Yoga

Tattva-samsaA Compendium of the Principles of NaturePicture by D K Chauhan

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In this presentation, I have tried to explain Tattva Samasa in simple language as I understand it.To explain the sutras, reference has been taken from different books and online sources . Any feedback is welcomed

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IntroductionThere is no knowledge like sankhya and no power like yoga [ ]Sankhya and Yoga are two philosophy to attain communion with God( ). In chapter 3 verse 3 of Bhagvad Gita ,Lord Krishna says--In this world, two faiths were declared by me. path of knowledge( ) for Sankhya yogis, path of actions ( ) for yogis [ 3] In Chapter 5, it is elaborated Only the ignorant speak of Yoga and Sankhya as being different [ : : BG5.4]and it is further mentioned that Without yoga , practise of Sankhya is difficult[ :: BG5.6]{continued}

IntroductionDiscourse of Sankhya in the form of Tattva Samasa was done by Mahrishi Kapil to Aasuri.At present only 22 sutras are available and it makes the basis of Sankhya philosophy. These 22 sutras have been deliberated in detail in various scriptures at different times. As explained on previous slide, Yoga and Sankhya are paths to attain the same goal. These two paths meet at many places and yogi following any of the path gets benefitted knowing other path, therefore, one needs to understand Tattva Samasa ,in order to understand Mahrishi Patanjalis Yoga Sutras.

Keeping this in mind, the following slides explain in brief, the meaning of 22 sutras discoursed by Mahrishi Kapil

aau praktaya [1]

astau : Eight prakrtayah: NaturesMeaning of Sutra: [There are] eight origin of evolutes (natures)Explanation: The following are the eight prakritis:Prakriti :Nature, the equilibrium of three gunas, itself not evolved from any other origin, but the primordial source of all other evolutes Buddhi: faculty of discrimination, intelligenceAhamkara: ego, identifying principletan-matras: five subtle elements of sound, touch, form , flavour and smell

oaa vikr [2]

soadasa: sixteen vikarah: transformation, apparitionMeaning: [There are] sixteen transformations/ apparitionsExplanation: The sixteen transformations or apparitions are:Indriyas: Eleven senses which consists of mind, five cognitive senses and five active sensesBhutas or tattvas: five gross elements which are space, air, fire, water and earth ( evolved in this order)

purushah [3]

purushah: the consciousness, ever pure, ever wise, ever freeMeaning: SoulExplanation: sutra 1 & 2 described 24 elements( tattav) which are without conscious and 25th element is the consciousness (purush).Purush at different places has been identified as part of God.

traigunyam[4]

trai: threegunyam: qualities, attributesMeaning: [The prakriti has ] three qualities or attributesExplanation: The prakriti ( 24 in number as explained in sutra 1 & 2) has three attributes( gunas). Sattva, rajas, tamas. These three attributes are in equilibrium before the creation of evolutes. These attributes represent the principles of illumination , activity and stasis. Their disequilibrium in different proportions produces different evolutes which have already been mentioned in sutra 1 and 2. Anything beside purush( 25th element) has three attributes

sancharah[5]

sancharah: emanation, evolutionMeaning: [there is continuous] emanationExplanation: There is a continuous chain of transitions from non-evolute prakriti towards the evolutes. This transition ends at the grossest evolute , the earth.

prati-sancharah [6]

prati-sancharah: resolution, moving backward, withdrawalMeaning: [There is continuous] withdrawalExplanation: There is also a continuous chain of reverse transition from evolutes towards dissolution into prakriti. Sancharah and prati sancharah is a pair of transition from one to another. This is also known as creation and destruction ( )

adhyatmam adhibhtam adhidaivata ca [7]

adhyatmam: The Supreme Self Adhibhutam: TheSupreme Substrate of Elemental Nature Adhidaivatam: The Supreme Diety Ca: and Meaning: The supreme self, the supreme substrate of Elemental Nature and the supreme Deity [ are the three types of creation]Explanation: The creation ( ) has three types. Supreme self, nature and deity .The categories under direct control of the Supreme Self are: Mental: intelligence, ego and mindphysical: five cognitive senses and five active sensesAttributes of the objects of experience such as the intelligible, the identifiable , the thinkable , the sounds heard etc

pancha abhi buddhayah [8]

pancha: five abhi buddhayah: functions of intellect, activities of intelligenceMeaning:[there are ] five activities of intelligence Explanation: these five activities are given as under:Abhibuddhi: i must do thisAbhimana: i do thisichchha: desire , wantkartavya: indulgence of the cognitive senseskriya: operations of the active senses

pancha karma yonayah [9]

pancha: five karma yonayah: sources of actions

Meaning: [there are] five sources of actionsExplanation: dhriti: resolution of mind , speech and actionshraddha: inclination of faith, generosity of mind, charity, acts of prayersukha: acts undertaken with expectation of a comforting or pleasant resulta-vividhisha: tendency that blocks the desire for knowledgevividhisha: desire to know matters relating to spirituality

pancha vayavah [10]

pancha: five vayavah: breaths , vital energy, vital windsMeaning: [there are ] five [ types of] breathingExplanation: every person has five fields of vital energy or pranas or vayu in the body. These are:prana, apana, samana, udana, vyana

pancha karmatmanah [11]

pancha : five karmatmanah: living beings as per actionsMeaning: [there are] five [kinds of] living beings [categorized as per their] actions (karmas)Explanation: vaikarika: with sattvic ego, naturally inclined to perform good deedstaijasa: with rajasic ego , naturally inclined to perform evil actsbhutadi: with tamsic ego, performing act of stupefactionbhutadi are further categorized in two:sanumana: performing good acts of stupefactionniranumana: performing evil acts of stupefaction

