tavua college basic technology year 10 worksheets …€¦ · 3. alignment - allows us to create...

Objectives:

By the end of this lesson, students should be able to

Understand the need of recycling related to climate change.

Design for recycling

- Designed-for-recycling incorporates recycling and recyclability criteria into the design phase of products.

- Recycled products are those which are manufactured using recycled materials or components from products

no longer in use.

- Recycling saves resources, prevents pollution, supports public health, and creates jobs.

Benefits of Recycling

Reduces the amount of waste sent to landfills and incinerators;

Conserves natural resources such as timber, water, and minerals;

Prevents pollution by reducing the need to collect new raw materials;

Saves energy and gas emissions that contribute to global climate change.

Reasons for Recycling

- Financial Income

- Recycling helps conserve limited resources

- Recycling is energy efficient

- Recycling builds community

- Recycling creates jobs

- Recycling is Earth-friendly

Activity

1. What do you mean by Design for Recycling?

2. What are some benefits of recycling?

3. List down few things which can be used for recycling?

TAVUA COLLEGE BASIC TECHNOLOGY – YEAR 10

WORKSHEETS

MONDAY (18/05/20) DESIGN & ENTERPRISING [Design for Recycling]

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Objectives:


Understand the need of green design related to climate change.

Green Design

- Sustainable design (also called environmental design, environmentally sustainable design, environmentally

conscious design, etc.) is the philosophy of designing physical objects, the built environment, and services to

comply with the principles of social, economic, and ecological sustainability.

- System is a group of interacting, interrelated, and interdependent components that form a complex and unified

whole.

- Sustainability is meeting the needs of the present without comprising the ability of future generations to meet

their needs.

- Sustainable design considers how to design the built environment in a way that cultivates ecological,

economic, and cultural conditions which support human and environmental well-being

Common Principles of Sustainable Design

- Use of low-impact materials: Chooses non-toxic, sustainable, or recycled materials, which require little

energy to process.

- Energy efficiency: manufacturing processes that use less energy and produces products which require less

energy to manufacture and operate

- Quality and durability: longer-lasting and better-functioning products

- Cradle-to-cradle life cycle design for reuse and recycling: Designs products, processes, and systems for

performance in the commercial afterlife of the product.

- Bio mimicry: design systems found in nature.

- Local renewable resources: Chooses materials from nearby (local or bioregional), sustainably managed,

renewable sources.

- Carbon footprint: Reduces an individual‘s carbon footprint.

- Human needs and quality of life:

Activity

1. Define sustainable design.

2. Define green design and state its importance.

Objectives:


Identify and use the design principles in the minor project design.

Principles of Design

1. BALANCE - Balance provides stability and structure to a design.

TUESDAY (19/05/20) TOPIC 4 – DESIGN & ENTERPRISING [Green Design]

WEDNESDAY (20/05/20) TOPIC 4 – DESIGN & ENTERPRISING [Principles of Design]

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2. PROXIMITY - Proximity creates relationship between elements. Means elements should be visually

connected in some way.

3. ALIGNMENT - Allows us to create order and organisation.

4. REPETITION - Repetition strengthens a design by tying together individual elements.

5. CONTRAST - The elements are opposing one another i.e., big against small, light against dark

6. SPACE - Space in art refers to the distance or area between, around, above, below, or within elements.

SUMMARY

- Balance – shows symmetry in the composition

- Movement – elements show movement or action

- Emphasis – artist directs the eye to one part of the composition

- Rhythm – the same elements in a pattern vary in size or direction

- Harmony – elements are similar in size, shade or shape

- Variety – elements are different in size, color or shape.

Activity

1. List and explain four common principles of sustainable design.

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OUTCOME


All the Woodworking hand tools may be generally divided into classes or groups according to their uses.

1. Holding and supporting tools - These tools are used to hold or support the job while working on it.

2. Geometrical tools - These tools are used for measuring, marking, testing and setting out the work.

3. Abrading and Cutting tools - These tools are used for reducing the timber to required sizes and shapes.

4. Percussion and impelling tools - These tools are used to drive nails, screws, chisels and take out nails and

screws.

5. Boring tools - These tools are used to bore holes.

HAND TOOLS & APPLIANCES

TOOLS NAMES USES

1

Combination Square

Uses: used for levelling, as

a try square, to determine the

squareness of a piece of joint.

It can also be used as a saw guide.

