders"andin,k "he uraan. GBuFhari 2irmi"hi and 3asaai.

Hadeeth Five: ara" Caid Bin 2haabi" <-adhiyallahu anhu>repor"s: @Durin, "he o##asion of "he ba""le =i"h "he people of Eamaamah Abu BaFr <-adhiyallahu anhu> sen" someone "o #all me.hen 7 #ame "o him 7 sa= 8mar <-adhiyallahu anhu> si""in, by him.

Abu BaFr <-adhiyallahu anhu> spoFe "o me and said: 8mar #ame "o meand ad?ised me "ha" many urra of "he uraan fell. e said: 7 fear "ha"if "his #on"inues "hen a ma;or por"ion of "he uraan =ill be los" "o us.2herefore my ad?i#e is "ha" you ins"ru#" "he #ompila"ion of "he uraan.7 responded: o= #an 7 do some"hin, =hi#h -asoolullah <!allallahualaihi =a sallam> ne?er did 8mar replied: allahq 2here is only ,oodin "his. e repea"ed "his o?er and o?er a,ain un"il 7 =as #on"en"ed and 7unders"ood =ha" he had unders"ood.

GBuFhari and 2irmi"hi.

&5



$rom "he aforemen"ioned $i?e adee"hs #olle#"i?ely "he follo=in, poin"s are #lear:!ome meanin,s of "he 3usoos juraan and adee"h "ex"sk are apparen"and some of "he purpor"s are hidden and sub"le. 2he la""er are mys"eriesreasons and =isdom.2he le?el of unders"andin, "he 3usoos ?ary amon, indi?iduals. !omeonly unders"and "he apparen" meanin,s =hils" o"hers pene"ra"e "hehidden meanin,s.7n "his dispari"y in #omprehension ?ir"ue and meri" is no" due "o meredifferen#e in #omprehension as "his is "he #ase =i"h any "=o indi?iduals.-a"her "his ?ir"ue and meri" is ex#lusi?e "o a spe#ial le?el of dep"h and

pene"ra"ion and "his is "he le?el of Fno=led,e =or"h of #onsidera"ion.2his spe#ial le?el of unders"andin, is no" "he produ#" of human effor". 7"is Allah*,i?en.

2hus "he summary of i"s j9u==a"*e*i;"ihaadiyyahsk na"ure as#on#luded from "he abo?e Ahadee"h is "ha" i" is an ex#lusi?e Allah*,i?en profi#ien#y and po=er of #omprehension and dedu#"ion by ?ir"ue of =hi#h "hose =ho possess "his po=er dis#o?er "he hidden purpor" and

sub"le meanin,s of "he 3usoos and "he mys"eries and reasons for "heAhFaam per"ainin, "o pra#"i#e and belief in su#h a ma""er "ha" "hey are#on"en"ed. O"hers #anno" pene"ra"e =here "hey ha?e pene"ra"ed.

!ome"imes ho=e?er "heir hear"s are #on"en"ed =i"h ano"her ?ie=. 7nsu#h a #ase "hey re"ra#" "heir firs" ?ie=.

2his po=er is #alled fehm fi9h raai i;"ihaad is"imbaa" and o"her "ermsalso are used "o refer "o i" in "he Aayaa" and Ahadee"h.

&6



1!. The Q(esti") "# the Aiah2e2($tahidee) P&"hi3iti)* thei& Taqleed

1&.1 Question: 2he Aimmah*e*Mu;"ahideen ha?e "hemsel?es said"ha" i" is no" la=ful "o pra#"i#e on "heir s"a"emen"s un"il "he proof isFno=. 2hus "hose =hom you maFe 2a9leed of prohibi" "his selfsame2a9leed.

Response: 2he audien#e of "he abo?e s"a"emen" of "he Mu;"ahideenis no" "hose people =ho do no" possess 9u==a"*e*i;"ihaadiyyaho"her=ise "his s"a"emen" of "heirs =ill firs"ly #lash =i"h "hose Ahadee"h=hi#h permi" 2a9leed =hi#h =e ha?e men"ioned earlier and se#ondly i"=ill #lash =i"h "heir pra#"i#e and o"her s"a"emen"s of "heirs.

2he #lash =i"h "heir pra#"i#e is "ha" i" is no" do#umen"ed any=here "ha""he Mu;"ahideen =ould furnish proof =hen ans=erin, ea#h and e?ery persons 9ues"ion. !imilarly "here =as no s"ri#" adheren#e "o re#orddalaail jproofsk =i"h "heir $a"aa=a =hi#h "hey #ompiled as is e?iden" in

"he i"aabs su#h as: Jaami !a,heer e"#. 7" is an ob?ious fa#" "ha" anans=er is ,i?en for "he saFe of pra#"i#e =he"her "he ans=er is ?erbal or re#orded in a booF. 2hus "his pra#"i#e of "heirs is 2a9leed per se.

2he #lash jof "he abo?emen"ioned s"a"emen"k =i"h "heir o"her s"a"emen"sis "ha" i" is repor"ed in idaayah A==alain e"#. from 7mam Abu Eusuf <-ahma"ullahi alaih> "ha" if a person has blood remo?ed from his bodyin "he s"a"e of fas"in, and "hereaf"er he in"en"ionally ea"s or drinFs

"hinFin, "ha" his fas" had broFen on "he basis of "he adee"h: @2he fas"of bo"h "he #upper and "he one =ho =as #upped is broFen "hen su#h a person =ill ha?e "o ne#essarily Feep Faffaarah. Presen"in, "he ar,umen"for "his mas*alah 7mam Abu Eusuf says: @7" is obli,a"ory on a laymanji.e. a non*Aalimk "o expli#i"ly follo= "he $u9aha as he has nounders"andin, of "he Ahadee"h.

2his s"a"emen" #learly sho=s "ha" "he former s"a"emen" of "heMu;"ahideen is addressed "o "hose =ho possess 9u==a"*e*i;"ihaadiyyah

&'



no" "o "hose =ho la#F "his po=er. A##ordin,ly refle#"in, on "ha"s"a"emen" re?eals "his res"ri#"ion. 2his is due "o "he fa#" "ha" "he =ords:@un"il "he proof is no" Fno=n e?in#es "ha" "hey =ere speaFin, "o people =ho had "he po"en"ial "o #omprehend "he dalaail. One =ho la#Fs9u==a"*e*i;"ihaadiyyah may be able "o lis"en "o "he proof he #anno"ho=e?er #omprehend "he proof.

7" is "aFleef*e*maa laa yu"aa9 jimposin, "he unbearablek =hi#h is !hari*=ise baa"il jnull and ?oidk for a person =ho la#Fs "he po=er "o#omprehend "he proofs "o "ry "o #omprehend "he proofs. 2hus i" ise?iden" "ha" "his address ji.e. "he s"a"emen" of "he Mu;"ahideen in "he9ues"ionk is dire#"ed "o a !aahib*e*7;"ihaad no" "o a non*Mu;"ahid.

1&.& 7bn 2aimiyyah s"a"es: @2he Aimmah barrin, 2a9leed is only inrela"ion "o one =ho has "he po=er "o dra= AhFaam from "he dalaail.

G$a"aa=a 7bn 2aimiyyah.'

