CIVIL & STRUCTURE DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING & BUILT ENVIRONMENT

THE NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF MALAYSIA

REPORT OF SUSTAINABLE URBAN PLANNING

SEMESTER II, SESSION 2013/2014

KKKH4284 SUSTAINABLE URBAN PLANNING

Assignment :

Task 9

Proposed Kajang Local Plan for Sustainable Development

Lecturer :

Prof. Ir. Dr. RizaAtiq Abdullah Bin O.K. Rahmat

Pn. NorlizaBtMohdAkhir

Dr. Muhammad Nazri Bin Borhan

Name of Student :

Sayed Ali Zainal Abidin A132667

Muhamad Rahmad bin Mustar A133094

Nurul Nadia binti Mohamad Yamin A134110

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Sustainable development is a development that meets the needs of the present without

compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs’. This definition has

attained universal traction and is seen by many who recognize the current unsustainable nature of

society as a means of achieving sustainability.

Kajang is located in Hulu Langat District, in Selangor. The first settlement in Kajang was

established in 1709. In 1807, Kajang was founded after the Klang War.

The current location gravity of growth in Kajang would be Sungai Chua. The total population of

Kajang has grown rapidly in the past few years, with estimated population growth of 9% per

annum.

As of 2004, a few townships have been developed in Kajang, such as Taman Prima Saujana

(straight from JalanCheras), Sungai Chua, Taman Kajang Perdana (Kajang Highlands).

Areas surrounding these new townships are easily accessible via the SILK Expressway.

Location of Kajang

2.0 ISSUES IN KAJANG

Higher population: the population in Kajang increases rapidly and it’s also due to the higher

employment such as in commercial sector and public sector. All the residential will be converged

at Kajang city.

Environmental issue: the increase in population and rapidly development of buildings in

contribute to pollution in Kajang. The critical pollution that occur in Kajang due to the air

pollution coming from transportation and for water pollution coming from industrial and

residential development along Sungai Langat

Road congestion: road connection system in Kajang is very narrow and it cannot occupy the

higher density of traffic congestion. Higher traffic congestion happened during peak hours and

weekends

Due to the traffic congested, the pedestrian are not given priority and the facilities such as

pedestrian bridge and sidewalk are not being provided for the pedestrian. So, the pedestrian

safety is not a priority.

Demand on residential area. At the centre of Kajang city, the land use is more on the community

facilities components and for the residential areas; it was located at the edge of the town. There

are a few townships have been developed in Kajang such as Taman Prima Saujana, Taman

Kajang Perdana and many more

3.0 QUALITY OF DEVELOPMENT

Our city will produce a quality development to achieve a sustainable development. There are

some qualities that should be focused to achieve sustainable development in term of

–economy quality

–social quality

–environmental quality

Economic quality

One of the ways to achieve the sustainable development is through economic health of the city

Economy activity, job creation and poverty should be noted and the role of informal activities

and small-scale trade become important.

Social quality

Sustainable urban development must take into account social justice, basic human needs, public

health, environmental awareness in space and time.. Social equality should be maintained in

terms of economic opportunities in this city.

Environmental quality

Sustainable urban development should be carried out taking into account the ability cope that

are consumption of resources, distribution of waste and pollution that is triggered on the city and

surrounding areas.

4.0 INTEGRATING TRANSPORT AND DEVELOPMENT

Sustainable development applied to transport systems requires the promotion of linkages

between environmental protection, economic efficiency and social progress.

Transportation, as a core component supporting the interactions and the development of

economic systems, has also been the object of much consideration about to what extent it is

sustainable

Redirecting the movement pattern of using the private transport to the public transport and also

improving the service for public transport such as subway, busses and taxi.

Upgrading the road systems by widening and implementing the smart grid system for the

transportation systems.