2

Sliding Bevel

Uses: A sliding bevel is a tool

which can be set to different angles

to aid marking out.

3

Sash Cramps

Uses: used to clamp work together

when it is glued.

4

Try Square

Uses:- used to mark lines at right

angles

- Used for testing the surface for

squareness

- Used to draw 90˚ lines

THURSDAY (21/05/20) TOPIC 4 - HAND TOOLS AND MACHINES

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5

MARKING GAUGE

Uses:- used for marking lines

parallel to the face or working side

or edge of timber.

ACTIVITY

1. Draw a neat sketch of a Combination Square and label all the parts.

OUTCOME

By the end of this lesson, students should be able to:

es.

HAND SAWS

TOOLS NAME USES

1

Hand saws are hand-held tools, manually-driven, that are designed to cut through softer materials mainly

wood.

Keyhole Saw Uses:- A keyhole saw is perfect in

cutting holes in wood and curves.

It is used for cutting holes in soft

woods or in drywall, such as

cutting a hole in a wall for a new

electric switch.

2

Cross Cut Saw

Uses:- It is used to cut large pieces

of timber or cuts through a tree

across the grain of timber.

Its saw blade ranges from 55 to 70

cm with 3 to 5 teeth per cm.

3

Panel Saw

Uses:- Panel saws are perfect for

cutting small pieces of wood,

especially used for cutting light

boards like plywood across the

grain.

Panel saw length can be as short as

46 cm with 3 to 5 teeth per cm.

FRIDAY (22/05/20) TOPIC 4 - HAND TOOLS AND MACHINES

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4

Rip Cut Saw

Uses:- It is specially designed for

making cut parallel to the direction

of the wood grain.

Its saw length varies from 60 to 70

cm with 2 to 3 teeth

per cm.

5

Back Saw

Uses:- It is used for making fine

accurate cuts in small pieces of

wood such as cutting of joints,

angles with and across the grain.

Back saw blade size can range

from

20 cm to 40 cm.

6

Coping saw

Uses: - Coping saws are perfect

for cutting complex patterns on

wood.

7

Hacksaw Uses: It is used in metal cutting

such as thin tubing and drill rod

with its 7 to13 teeth per cm.

8 Rachet Brace and

Bits

Uses: Hand-operated tool for

boring holes in wood

9 Soldering Iron A soldering iron is a hand tool

used in soldering.

Soldering irons are most often

used for installation, repairs, and

Limited production work in

electronics assembly

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OUTCOME


HAMMERS & MALLETS

Tools Name Uses

1

Ball Pein Hammer

Uses: - This hammer is widely used

for general purpose, laying out,

riveting, chipping and forming

metals.

It‘s pein is balled shaped thus it is

called ball pein hammer.

2

Cross Pein

Hammer

Uses:- A cross pein hammer is used

for light cabinet work

3

Claw Hammer

Uses: - a hammer with one side of the

head split and curved, used for

extracting nails

4

Soft- faced

Hammer

Uses: Soft face hammers and mallets

are made of various non-ferrous

materials (wood, rawhide, rubber,

plastic, copper, brass, lead, etc.).

Mallets A mallet is a kind of hammer made of rubber, plastic, copper, brass, leaden and wood. Different mallets are

used for different purposes.

1

Tinman’s Mallet Uses: It is a short handled hammer

with a cylindrical head mostly used

to drive a chisel or wedge.

2

Bossing Mallet Uses: mainly used in the early stages

of metal shaping and it won‘t leave

any marks on the metal surface.

MONDAY (25/05/20) TOPIC 4 - HAND TOOLS AND MACHINES

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Tin snip Tin snips can be used on a variety of different sheet metals including soft metals (such as aluminium,

copper and brass), mild steel and stainless steel.

1

Curved Tin snip Uses: Curved tin snips are perfect for

cutting arches, bends and circular

shapes in sheet metal due to their

rounded blades.

2 Straight Tin snip Uses: Straight cut tin snip are

designed for simple straight cutting

and

trimming of sheet metals using a

scissor-like action.

Activity

1. Identify the tool marked X and explain the process taking place.

Name: ___________________________

Process: ______________________________________

Objectives:

TUESDAY (26/05/20) TOPIC 4 - HAND TOOLS AND MATERIALS [HARDWARE FOR JOINERY]


life situations.