' Al*alaamul Mufeed fi 7"hbaa"i" 2a9leed p. &//&



1'. The E&&"& "# J(d*i)* the Ahadeeth "# theF(qaha ") the C&ite&ia "# the(haddithee)

1/.1 7n so far as "hose Ahadee"h are #on#erned =hi#h are dhaeef a##ordin, "o "he Muhaddi"heen firs"ly all "hose rules and prin#iples are presump"i?e on =hi#h "he Muhaddi"heen ha?e based "he s"ren,"h and=eaFness of "he Ahadee"h and in =hi#h "he ma;or fa#"or is "he#reden"ials of "he raa=i jnarra"ork. A##ordin,ly in #er"ain prin#iples "he

Muhaddi"heen "hemsel?es are spli".

!imilarly a raa=i bein, "hi9ah jreliablek or ,hair*"hi9ah junreliablek isalso presump"i?e ji.e. spe#ula"i?e no" #a"e,ori#alk. en#e "heMuhaddi"heen differ in re,ard "o many narra"ors. $ur"hermore preferen#e for de#larin, a narra"or unreliable o?er his reliabili"y is#ondi"ional "o many res"ri#"ions and i" is no" a##ep"ed "ha" all "he

#ondi"ions are found e?ery=here. 2he booFs on "his sub;e#" re?eal "he?era#i"y of "his poin".

hen "hese rules and prin#iples are presump"i?e "hen ho= #an "hey be bindin, on all hen "he $u9aha ha?e formula"ed o"her prin#iples "o ;ud,e "he s"ren,"h and =eaFness of "he Ahadee"h on "he basis of dalaailas appears in "he 8sool*e*$i9h i"aabs "here is no reason "hen for ob;e#"ion. 2hus i" is 9ui"e possible "ha" a #er"ain adee"h is unreliable

in "he li,h" of "he Muhaddi"heens s"andards bu" a##ordin, "o "hes"andards of "he $u9aha "he same adee"h is =or"hy of bein, a basis for formula"in, AhFaam.

!e#ondly dhuf or =eaFness is no" an inheren" 9uali"y of a adee"h.Dhuf is due "o "he raa=i. 2hus i" is 9ui"e possible "ha" a Mu;"ahidre#ei?ed a adee"h =i"h a !aheeh sanad jau"hen"i# #haink and la"er on"he sanad =as "arnished by "he addi"ion of a =eaF narra"or. 2herefore

&(



"he la"er dhuf does no" harm "he earlier #on"en"ion and proof of "heMu;"ahid.

On#e "he Mu;"ahid has employed a adee"h in his ar,umen"Gbearin, inmind "ha" employin, a adee"h for "his purpose is dependen" on "heau"hen"i#i"y of "he adee"hG"hen "he Mu;"ahid has a#"uallyau"hen"i#a"ed "he adee"h. 2his is "he purpor" of "he 8lamas s"a"emen":@hen a Mu;"ahid ad?an#es a adee"h in his ar,umen" i" is hisau"hen"i#a"ion of "he adee"h. 2hus re,ardless of i"s sanad bein,doub"ful a##ordin, "o "he mu9allid "he adee"h =ill be ;ud,ed "o be!aheeh as is "he #ase =i"h "he 2alee9aa" of 7mam BuFhari<-ahma"ullahi alaih>. 2herefore "here is no disad?an"a,e "o "he

Mu;"ahids ar,umen" on a##oun" of su#h a adee"h.

1/.& 7" is only befi""in, "o men"ion here "ha" "he 2hulaa"hiyyaa"jAhadee"h in =hi#h "here are only / linFs "o -asoolullah <!allallahualaihi =a sallam>. 2hese Ahadee"h are mu#h pried by "heMuhaddi"heenk by 7mam BuFhari and o"her Muhaddi"heen are ?ery fe=.Eou #an ;ud,e from "his "ha" in "he en"ire BuFhari !hareef "here are no"more "han &%*&& 2hulaa"hiyyaa". 7mam Abu aneefah on "he o"her

hand by ?ir"ue of him bein, earlier and a 2aabii his narra"ions are predominan"ly 2hulaa"hiyyaa". 7n fa#" "here are e?en 2hunaaiyyaa"jAhadee"h =i"h only & linFs "o -asoolullah <!allallahu alaihi =a sallam>"o his #redi"k. en#e 7mam !haraani !haafii has =ri""en: @7 ha?es"udied au"hen"i# #opies of 7mam Abu aneefahs / Masaaneedjadee"h =orFs =i"h #hains "ha" are linFed "o -asoolullah !allallahualaihi =a sallamk endorsed by "he uffaa of adee"h. 7 found e?ery

adee"h "o be "he repor" of ex#ellen" and ri,h"eous 2aabieen "he liFesof As=ad Al9amah A"aa 7Frimah Mu;aahid MaFhool asan Basriand o"hers.

2hus be"=een 7mam Abu aneefah and "he Offi#e of -isaala"<!allallahu alaihi =a sallam> all "he narra"ors =ere hones" and up*ri,h"eous Aalims and "hey =ere eminen" Buru,s j!ain"sk. 3one of "hem =as a liar or one a##used of menda#i"y. 7" is for "his reason "ha" "he

Aimmah*e*adee"h and "he 8lama ha?e #on#luded "ha" "he Ahadee"h

/%



=i"h =hi#h "he Aimmah*e*Ma"booeen*e*Mu;"ahideen ha?e formula"ed$i9h are mu#h more reliable and a##redi"ed "han "he la"er Ahadee"h be#ause "hose illus"rious $u9aha =ere "he Asaa"iah j2ea#hers andMen"ors and in fa#" "he Asaa"iah of "he Asaa"iahk of "he la"er Muhaddi"heen. $ur"hermore "hey en;oyed a #loser proximi"y "o "he )raof -isaala" and "he !ahaabah. $alsehood had no" be#ome =idespread in"his hairul uroon j3obles" of A,esk. 2herefore =ha"e?er dhuf j=eaFness in "he Ahadee"hk de?eloped on a##oun" of "he ru=aa" i" =as

"he har?es" of "he follo=in, ,enera"ions.

Malfooaa"*e*Muhaddi"h*e*ashmiri pp. 14' /1



CHAPTER TWO: A ?e&5 h"&t ele%ti") "# theP&aises h"-e&ed 35 the Aiah "# theUah (@") Ia A3( Ha)ee#ah +Alaihi& Rahah/

1. hen "he Aaya" in !oorah Jumuah: @ and o"hers amon, "hem =hoha?e no" as ye" me" up =i"h "hem =as re?ealed -asoolullah<!allallahu alaihi =a sallam> said pla#in, his hand on ara" !almaan$arsi <-adhiyallahu anhu>: @7f 7maan ji.e. Deenk =as on Pleiades "henmenGor he saidGa person from "hem <i.e. "he Persians> =ould ha?erea#hed i". GBuFhari in i"aabu" 2afseer.

afi !uyoo"i said: @2his adee"h is an au"hen"i# and reliable basis for "he indi#a"ion "o be "aFen "o mean 7mam Abu aneefah.

2he s"uden" of afi !uyoo"i said: @Our 8s"aad =as #on?in#ed "ha" "hisadee"h si,nified 7mam Abu aneefah =i"hou" doub" be#ause no onefrom Persia a""ained "he ranF in 7lm e9ual "o him.