pancha parva avidya[12]

pancha : five parva avidya: ignoranceMeaning: [There are] five[kinds of] ignoranceExplanation: 12 to 15 sutras enumerate 50 modification of intelligence. This sutra states that there are five kind of ignorance. These are:avidya(ignorance): mistaking the eternal for the non-eternal and vice versamistaking the pure with impure and vice versamistaking pleasure for pain & vice versamistaking the self for non-self & vice versaasmita: I am nessraga: attractiondvesha: aversionabhinivesha: fear of death

ashtavimshatidha ashaktih [13 ]

ashtavimshatidha :twenty eight ashaktih: incapacity Meaning: [there are] 28 [kind of] incapacityExplanation: the incapacity are enumerated as underincapacity of mind1incapacity of 5 cognitive senses 5incapacity of 5 active senses5incapacity of intelligence17the incapacity of intelligence are various possible false views held regarding reality.these 17 incapacities are opposites of 9 contentment and 8 accomplishment stated in next two sutras

navdha tushtih[14]

navdha: nine tushtih: contentmentMeaning: [there are] nine contentmentExplanation: 4 spiritual and 5 external contentment comprises of 9 contentment. Spiritual contentment:matter will give me enlightenmentrenunciation will give me enlightenmenttime will bring forth enlightenmentdestiny will bring enlightenmentExternal contentment continued on next slide

navdha tushtih[14]

navdha: nine tushtih: contentmentMeaning: [there are] nine contentmentExplanation: [ continued from previous slide]external contentment areThe ways of earning wealth are violent, exploitative & painfulGuarding wealth and sources of pleasure is painfulWealth , luxury & pleasure even well guarded are temporaryNo matter how many objects of senses one enjoys, there is no satisfaction and the desires blaze evermoreIt is not possible to enjoy oneself without hurting other beings

ashtadha shaktih [15]

ashtadha: eight shaktih: accomplishment, attainmentMeaning: [there are] 8 accomplishmentExplanation: 8 accomplishment includes 3 primary and 5 secondary accomplishment3 primary accomplishment are removal of 3 kinds of sufferings(intra-personal, caused by other beings, caused by natural forces)[continued on next slide]

ashtadha shaktih [15]

ashtadha: eight shaktih: accomplishment, attainmentMeaning: [there are] 8 accomplishmentExplanation: [continued from previous slide]5 secondary accomplishments areContemplation with a logical mental processKnowledge gained from scripturesStudyGaining friends in the form of teacher, disciples, co-seekersSelf-purificationSecondary accomplishment are the means to primary accomplishments

dasha mulika-arthah [16]

dasha: tenMulika-arthah: principlesMeaning: [There are] ten principle [tenets of the philosophy]Explanation: There is a conscious self ( Purush)There is an original, unmanifest natureThere is a single unmanifested cause of all material objects The conscious self exists for no other oneMatter exists for serving the conscious selfConscious self is separate from prakritiConscious self is not an agent of actionsUnion of matter with spiritual self occursThere are many purushasAfter self-realization, the body may continue by the momentum of its own laws

anugraha sargah [17]

anugraha: compassionate sargah: creationMeaning: creation of compassionate [feelings]Explanation: fivefold compassionate creation.Five subtle elements( tan-matras)The appearance of divine , incarnate sages is also considered as compassionate creation

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chaturdashavidho bhuta- sargah [18]

chaturdash vidho: fourteen kindbhuta : living beingssargah: creationMeaning: Creation of fourteen kinds of living beings

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trividho bandhah [19]

trividho: three kinds of Bandhah: bondageMeaning: [there are ] three kinds of bondageExplanation: Prakratika Bondage: identifying the self with the eight prakritisVaikritika bondage: renunciates becoming attracted to objects of pleasureDakshina bondage: Common worldly peoples involvement with ordinary desires and needs of lifeAn ascetics dependence on the offerings of laymen

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trividho mokshah [20]

trividho: three kinds of mokshah: liberationMeaning: [there are] three kinds of liberationExplanation: Liberation arising from the full expansion of knowledgeLiberation arising from the elimination of attachmentLiberation arising above good and evil. In this kind, the self has abandoned all prakritic identification.

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trividham pramanam [21]

trividham : three Pramanam: valid proofsMeaning: [There exists] three valid proofsExplanation: Proofs are categorized as :By direct perceptionBy inferenceBy authority of realized ones and by their revealed scriptures

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trividham duhkham[22]

Trividham: three kindsDhukham: misery Meaning: [there exists] three kind of miseriesExplanation: these miseries are explained as under:Adhyatmika( Interpersonal) these miseries are to be cured by internal means. They have two categories Mental such as desire, passion, jealousy, greed, fear, depression Physical- imbalance of naturesAdhibhautika: misery caused through the agency of other beingsAdhidaivika: misery caused through the agency of natural forces and the conscious powers of the subtler worlds

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etat paramparaya yathatathyam [23]

Etat: this Paramparaya: traditionYatha: in order thattathyam: exact yathatathyam: in accordance with the truthMeaning: This is the tradition in accordance with reality(truth)

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etat sarvam jnatava krtakrtya syat na punas trividhena duhkhena anu-bhuyate [24]

Etat: thisSarvam: the whole, completelyJnatava: knowingKrtakrtya:one who has accomplished what he wantedSyat: perhaps(it is) Na : no (never)Punas: againTrividhena: three kinds ofDukhena: miseries, sorrowsAnubhuyate: experienceMeaning: Knowing the whole of this, one has accomplished his task, Never again will the threefold misery come to be [for him]

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