target area: bekaa valley, lebanon marie therese abi saab ... swim-dp 2nd annual … · marie...

Marie Therese Abi Saab and Musa Nimah

(1) Lebanese Agricultural Research Institute

(2) National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Agricultural and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean

(3) Association of the Friends of Ibrahim Abdel Al

ACLIMAS 2nd Annual Meeting, Morocco 23-24 October 2013

Project funded by the European Union

SWIM (Sustainable Water Integrated Management) - Demonstration Project

Target area: Bekaa valley, Lebanon

Mediterranean agricultural systems are vulnerable to climate change

Introduction

Climate change in Lebanon Temperature increase: By 2040 around 1oC to 2oC By 2090 around 3.5oC to 5oC Rainfall decrease: 10-20 % by 2040, 25-45 % by 2090 Snow cover decrease: With a rise of 2C°, decrease by 50 %

Second National Communication to the UNFCCC (2011)

• Constraints to cereal growth and yield

WATER

TEMPERATURE

Unfavorable distribution

Year-to-year fluctuations of rain

Highly vulnerable area in Lebanon Bekaa region

ACLIMAS Achievements in the Bekaa

Season 2012-2013

1. Set up of ACLIMAS initial conditions 2. Demonstration work, season 2012-2013 3. Implementation work, season 2012-2013 4. Technical visits 5. Dissemination activities, season 2012-2013

• Improving actual conditions of agro-meteorological station

- Present at LARI (Pessl type, The Netherlands)

- Displacement of the station

- Fences

- Automated irrigation system

- Grass maintenance

- etc.

• Zero tillage machine

- Present at LARI

• Research equipment

- LA meter-Sunscan (EU made), pressure chamber (EU made) and TDR assembly (US made)

- Tender (5 and 26 Novembre 2012, 19 March 2013 and 27 April 2013)

1. Set up of ACLIMAS initial conditions


Season 2012-2013


Experimental site and climate

• Location

Central Bekaa Valley

Tal Amara, LARI

33o51’44’’N lat., 35o59’32’’E long

905m above sea level

• Soil

high clay content

total available water within the top 90 cm of soil profile is 170 mm

• Climate

Main average rainfall is 592 mm

Treatments and agronomic management

• Two demonstration experiments at LARI’s field

Demonstration 1

Wheat varieties: Mickey 3 and Icarasha 2

Demonstration 2

Barley varieties: Rihane 03 and Assi

• 16 combinations of wheat/barley varieties x management practices

- One sowing time: Early sowing + 50 mm of water

- Two irrigation regimes: with and without supplemental irrigation

- Two agronomical practices: Conventional and conservation tillage.

Treatments and agronomic

management

• Experimental design: split split plot design

• N° of treatments: 8

• N° of replicates/ treatment: 3

• N° of plots: 24

• Period of demonstration: 2 seasons and more…

Soil water monitoring

Installation of 128 TDR probes in the different treatments

• Phenology was recorded according to Zadoks et al. (1974)

• Biomass, yield and yield components sampling

• Irrigation water use efficiency (expressed in kg.m-3) was calculated as the ratio of dry aboveground biomass to the seasonal rain + irrigation (WUEb) and as the ratio of dry grain yield to the seasonal rain + irrigation (WUEy)

Biomass, yield and water use efficiency

Weather conditions and crop phenology

732 mm of rain during the growing season

0 50 100 150 200 250

November

December

January

February

March

April

May

Rainfall (mm)

Growing season 2012-2013

Long-run average

WHEAT

BARLEY

6 Nov

6 Nov

24 Nov (19)

23 Nov (18) 26 March (141)

30 March (145) 29 May (205)

24 May (200)

Main phenological stages for durum wheat and barley during the growing season

Irrigation seasonal amount = 95 mm

Soil water content

a a b

a a b

a a a a a a

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

CV CA O SI W1 W2

Tillage practice (Till) Water (W) Variety(V)

(T.h

a-1)

WHEAT Biomass

Grain Yield

Biomass and yield

Biomass and yield

b

a

b a

a a

b a

a a a a

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

CV CA O SI B1 B2


(T.h

a-1)