&. !amaani said in Ansaab: @e j7mam Abu aneefahk en,rossedhimself in "he pursui" of 7lm and =en" "o ex"reme len,"hs in a#9uirin, i"un"il he a#hie?ed =ha" no one besides him a#hie?ed. One day he #ame"o jhaleefahk Mansoor =hen 7sa Bin Abaan =as "here. e j7sa Bin

Abaank said "o Mansoor: @2his is "he Aalim of "he =orld "oday.(

/. Eaeed Bin aroon1% said: @7 me" a "housand men jAalimsMuhaddi"hsk and 7 =ro"e jAhadee"hk from mos" of "hem. 7 found fi?e of ( 2he 9uo"a"ions from no. & "ill no. 1% are all from a=aaid fi 8loomil adee"h pp./%*//11% e =as as s"a"ed by afi 7bn a;ar in 2eheebu" 2eheeb in his bio,raphy: @One of "he eminen" and =ell*Fno=n uffaa. Ahmad Bin ambal Ali Bin Madeeni and a hos"of o"hers ha?e repor"ed Ahadee"h from him.

/&



"hem "o be ,rea"er "han "he res" in $i9h 2a9=a and 7lm. 2he foremos"amon, "hem =as Abu aneefah.

4. 7" is repor"ed from Abdullah Bin MubaaraF: @7 #ame "o ufa11 and 7

asFed "he 8lama "here =ho "he ,rea"es" Aalim in "heir land =as All=i"hou" ex#ep"ion "ooF "he name of 7mam Abu aneefah.

5. afi 7bn husru repor"ed =i"h his #hain from Muhammad Bin!alamah "ha" halaf Bin Ayyoob said: @7lm #ame do=n from Allah2aHala "o Muhammad <!allallahu alaihi =a sallam>. 2hen i" passed on"ohis !ahaabah "hen "o "he 2aabieen. 2hen i" =en" "o Abu aneefah andhis As*haab.

7" is no" a hidden fa#" "ha" 7lm in "ha" a,e =as no"hin, o"her "han 7lmuladee"h =al uraan. 2he ,rea"es" Aalim in "ha" "ime "herefore =as he=ho had "he mos" Fno=led,e of "he uraan and adee"h.

6. 7bnul ayyim said in 7laamul Mu=a99ieen "ha" Eahya Bin Aadam1&

said: @3umaan j7mam Abu aneefahk ,a"hered all "he adee"h of his

#i"y. is ,ae =as "hus on "he final "radi"ions =hi#h 3abi <!allallahualaihi =a sallam> lef" behind.

'. 2he is"orian 7bn haldoon said: @ha" indi#a"es "ha" he j7mamAbu aneefahk =as amon, "he senior Mu;"ahideen in "he !#ien#e of adee"h is "ha" his Ma"h*hab ,ained a##ep"an#e amon, "hem and "hey"urned "o i" and ,a?e i" re#o,ni"ion af"er dis#ussion and in?es"i,a"ion.

. 7bn a;ar said in his alaaid "ha" !ufyaan 2ho=ri said: @7n fron" of Abu aneefah =e =ere liFe sparro=s in fron" of a ha=F. erily Abuaneefah =as "he leader of "he 8lama.

11 7ndeed ufa =as "he home of 15%% !ahaabah amon, =hom '% =ere Badris lea?ealone "he o"her #i"ies of 7ra9. -efer "o $i9hu Ahlil 7ra9 =a adee"huhum by 7mamo="hari p. 4&.1& e is amon, "he !huyooFh of "he !huyooFh of 7mam BuFhari. is adee"hs aredo#umen"ed in !aheeh BuFhari. e =as a #on"emporary of 7mam Abu aneefah inufa.

//



Musayyab and "he $u9aha of Madinah and "heir #oun"erpar"s "he liFesof Al9amah As=ad ai !huraih and "heir liFe. 2hen 7braheem 3aFhai Aamir !habi aFam Bin 8"aibah Mansoor Bin 8"aibah up

"o !ufyaan 2ho=ri Abu Haneefah, 7bn Abi ailah and !hareeF

up "o aFee Bin Jarraah Abu Eusuf and Muhammad Bin asan and"heir peers.14

1/. e j7bn 2aimiyyahk said in ano"her pla#e: @2he 7mams of "he 8lamaof adee"h 2afseer 2asa==uf and $i9h su#h as "he four 7mams jAbuaneefah !haafii MaaliF and 7bn ambalk and "heir follo=ers ji.e."heir s"uden"sk...

14. 7mam BuFhari <-ahma"ullahi alaih> s"a"es: @7 ne?er found myself more inferior and barren by anyone o"her "han 7bn Madeeni. 2his same7bn Madeeni "o,e"her =i"h 7mam Ahmad and Eahya Bin Maeen are "hes"uden"s of Eahya Bin !aeed Al*a""aan. And he jEahya Bin !aeed Al*a""aank =ould "ea#h "hem =i"h su#h pomp be"=een Asr and Ma,hrib"ime "ha" he =ould re#line a,ains" a pillar of "he Mas;id and "hese "hree=ould be s"andin, in fron" of him =i"h arms folded lis"enin, "o his dars

jle#"ure lessonk of adee"h and unra?ellin, "heir 9ueries and doub"sre,ardin, Ahadee"h and Masaail.

2hen "aFe no"e "ha" Eahya Al*a""aan has been lis"ed by Allaamahurduri amon, "he s"uden"s of 7mam Abu aneefah and amon, his Ahl*e*!hura j#onsul"a"ion membersk of his Ma"h*hab.

e =ould a""end "he lessons of 7mam Abu aneefah and reap "he benefi". e =ould ,i?e fa"=a on 7mam !ahebs Ma"h*hab. e =as "hefirs" au"hor of 2aareeFh*e*-i;aal jBio,raphy of "he narra"ors of adee"hk.

e jEahya Bin !aeed Al*a""aank says in re,ard "o 7mam Abuaneefah: @Allah is =i"ness "ha" 7 do no" speaF a lie =hen 7 say "ha" 7

14 3o. 1& and 1/ ha?in, been "aFen from "he Mu9addamah of 2abyeedhus !aheefah=i"h referen#e "o Minhaa;us !unna"in 3aba=iyyah

/5



did no" find anyone more #orre#" in ;ud,emen" "han 7mam Abu

aneefah. And 7 subs#ribe "o mos" of his ?ie=s.15

15. afi*e*adee"h MaFFi Bin 7braheem =as "he 7mam of "he

Muhaddi"heen of BalFh and he is "he 8s"aad of 7mam BuFhari. 7mamBuFhari has in#luded many of his narra"ions in BuFhari !hareef. $romamon, "he lof"ies" sanadG"he && 2hulaa"hi Ahadee"hGof BuFhari!hareef &% alone are from anafi narra"ors and 11 are from MaFFi Bin7braheem alone. 2his ,rea" dis"in#"ion jof "he number of 2hulaa"hiyyaa"in BuFhari !hareefk is by ?ir"ue of "he predominan" anafi narra"ors.

e jMaFFi Bin 7braheemk is also a s"uden" of 7mam Abu aneefah =ho

s"ayed =i"h him and learn" from him day and ni,h". e says: @7mamAbu aneefah =as "he ,rea"es" Aalim of his "ime. And Aalim in "he parlan#e of "he Muhaddi"heen is he =ho is a##omplished in "he "ex" and#hains <mu"oon =a isnaad> of "he Ahadee"h.

