tay son - district solid waste management plan

People’s Committee of

BINH DINH Province

WATER SUPPLY & SANITATION PPMU

Project Management Unit “Improvement of Sanitation and Protection of

the Environment in Tuy Hoa City, Phu Yen”

SEPTEMBER 2010

EP&T

Proposal for performing “Consultancy on Developing

Solid Waste Management Detailed Plans for the four

Districts of Hoai Nhon, Phu My, An Nhon and Tay Son”

(VIE 07 035 11)

People’s Committee of

BINH DINH Province

WATER SUPPLY & SANITATION PPMU

DECEMBER 2011

EP&T

TAY SON DISTRICT SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN

UP TO 2025

Tay Son District Solid Waste Management Plan

2

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. BACKGROUND .................................................................................................................................... 4

1.1. PURPOSE OF THE DISTRICT SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN ..................................................................... 4

1.2. THE CONTENTS OF THIS DISTRICT SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN ............................................................. 4

2. TARGETS FOR DISTRICT SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT ....................................................................... 4

2.1. LEGAL DOCUMENTS OF THE CENTRAL GOVERNMENT ................................................................................... 4

2.1.1. The Government Decree no. 59 on Solid Waste Management ............................................... 4

2.1.2. The National Strategy on Integrated Solid Waste Management ............................................ 5

2.1.3. The Inter-ministerial joint circular No. 01/2001/TTLT-BKHCNMT-BXD ................................... 8

2.1.4. The Circular No. 13/2007/TT-BXD ........................................................................................... 8

2.1.5. The Circular No. 01/2011/TT-BXD ........................................................................................... 9

2.2. THE PROVINCE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN ................................................................................... 10

2.3. DISTRICT DECISIONS REGARDING SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT ................................................................... 11

2.4. TARGETS FOR THE DISTRICT SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT .......................................................................... 11

3. PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF DOMESTIC WASTE TILL 2025 .............................................................. 12

3.1. DEFINITION OF SOLID WASTE ................................................................................................................ 12

3.2. CURRENT SITUATION IN TAY SON DISTRICT .............................................................................................. 13

3.2.1. Existing Equipment, Staffing and Waste Collection Service .................................................. 13

3.2.2. Current Waste Disposal Site .................................................................................................. 14

3.2.3. Current Fees and Cost Recovery ............................................................................................ 15

3.2.4. Agricultural/Farm Waste ....................................................................................................... 15

3.3. DOMESTIC WASTE CHARACTERISTICS AND GENERATION RATE TILL 2025 ....................................................... 15

3.3.1. Domestic Waste Composition for Street and Market Waste ................................................ 15

3.3.2. Domestic Waste Generation Rates till 2025 .......................................................................... 16

3.4. PLAN FOR WASTE MANAGEMENT AT SOURCE 2011-2025 ........................................................................ 18

3.4.1. Markets ................................................................................................................................. 19

3.4.2. Households ............................................................................................................................ 19

3.4.3. Cost of Treatment of Organic Waste at Source ..................................................................... 20

3.5. PLAN FOR WASTE COLLECTION 2011 - 2025 ........................................................................................... 24

3.5.1. Methodology for Collection of Waste.................................................................................... 24

3.5.2. Waste Transfer and Transportation ...................................................................................... 26

3.5.3. Requirements to Street Sweeping Equipment ....................................................................... 28

3.5.4. Demand for Waste Collection Facilities ................................................................................. 29

3.5.5. Requirements for Waste Transportation Vehicles ................................................................. 35

3.5.6. Requirements to Waste Management Workers .................................................................... 37

3.5.7. Cost of Waste Collection System ........................................................................................... 38

3.5.8. Fees and Cost Recovery for Waste Collection ........................................................................ 43

3.6. REQUIREMENTS FOR CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT AND AWARENESS RAISING ..................................................... 46

3.6.1. Background ........................................................................................................................... 46