We also suggest making a new Bus Rapid Transit Systems (BRT)

Minimum Environmental Impact Due to Surge in Travel Demand

The-density form of traditional kajang cities has recently come under attack as the antithesis of

the sustainable urban form promoted by the compact city advocates

1. The densification and agglomeration of activities can involve spatial structures such as

logistics zones or transit oriented developments and can result in reduced vehicle trips and

increase transport alternatives

2. The strategy of traffic is a more direct method of reducing traffic demand.

Development Access

5.0 DEVELOPMENT ACCESS: PEDESTRIANS, DISABLED PEOPLE, CYCLISTS,

PUBLIC TRANSPORT, PRIVATE TRANSPORT

A sustainable city should consist of firstly, a reliable and highly frequent public transportation

between suburbs and inner city with a high modality, and secondly, measures to optimize

motorized individual transport, such as traffic control systems, traffic management centers, and

information systems for drivers. Transportation makes its greatest contribution if it is integrated

so that switches between different modes are seamless for the users, enabling them to choose the

optimal solution for each leg. Such integrated and optimized transport systems reduce the

requirement for roads and parking and at the same time reduce congestion, air pollution and

greenhouse gas emissions and also support the optimization of resources used for transportation

in general and increase the quality of life. Suitable urban development, such as mixed land use,

where work opportunities and residential units are closer to each other, can reduce the need to

travel. Flexible working time models together with public transport incentives can reduce

excessive peak period travel and encourage off-peak travel, and so make public transport more

effective and affordable.

It is intuitively clear that urban development and transportation are highly interdependent.On one

hand, change or growth of existing or new commercial or private living settlements creates needs

for new transportation or increased capacity, more frequent services, and/or shorter travel times.

Alternatively, better access to public transportation and more frequent and faster services create a

new demand for settlement space nearby, be it for commercial or private purposes, and can

completely change the character of an entire neighborhood or area. Hence, a feedback loop exists

between urban development and public transportation, but the detailed mechanisms of this loop

are not understood well enough to ensure efficient developments of space, transportation and

living environments for humans.

Pedestrians, cyclists, public and private transport are parts of every roadway environment.

Pedestrian

The demand for provision of more and better pedestrian and cyclists facilities, the demand for

this facilities influenced by :

Car ownership

The nature of the local community.

Local land use activities.

Quality of provision.

Safety and security.

Cycling Lane

Pedestrian Walk

6.0 IMPROVEMENT STRATEGIES

To be a self reliance city, Kajang must have good and efficient public transport systems. This

is probably the biggest challenge for the city because every day about 100,000 cars come and out

in Kajang. Reducing the number of cars will ease congestion. So, the long-term plan is to

encourage people to park their cars at the nearest public transport station, such as an LRT station

and take the train to the city.

We also need to improve the existing public transport system in Kajang as example the time

travel of bus and LRT. We would like to encourage the residents use public transport or cycling

at Kajang, so it can reduce the traffic congestion in Kajang. Other than that, to preventthe traffic

congestion in Kajang, we have planned to provide the exclusive lanes for publictransport which

the buses or taxi will be separate with private cars. Then, we will give the better  information for

all transport users, be they pedestrians in public or private transportation, toallow them to make

the better judgments. Traffic flows can be smoothed and so congestionremoved with better

information. Upgrading the road systems by widening and implementing the smart grid system

for the transportation systems is also one of the plans.

So we can conclude that, the several strategies that we have planned in order to do

redevelopment in Kajang Town are:

Improving the quality of bus services throughout the area

Improving network coverage to give access to key facilities.

Improving bus stations and bus stops to improve the waiting environment.

Improving the scope and range of information provided to passengers.

Maintaining a range of tickets which allow travel throughout the network or can be used on

trams and trains

In general plan network due to long-term developments encourage the use of public transport

by it competitive advantage over private car.