BARLEY Biomass

Grain Yield

WHEAT

Source of Variation Biomass (t.ha-1) Grain Yield (t.ha-1) Plant height (cm) Number of seeds/spike Harvest index (%)

Pr. Means Pr. Means Pr. Means Pr. Means Pr. Means

Tillage practice (Till) 0.94 0.189 0.6 0,03 * 0.25

CV 11,73 a 5,35 a 84,11 a 26,88 a 46,11 a

CA 11,71 a 5,05 a 83,49 a 26,60 a 43,60 a

Water (W) 0.04* 0.676 0.873 0.995 0.62

O 10,74 b 4,82 a 82,13 a 25,90 a 46,07 a

SI 12,67 a 5,55 a 85,35 a 27,52 a 43,87 a

Variety(V) 0.03* 0.184 0,033 * 0.431 0.32

W1 12,61 a 5,50 a 84,59 a 26,82 a 42,92 a

W2 10,82 b 4,94 a 83,11 a 26,68 a 46,74 a

Till* W 0.94 0.885 0.304 0.992 0.5

Till *V 0.15 0.258 0.492 0.37 0.58

W* V 0.84 0.764 0,009** 0.835 0.45

Till*W*V 0.37 0.541 0,04 * 0.618 0.59

Means followed by the same letter in each column are not significantly different according to the Duncan multiple range test (P<0.05)

Note that CV = conventional tillage; CA = conservation tillage; 0 = rainfed; SI = supplemental irrigation; W1 = Icarasha; W2 = Miki

Biomass and yield

BARLEY

Source of Variation Biomass (t.ha-1) Grain Yield (t.ha-1) Plant height (cm) Number of seeds/spike Harvest index (%)

Pr. Means Pr. Means Pr. Means Pr. Means Pr. Means

Tillage practice (Till) 0,03 * 0,014 * 0.145 0.055 1

CV 11,73 b 5,25 b 69,25 a 37,26 a 44,36 a

CA 14,46 a 6,37 a 78,49 a 46,67 a 44,19 a

Water (W) 0.04* 0.09 0.07 0.605 0.54

O 11,85 b 5,30 a 68,78 a 41,77 a 44,15 a

SI 14,34 a 6,32 a 78,96 a 42,16 a 43,39 a

Variety(V) 0.31 0.98 0.988 0.629 0.11

B1 12,38 a 5,65 a 73,07 a 40,36 a 46,12 a

B2 13,81 a 5,97 a 74,66 a 43,58 a 42,42 a

Till* W 0.49 0.777 0.583 0.779 0.36

Till *V 0.56 0.678 0.825 0.123 0.45

W* V 0.81 0.695 0.879 0.432 0.89

Till*W*V 0.71 0.747 0.977 0.29 0.66

Means followed by the same letter in each column are not significantly different according to the Duncan multiple range test (P<0.05)

Note that CV = conventional tillage; CA = conservation tillage; 0 = rainfed; SI = supplemental irrigation; W1 = Assi; W2 = Rihane

Biomass and yield

a a b

a a

b

a a a a a

a

0

0,4

0,8

1,2

1,6

CV CA O SI W1 W2


WHEAT WUEb

WUEy

Water use efficiency

Water use efficiency

b

a

b

a a

a

b a

a a

a a

0

0,4

0,8

1,2

1,6

CV CA O SI B1 B2


BARLEY WUEbWUEy

• The obtained results in the first year of measurements can give only a preliminary indication….experiment to be repeated for several years

• Farming practices such as early sowing, supplemental irrigation and conservation tillage can assure the sustainability of agriculture, particularly under the challenges of climate change.

• Farmers are encouraged to adopt the techniques, which are productive and relatively simple. The techniques can stabilize cereal yields, which is important issue that will gain prominence in the region as the implications of climate change unfold.