3.6.2. Capacity Development and Training within the district ........................................................ 46

3.6.3. Basic for a Awareness Raising Programme from 2012 to 2014 ............................................ 47

3.6.4. Strategy and Objectives ......................................................................................................... 48

3.6.5. Organisation and Implementation Structure ........................................................................ 48

3.6.6. Awareness Raising through the Public Media ....................................................................... 52


3

3.6.7. Requirements to Improve the Waste Collection .................................................................... 53

3.6.8. Strengthening the Recycling at Source .................................................................................. 53

3.6.9. Capacity Development and Training within the District ........................................................ 54

3.6.10. Cost of Capacity Development and Awareness Raising Programmes 2012 – 2025 .............. 54

3.7. REQUIREMENTS TO THE WASTE DISPOSAL SYSTEM .................................................................................... 57

3.7.1. Quantity of Waste to Landfill 2011 – 2025 ........................................................................... 57

3.7.2. District Sanitary Landfill ........................................................................................................ 58

3.7.3. Benefits of a Shared Sanitary Landfill .................................................................................... 60

3.7.4. Procedure for Sharing a Sanitary Landfill .............................................................................. 61

3.8. CLOSURE OF DUMPSITES ...................................................................................................................... 61

3.9. COST SAVING BY TREATING ORGANIC WASTE AT SOURCE ........................................................................... 62

4. PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE TILL 2025 ............................................................ 62

4.1. DEFINITIONS OF INDUSTRIAL/HAZARDOUS WASTE .................................................................................... 62

4.2. CURRENT SITUATION AND PLANS ........................................................................................................... 64

4.3. POSSIBILITIES FOR WASTE PREVENTION AND WASTE MINIMISATION; .............................................................. 65

4.4. PRESENT AND FUTURE QUANTITIES OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE .......................................................................... 65

4.5. THE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR INDUSTRIAL WASTE ................................................................................ 66

4.6. REQUIREMENTS FOR CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT AND AWARENESS RAISING ..................................................... 66

5. PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF HEALTHCARE RISK WASTE .................................................................. 67

5.1. DEFINITION OF HEALTHCARE RISK WASTE ................................................................................................ 67

5.2. CURRENT SITUATION ........................................................................................................................... 68

5.3. FUTURE MANAGEMENT OF HCW .......................................................................................................... 69

6. IMPLEMENTATION PLANS ................................................................................................................ 69

ANNEX A TABLES OF WASTE QUANTITIES 2010 - 2025......................................................................... 70

ANNEX B MAP OF DISTRICT ................................................................................................................. 87

ANNEX C SANITARY LANDFILL CALCULATIONS .................................................................................... 89


4

1. Background Binh Dinh Province is located on the coast of Vietnam in the South Central Coast Region. The province had a population of 1.49 million in 2009 and has a land area of 6,025 square kilometres. Within the province, Tay Son District is located about 35 km North West of Quy Nhon and its capital is Phu Phong sub-town. The District has a total area of 690 km2 and the population in 2009 was 123,300 people. The District is divided into 1 sub-town and 14 communes.

1.1. Purpose of the District Solid Waste Management Plan

The purpose of this District Solid Waste Management Plan is to offer and overall strategy for the collection, treatment and disposal of all solid waste generated in Tay Son District. The Plan covers the years 2011 through 2025. The Plan was developed in close consultation with all stakeholders within the district through meetings, discussions and workshops.

1.2. The Contents of this District Solid Waste Management Plan

This District Solid Waste Management Plan covers the management plans for domestic waste in section 3, for industrial waste in section 4, and for healthcare risk waste in section 5. An overview of the related Government’s laws, Decrees and Regulations on solid waste management is given is section 2. For each type of waste, the Plan provides a description of the current situation, where after the present waste quantities and characteristics are discussed. Hereafter the plans describes the requirements to waste collection, treatment and disposal, the capital and financial costs of the system, as well as cost recovery, requirements to institutional strengthening, capacity development and awareness raising.