7.0 URBAN DESIGN PRINCIPLES

Urban design involves the design and coordination of all that makes up cities and towns. First is

the building in our city. Buildings are the most pronounced elements of urban design. The shape

and articulate space by forming the streetwalks of the city well designed buildings and groups of

buildings work together to create a sense of place. In addition, the public space should be the

great as the living room of the city which is the place where people come together to enjoy the

city and each other. Public spaces make high quality life in the city possible. Public spaces

ranges from grand central plazas and squares, to small and local neighborhood parks. Besides,

our Kajang city should provide street which is the connections between spaces and places, as

well as being spaces themselves. We defined the streets by their physical dimension and

character as well as the size, scale and character buildings that line them. The pattern of our

street network is part of what defines a city and makes city unique. Furthermore, our transport

system connects the parts of cities and help shape them and enable movement throughout the

city. It is include road, rail, bicycle and pedestrian networks and together form the total

movement system of a city. The balance of these various transport systems is what helps define

the quality and character of cities, and makes them either friendly or hostile to pedestrians. The

best cities are the ones that elevate the experience of the pedestrian while minimizing the

dominance of the private automobile. The landscape is the green part of the city that weaves

throughout - in the form of urban parks, street trees, plants, flowers, and water in many forms.

The landscape helps define the character and beauty of a city and creates soft, contrasting spaces

and elements. 

8.0 CONTEXT FOR OVERALL PLAN

Considers the wider context of the local setting, the characteristics of the site for development,

and strategies for the overall design character of a proposal, to be attractive and function well,

the plan should take into account the following:

1) Respecting the local site

The design should pay particular attention to the characteristics of the local setting. The context

of the site should be analyzed to ensure that the development will:

Respect the qualities of the best of the surrounding landscapes and townscapes,

Provide spatial characteristics and building forms that are sympathetic to the

surroundings,

Respond to existing land uses and provide an appropriate mix of dwellings and uses,

Integrate with existing patterns of movement.

2) Responding to the site

The design will need to respond sympathetically to the characteristics of the site to achieve the

quality desired. This section illustrates relevant aspects for undertaking the necessary site

evaluation, and includes guidance on assessments of the history of the site, landform, flora and

fauna, climate and noise and nuisance.

Main objectives

The characteristics of the site should be analyzed to ensure that the development will:

Respect the history of the site, and appropriately protect and integrate features of the

archaeological and built heritage

Respond to the form of the land, its contours and views to and from the site, make the

best use of existing vegetation, and protect or create, appropriate conditions for flora and

fauna to thrive

Promote designs that respond to the microclimate of the site, and that might contribute to

the energy efficiency of the buildings designed.

9.0 LANDSCAPE AND BIODIVERSITY

9.1 INTRODUCTION

Landscape comprises the visible features of an area of land including physical element such as

landforms, living elements of flora and fauna, abstract elements like human activity and build

environment. Parallel with Local Agenda 21, the diversity of nature is valued and protected. The

initiative has contributed to the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity as well as to the

fair and equitable sharing of the benefits from genetic resources. Biodiversity boosts ecosystem

productivity where each species have an important role to play and that it is this combination that

enables the ecosystems to posses the ability to prevent and recover from a variety disasters

9.2 EXISTING SITUATION AND ISSUES

9.2.1 Landscape

Existing situation

In Kajang Town, there have place that do not have any landscape and also have some landscape.

Even there have some landscape at certain places, it is still not enough to sustain the Earth. The

landscape at town also not protected.

Figure 9.1: Existing landscape in town of Kajang

Issues

o not enough landscape at town

o the landscapes are not protected

9.2.2 Genetic diversity

Existing situation

Genetic diversity is divided by two parts which are flora and fauna. Some of plants become

disappeared when the city become bigger and progressive. Besides that, the climate change like

global warming can affect the plants to grow up. Same with plants, animal also gradually

disappeared when the city become larger. The forest was intruded.

Issues

o Decreasing the growth of flora at the city centre

o Plants become die

o Fauna will be extinct and have no place to live

9.2.3 Ecological diversity

Existing situation

Kajang has a small of species of plants means less variety of crops and small species of animals

not ensure that the ecosystem is naturally sustained. These flora and fauna have no place to go

and most of the place was replaced with building and roads or other facilities.