Marie Therese Abi Saab (1), Rossella Albrizio (2), Musa Nimah (3), Pasquale Giorio (2) Mohamed Houssemeddine Sellami (2) , Suzi Rouphael (1), Ihab Jomaa (1) , Randa Massaad (1) , Salim Fahed (1) , Rabih Kabalan (1) , Chafic Stephan (1) , Marica Abi Nader (3)

(1) Lebanese Agricultural Research Institute

(2) National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Agricultural and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean

(3) Association of the Friends of Ibrahim Abdel Al

Adapting to climate change: testing possible measures to stabilize wheat

and barley yields in a Mediterranean environment


Season 2012-2013


3. Implementation work, season 2012-2013

• Implementation area: Central, Northen and Western Bekaa

• Number of selected farmers: 8

• Implemented land: 20 ha

• ACLIMAS Suggested varieties/management practices versus varieties/practices usually used

- 2 farmers will test: variety x supplemental irrigation x conservation agriculture

- 1 farmers will test: variety x supplemental irrigation x early sowing

- 5 farmers will test: variety x supplemental irrigation


• Preparation of a soil database

- Soil sampling and analysis from the different farms

- Irrigation will be managed using an Excel-based irrigation tool (Todorovic, 2006) that employs meteorological, soil, and crop data for a day-by-day estimation of the soil water balance in the effective root zone.

0-20 cm 20-40 cm 40-60 cm 0-60 cm 0-20 cm 20-40 cm 40-60 cm 0-60 cm 0-20 cm 20-40 cm 40-60 cm 0-60 cm 0-20 cm 20-40 cm 40-60 cm 0-60 cm 0-20 cm 20-40 cm 40-60 cm 0-60 cm 0-20 cm 20-40 cm 40-60 cm 0-60 cm

Texture

Coarse sand (%) 5 5 4 4.7 9 11 10 10.0 8 5 2 5.0 2 3 2 2.3 24 24 24.0 7 7.0

Fine sand (%) 5 5 5 5.0 7 7 8 7.3 7 5 2 4.7 3 3 3 3.0 11 11 11.0 4 4.0

Coarse silt (%) 20 22 22 21.3 20 18 22 20.0 16 22 20 19.3 26 26 24 25.3 8 6 7.0 20 20.0

Fine silt (%) 14 12 12 12.7 18 18 12 16.0 12 12 6 10.0 12 14 14 13.3 6 8 7.0 8 8.0

Clay (%) 55 56 56 55.7 64 46 48 52.7 55 55 70 60.0 55 54 57 55.3 51 50 50.5 58 58.0

Organic matter %) 1.4 1.4 1.2 1.3 2.1 1.7 1.7 1.8 2.1 1.8 2.1 2.0 2.4 1.9 1.8 2.0 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.8

pH (2:5) 7.5 7.7 7.4 7.5 7.7 7.8 7.7 7.7 7.8 8.2 8.1 8.0 8.1 7.8 8.2 8.0 8.2 8.2 8.2 8 8.0

Electrical conductivity (2:5) 0.13 0.11 0.16 0.13 0.23 0.18 0.16 0.2 0.19 0.17 0.18 0.2 0.58 0.61 0.23 0.5 0.18 0.15 0.2 0.56 0.6

Total carbonate(%) 9 7 8 8.0 10 10 9 9.7 25 24 24 24.3 41 41 41 41.0 4 5 4.5 14 14.0

Active calcium (%) 3 2 3 2.7 3 3 3 3.0 10 10 10 10.0 14 14 14 14.0 1 2 1.5 3 3.0

Available nitrogen (kg/ha) 38 37 32 35.7 57 46 46 49.7 55 47 56 52.7 64 50 47 53.7 25 25 25.0 21 21.0

Available phosphorus (ppm) 30.1 32.5 31.6 31.4 121.6 76.7 61.4 86.6 7.6 6.9 9.3 7.9 64.1 61.9 21.1 49.0 37 24.6 30.8 49.5 49.5

Available potassium (ppm) 720 720 590 676.7 480 440 350 423.3 260 240 290 263.3 440 370 280 363.3 220 200 210.0 770 770.0