16. 7" is only befi""in, "o men"ion here "ha" "he 2hulaa"hiyyaa"jAhadee"h in =hi#h "here are only / linFs "o -asoolullah !allallahu

alaihi =a sallamk by 7mam BuFhari and "he o"her Muhaddi"heen are?ery fe=. Eou #an ;ud,e from "his "ha" in "he en"ire BuFhari !hareef "here are no" more "han &%*&& 2hulaa"hiyyaa". 7mam Abu aneefah on"he o"her hand by ?ir"ue of him bein, earlier and a 2aabii hisnarra"ions are predominan"ly 2hulaa"hi. 7n fa#" "here are e?en2hunaaiyyaa" jAhadee"h =i"h only & linFs "o -asoolullah <!allallahualaihi =a sallam> "o his #redi"k. en#e 7mam !haraani !haafii has=ri""en: @7 ha?e s"udied au"hen"i# #opies of 7mam Abu aneefahs /

Masaaneed jadee"h =orFs =i"h #hains "ha" are linFed "o -asoolullah!allallahu alaihi =a sallamk endorsed by "he uffaa of adee"h. 7found e?ery adee"h "o be "he repor" of ex#ellen" reliable and ri,h"eous2aabieen "he liFes of As=ad Al9amah A"aa 7Framah Mu;aahidMaFhool asan Basri and o"hers.

2hus be"=een 7mam Abu aneefah and "he Offi#e of -isaala"<!allallahu alaihi =a sallam> all "he narra"ors =ere hones" and up*

15 3os 14 15 and 16 are from Malfooaa"*e*Muhaddi"h*e*ashmiri pp. 145*'./6



ri,h"eous Aalims and "hey =ere eminen" Buru,s j!ain"sk. 3one of "hem=as a liar or one a##used of menda#i"y.

1'. hen su#h lof"y ?ir"ues are pro?en for 7mam Abu aneefah =i"hsu#h s"ron, e?iden#es "hen ho= #an "here be any doub" in hisFno=led,e and ,uidan#e And "his is "he "ou#hs"one of leadership inDeen and reason for his 2a9leed. And "his is "he ob;e#"i?e of "hisdis#ussion.

/'



CHAPTER THREE: The Ha)a#i Dalaail #"& Ce&tai) C")te)ti"(s asaail

ere =e presen" "he adee"h proofs for #er"ain #on"en"ious issues "osho= "ha" "he anafiyyah do follo= "he adee"h. 2es"ifyin, "o "his fa#"7mam 7bn 2aimiyyah s"a"es:

@2he anafiyyah are from "he Ahlus !unnah =al Jamaah and "heAhlus !unnah are "he Ahlul adee"h.

GMinhaa;us !unnah16

e ha?e suffi#ed here =i"h "he bare minimum.

1. (h& alaah A#te& the had"- "# O3$e%tsEB%eeds the O&i*i)al Le)*th

Abu 2harr <-adhiyallahu anhu> repor"s "he follo=in,: @e =ere =i"h-asoolullah <!allallahu alaihi =a sallam> on ;ourney. 2he Muain=an"ed "o ,i?e "he Aaan. -asoolullah <!allallahu alaihi =a sallam>said: e" "he "empera"ure #ool do=n. Af"er some "ime "he Muain=ished "o ,i?e a,ain. -asoolullah <!allallahu alaihi =a sallam> said:e" i" #ool do=n more. 2he "ime passed un"il "he shado=s e9ualled "hedunes. 2hen -asoolullah <!allallahu alaihi =a sallam> said: 2he hea" of

summer is due "o "he flames of Jahannam. GBuFhari

2he #on"en"ion from "he abo?e adee"h is ob?ious. Obser?a"ion re?eals"ha" =hen "he shado= of a dune is e9ual "o i" "hen "he len,"h of "heshado= of o"her ji.e. smallerk ob;e#"s appear mu#h lon,er "han on#e"heir sie. 3o= =hen Aaan is ,i?en a" "his "ime "hen i" is ob?ious "ha""he shado= of ob;e#"s =ill ex#eed "heir ori,inal len,"h before "he !alaa"

16 7mdaadul $a"aa=a .6 p. 4/



is #omple"ed. $rom "his i" is es"ablished "ha" "he "ime of Cuhr remainse?en af"er one mi"hl ji.e. "he ori,inal len,"h of ob;e#"sk.

!. The Feet i) Qi5aa

&.1 7" appears in !unanun 3asaai <11/&> in Baabus !affi bainaladamain fis !alaah: @Abdullah sa= a person readin, !alaah =hils" hehad made saff of his fee". e remarFed: e has erred in "he sunna". 7f he had made muraa=ahah i" =ould appeal "o me more.

!aff here means "o pu" "he fee" "o,e"her. Muraa=ahah a#"ually means "ores" on one foo" a li""le and "hen on "he o"her o=e?er Feepin, "hefee" sli,h"ly apar" is also muraa=ahah. And in all probabili"y i" isin"ended here. 7n any #ase from "his jadee"hk i" is pro?en "ha" "he fee"

should no" be Fep" =ide apar".1'

&.& 2he meanin, of ;oinin, anFles "o anFles jin "he adee"h:

@2hereaf"er 7 sa= "ha" a man =ould a""a#h his shoulder "o "he shoulder of his #ompanion <"he one s"andin, alon,side> his Fnee "o "he Fnee of his #ompanion and his anFle "o "he anFle of his #ompanion.GBuFhariand Abu Da=oodk is "ha" e?eryone in "he Jamaah should s"and

alon,side "he o"her <i.e. in a s"rai,h" line>.1

&./ 7" should be no"ed "ha" "he emphasis is on #losin, "he ,aps jin

Jamaa" !alaa"k. 2here should be no ,ap be"=een "=o musallis s"andin,in "he saff. Bu" "he =ider "he le,s are spread apar" "he more "he dis"an#e be"=een "he shoulders =ill in#rease. 2hus spreadin, "he le,s =ide apar"defea"s "he ?ery #ommand issued in "he adee"h "o #lose "he ,aps ands"rai,h"en "he sufoof.

1' Maaarifus !unan . & pp. 1((1 3os &.& and &./ are ex#erp"s from 2he $ee" in !alaa"G2he !alafi )rror pp. 5 ' and (.

/(



7n order "o a#hie?e foo" "o foo" li"erally "he !alafis are #ons"rained "o"urn "heir fee" a" an,les a=ay from "he iblah. 7n "his hideous exer#ise"hey mana,e only "o "ou#h "he "oes of "he nex" musalli =i"h mu#hdiffi#ul"y and irri"a"ion "o "hose =hose pea#e of mind is dis"urbed =i"h"he unruly en#roa#hmen" of his #ompanions "oes. hen "he "oes aremade "o "ou#h =i"h "he fee" in dia,onal posi"ions "he shoulders #anno""ou#h "he Fnees anFles ne#Fs e"#. are "hro=n #omple"ely ou" of ali,nmen".

hen shoulders are no" lined up i" is impossible "o a#hie?e s"rai,h"sufoof. 7" is for "his reason "ha" "he adee"h emphasises more onshoulders. $ee" are men"ioned only on#e. 2he !ahaabah and "he

2aabieen rela"e "he ins"ru#"ion "o line up and s"rai,h"en "he saff "o "heshoulders ne#Fs Fnees anFles and "he fee". 7n o"her =ords all "heseshould be in line no" ou" of ali,nmen". 7" is for "his reason "ha" "headee"h #learly men"ions "ha" "he hulafa*e*-aashideen in fa#"-asoolullah <!allallahu alaihi =a sallam> himself =ould order pro"rudin, #hes"s "o re#ede in"o line. 3e?er did any of "he Au"hori"ies of "he !hariah speaF abou" fee" =hi#h should "ou#h.