Issue

o The population of plants and animals and will be decrease varies with time

o No place for these plants to live and these animals have no place to go

9.3 DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES

To enhance the biodiversity aspect, Kajang Structure Plan aims to:

o Do not disturb the reserved forest

o Planted forest at undeveloped land areas

o Do the landscape at town and home

o Build more recreation garden

o Build a garden for those have big yard at home

These strategies are important because biological diversity give benefits to human such as:

o Biological resources

Food (plants and animals), forest, product, fuel, timber, pharmaceutical, fish

o Unknown resources

Pharmaceutical, biocides

o Genetic resources

Enabling us to cross wild species with food or flower species to obtain improved

varieties and hybrids

o Ecosystem services

Providing fresh air, cleansing the water, recycling our waste

o Tourism and recreation

People like to visit natural places as these become rarer.

Figure 9.2: Garden at home

Figure 9.3: Fauna that will be protected

10.0 RENEWABLE ENERGY

10.1 INTRODUCTION

Renewable energy is generally defined as energy that comes from resources which are naturally

replenished on a human timescale such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves and geothermal

heat. Renewable energy replaces conventional fuels in four distinct areas: electricity

generation, hot water/space heating, motor fuels, and rural (off-grid) energy services.

About 16% of global final energy consumption presently comes from renewable

resources, with 10% of all energy from traditional biomass, mainly used for heating, and 3.4%

from hydroelectricity. New renewables (small hydro, modern biomass, wind, solar, geothermal,

and biofuels) account for another 3% and are growing rapidly. At the national level, at least 30

nations around the world already have renewable energy contributing more than 20% of energy

supply. National renewable energy markets are projected to continue to grow strongly in the

coming decade and beyond. Wind power, for example, is growing at the rate of 30% annually,

with a worldwide installed capacity of 282,482 megawatts (MW) at the end of 2012.

Renewable energy resources exist over wide geographical areas, in contrast to other

energy sources, which are concentrated in a limited number of countries. Rapid deployment of

renewable energy and energy efficiency is resulting in significant energy security, climate

change mitigation, and economic benefits. In international public opinion surveys there is strong

support for promoting renewable sources such as solar power and wind power.

While many renewable energy projects are large-scale, renewable technologies are also

suited to rural and remote areas and developing countries, where energy is often crucial in human

development. United Nations' Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon has said that renewable energy

has the ability to lift the poorest nations to new levels of prosperity

10.2 RENEWABLE ENERGY IN MALAYSIA

10.2.1 Solar energy

Introduction

Solar power is the conversion of sunlight into electricity, either directly using photovoltaics

(PV), or indirectly using concentrated solar power (CSP). Concentrated solar power systems use

lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam.

Photovoltaics convert light into electric current using the photovoltaic effect.

Photovoltaics were initially, and still are, used to power small and medium-sized

applications, from the calculator powered by a single solar cell to off-grid homes powered by

a photovoltaic array. They are an important and relatively inexpensive source of electrical energy

where grid power is inconvenient, unreasonably expensive to connect, or simply unavailable.

However, as the cost of solar electricity is falling, solar power is also increasingly being used

even in grid-connected situations as a way to feed low-carbon energy into the grid.

Commercial concentrated solar power plants were first developed in the 1980s. The 392

MW ISEGS CSP installation is the largest solar power plant in the world, located in the Mojave

Desert of California. Other large CSP plants include the SEGS (354 MW) in the Mojave

Desert of California, the Solnova Solar Power Station (150 MW) and the Andasol solar power

station (150 MW), both in Spain. The 290 MW Agua Caliente Solar Project in the United States,

and the 221 MW Charanka Solar Park in India, are the world’s largest photovoltaic power

stations.

Figure 10.1: This is how the solar energy works

Advantages and disadvantages

Advantages of solar power

o Solar energy is free although there is a cost in the building of ‘collectors’ and other

equipment required to convert solar energy into electricity or hot water.

o Solar energy does not cause pollution. However, solar collectors and other associated

equipment / machines are manufactured in factories that in turn cause some pollution.  

o Solar energy can be used in remote areas where it is too expensive to extend the

electricity power grid.

o Many everyday items such as calculators and other low power consuming devices can be

powered by solar energy effectively.

o It is estimated that the worlds oil reserves will last for 30 to 40 years. On the other hand,

solar energy is infinite (forever).

