taxonomy the linnaen system€¦ · d02 taxonomy & phyolgeny.notebook 3 march 03, 2014...

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D02 Taxonomy & Phyolgeny.notebook 1 March 03, 2014 TAXONOMY The purpose of a classification system is to allow for accurate identification of a particular organism, no matter where it exists. Taxonomy is the practice of classifying organisms. We currently classify all living organisms into 6 Kingdoms and 3 Domains. THE LINNAEN SYSTEM The current taxonomic system was founded by a Swedish botanist, Carolus Linnaeus. He used physical characteristics (morphology) to identify different species and organize them into various taxa. Each category is called a taxon and they go from least specific to most specific. Some further classification includes subcategories, to help classify large groups. There are various mnemonics to remember the order of taxa, but one of the more common is: D K P C O F G S BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE We currently use a twoword system for naming organisms. Only the genus and species names are required for scientific classification. The genus name is capitalized, and both names are italicized. Several organisms have the same genus name, but different species names. The genus Canis includes Canis lupus (wolf), Canis latrans (coyote), and Canis familiaris (dog). These organisms all share certain characteristics, but are uniquely different at the same time.

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Page 1: TAXONOMY THE LINNAEN SYSTEM€¦ · D02 Taxonomy & Phyolgeny.notebook 3 March 03, 2014 PHYLOGENY The science of taxonomy overlaps with the study of evolution. In addition to classifying

D02 ­ Taxonomy & Phyolgeny.notebook

1

March 03, 2014

TAXONOMYThe purpose of a classification system is to allow for accurate identification of a particular organism, no matter where it exists.

Taxonomy is the practice of classifying organisms.  We currently classify all living organisms into 6 Kingdoms and 3 Domains.

THE LINNAEN SYSTEMThe current taxonomic system was founded by a Swedish botanist, Carolus Linnaeus.  He used physical characteristics (morphology) to identify different species and organize them into various taxa.

Each category is called a taxon and they go from least specific to most specific.  Some further classification includes sub­categories, to help classify large groups.

There are various mnemonics to remember the order of taxa, but one of the more common is:

D K P C O F G S

BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE

We currently use a two­word system for naming organisms.  Only the genus and species names are required for scientific classification.  The genus name is capitalized, and both names are italicized.

Several organisms have the same genus name, but different species names.The genus Canis includes Canis lupus (wolf), Canis latrans (coyote), and Canis familiaris (dog).  These organisms all share certain characteristics, but are uniquely different at the same time.

Page 2: TAXONOMY THE LINNAEN SYSTEM€¦ · D02 Taxonomy & Phyolgeny.notebook 3 March 03, 2014 PHYLOGENY The science of taxonomy overlaps with the study of evolution. In addition to classifying

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March 03, 2014

DICHOTOMOUS KEYSScientists use dichotomous keys to classify organisms.  They are a series of “yes” and “no” questions that look like a flow chart.

EXAMPLECreate a dichotomous key for the following faces so that each one is in a group by itself.

Page 3: TAXONOMY THE LINNAEN SYSTEM€¦ · D02 Taxonomy & Phyolgeny.notebook 3 March 03, 2014 PHYLOGENY The science of taxonomy overlaps with the study of evolution. In addition to classifying

D02 ­ Taxonomy & Phyolgeny.notebook

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March 03, 2014

PHYLOGENYThe science of taxonomy overlaps with the study of evolution.  In addition to classifying and naming organisms, taxonomists also aim to determine the evolutionary history or phylogeny of groups of organisms.

There are 3 major areas that are looked at for evidence of an evolutionary history:

• Related physical anatomy• Related development stages• Related biochemistry/DNA

The physical characteristics of anatomy (morphology) have been used to identify an evolutionary history of an organism.  It can be seen through fossils in comparison to existing organisms.

MORPHOLOGY

Archaeopteryx can be compared to many birds and reptiles.  

DEVELOPMENTAL STAGESOrganisms go through many different stages as they develop from an embryo to an adult.  Scientists consider all stages when trying to determine relatedness.

Tunicate larvae Adult tunicates"sea squirts"

Page 4: TAXONOMY THE LINNAEN SYSTEM€¦ · D02 Taxonomy & Phyolgeny.notebook 3 March 03, 2014 PHYLOGENY The science of taxonomy overlaps with the study of evolution. In addition to classifying

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March 03, 2014

BIOCHEMISTRY & DNAStudies in protein and DNA have really opened up the field of taxonomy and evolution, allowing us to compare things at the most basic level – the blueprints.  Organisms that have more similar protein and DNA sequences are presumed to be more closely related in terms of evolution.

Horseshoe crabs are more related to modern spiders and an ancient extinct trilobite than other crabs.

PHYLOGENETIC TREEA phylogenetic tree is a branching diagram showing the evolutionary history of organisms (how living things are related to each other).

The root represents the oldest ancestral species.  The upper ends of the branches represent the present day descendant species.  Forks in the branch represent the points in the past where species split due to a new feature, called a derived characteristic.

CLADISTICSA cladogram is another way of showing descendants coming from one common ancestor.  It is based on phylogeny and shows how organisms retain some ancestral features, but develop unique ones and thus diverge from the common ancestor.   

Cladograms differ from phylogenetic trees because they show the order that species evolve and therefore shows which species are more closely related to each other and to the common ancestor.   

http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/education/explotime.html