7n "he adop"ion of "he !alafi mode "he mo?emen" is ex#essi?e in !alaa". 3ei"her is proper -uFu nor proper !a;dah possible if "his hideous pos"ure has "o be re"ained "hrou,hou" !alaa". 7n fa#" !a;dah is no" a" all possible =i"h "he fee" spread =ide apar". 2herefore "he !alafis are#ons"rained "o shif" posi"ions repea"edly =hen ,oin, in"o -uFu. 2hisex#essi?e mo?emen" in !alaa" is ne,a"ory of Fhushoo.

'. Ra#a adai) O)l5 at the 9e*i))i)*

/.1 7" is repor"ed from Al9amah "ha" ara" Abdullah Bin Masood<-adhiyallahu anhu> said: @!hall 7 sho= you "he !alaah of -asoolullah<!allallahu alaihi =a sallam> e "hen performed !alaah and he lif"edhis hands only a" "he be,innin, <i.e. a" "he "ime of 2aFbeer*e*2ahreemah>.

4%



G2irmi"hi =ho desi,na"ed i" asan. e also said "ha"Baraa repor"ed some"hin, similar.

/.& 7" is repor"ed from ara" Baraa "ha" -asoolullah <!allallahu alaihi=a sallam> =ould raise his hands #lose "o his ears =hen #ommen#in,!alaah and "hereaf"er he =ould no" repea" i". GAbu Da=ood

0. F"ldi)* the Ha)ds 9el"- the Na<el

4.1 7" is repor"ed from Abu Juhaifah "ha" ara" Ali <-adhiyallahu anhu>said: @2he !unna" =ay in !alaah is "o Feep "he hands belo= "he na?el. GAbu Da=ood

4.& Abu aail repor"s "ha" ara" Abu urairah <-adhiyallahu anhu>said: @oldin, one hand =i"h "he o"her in !alaah "his is belo= "hena?el. GAbu Da=ood

4. ""&ah Faatihah h"(ld N"t 3e Re%ited 35the (qtadi

5.1 7" is repor"ed from Abu Moosa Ashari and Abu urairah<-adhiyallahu anhuma>: @hen "he 7mam re#i"es "hen you should

main"ain silen#e. GMuslim Abu Da=ood 3asaai and 7bn Maa;ah

7n "he abo?e adee"h "here is no men"ion of or res"ri#"ion =i"h "he!alaah bein, !irri or Jahri. 3or is "here any res"ri#"ion "o Alhamdu or a!oorah. 7n fa#" !alaah in ,eneral is men"ioned and iraa" in ,eneral.2hus all jforms of !alaahG!irri and JahriGand 9iraa"GAlhamdu and"he !oorahk are in#luded jin "he prohibi"ionk. 2hus "he ob;e#"i?e is

#learly indi#a"ed.

41



5. & 7n so far as "he adee"h: @2here is no !alaa" for one =ho does no"re#i"e !oorah $aa"ihah is #on#erned i" applies "o a person =ho is performin, !alaah alone. 7" is no" addressed "o one =ho reads behind "he7mam. 2his is #onfirmed by "he follo=in, adee"h*e*Mo=9oof: Abu 3uaim repor"s from ahb Bin aisaan "ha" he heard "he !ahaabiJaabir Bin Abdullah sayin,: @7f anyone performs a -aFaa" =i"hou"Alhamdu "hen "here is no =ay ou" jof "he harm "o his !alaahk o"her "hanhim bein, behind "he 7mam. G2irmi"hi =ho said "ha" "he adee"h is asan !aheeh.

5. / 2hen "he adee"h: @Do no" re#i"e any"hin, behind me besides

Alhamdu be#ause "he !alaah of "ha" person =ho does no" re#i"e i" is no"?alid does no" pro?e "he #ompulsion of $aa"ihah. 2he reason for "his is"ha" i" #ould possibly mean: 7n ?ie= of !oorah $aa"ihah en;oyin, "hes"a"us of !alaah bein, dependen" on i" for exis"en#e or perfe#"ion<a##ordin, "o "he differen#e of opinions> =e ,i?e permission for i"sre#i"al. 2hus a" mos" "he adee"h ,i?es permission for i"s re#i"al. 2heearlier prohibi"ion and "hen ex#lusion su,,es"s "his meanin, as =ell.2he adee"h #i"ed a" "he be,innin, ho=e?er prohibi"s i"s re#i"a"ion as

in i" "here is a ne,a"i?e #ommand namely @main"ainin, silen#e. 2husa##ordin, "o "he prin#iple: @hen a proof of permissibili"y and a proof of prohibi"ion #lash "he proof of prohibi"ion =ill "aFe preferen#e i" has"o be said "ha" "he permissibili"y has been abolished. 3o= "here remainsno doub" in "his mas*alah in "he li,h" of any adee"h.

6. Re%iti)* Aaee) "#tl5

6.1 Al9amah Bin aail repor"s from his fa"her "ha" -asoolullah<!allallahu alaihi =a sallam> read:

_ S ` K Wt L vS Z S Kw N ` KU SVS N Kt Q K ] S KL N ` KzSand "hen said Aameen sof"ly.

G2irmi"hi

4&



7" appears in Aini "ha" "his adee"h has been do#umen"ed by 7mamAhmad Abu Da=ood 2ayaalisi and Abu Eala Mo=sili in "heir Masaaneed 2abarani in his Mu;am Daara u"ni in his !unan andaaFim in his Mus"adraF =i"h "hese =ords:

{ SS K S w S c N T|} K LSZ S =hi#h means: @and he j-asoolullah !allallahu alaihi =a sallamk lo=eredhis ?oi#e =i"h i" jAameenk.

7n i"aabul iraa" aaFim do#umen"ed "he =ord ~ S | S} S jhe dropped<his ?oi#e>k. aaFim also said re,ardin, "his adee"h "ha" i"s #hain is

au"hen"i# al"hou,h BuFhari and Muslim ha?e no" repor"ed i".2irmi"hi expressed #er"ain doub"s re,ardin, "his adee"h. o=e?erAllaamah Aini has responded "o all. 2he summary of his responseappears in "he mar,inal no"es "o 3asaai Mu;"abaai Prin".

7. The Wa5 t" it i) Qadah Ahee&ah

'.1 7n adah AFheerah one should si" as one si"s in adah Oela.ara" Aishah <-adhiyallahu anha> repor"s "ha" -asoolullah <!allallahualaihi =a sallam> =ould re#i"e A""ahiyyaa" =i"h e?ery "=o -aFaa"s andhe =ould spread his lef" foo" and Feep "he ri,h" foo" ere#". GMuslim

7n "he abo?e adee"h "he pra#"i#e of -asoolullah <!allallahu alaihi =asallam> in "he manner of Feepin, "he fee" is men"ioned. 2he unres"ri#"edusa,e of "he =ords in#ludes bo"h adahs. $ur"hermore "he phrase=i"h e?ery "=o -aFaa"s #onfirms "his ,enerali"y.