Disadvantages of solar power

o Solar energy can only be harnessed when it is daytime and sunny.

o Solar collectors, panels and cells are relatively expensive to manufacture although prices

are falling rapidly.

o Solar power stations can be built but they do not match the power output of similar sized

conventional power stations. They are also very expensive.

o In countries such as the UK, the unreliable climate means that solar energy is also

unreliable as a source of energy. Cloudy skies reduce its effectiveness.

o Large areas of land are required to capture the suns energy. Collectors are usually

arranged together especially when electricity is to be produced and used in the same

location. 

o Solar power is used to charge batteries so that solar powered devices can be used at night.

However, the batteries are large and heavy and need storage space. They also need

replacing from time to time.

10.2.2 Wind power

Introduction

Wind power is the conversion of wind energy into a useful form of energy, such as using wind

turbines to produce electrical power, windmills for mechanical power, windpumps for water

pumping or drainage, or sails to propel ships.

Large wind farms consist of hundreds of individual wind turbines which are connected to

the electric power transmission network. For new constructions, onshore wind is an inexpensive

source of electricity, competitive with or in many places cheaper than fossil fuel plants.Small

onshore wind farms provide electricity to isolated locations. Utility companies increasingly buy

surplus electricity produced by small domestic wind turbines. Offshore wind is steadier and

stronger than on land, and offshore farms have less visual impact, but construction and

maintenance costs are considerably higher.

Wind power, as an alternative to fossil fuels, is plentiful, renewable, widely

distributed, clean, produces no greenhouse gas emissions during operation and uses little

land. The effects on the environment are generally less problematic than those from other power

sources. As of 2011, Denmark is generating more than a quarter of its electricity from wind and

83 countries around the world are using wind power to supply the electricity grid. In 2010 wind

energy production was over 2.5% of total worldwide electricity usage, and growing rapidly at

more than 25% per annum.

Wind power is very consistent from year to year but has significant variation over shorter

time scales. As the proportion of windpower in a region increases, a need to upgrade the grid,

and a lowered ability to supplant conventional production can occur. Power management

techniques such as having excess capacity storage, geographically distributed turbines,

dispatchable backing sources, storage such aspumped-storage hydroelectricity, exporting and

importing power to neighboring areas or reducing demand when wind production is low, can

greatly mitigate these problems. In addition, weather forecasting permits the electricity network

to be readied for the predictable variations in production that occur. Wind power can be

considered a topic in applied eolics

Figure 10.2: This is how wind turbine operated

Advantages and disadvantages

Advantages of wind power

o The wind is free and with modern technology it can be captured efficiently

o Once the wind turbine is built the energy it produces does not causes greenhouse gases or

other pollutants

o Although wind turbines can be very tall each takes up only a small plot of land. This

means that the land below can still be used. This is especially the case in agricultural area

as farming can still continue

o Remote areas that are not connected to the electricity power grid can use wind turbines to

produce their own supply

o Wind turbines are available in a range of sizes which means a vast range of people and

businesses can use them. Single households to small towns and villages can make good

use of range of wind turbines available today.

Disadvantages of wind power

o The strength of the wind is not constant and it varies from zero to storm force. This

means that wind turbines do not produce the same amount of electricity all the time.

There will be times when they produce no electricity at all.

o Many people feel that the countryside should be left untouched, without these large

structures being built. The landscape should left in its natural form for everyone to enjoy.

o Wind turbines are noisy. Each one can generate the same level of noise as a family car

travelling at 70 mph.

o Many people see large wind turbines as unsightly structures and not pleasant or

interesting to look at. They disfigure the countryside and are generally ugly.

o When wind turbines are being manufactured some pollution is produced. Therefore wind

power does produce some pollution.

o Large wind farms are needed to provide entire communities with enough electricity. For

example, the largest single turbine available today can only provide enough electricity for

475 homes, when running at full capacity. How many would be needed for a town of 100

000 people?

10.3 EXISTING SITUATION AND ISSUE

Existing situation

Up to this day, no renewable energy at Kajang. This is because the residents do not exposed

about the importance of renewable energy and how extreme our earth if global warming keep on

increasing.