HANDLE AND DRAWER PULLS - They are made from die cast metal or plastic or a combination of both.

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BOLTS AND HOOKS- The barrel bolt is used on the inside of the doors.

HASP AND STAPLES - Hardware designed for locking system. This particular item is used together with a

pad lock.

HINGES

BUTT HINGES- Used for hanging flush, paneled and glass doors.

TEE HINGE- used on ledged and braced doors and for hanging gates.

PARLIAMENT HINGE- used to allow a door to fully open 180 degrees back onto a wall.

ACTIVITY

1. List three types of Handles

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

2. Sketch and state the function of a Butt hinge.

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3. Sketch and state the function of a Hasp and Staple.

Objectives:


e the safe use of PVC material.

-metals.

A plastic material is any of a wide range of synthetic or semi-synthetic organic solids used in the manufacture of

industrial products.

There are two types of plastics:

(i) Thermoplastics and

(ii) Thermosetting plastics.

Thermoplastics are the plastics that do not undergo chemical change in their composition when heated and can

be molded again and again; examples are polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride and

polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE).

Thermosetting plastics can melt and take shape once; after they have solidified, they stay solid. The raw

materials needed to make most plastics come from petroleum and natural gas.

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)

Polyvinyl Chloride commonly abbreviated PVC, is a thermoplastic polymer.

PVC is widely used in construction because it is cheap, durable, and easily worked.

PIPE FITTINGS

NAME PICTURE

TEE

Tees are a fitting with three ends; two in a straight

line and one on the side at a 90-degree angle. Tees

allow a line to be split into two separate lines with a

90-degree connection and also, tees can connect two

lines into one main line.

ELBOW If you need your piping system to get turn or get

around something in the way, you will need to bend

your pipeline around with PVC Elbows.

WEDNESDAY (27/05/20) TOPIC 4 - HAND TOOLS AND MATERIALS [WORKING WITH NON METALS]

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CROSSES

They have four slip connections and can be used to

divide fluid flow in different directions.

COUPLINGS AND UNIONS

They are a small part that connects or ‗couples‘ one

part to another

CAPS Caps have a very simple job: stop the flow

PLUGS Plugs are like caps, but instead of stopping the flow

in a pipe, they stop the flow in a fitting.

ADAPTERS (Female and Male)

These fittings are designed to change the end type of

a pipe, allowing it to connect to fittings and pipes of

many sizes.

BUSHINGS Bushing is a lot like adapters, but with a

focus on connecting pipes of different diameters.

Activity

1. Sketch and state the use of the following PVC pipe connections

(a) Cap

(b) Elbow 90˚

(c) Plugs

2. Explain the meaning of the term PVC.

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Objectives:


use of Ceramics material.

CERAMICS

- Ceramics are classified as inorganic and non-metallic materials that are essential to our daily lifestyle.

- Ceramics are generally made by taking mixtures of clay, earthen elements, powders, and water and shaping

them into desired forms.

- Ceramics are more than pottery and dishes: clay, bricks, tiles, glass, and cement are probably the best-

known examples.

- Ceramic materials are used in electronics because, depending on their composition, they may be

semiconducting, superconducting, ferroelectric, or an insulator.

Manufactured Boards

Manufactured Boards comprise a range of sheet materials produced by pressing and bonding together wood

particles, fibres or veneers to achieve particular characteristics

TYPES OF MANUFACTURED BOARD

PLYWOOD Plywood made by bonding together hardwood veneers, each oriented at right angles to another, with resin glue.

Birch Plywood is available for both interior and exterior use and is ideal for better quality joinery or components.

Aircraft Ply is used in the aviation industry and quality requirements for plywood to be used in aircraft are much

more exacting than for industrial plywood in general.

Uses of Plywood Common uses of plywood are:

- Furniture Manufacture: In carcass construction, it is glued to a framework. It is also used as backing for

cabinets, drawer bottoms, radio cabinets, door panels and chair backs and bottoms.

- Building Works: In building works it is used for panelling, flush doors and builtin fitments.

- Boat Building: Special waterproof marine grade plywood is manufactured to resist water indefinitely.

- Aircraft Construction: The strength of the plywood combined with its light weight makes it ideal for this

type of work, light gliders and sail planes.

Other Uses: It is also used in coachwork, railway carriages and boxes.