'.& aail Bin u;r repor"s: @7 #ame "o Madinah and said: 7 am ,oin, "o=a"#h "he !alaah of -asoolullah <!allallahu alaihi =a sallam>. hen hej-asoolullah !allallahu alaihi =a sallamk sa" for 2ashahhud he spread

4/



ou" his lef" foo" Fep" his lef" hand on his lef" "hi,h and his ri,h" foo"ere#". G2irmi"hi =ho said "ha" "he adee"h is asan

!aheeh and "ha" mos" 8lama subs#ribe "o "his pra#"i#e.

Al"hou,h an a#" jof 3abi !allallahu alaihi =a sallamk is no" ,eneral per se ho=e?er in "he #ase =here "here are indi#a"ions presen" ,enerali"y#an be en"er"ained. 2he indi#a"ions here are "he follo=in,:2he !ahaabi purposefully =a"#hin, "he !alaah of -asoolullah<!allallahu alaihi =a sallam> =hi#h ,enerally ne#essi"a"es =a"#hin, onse?eral o##asionsis spe#ial men"ion of his obser?a"ion

7f "he manner of "he "=o adahs jfirs" and las"k =ere differen" "hen "he!ahaabi =ould ha?e men"ioned i" as re9uired be#ause main"ainin,silen#e in su#h a #ase =ould ,i?e a =ron, impression. $rom "hefore,oin, =e #an #on#lude "ha" bo"h si""in,s =ere "he same.

'./ 2he son of Abdullah Bin 8mar <-adhiyallahu anhu> repor"s from hisfa"her "ha" he said: @2he !unnah of !alaah is "o Feep "he foo" ere#" =i"h

"he "oes poin"in, "o "he iblah and si""in, on "he lef" foo". G3asaai

7n ?ie= of "his adee"h bein, 9o=li ji.e. a ?erbal de#lara"ionk "here is"herefore no su#h doub" as =i"h "he pre?ious adee"h be#ause in a?erbal "radi"ion "here is ,enerali"y.

8. a$dah "# a W"a)

A =oman should #ons"ri#" herself and le" her s"oma#h #lin, "o her "hi,hsas "his is more #on#ealmen" for her. And indeed she is an ob;e#" of #on#ealmen". 2his jmanner of !a;dahk is indi#a"ed in "he adee"hrepor"ed by Abu Da=ood in his Maraaseel: @3abi <!allallahu alaihi =asallam> passed by "=o =omen and said: hen you maFe !a;dah "hen

44



#ompress some of your body "o "he ,round. erily a =oman does no"

imi"a"e a man in "his ji.e. !a;dahk.1(

. D(a a#te& Fa&dh alaah -ith Raised Ha)ds

(.1 Allah !ubhaanahu =a 2aala de#lares: @On#e you are #omple"e "henexer" yourself and #on#ern yourself =i"h your -abb.

7mam Abu Abdillah Muhammad Bin Ahmad Ansaari ur"ubi said in Al*Jaamiu li AhFaamil uraan under "he abo?e Aaya": @7bn Abbaas and

a"aadah <-adhiyallahu anhuma> said: @hen you are #omple"e =i"hyour !alaah "hen exer" yourself in dua and asF im your need.

Abd Bin umaid and 7bn 3asr repor"ed from Dhah*haaF: @On#e you are#omple"e =i"h your $ardh !alaah.

Allaamah Muhammad Bin Ali !ho=Faani said in $a"*hul adeer: @On#eyou are #omple"e "hen exer" yourselfGa"aadah Dhah*haaF Mu9aa"il

and albi said: hen you ha?e #omple"ed your $ardh !alaah "henexer" yourself =i"h dua un"o your -abb and "urn "o im for your need

and e =ill ,i?e you. Mu;aahid also said "he same.&%

(.& 7mam afi ai"hami repor"ed in Ma;mau Ca=aaid fromMuhammad Bin Abi Eahya "ha" he said: @Abdullah Bin Cubair sa= a person =i"h raised hands maFin, dua before #omple"in, his !alaah.

hen he #omple"ed his !alaah he jAbdullah Bin Cubairk said: erily-asoolullah <!allallahu alaihi =a sallam> ne?er lif"ed his hands un"ilonly af"er #omple"in, his !alaah. G2abarani =ho "i"led i" Muhammad Bin Abi Eahya Al*Aslami and he de#lared i"s narra"ors "o be "hi9aa" jreliablek.

1( Al*Bahrur -aai9 . 1 p. 561&% 3os (.1G(./ are 9uo"a"ions from 7s"ihbaabud Dua badal $araaidh pp.% and 1%/.

45



7 j"he 0ompiler Moulana Abdul afee MaFFi afiahullahk say:@afi 7bn a;ar said in 3a"aai;ul AfFaar <&/1%>: 2his is a adee"h*e*asan. afi !uyoo"i said in $adh*dhul iaa af"er #i"in, "his adee"h:7"s narra"ors are "hi9aa".

(./ Allaamah Muhaddi"h !haiFh Abdul $a""aah Abu huddah said in hisde"ailed anno"a"ion of "he abo?e adee"h j#i"ed in (.&k in "he "rea"ise of !haiFh Allaamah Muhammad Ahdal Eamaani !unniyya"u -afil Eadainfid Dua: @Amon, "he !haahids jsuppor"in, Ahadee"hk of "he adee"hof Abdullah Bin Cubair #i"ed is "he one men"ioned earlier "alee9an from8"biyyah "he s"a"emen" of 7mam MaaliF: @7 sa= Aamir Bin AbdullahBin Cubair raisin, his hands =hils" si""in, af"er !alaah maFin, dua.

Apparen"ly "his pra#"i#e of Aamir =as adop"ed from "he adee"h of hisfa"her Abdullah Bin Cubair repor"ed by Aslami.

(.4 7" is repor"ed from Abu urairah "ha" -asoolullah <!allallahu alaihi=a sallam> raised his hands af"er maFin, !alaam and =hils" fa#in, "heiblah and he said: @O Allahq $ree aleed Bin aleed Ayyaash Bin-abeeah !alamah Bin ishaam and "he =eaF Muslims =ho #anno"s#heme ja =ay "o free "hemsel?esk and nor do "hey Fno= "he rou"es

sa?e "hem from Fuffaar*#ap"i?i"y. G7bn Abi aa"im and afi 7bn a"heer in his 2afseer 1

&/ !oorah 3isaa Aaya" 1%%.&1

(.5 7mam afi 7bn a"heer said in Al*Bidaayah =an 3ihaayah <6/&>: @And indeed Alaa =as amon, "he eminen" Aalims and Aabids of "he !ahaabah and one =hose duas =ould be a##ep"ed. 7" so happened in

"his #ampai,n "ha" "hey #amped a" a #er"ain pla#e. 2hey had no" e?en se"up #amp =hen "heir #amels fled =i"h all "he pro?isions "hey =ere#arryin, in#ludin, "heir "en"s and drinF. 2hey =ere lef" on "ha" ,round=i"h no"hin, besides "he #lo"hes "hey =ore. And i" =as ni,h" "ime. 2hey#ould no" re#ap"ure a sin,le #amel. 2he #on#ern and ,rief "ha" o?er"ooF "hem is indes#ribable. 2hey s"ar"ed impar"in, "heir final =ill "o ea#ho"her jas dea"h seemed ine?i"ablek.