2. Targets for District Solid Waste Management

2.1. Legal Documents of the Central Government

2.1.1. The Government Decree no. 59 on Solid Waste Management

The most important national legal document regarding solid waste management is the Government Decree No. 59/2007/ND-CP issued on the 9th April 2007. The document requires four principles applied in solid waste management as follows:

1. Solid waste generators have to pay for the collection, transport and treatment of the waste

2. Solid waste has to be segregated at source, reused, and recycled. Reusable components have to be recovered into input material for production or energy.

3. Technologies which can be used for non-degradable waste treatment or for reducing the waste amount for landfill are prioritised in order to save land resource.

4. The Government encourages the socialisation in the collection, segregation, transport and treatment of solid waste.

The Decree also regulates the items of state management on solid waste and promulgates requirements for the planning and investment of solid waste management. In addition, it regulates in detail the activities of solid waste segregation, collection, storage, transport and treatment; as well as the costs for solid waste management. Last but not least, the decree calls for the requirement of monitoring and implementation.


5

2.1.2. The National Strategy on Integrated Solid Waste Management

On December 12, 2009 the Prime Minister signed Decision No. 2149/QD-TTg approving the National Strategy on Integrated Solid Waste Management till the year 2025 with vision to 2050. The strategy states the following main points:

Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM) is a common responsibility of the whole society, in which the Government takes a leading role in order to enhance socialisation, mobilise all the possible resources, and strengthen the investment into the ISWM activities.

ISWM is implemented on the base of regional and intersectional approaches in order to optimise both economic and technical aspects and ensure social and environmental safety.

ISWM is one of the priorities in environmental protection, which takes part in pollution control towards sustainable development of the country.

ISWM should be based on the “polluter pays” principle, according to which waste generators, polluters and environmental degraders are responsible to contribute finance and compensate for the losses as required by current regulations.

Solid waste management should be implemented with an integrated manner in order to take the first priority for waste prevention and reduction at source and enhance reuse and recycling to reduce the quantities of waste for landfilling.

With a clear vision for the year 2050 that all the waste that is generated will be collected, reused, recycled and treated by advanced and environmentally friendly technologies and that the quantities of waste for landfilling will be minimised, the strategy has set the following target figures: By 2015:

85% of domestic solid waste in urban areas should be collected and treated, of which 60% should be reused, recycled, recovered into energy, or composted.

50% of construction waste in urban areas should be collected and treated, of which 30% should be recovered for reuse or recycling.

30% of septic sludge in urban areas of class II and higher and 10% in urban areas of other classes should be collected and properly treated.

Reduce 40% of plastic bag use in supermarkets and superstores compared to 2010.

Waste separation at households should be implemented at 50% of urban areas, where solid waste recycling facilities exist.

80% of non-hazardous industrial solid waste should be collected and treated, within which 70% should be recovered for reuse or recycling.

60% of hazardous industrial solid waste from industrial parks should be properly treated.

85% of non-hazardous and 70% of hazardous healthcare waste should be collected and properly treated.

40% of solid waste in rural residential areas and 50% in craft villages should be collected and properly treated.

100% of seriously polluting dumpsites according to Decision No. 64/2003/QD-TTg of April 22, 2003 should be treated.

By 2020:



6


50% of septic sludge in urban areas of class II and higher and 30% in the remaining urban areas should be collected and properly treated.



90% of non-hazardous industrial solid waste should be collected and treated, within which 75% should be recovered for reuse or recycling.

70% of hazardous industrial solid waste from industrial parks should be properly treated.

100% of non-hazardous and hazardous healthcare waste should be collected and properly treated.


By 2025:




100% of septic sludge in urban areas of class II and higher and 50% in the remaining urban areas should be collected and properly treated.


100% of non-hazardous and hazardous industrial solid waste should be collected and properly treated.


Furthermore, in order to realise the above set goals, the strategy has pointed out the following tasks for implementation:

1. Prevent and minimise the generation of solid waste 2. Enhance source separation 3. Increase the collection and transport of solid waste 4. Strengthen the reuse and recycling of solid waste 5. Treat solid waste 6. Recover the surroundings of the solid waste treatment facilities.