FIBREBOARDS

Hardboard panels are rough on the underside but the top surface is smooth and can be laminated with paper

overlays, plastic laminates and veneers

THURSDAY (28/05/20)TOPIC 4 - HAND TOOLS AND MATERIALS [CERAMICS]

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Medium Density Fibreboard (MDF) is a composite panel product made by combining wood fibres with a

synthetic resin and bringing them together under heat and pressure. MDF is mainly used indoors for a very

wide range of applications, including doors, mouldings, skirting boards, internal panelling and shelving

PARTICAL BOARD Chipboard is made from wood chips, shavings and sawdust which is mixed with a resin adhesive then pressed

and extruded into boards.

Sterling Board (aka Oriented Strand Board (OSB) is made of flakes of wood which are compressed and bonded

together with a waterproof resin adhesive. It has a poor surface finish but is weather-resistant

BLOCKBOARD

Block board is made up of a core of softwood strips placed edge to edge and sandwiched between veneers of

hardwood.

Lamin board is a higher-grade variant of Block board in which the central core consists of many thinner 5-8mm

battens arranged 'on edge'.

Batten board is very similar to Block board but has wider strips of softwood to form the core and is considered

to be of lower quality than Block board.

Objectives:


METALS

A metal is a material that is typically hard, opaque, shiny, and has good electrical and thermal conductivity. Some

examples of metals are aluminium, copper, iron, lead, zinc, tin, silver and gold.

Mechanical Properties

Hardness Hardness refers to the ability of a metal to resist scratch, penetration, cutting action, or permanent distortion.

FRIDAY (29/05/20)TOPIC 4 - HAND TOOLS AND MATERIALS [WORKING WITH METALS]

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Brittleness Brittleness is the property of a metal that allows little bending or deformation without shattering. Cast iron, cast

aluminium, and very hard steel are brittle metals.

Malleability A metal that can be hammered, rolled, or pressed into various shapes without cracking or breaking is said to be

malleable. Copper is one example of a malleable metal.

Ductility Ductility is the property of a metal that permits it to be permanently drawn, bent, or twisted into thin lengths

without breaking.

Toughness A material that possesses toughness will withstand tearing or shearing and may be stretched or otherwise

deformed without breaking.

There are two main groups of metals:

Ferrous and non-ferrous metals.

FERROUS METALS

Most ferrous metals contain materials called carbon.

The carbon content ranges from 0.1% to 4%. The higher the carbon content, the harder the metal. Most ferrous

metals will rust and almost all ferrous metals can be picked up with magnet.

Ferrous Metals

Name Carbon content Used Properties

Low Carbon

Steel

0.1% to 0.3% Nuts, bolts and rivets.

It is also used to make

food cans, car body

panels and is used widely

in the construction

industry.

It is quite strong and is the most common type of

steel used today. Ductile and malleable

Medium carbon

Steel

0.3% to 0.6% Nails, screws, metal

chains, wire ropes,

screwdriver blades, some

engine parts and bicycle

wheel rims.

increased toughness and hardness. . It can be

treated with heat to alter its hardness.

High carbon

steel

0.6% to 1.7% chisels ,files, taps and

dies, knifes etc.

high hardness, tempered to reduce

the hardness and increase the

toughness.

Cast Iron 2% to 4% car engine blocks,

manhole covers and

engineer‘s vice

is very hard but brittle

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NON- FERROUS METALS

Non-ferrous metals are metals do not have iron and they do not rust and cannot be picked up by magnets.

Name Properties use

Copper

reddish in color, ductile, malleable and a

good conductor of heat and electricity

Used in electrical wirings, tips of soldering iron and

some decorative purposes

Lead is highly ductile, malleable and non-

corrosive

Used for soldering electrical circuits and sheet metal

joints for containers and pipes.’

Tin highly malleable and ductile and is

resistant to corrosion. Tin is a silvery –

white non – toxic ( not poisonus) soft

metal.

used as coating on food cans

Aluminum Aluminium is the second most widely

used metal after steel. It is light and is

good conductor of electricity and heat.

Display racks, cooking foil, drink cans and overhead

power cables. It can be folded to make casings and

panels for electrical goods, and also for making road

signs.

Zinc a silvery-blue metal that does not corrode

easily. It is ductile and is not very strong.

often used in the manufactured of other metals such as

brass and galvanized iron. Zinc is also used to make

some batteries and rust-proof paints.

METAL ALLOYS

Metal Alloys contain more than one metallic element or metal that is produced by mixing a pure metal with

another metal or substance.