Exchangeable sodium (ppm) 80 80 100 86.7 80 50 50 60.0 210 160 170 180.0 100 90 80 90.0 90 80 85.0 100 100.0

Exchangeable magnesium (ppm) 643 620 670 644.3 233 234 279 248.7 766 815 1116 899.0 980 976 1037 997.7 278 269 273.5 735 735.0

Exchangeable calcium (ppm) 9402 9083 9987 9490.7 8431 7746 8338 8171.7 9582 8810 8511 8967.7 9909 8998 9384 9430.3 5686 5686 5686.0 10744 10744.0

Available iron (ppm) 0.01 0.14 0.01 0.1 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.0 0.14 1.13 0.5 0.6 0.01 0.13 1.2 0.4 0.4 0.06 0.2 0.01 0.0

Mohammad El Lakkis Ihab Dahdouh Khaled Araji Ghaleb El Meiss Zeki El Tarchichi Georges El Saker

Farmer 1: Ali El Attar Variety x Supplemental irrigation x Conservation tillage

Barley: Baladi variety Barley: Rihane variety

0

2

4

Existing practices ACLIMAS

practices

Grain Yield (T.ha-1)

Y-WUE (kg.m-3)

Yield: 1.4 versus 3.3 t/ha Y-WUE: 0.36 versus 0.75 kg.m-3 Water from I and P: 387 versus 437 mm Irrigation: 0 versus 50 mm

Farmer 2: Abbas El Tarchichi Variety x Supplemental irrigation x Conservation tillage

Wheat: Chami variety

Wheat: Icarasha variety

0

2

4

6

8

Existing practices ACLIMAS practices


Y-WUE (kg.m-3)


Farmer 3: Zeki El Tarchichi Variety x Supplemental irrigation x early sowing

Wheat: Lahn variety


0

2

4

6

8

10

Existing practices ACLIMAS

practices


Y-WUE (kg.m-3)

Yield: 7.6 versus 8 t/ha Y-WUE: 0.68 versus 0.95 kg.m-3 Water from I and P: 1120 versus 840 mm Irrigation: 400 versus 120 mm

Farmer 4: Ghaleb El Meiss Variety x Supplemental irrigation

Wheat: Lahn variety


0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8



Y-WUE (kg.m-3)

Yield: 6 versus 7 t/ha Y-WUE: 0.52 versus 0.62 kg.m-3 Water from I and P: 1161 versus 1124 mm Irrigation: 75 versus 38 mm

Farmer 5: Khaled Araji Variety x Supplemental irrigation

Barley: Rihane variety

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7



Y-WUE (kg.m-3)

Yield: 6.5 t/ha Y-WUE: 0.59 kg.m-3 Water from I and P:1086 mm Irrigation: 0 mm

Farmer 6: Mohamed El Lakkis/Sobhi El Sadek Variety x Supplemental irrigation

Wheat: Lahn variety

Wheat: Icarasha and Miki varieties

0

2

4

6

8



Y-WUE (kg.m-3)


Farmer 7: Georges El Saker Variety x Supplemental irrigation

Wheat: Lahn variety Barley: Baladi variety

Wheat: Icarasha variety Barley: Rihane variety

0

1

2

3

4

5


Wheat Grain Yield…

Y-WUE (kg.m-3)

0

2

4

6

8


Barley Grain Yield (T.ha-1)

Y-WUE (kg.m-3)



Farmer 8: Ibrahim Bou Souwan Variety x Supplemental irrigation

Wheat: Lahn variety

Wheat: Miki variety

0

2

4

6

8

10



Y-WUE (kg.m-3)

Yield: 6.5 versus 7.9 t/ha Y-WUE: 0.6 versus 0.73 kg.m-3 Water from I and P: 1086 mm Irrigation: 0 mm

• Average Grain yield was increased from 4.9 to 6.2 T.ha-1 (26% increase)

• Average Y-WUE was increased from 0.64 to 0.96 kg.m-3 (49% increase)


Season 2012-2013


4. Technical visits

• EU partner visits:

29 July-10 August 2012 1-15 November 2012 21-5 April 2013 1-15 June 2013 • Applicant visit:

13-17 November 2012 9-11 May 2013 July 2013 • EU monitoring mission:

EU Expert: Karel Amejie 9-11 May 2013


Season 2012-2013


Training activities

• Training 1

Location: Beirut

Period: 20-22 March 2013

Title: Climate smart agriculture

Target group: Extension service staff and university students

Number of participants: 25

• Field day 1:

Location: Farm of “Zeki Tarchichi”, Sariin region

Period: 18 June 2013

Title: ACLIMAS first year results

Target group: farmers


Field day 2:

Location: Farm of “Sobhi El Sadek”, Baalbeck region

Period: 4 July 2013

Title: ACLIMAS first year results



• Field day 3:

Location: Bekaa region

Period: 26 September 2013

Title: Farming practices



• Brochure 1: Future farming (english and arabic)

• Brochure 2 (Poster): Description of ACLIMAS first year demonstration activities.

• 16 combinations of wheat/barley varieties and management practices

• 3 field days (49 participants)

• 1 training course (25 participants)

• 2 brochures

• 8 farmers participated to ACLIMAS implementation activities

• 20 ha of implemented land

• Improved yield by 26%

• Improved Y-WUE by 49%

Indicators

ACLIMAS future work

Season 2013-2014

Demonstration activities

• Follow-up experiments at LARI station….

• 13 farmers • Implemented land size: 60 ha • CA x SI x variety

Farmer Region Land size (dunum) Variety

Ali Hamdo Hajj Hassan Shaat 50 Rihane

Ali Zalfo Harb alhamrat 60 Icarasha

Ali Mustafa Hajj Hassan Shaat 30 Rihane

10 Icarasha

Naji Hajj Hassan Shaat 30 Rihane

Sobhi El Sadeck Doures/Baalbeck 100 Icarasha

Bilal Mustafa El Darwish Houchet El Safia/Baalbeck 40 Icarasha

Zeki El Tarchichi Ryak 50 Icarasha

Ibrahim Ahmed Tarchichi Al Nasriya 20 Icarasha

Issa Fahed Mohamed Hawchet el Safia 60 Icarasha

Khalil Mustafa Majdaloun 30 Rihane

Ghaleb El Meiss Bar Elias 60 Icarasha

Abbas El Attar Talet El Hadas 50 Icarasha

Michel Maacaroun Ryak 30 Icarasha

Implementation activities

Impact of first year ACLIMAS activities……………..

Implementation work, season 2012-2013

Implementation work, season 2013-2014

• Training 1

Location: Tal Amara – LARI Station

Period: March 2014

Title: Farming practices to adapt to climate change

Target group: Farmers

Expected number of participants: 25

• Training 2

Location: Tal Amara – LARI Station

Period: May 2014

Title: Supplemental irrigation


Expected number of participants: 25

Dissemination activities


• Brochure 1: Supplemental irrigation

• Brochure 2: Climate change


• Field day 1:

Title: conservation tillage


• Field day 2:

Title: Conservation tillage


• Field day 3:

Title: Supplemental irrigation


• Field day 4:

Title: Farming practices and climate change


• Field day 5:

Title: Support of the local communities to market quality durum wheat products

Target group: Women cooperatives

Working team

• Association of The Friends of Ibrahim Abd El Al – AFIAL

Pr Musa Nimah

Eng. Marica Abi Nader

• Lebanese Agricultural Research Institute – LARI

Dr. Marie Therese Abi Saab

Dr. Suzi Rouphael

Eng. Chafic Stephan

Dr. Ihab Jomaa

Eng. Rabih Kabalan

Eng. Randa Massaad

• Istituto per i Sistemi Agricoli e Forestali del Mediterraneo - CNR-ISAFoM

Dr. Rossella Albrizio

Dr. Pasquale Giorio

Dr. Mohamed Houssemeddine Sellami

Thank you www.aclimas.eu

target area: bekaa valley, lebanon marie therese abi saab ... swim-dp 2nd annual … · marie...

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