In addition, the strategy has also pointed out the following main measures for implementation:

1. Improve the system of legal documents and policies regarding solid waste management.

2. Plan and implement the solid waste management plans for all the economic zones and provinces/cities, monitor the implementation of solid waste management plans in the planning of urban and rural residential areas, and plan and implement the plans on the construction of solid waste treatment sites to the level of wards/communes.

3. Build a database and a solid waste data monitoring system in the whole country. 4. Build resources for the implementation of the strategy


7

5. Promote scientific research for effectively contributing to ISWM 6. Raise awareness 7. Strengthen international cooperation

Last but not least, in order to ensure successful implementation, the strategy has also proposed 10 implementation programs which are summarised below: No Programme Targets Due year &

leading

implementer

01 Promoting the prevention,

minimisation, reuse and

recycling of solid waste

- Set up and implement measures for the

prevention, minimisation, reuse and recycling of

solid waste

- Develop recycling industry

2020

MoNRE

02 Promoting solid waste

separation at source

- Set up regulations and guidance on solid waste

separation at source

- Disseminate source separation models

2015

MONRE

03 Investing into the

construction of solid waste

treatment facilities at

regional level

Construct solid waste treatment facilities for the

economic zones in the whole country as approved by

the Prime Minister

2020

MoC

04 Treating domestic solid

waste in the urban areas

during 2009-2020

Construct solid waste treatment facilities for the

urban areas in the whole country, using technologies

that limit landfilling

2020

MoC

05 Recovering the

environment for the solid

waste treatment and

landfilling works

- Strictly treat the seriously polluting dumpsites as

per Decision No 64/2003/QD-TTg

- Improve and upgrade all the current dumpsites in

the whole country to meet the required

environmental standards

2020

MoNRE

06 Strengthening solid waste

management in rural areas

and craft villages

Strengthen integrated solid waste management in

the rural areas and craft villages

2020

MARD

07 Building a database and a

solid waste data

monitoring system

Build a database and a solid waste data monitoring

system in the whole country in order to enhance the

effectiveness of the solid waste management of both

the central and local governments

2015

MoNRE

08 Raising public awareness Gradually increase public awareness on the

separation, reduction, reuse and recycling of solid

waste as well as to protect hygienic conditions

2020

MoIT

09 Building a legal, policy and

institutional system for

Improve the system of standards, regulations,

technical guidance, mechanisms, policies, institutions

2015


8

integrated solid waste

management

etc. on integrated solid waste management MoC

10 Treating healthcare waste

during 2009-2025

Ensure by the year 2025 100% solid waste generated

by the healthcare establishments be collected and

treated properly as required by the environmental

standards

2025

MoH

2.1.3. The Inter-ministerial joint circular No. 01/2001/TTLT-BKHCNMT-BXD

The MoSTE and MoC on January 18, 2001 issued inter-ministerial joint circular No. 01/2001/TTLT-BKHCNMT-BXD guiding the regulations on environmental protection for the selection of location for and the construction and operation of solid waste burial sites. First, the circular elaborates requirements for the selection of waste burial site locations. It requires that the burial site locations must be determined on the basis of construction planning that has already been approved by the competent state management bodies. Besides, it sets minimum distances from a burial site, depending on its size, to different works including urban areas, airports, industrial parks, residential clusters, ground water exploiting works, etc. For instance, the minimum distance from a small and medium burial site to a delta or midland residential cluster (of more than 5 households) should be 1,000 m at the end of principal wind direction or 300 m to other directions. Furthermore, the document guides the procedure for selection of a model and size for a burial site. Second, the circular regulates the operating procedure of a burial site. This includes the weighing and registration of waste, covering the layers of placed waste with soil or other equal materials, closure of a site, post-closure monitoring, and ultimate (re)use of the site after closure. Third and the last, the circular guides the organisation of implementation, in which it shares the responsibilities of the MoSTE, the MoC and the PCs of provincial level in the selection of location for and operation of waste burial sites.