Issues

o Do not have any renewable energy sources

o The residents do not know about renewable energy

o Do not have place or space to recycle the energy

10.4 DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES

In order to enhance the renewable energy in Kajang, some strategies are introduced:

o Build the planted forest at vacant land

o Protect the forest at Hulu Langat District and Hulu SemenyihDistrict area

o Every resident are encourage to do landscape at yard of their house

o Turn off the light if no one in room and when not needed

o Use compact fluorescent light bulbs to replace the lamp because these bulbs can produce

same amount of light but using quarter of electricity only

o Buy products that have the Energy Star label on them. Energy Star labels are found on

over 40 product categories and in the year 2005alone is responsible for saving consumers

over 12 billion dollars

o Use solar power to heat water and pools, cook, and light homes and buildings

o Use lawn as an air conditioner

11.0 AIR QUALITY

Reducing air pollution will improve the quality of life for everyone. Reducing air pollution often

means using less fuel and energy which indirectly save money. The main source of pollution in

the Kajang city center is from road traffic. By using public transportations, sustainable house

system and providing more green areas, it could help in improving the state of air quality in

Kajang city center.

Active transport such as bicycle should be encourage especially in education center

places to improve the air quality

Figure 11.1: Encourage cycling in campus

Figure 11.2: An example of a tram that passes through the city, reducing the dependencies of the

public to private vehicles. In turn, the air will be less polluted

Contrary to popular belief, indoor air quality can actually be more polluted than outdoors.

Pollutants range from toxins, such as asbestos and formaldehyde found in building materials to

allergens such as mold, mildew, fungus, bacteria, and dust mites. The negative effects of these

pollutants may cause health problems upon initial exposure or even many years later. However,

there are several measures that can be taken to improve the indoor air quality:

i. Choose ventilation system that removes dirt, dust, moisture, humidity, andpollutants.

ii. Select materials, such as those without formaldehyde, limit off-gassing, have minimal or

no toxic properties and do not shed dust or fibre.

Figure 11.3: Source of the poisonous asbestos that can be found in a home.

Figure 11.4: The local community should be exposed to the importance of planting

more trees around their house

12.0 WATER QUALITY AND DRAINAGE

Storm water runoff is excess precipitation that flows into water bodies and local stormsewer

systems largely due to the prevalence of hard surfaces, such as imperviousconcrete. It is a large

quantity of water that would ordinarily be absorbed into the groundin the natural environment.

Storm water runoff collects pollutants, chemicals and debrisas it flows over paved surfaces and

into water bodies. It also causes erosion, decreasesgroundwater recharge and alters aquatic

environments. By practicing rain waterharvesting system for every house and offices, the storm

water can be used for flushingtoilets and watering plant.

Figure 12.1: Integrate the infrastructure with green environment to reduce storm water runoff

There will be no open channelled drainage in the proposed development. For landscaping

purposes, swale or MuldenRigolen system will be used throughout the new development of Kajang where

the rainwater is channelled into the grassed-over hollow as inFigure 12.2and12.3. The water

seeps into the gravel-filled underground storage basin beneath. Furthermore, rain garden is also

proposed to be constructed at the intersection of every swale.

Figure 12.2: Example of swale drain

Figure 12.3: Example of swale drain

A rain garden is a garden which takes advantage of rainfall and storm water runoffin its

design with selected types of plants. Usually, it is a small garden which is designedto withstand

the extremes of moisture and concentrations of nutrients, particularlyNitrogen and Phosphorus that

are usually found in storm water runoff. Rain gardens aresited ideally close to the source of the runoff and

serve to slow the velocity of storm water as it travels downhill, giving the storm water more time

to infiltrate and lessopportunity to gain momentum and erosive power.

Figure 12.4: A graphical representation of the rain garden system.

On the surface, a rain garden will look like an attractive garden as inFigure 12.5. It may

support habitat for birds and butterflies, a formal landscape amenity or incorporated into a larger

garden as a border or as an entry feature.

Figure 12.5: An example of a rain garden concept from the surface