&1 2halaa"hu -asaail li Abdil $a""aah Abi huddah p.1/%46



• K S KL TU SVS € S K L ‚ Q @2hen e es"ablished <and manifes"ed> imself on "he Arsh <=hi#hresembles "he 2hrone of a in, in a manner befi""in, is !ublime!elf>.

2his is pre#isely "he ?ie= of "he Jumhoor !alaf jO?er=helmin, ma;ori"yof "he $ormer 8lamak i.e.:

• Istiwa is in i"s li"eral sense.2he na"ure of "he li"eral meanin, is en"rus"ed "o Allah 2aHala.Del?in, in "he reali"y of i" is prohibi"ed.

2his prohibi"ion is only lo,i#al be#ause our men"al per#ep"ion isin#apable of #omprehendin, i" j"he reali"y of Allah 2aHalas Istiwak.2his is liFe a person =ho is born blind =ill be ad?ised no" "o del?e in"o"he na"ure of #olour for "he same reason ji.e. he is in#apable of #omprehendin, "he na"ure of #olourk.

And be=are of #omparin, is jAllah 2aHalask Istiwa "o your Istiwa

for indeed "he na"ure of an a""ribu"e differs in rela"ion "o "he holder of "he a""ribu"e. Caid se""lin, some=here is no" liFe "he mind se""lin, onan issue. !imilarly "he len,"h of a s"i#F is no" "he same i.e. i" does no"share "he same reali"y as "he len,"h of ni,h" no" =i"hs"andin, "he fa#""ha" bo"h se""lin, and len,"h are in "heir li"eral sense <in "he "=oexamples men"ioned>.

hen "he Mustawi j"ha" is "he Bein, ho has es"ablished and

manifes"ed imself on "he Arshk is unfa"homable in is )ssen#e is

Istiwa =ill undoub"edly be unfa"homable in reali"y. 2hus "here is no=ay "o ;ud,e One hose reali"y is unfa"homable =i"h an en"i"y =hose

reali"y is fa"homable. Eour Istiwa is in#on#ei?able for Allah 2aHala.&4

1%.& 2he safes" #ourse is no" "o dis#uss "his issue and lea?e "he na"ure of i" "o Allah 2aHala.

&4 7bid p.5%4



2he approa#h of "he illus"rious !alaf ji.e. Prede#essors $ormer 8lamak=as "ha" "he 3usoos juraani# 2ex"s and Ahadee"hGhere referen#e is "o"he alle,ori#al "ex"sk are in "heir li"eral senses. o=e?er "he na"ure and

essen#e of i" is no" Fno=n.&5

1%./ Istiwa and Uluw jof"inessk do no" ne#essi"a"e dire#"ion. 7f dire#"ion is de#lared jfor Allah 2aHala as "he de?ia"e !alafis falla#iously#laim "ha" Allah 2aHala is abo?e on is 2hronek "hen "he na"ure of

Istiwa is spe#ified =hi#h is in ?iola"ion "o "he belief of "he illus"rious

!alaf as "hey une9ui?o#ally s"a"e "ha" "he reali"y jof Istiwak is no"

Fno=n.

2o summarie "here are "=o dimensions "o Istiwa and Uluw:De#larin, dire#"ion jfor Allah 2aHalak.i"hou" de#larin, dire#"ion in fa#" de#larin, no dire#"ion.

2he firs" is "he do#"rine of "he Mu;assimah ja de?ian" se#" =ho subs#ribe

"o an"hropomorphismk and "he se#ond is "he do#"rine of "he Ahlus!unnah in =hi#h "he Muhaddi"heen and !oofiyah bo"h are in#luded.&6

1%.4 Dire#"ion jfor Allah 2aHalak is ne,a"ed "radi"ionally and ra"ionally.7n "radi"ion on "he basis of "he Aaya": @2here is none liFe un"o im.

-a"ionally for "his reason "ha" dire#"ion is #rea"ed and non*e"ernal

=hereas Allah 2aHala is pure from "he a""ribu"e of non*e"erni"y as "helo#a"ion of non*e"erni"y is also non*e"ernal.&'

1%.5 And ho= beau"ifully did 7mam MaaliF pu" i" =hen he =as asFed

abou" "his ji.e. Istiwa alal Arshk: “Istiwa is Fno=n "he manner is unFno=n del?in, in"o i" is bida" and belief in i" is in#umben".G

&5 7bid p.&5&6 7bid p.&5&' 7bid p. &5

4(



Mar,inal 3o"es of 3ibraas =i"h referen#e "o !harhul $i9hil AFbar by

Mulla Ali aari.&

2he bida" and dhalaala" <inno?a"ion and de?ia"ion> of "he modernis"

!alafis is "hus manifes" from 7mam MaaliFs s"a"emen". 2hey ha?eraised and dabbled in"o "his issue =i"hou" fear for "he deli#a"e na"ure of "he sub;e#" "hus exposin, "heir 7maan and "he 7maan of inno#en"Muslims "o Fufr. May Allah 2aHala pro"e#" us from "rans,ressin, "helimi"s.

1%.6 2his brin,s us "o "he 9ues"ion: here is Allah 2aHala 2his 9ues"ion"oo liFe "he pre?ious mas*alah is deli#a"e and del?in, in"o i" is un=ise.

7n fa#" for us =ho la#F exper"ise in !hari 8loom "o dis#uss "he issue isfrau,h" =i"h perils for our 7maan. And e?en if =e possessed deepFno=led,e of "he !hariah and 7slami# !#ien#es "hen "oo =ords la#F "hes#ope "o des#ribe "his as =ell as all "he 7nfini"e A""ribu"es of Allah Aa=a Alaa.

2he minimum re9uiremen" is "ha" =e belie?e in "he follo=in,:

Allah 2aHala de#lares: @)as" and =es" belon,s "o im. 2hus =here?er you "urn "he $a#e of Allah is "here.

2hus "he $a#e of Allah 2aHala is e?ery=here. 7n =ha" =ay and in =hi#hmanner is no" for our #on#ern. 7n fa#" i" is Fufr "o probe "he de"ails.

Allah 2aHala de#lares:@Be a=are "ha" indeed e en#ompasses e?ery"hin,.

2hus e?ery"hin, is surrounded and en#ompassed by im. 3o"hin,es#apes im and no"hin, is beyond im. 2his mu#h =e belie?e and i" is par" of our #a"e,ori#al $ai"h. o= e en#ompasses e?ery"hin, is beyond "he limi" of our fini"e minds.

Allah 2aHala de#lares:@And e is =i"h you =here?er you are.

& 7bid pp./% 15%



2he abo?e Aaya" also asser"s "he Presen#e of Allah 2aHala "o bee?ery=here. e do no" Fno= "he Faif or manner and na"ure of is presen#e. 2his is "he belief of "he illus"rious !oofiyah =hom "he!alafiyyah <!alafis> "ar,e" =i"h slander. 2he s#ope of "his "rea"ise doesno" permi" a de"ailed rebu""al of "he !alafi slander le?elled a,ains" "hehonourable !oofiyah and MashaaiFh of 2asa==uf. Our purpose here issimply "o pro?ide "he essen"ial dalaail and basis for "he Ma"h*hab andMaslaF of "he anafiyyah !oofiyah and Jumhoor Ahlus !unnah =alJamaah.