Duralumin

Properties: A greyish – white metal made by mixing aluminum with copper and manganese. The addition of

copper and manganese increases its hardness and toughness.

Uses: Widely used in the transport industries for making body panels and machine parts where strength and

lightness are needed. It is also used to make portable ladders and some door and window frames.

Brass Properties: Brass is a good conductor of heat and electricity. The golden yellow alloy is easy to machine and

solder. Brass is made by mixing copper and zinc.

Uses: pin s of electrical plugs, nuts, bolts, screws, hinges and some machine parts are made of brass. Other uses

include musical instruments, decorative artifacts, locks and keys.

Bronze Properties: Bronze is made by mixing copper and tin. It has a reddish –yellow colour and is hardwearing,

corrosion resistant and easily machined.

Uses: Bronze is make ship propellers, bells, gears, and bearings and easily casted to make statues.

Activity

1. Differentiate between ferrous and non-ferrous metal.

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

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________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________

2. Write one properties of mild steel.

________________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

3. Give two examples of non-ferrous metal.

________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

Objectives:


Wood Finishing

Finishes serve to prevent wood absorbing moisture, protect against decay and enhance appearance.

Some common types of wood work finish

Staining

Is a type of finish which gives colour to wood when applied.

Varnishing

Is a clear transparent hard protective finish or film. It is applied over wood stains as a final step to achieve a film

for gloss and protection.

Painting Paint provides a protective colouring for both indoor and outside softwood.

Lacquers Several coats of Lacquers is needed for an effective finish since it is thinner compared to varnish.

Wax To suit different wood types, furniture wax can be obtained ready coloured

Oil Since oil is natural and waterproof, it provides a perfect finish for outdoor furniture.

Metal Finishing To protect metal from rust, coat it with Vaseline or light grease.

Oil Finishing

MONDAY (01/06/20) TOPIC 4 - HAND TOOLS AND MATERIALS [FINISHING]

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Steel can be either dipped in machine oil burnt into the metal or the metal can be heated to dull red and quenched

in oil.

Painting For painting metal, the surface must be thoroughly cleaned and then washed with hot water and

detergent.

Plastic Coating The most suitable method is to dip pre-heated metal into a tank of liquefied thermoplastic such as

polythene, PVC or nylon.

Electroplating Thin layer of metal is deposited on the surface of the metal to be used. Some examples are chromium plating on

steel, silver and gold plating on jewellery and simple copper plating.

Sandstones

Sandstone is a sedimentary rock, typically formed from the most common minerals in the earth‘s crust.

Common uses of sandstone Sandstone is a popular choice for both flooring and walls, indoors and outdoors.

Stone Oil is a pre-polish sealer formulated to give an aged appearance to natural stone and enhances the natural

structure of the floor.

Objectives:


and processes used in finishing processes

Paint and varnish are generic names for outer coatings that dry by evaporation or a solvent.

TERMS AND PROCESSES

1. Undercoat – the basis

Most important, the primer reduces the absorption of the underlying material for better adhesion.

2. Special Primer for walls

It‘s best to first apply a primer. Primer is applied to prevent the absorption of finishing coat because the wall

is porous.

3. Alkyd Paint/ Oil Paint

Alkyd paint or synthetic paint can be used both indoors and outdoors.

4. Acrylic Paint/ Water Paint

Acrylic paint is mainly used indoors, and is less suitable for outdoor use. It lasts for around 4 years.

5. Over Painting

Acrylic paint can be applied over alkyd paint after you‘ve sanded it well.

6. Latex Paint

TUESDAY (02/06/20) TOPIC 4 - HAND TOOLS AND MATERIALS [FINISHING]

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7. Varnish

Transparent varnish: this varnish gives the wood surface a colored finish while the transparent finish still remains

visible and the wood can breathe.

8. Transparent Paints and Lacquers

Transparent paint systems and lacquers are less resistant to the influence of ultra-violet (UV) light.

9. Colour mixing machine

Mixing of the basic colours and the quantities of the pigment paste to make the desired colour is controlled by a

computer.

10. Solvents

Solvents are intended for dissolving and thinning of paints and varnishes.

11. Over painting of old Paint Coats

If you‘re using the same kind of paint, then it‘s enough to sand it and then to fill the holes and other imperfections

with filler.

