taxonomic classification. objectives outline the binomial system of nomenclature. list seven levels...
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Taxonomic Classification
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Objectives
Outline the binomial system of nomenclature.
List seven levels in the hierarchy of taxonomy – kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species – using an example from two different kingdoms for each level.
Design and apply a key to distinguish a group of up to eight organisms.
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Naming thingsTaxonomy: the science of classifying
living things (from Greek taxon meaning group (plural = taxa)
Organisms are classified by similarity.Many attempts from Greek times.
Ex: is something animal, mineral, or vegetable?
The idea of a 2-word description for every living thing
was devel- oped around 1750 by Carrolus
(Carl) Linnaeus of Sweden.The Linnaean system is called
binomial nomenclature (two- name naming system); uses Latin.
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Naming thingsBinomial nomenclature
Linnaeus preceded Darwin & didn’t know evolution, but classification by similarity supports this theory.
Homologous structures: bird & bat wings - same bone structure so there was a common ancestor.But, must also consider analogous structures: Bats and butterflies both have wings, but are unrelated.
DNA similarities support classifications.DNA mutates at a known rate; the more similar the sequences of DNA – the more closely related the creatures will be.Mutations pinpoint where creatures broke from some common ancestor.
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Naming thingsWhy name organisms?
Human need (for communication);beginning with the
Book ofGenesis 2:20. →→So scientists can communicate without
misunderstandings.
For example, the words inu (Japanese), chien
(French), perro (Spanish), and dog (English) all
represent the same 4-legged barking animal.
But Canis lupis familiaris (Latin) is recognized by any scientist anywhere.
Adam naming the animals
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Naming thingsWhy name organisms?
The same word can be used differently even
in English-speaking countries.
Ex. American wheat is called “corn” in England.
Even in America, things have different names among
various regions or even age groups.
Ex. Roly-poly, pillbug, or wood louse =
Porcellio scaber
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Naming thingsWhy choose Latin for naming things?
Throughout the middle ages, Catholic monks
kept Roman & Greek wisdom
alive copying texts in monasteries. The Catholic church
spoke & wrote in Latin. Scientists
had religious
educations.
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Binomial nomenclatureThe Linnean system has two main
characteristics.1) Each kind of organism has 2-part name, a
binomial.1st part, the genus; 2nd part, the species - in Latin.1st letter of the genus is capitalized, & both names are italicized (or underlined) and latinized.
Ex: Linnaeus assigned to humans the scientific
name Homo sapiens, meaning
“wise man”.
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Taxonomic hierarchiesThe Linnean system has two main
characteristics.2) Species are organ-
ized hierarchically into broader and
broader groups of organisms.
Closely-related species are grouped
into the same genus.Ex: the leopard,
belongs to a genus that includes the
lion (P. leo) & the tiger (P. tigris).
Hierarchyexample #1, the panther
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Taxonomic hierarchiesThe Linnean system has two main
characteristics.The genus is one part
of a family – the cat family (Felidae), along
with house cats, etc. Families combine to form
an order – Carnivora, the meat eaters, including dogs. Orders form a class – Mam-
malia, whose creatures all
have fur and produce milk.Classes form a phylum, in
this case the Chordates, all having a spinal column.
Hierarchyexample #1, the panther
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Taxonomic hierarchiesThe Linnean system has two main
characteristics.Several phyla – chordates,
arthropods, different worms,
sponges, etc. – form a king- dom, in this case Animalia,
which are heterotrophic and whose cells lack a cell wall.
The plant kingdom has cells that are
autotrophic; the cell wall is of cellulose.
The kingdoms of Animalia, Plantae,
Fungi, etc. form a domain, in this case
Eukarya – all the creatures whose
cells contain a nucleus.
Hierarchyexample #1, the panther
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Taxonomic hierarchiesThe taxonomy of Mankind
Domain= EukaryaKingdom = AnimaliaPhylum = ChordataClass = Mammalia(up to this point we are
united with felines)
Order = PrimatesFamily = HominidaeGenus = HomoSpecies = sapiens
Hierarchyexample #2, the human
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Taxonomic hierarchiesBranches on the tree of
life represent major changes in the way
creatures develop as a result of evolution.
Mutations happen, & the environment
changes.
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Taxonomic hierarchiesMutations led to changes in the animal
kingdom
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Dichotomous keysA dichotomous key is a method for
identifying and classifying objects, where each feature selected to help identification requires a choice between two alternatives.
A substitute teacher asks, “Which boy is James?”
Proceed step-by- step to find him,
always making one of two choices.
1, 2, 4, 8
Go to #:Go to #:
Dichotomous = “two branches”.
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Dichotomous keysWhat should you
ask here?
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Dichotomous keysWhat should you
ask here?
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Taxonomic Classification (part 2)
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Taxonomic hierarchiesBranches on the tree of
life represent major changes in the way
creatures develop as a result of evolution.
Mutations happen, & the environment
changes.
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Three Domains with Six Kingdoms of Life
Note characteristics!
Remember: viruses are not alive; they have no kingdom.
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Six Kingdoms of Life2 kingdoms for prokaryotes (all
unicellular with a cell wall) are distinguished by habitat.
Archaebacteria (archae = ancient) Domain ArchaeaLive in extreme environments
similar to early earth: hot springs, salty seas; oxygen is poisonous.Autotrophic (chemoautotrophic).
Eubacteria Domain BacteriaLive all around us: on the floor,
in our mouths, on our skin, etc.Auto- or heterotrophic.
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Six Kingdoms of LifeDomain Eukarya: Cells with a nucleus; 4
kingdoms are distinguished by cellularity and nutrition.
Plants are multicellular autotrophs (photosynthetic).Fungi are heterotrophic decomposers with extracellular digestion (most are
multi- cellular; yeast are unicellular).Animals are multicellular
heterotrophs; most digest their food
within special-ized cavities. No cell wall.Protists are either auto-
trophs (algae) or hetero-trophs (like
amoebas).All but seaweeds are
unicellular.
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Dichotomous keys (Review)To set up a dichotomous key, choose
questions that differentiate the subjects.Does it have: 1) a backbone? No. It’s a lancelet.
Yes. Go to #2. 2) a jaw? No. It’s a lamprey.
Yes. Go to #3. 3) legs? No. It’s a tuna.
Yes. Go to #4. 4) an amniotic egg?No. It’s a salamander.
Yes. Go to #5. 5) hair ? No. It’s a turtle.
Yes. It’s a leopard.
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CladogramsA cladogram is a diagram that links
groups of organisms by showing evolutionary linkages branched off from common ancestors.
Can be based uponphysical characteristics.
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CladogramsA clade is a group of species that includes
a single common ancestor.
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CladogramsCladograms can be formed using similarities in the genetic code – the DNA – which translates into proteins. This is evidence for evolution.
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Cladograms
A key for several animal animal phyla.
Based on: Presence of tissuesSymmetryBody cavityFetal development
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Changes in classificationThe classification system has changed over the years.
Linnaeus only recognized two kingdoms: plants and animals.Today there are six kingdoms. Protista may be sub-divided one day into three or more new kingdoms.