2.1.4. The Circular No. 13/2007/TT-BXD

On December 2007, the Ministry of Construction issued Circular No. 13 /2007/TT-BXD to guide some articles of the Governmental Decree 59/2007/ND-CP of April 9, 2007 on solid waste management. The document covers the following five items: 1. Planning of solid waste management The planning of solid waste management that was defined by Item 1 of Article 7 in Decree 59/2007/ND-CP is elaborated in this circular as the “specific construction sectional planning, which includes surveys, projection of generation sources and quantities of both general and hazardous waste; identification of the locations and sizes of transfer stations and the area of collection and transport; selection of sites and sizes for the waste treatment facilities on the base of proper technologies; setting up plans and resources for complete collection and treatment of the solid waste.” The period for planning is stated to be 10 years, 20 years or longer, depending on the period of construction planning. In addition, the circular also lists the requirements for contents and drawings to be covered in a solid waste management plan. 2. Planning of construction of solid waste management works The circular elaborates the planning of construction of solid waste management works which was regulated by Articles 8 and 9 in Decree 59/2007/ND-CP. It specifies detailed requirements for the planning of total layout of solid waste treatment facilities, including for instance location and capacity, construction area, water and electricity consumption norms, isolation from potentially polluting or explosive areas, monitoring locations, proposal of landscape recovery and ultimate use of the site after closure, etc.


9

3. Recovery and reuse of solid waste treatment areas after closure The document requires closure of landfills that have been filled up with waste according to the design and unsanitary landfills. It also suggests possible alternatives of reuse of the sites such as, for instance, entertainment, sports, parking areas etc. 4. Preparation and management of budget for solid waste treatment According to the circular, the budget preparation should cover all the costs including collection, transport and treatment of solid waste to ensure full recovery of the costs and development of the treatment facilities’ owners; as well as to encourage the socialisation of solid waste treatment. The document also requires that the prepared budget be approved by the chairman of the province PC level. 5. Organisation for implementation The circular requires the ministries and PCs of provincial level to prepare, appraise and approve solid waste management plans as regulated by Article 10 of Decree 59/2007/ND-CP. Furthermore it requires the PCs of provincial level to appraise and approve construction plans for solid waste treatment of provincial and inter-provincial regional scales. Finally it requires the PCs of provincial level to be responsible for closing unsanitary dumpsites as regulated by Decision 64/2003/QD-TTg of April 22, 2003.

2.1.5. The Circular No. 01/2011/TT-BXD

The circular No. 01/2011/TT-BXD was issued by the MoC on January 27, 2011 to guide the implementation of strategic environmental assessment (SEA) for construction and urban planning. The objectives of the document include not only regional, general, sub-regional and detailed planning, but also rural residential planning and specific technical infrastructural planning, which all are thereafter called construction planning. It is organised into 5 chapters and 23 articles, covering general regulations, methods of SEA, contents of SEA, report compilation and appraisal, and organisation of implementation. In general, the document requires SEA to be part of a construction planning and be conducted in parallel to the planning process. Besides the general requirements for an SEA, such as the main environmental issues to focus on and scientific basis for the methods to be used, the circular requires that the contents of an SEA should not be contradictory to or replicated of the ones shown in the plans of higher levels of the current plan. In addition, it requires that the appraisal of such SEAs be carried out in parallel to the appraisal of the plan. The requirements for SEA for specific technical infrastructural planning are elaborated in Article 16 of the document. Regarding SEA for solid waste treatment planning this article specifies the following contents:

Assessing and comparing both positive and negative environmental impacts of different alternatives for collection routes, location and size of transfer stations and treatment facility, treatment technology;

Composition of both general and hazardous waste;

Topographical properties and the possibility of soil pollution at the site;

Ground water characteristics and the possibility of ground water pollution at the treatment site;

Surface water characteristics, flow direction and its distance to the treatment site;

Air emission and odour from the treatment site;


10

Adverse social impacts on the local communities in the area of the treatment site or along side the transport route.