12. Heat Gun

A heat gun is an excellent tool to remove old paint coats.

13. Paint Stripper

Paint stripper can remove several coats at once.

14. Fillers

If you have damaged areas, gaps, cracks and other imperfections, repair them with filler (elastic filler if

necessary).

15. SEALER

Use paintable acrylic sealant to fill any imperfections between the walls and window frames.

16. Masking tape

Prevent the painted edge from crumbling off.

Advantages of Acrylic or Water-based Paints

- Low VOCs (low levels of toxic emissions).

- Easy clean up with water

- Quick drying.

- An elastic, flexible finish resistant to cracking.

- Stable colour over time, without yellowing.

Advantages of Alkyd Paint or Oil-based Paints

- Attractive gloss.

- Good levelling‘ (brush strokes fill themselves in to create a smooth finish).

- Hard, durable finish.

Attention points Use good-quality brushes and rollers – these give a noticeably better result.

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sharpening hand tools.

Chisels

There are two important angles; Grinding angle and the Sharpening angle

The grinding angle is formed on a grinding wheel. It should be between 20º to 25º from the face of the chisel

blade.

The sharpening angle is between 25º to 30º. This is the angle that gives a sharp cutting edge, so it‘s the one that

must be maintained when sharpening the chisel regularly on an oilstone.

Grinding

Grinding removes a significant amount of metal and sets you up for sharpening success. Grinding reshapes the

cutting edge of tool.

Grinding Plane Blade

i. Check the cutting edge of the blade under light. If it reflects light, sharpening is needed.

ii. Hold a try square on the edge of the blade and check to see if the cutting edge is square with the sides. If it

does not, grind off the old edge at right angles to the sides till the edge is straightened.

iii. If you are grinding the blade freehand, grind as close as possible to the same angle each time the blade is

returned to the wheel.

iv. Continue to grind the blade until a wire edge appears.

Sharpening

Sharpening starts where grinding ends.

Sharpening the Blade Using Oilstone

i. Spread a small amount of oil on an oilstone.

ii. Put the back of the chisel blade flat on the stone and rub it back and forth to clean it and take out any

burrs.

iii. Turn the chisel over and raise it to the point where the grinding surface is flat against the surface of the

stone. Then lift the chisel up slightly further to find the sharpening angle.

iv. A tiny burr will form on the back of the blade at the edge, called a wire edge.

v. Turn the blade over and hold the back flat against the stone. Rub the blade back and forth to remove the

wire edge.

vi. If the blade is not sharp or the wire edge has not fully come away, repeat steps 3 and 4, using a few

stroke only, until you achieve a sharp edge.

Oil stones are the traditional Western stones that many people grew up using. These stones are made from one

of three materials (Novaculite, Aluminum Oxide, or Silicon Carbide) and use oil for swarf (metal filing)

removal. Used for sharpening tools.

WEDNESDAY (03/06/20) TOPIC 4 - HAND TOOLS AND MATERIALS [SHARPENING HAND TOOLS]

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Activity

1. State the angles for grinding and sharpening?

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________


sharpening hand tools.

Sharpening Saws

(a) Jointing and Topping If the teeth are found to be uneven, it is necessary to join the saw i.e. to run a file

along the tops of the teeth until they are all of even height.

(b) Reshaping Shaping becomes necessary if the teeth are irregular but not necessary after every time the saw

is sharpened. Place the saw in the saw vice and file all the teeth, working from one side of the saw. File straight

across with the file at right angles to the blade.

(c) Setting Setting is always necessary after jointing and shaping. It is the process of bending the adjacent teeth

to the opposite sides so that the cut or the kerf made by the saw is slightly wider than the blade. Sawing gives

clearance and prevents jamming when sawing. Only top third to a half of each tooth is to be bent.

(d) Sharpening or Filing Use a taper saw file with the correct size. Fix the saw in a saw vice, handles to the

right with the gullets about 4mm above the jaw. Place the file in the gullet in the left of the first tooth bent

THURSDAY (04/06/20) TOPIC 4 - HAND TOOLS AND MATERIALS [SHARPENING HAND TOOLS]

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towards you. Swing the handle of the file to the left keeping the file at the same angle and parallel to the floor,

file in each alternate gullet.

Activity

1. Name the type of files used for topping and sharpening.

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________

Objectives:


define 2-D drawings and give examples.

recognize and develop skills in 2-dimensional (2-D).

draw objects in first angle orthographic projection.