!haiFh !hamsud Deen -amli !haafii <-ahma"ullahi alaih> in his

$a"aa=a #i"es an in#iden" of a person =ho offensi?ely 9ues"ioned a!oofi j!ain" Buru,k: @here is Allah 2he an"i*Ma"h*hab Madinah8ni?ersi"y s"uden"s rudely pose "he same 9ues"ion "o Musallis inMas;id*e*3aba=i. 2he Buru, ,a?e "he follo=in, ap" reply: @Be ,oneqAre you sear#hin, =i"h your eyes =here Allah 2aHala de#lares: Ande is =i"h you =here?er you are.

-asoolullah <!allallahu alaihi =a sallam> said: @7f you send a rope do=n

"o "he bo""om*mos" ear"h i" =ill #ome "o Allah.

2he adee"h #learly rebu"s "he !alafi ?ie= of Allah 2aHala bein,#onfined "o "he sFies. As s"a"ed earlier Allah 2aHala is free from "ime

pla#e dire#"ion and limi".&(

ara" Ali <arramallahu =a;hahu> sums up "he A9eedah j2ene" of

$ai"hk of "he Ahlus !unnah as follo=s: @7 re#o,nise my -abb =i"h "ha"=hi#h e imself has made me re#o,nise im. e #anno" be per#ei?ed=i"h "he senses and e #anno" be ;ud,ed a##ordin, "o humans. e isnear in is absen#e ye" far in is presen#e. e is abo?e e?ery"hin, ye"no"hin, =ill be said "o be belo= im. e is in fron" of e?ery"hin, ye"no"hin, =ill be said "o be in fron" of im. e is in e?ery"hin, unliFe one

&( 2he aforemen"ioned =as a summary of pp. &/ and 5& of 7mdaadul $a"aa=a .6.51



2he abo?e adee"h e?in#es "he follo=in, "=o poin"s:• 2he ?ir"ue of "he =eaF and helpless. en#e you =ill obser?e "ha"

"he Ahlullah ,i?e prior a""en"ion "o "he needs of "he =eaF o?er "he needs of "he ri#h and "he heads.

•

Proof of 2a=assul of "he #hosen ser?an"s of Allah 2aHala personally and "hrou,h "heir ex"ernal and in=ard deeds.A##ordin,ly "hese "hree a,en#ies are indi#a"ed by "hese =ords:@by ?ir"ue of i"s =eaF ones "heir duas and "heir sin#eri"y. 2he=ord =eaF ones indi#a"es person "he =ord duas indi#a"esex"ernal deeds and sin#eri"y indi#a"es inner a#"ion.

11.& A de"ailed elabora"ion of "his mas*alah is as follo=s: 2here are /

in"erpre"a"ions "o 2a=assul of #rea"ion.

The First Interpretation— 2o maFe dua "o a #rea"ed bein, and "o besee#h i" as =as "he pra#"i#e of "he MushriFeen. 2his is haraam bil7;ma j"hrou,h "he 0onsensus of "he 8mma"k.

7n so far as "his bein, !hirF*e*Jali j0onspi#uous !hirF =hi#h expels "he

perpe"ra"or from "he fold of 7slamk or no" is #on#erned "he ,au,e for "his is =he"her "his person j=ho maFes 2a=assul in "his =ayk belie?es in"ha" #rea"ed bein, or ob;e#" "o be mu*a"hir*e*mus"a9il jindependen" inrealiin, and #rea"in, "he desired effe#"k or no". 7f he does "hen "his is!hirF*e*ufri ji.e. #lear*#u" Fufr and shirF expellin, "he perpe"ra"or from "he fold of 7slamk. )xample: 2o perform !alaa" or Feep -oaj!o=mk or render any 7baada" =hi#h is ex#lusi?e "o Allah 2aHala for a#rea"ion of Allah 2aHala is shirF and Fufr.

!imilarly if "he a#" is a salien" fea"ure of "he Fuffaar liFe !a;dah "o anidol or =earin, "he indu holy*"hread jor "he 0hris"ian #rossk "hen i" is!hirF*e*ufri.

7f "his is no" "he #ase ji.e. "he mu"a=assil or person maFin, 2a=assuldoes no" re,ard "he medium of 2a=assul "o be mu*a"hir*e*mus"a9il andnor is "he a#" a salien" fea"ure of "he Fuffaark "hen i" =ill be sinful jno"Fufrk. )xample of "his is "o pros"ra"e as a form of ,ree"in,.

5/



2he meanin, of mus"a9il bi" "a*"heer is "ha" Allah 2aHala has assi,ned"his =orF "o "ha" #rea"ion jin "he opinion of "he mu"a=assilk in su#h a=ay "ha" i" is no" dependen" on "he spe#ial =ill of Allah 2aHala inimplemen"in, and produ#in, =orF al"hou,h jhe belie?es "ha"k Allah2aHala has "he po=er "o dismiss "ha" #rea"ion from i"s po=er and "he=orF en"rus"ed "o i" jin his misbeliefk.

The Second Interpretation— 2o re9ues" #rea"ion "o maFe dua. 2his is permissible =i"h re,ard "o su#h a #rea"ion from =hi#h dua #an bere9ues"ed. 2his possibili"y is no" pro?en in any =ay in re,ard "o ade#eased. 2his form of 2a=assul is pe#uliar "o a li?in, bein,.

The Third Interpretation— 2o maFe dua "o Allah 2aHala "hrou,h "he barFa" jblessin,k of a #hosen #rea"ion ji.e. someone en;oyin, proximi"y"o Allah 2aHalak. 2he Jumhoor ha?e appro?ed of "his. 7bn 2aimiyyah andhis mu9allids pros#ribe i".

2he reali"y jand impli#a"ionk of "his "hird in"erpre"a"ion is: @O Allahq2his #er"ain personGor "his par"i#ular deed of ours or "his par"i#ular

deed of so*and*so personGis a##ep"ed and lo?ed by Eou. And =e areasso#ia"ed and #onne#"ed =i"h "ha" bandah jser?an"kGor deedGor byour pra#"i#e of "he deed. And Eou ha?e promised Eour Mer#y <-ahma">on su#h a person =ho has "his asso#ia"ion and #onne#"ion. 2herefore =easF Eou for "ha" <promised> -ahma".

2his "hen is "he reali"y of 2a=assul. 7f only someone #an poin" ou" "o me

=ha" !hari or ra"ional error is "here in "his #on#ep" Ees if in "hein"eres" of safe,uardin, "he Deen of "he publi# jfrom "rans,ressin, "helimi"s of "he !hariahk i" is prohibi"ed "hen =e "oo =ill s"and =i"h 7bn2aimiyyah. Bu" our dis#ussion is on "he Mas*alah per se. 7n "his re,ard"he a9 is =i"h us 7nsha Allah. 2reasure "his explana"ion for i" re?eals"he na"ure of 2a=assul and !hirF in =hi#h many s#holars andin"elle#"uals are perplexed./1

/1 Ba=aadirun 3a=aadir pp. '%6G'%( =i"h sli,h" amendmen"s54



11./ 2he mu9allids of 7bn 2aimiyyahG"he !alafisG#onsider ai!ho=Faani "o be an Au"hori"y as =ell. 7" =ill ser?e "he !alafis =ell "o peruse ai !ho=Faanis ans=er "o "he 9ues"ion of 2a=assul appearin,in his =orF Ad*Durrun 3adheed. ai !ho=Faani fully a,rees =i"h"he Jumhoor on "he permissibili"y of 2a=assul.

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