The term ortho means at right angles.

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION

FRIDAY (05/06/20) TOPIC 5 – GEOMETRICAL DRAWING [1st ANGLE ORTHOGRAPHIC

PROJECTION]

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Note: When the box is opened, the plan and the end elevation are in line with the front elevation. The plan is

drawn in line & above the front elevation and the end elevation drawn in line but on the side of the front

elevation where it is viewed from.

Views used in orthographic drawing:

View looking from the front - ELEVATION

View looking from the top - PLAN

View looking from the side - END ELEVATION

Principal Plane of Projection It consists of two intersecting planes namely the VERTICAL PLANE (VP) and the HORIZONTAL PLANE

(HP).

Objectives:


recognize and develop skills in 2-dimensional (2-D).

MONDAY (08/06/20) TOPIC 5 – GEOMETRICAL DRAWING [1st ANGLE ORTHOGRAPHIC

PROJECTION]

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ACTIVITY 1. In orthographic projection the view when looking from the top is called the

A. Plan.

B. Elevation.

C. Side Elevation.

D. Rear Elevation.

2. Which view is drawn vertically in line with the 45° line?

A. Plan

B. Elevation

C. End Elevation

D. Line Development

Objectives:



recognize and develop skills in pictorial projection.

draw objects in pictorial projection.

THREE FORMS OF PICTORIAL DRAWINGS [3D DRAWINGS]

i. Isometric drawings

ii. Oblique drawings

iii. Perspective drawings

A. ISOMETRIC DRAWING Isometric means "equal measurement". The true dimension of the object is used to construct the drawing.

Step 1 Isometric sketches begin with defining isometric axes, three lines, one vertical and two drawn at 30° from the

horizontal.

Step 2 Three lines of the isometric axes represent the three primary dimensions of the object: width, height, and

depth.

TUESDAY (09/06/20)TOPIC 5 – GEOMETRICAL DRAWING [PICTORIAL DRAWING]

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Objectives:

Readings from Pages 90-98 of your basic technology text book

B. OBLIQUE DRAWING

Types of oblique drawings

i. Cabinet oblique – (distance is reduced by 1/2)

ii. Cavalier oblique

Cavalier Oblique drawings, all lines (including receding lines) are made to their true length.

Cabinet Oblique drawings, the receding lines are shortened by ½ their true length.





Circles in Isometric A circle in an orthographic projection will appear as an ellipse in an isometric drawing.

WEDNESDAY (10/06/20) TOPIC 5 – GEOMETRICAL DRAWING [PICTORIAL DRAWING]

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Circles in Oblique In an oblique drawing, a circle on the surface parallel to the plane of projection will appear as a circle.

A circle on any other surface will appear as an ellipse.

Objectives:





C. PERSPECTIVE DRAWING Perspective drawing is used to represent an object as it would appear to the eye when viewed from one particular

position.

One-point Perspective

In one point perspective drawing, depth is added to a drawing by taking lines to a single vanishing point.

Two-point Perspective In two point perspective drawing, we imagine two vanishing points. The two top corners of the page may be used

for most purposes.

Example

Activity

Readings from Pages 119-121 of your basic technology text book

THURSDAY (11/06/20) TOPIC 5 – GEOMETRICAL DRAWING [PICTORIAL DRAWING]

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DESIGN

Problem

In most houses, shoes are lying around everywhere. This makes the house look untidy and dirty.

Brief

Design a Shoe Rack that will ease the problem.

Details

The following factors are to be taken into consideration when designing the shoe rack.

1. The materials to be used for the construction are readily available.

2. The Shoe rack should have the capability of storing 4 pairs of Adult shoes and 2 Pairs of Kids Shoes.

3. It must be light, strong and portable.

4. It must be easy to construct.

Requirements

(i) In the spaces provided, sketch a pictorial pencil/ colour rendered Possible solution of the shoe rack.

(ii) In the spaces provided, sketch a pictorial pencil/ colour rendered Final solution of the shoe rack.

FRIDAY (12/06/20) DESIGNING

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(iii) Make the detail drawing to show how the design is made portable, the finishing materials used and state a

feature of climate change in the design.

Finishing material: ________________________________________________________

Feature of climate change:

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

(iii). Evaluate the final solution accordingly to the following headings:

HEADING FINAL SOLUTION

Materials Used

Ease of construction

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