Furthermore, Article 21 of the circular imposes the responsibilities of preparation, appraisal and approval of construction plans as follows:

1. The organisations and individuals who prepare, appraise or approve construction plans are responsible for implementing SEA for the plans as required in this Circular.

2. After the construction plan has been approved and announced, the construction planner is responsible for extracting the SEA or its summary to post on the webpage of the local government and submit a copy (formatted as a pdf or word file) to the MoC’s address as [email protected]

Last but not least, Article 23 of the document states that this circular comes into affect from March 15, 2011 and that it replaces the MoC’s Circular No 10/2000/TT-BXD of August 8, 2000 guiding the preparation of EIA for construction plans. It can therefore be expected that the DSWMPs that are being developed for the for districts of Hoai Nhon, Phu My, An Nhon and Tay Son under the BTC funded project Water Supply and Sanitation Project in Binh Dinh Province do not have to follow Circular No. 01/2011/TT-BXD, i.e. prepare SEA, as they all started in November 2010.

2.2. The Province Solid Waste Management Plan

In August 2009 the People’s Committee of Binh Dinh Province decision no. 637 approved the Province Solid Waste Master Plan (PSWMP) for the urban areas and the industrial zones in Binh Dinh area up to 2020. It should be noted that since the provincial plan was developed and subsequently approved prior to the national strategy, it could not use the national strategy as a legal basis. The plan advocates “using current solid waste management methods of the advanced countries in the world and adjusting it to the suitable conditions of Viet Nam”. The plan emphasises the importance of minimising the amount of solid waste that is landfilled, in order to minimise both the environmental impacts and the investment costs. The plan calls for treatment facilities in every district, city and town; where the operation radius of each solid waste treatment plant is about 20 km. By 2020, eighty percent of the domestic solid waste from urban areas outside Quy Nhon must be collected and treated. The plan basically calls for at source separation of domestic solid waste in urban areas. It foresees utilising the organic faction of the waste to produce fertilizer and to place the remaining waste in sanitary landfills. The plan has set the following target figures: By 2015:

- 100% of domestic solid waste in Quy Nhon and 70% of domestic solid waste in other urban areas should be collected and treated.

- 100% of solid waste generated from industrial parks should be collected and treated by appropriated measures.

By 2020:

- 100% of domestic solid waste in Quy Nhon and 80% of domestic solid waste in other urban areas should be collected and treated.

- 100% of domestic solid waste generated in urban areas should be segregated at source.


11

The plan includes projections of the quantity of solid waste generated in the whole province to the years 2015 and 2020. In addition, it suggests a model for solid waste management in urban areas which consists of not only sanitary landfills but also composting and other recycling activities. For rural areas of the province the model only foresees the use of landfills for waste disposal. Finally, the plan has proposed 10 solid waste treatment complexes for the whole province of Binh Dinh, each of which include as one of the components, a landfill.

2.3. District Decisions regarding Solid Waste Management

There are no District decisions or regulations pertaining to solid waste management. The District follows the provincial regulations that govern the management of solid waste.

2.4. Targets for the District Solid Waste Management

In general and in accordance with the national and provincial policies, the management of solid waste should follow the following sequence of priorities:

Reduction in the quantity of waste produced and to reduce its negative impacts

Recycle the waste, where the discards are separated into materials that may be incorporated into new products;

Use of waste not suitable for re-use or recycling as source of energy;

Disposal of waste not suitable for re-use or recycling nor for energy recovery, as well as the remains of waste from which energy has been recovered, without endangering human health and without using processes or methods which could harm the environment.

The above prioritisation is also in line with international practices. Ideally all waste generation should be avoided; where this is not possible, the quantity of waste should be minimised. Hereafter the hierarchy advocates recycling, energy recovery and final disposal in a landfill. For energy recovery, the most common solution is incineration of waste to generate steam and electricity; another possibility is to produce biogas from the biodegradable organic fraction of the waste. As can be seen from the above, placing the generated solid waste in a landfill is the least favoured option, however, by removing the waste from populated areas and placing it in a landfill, a number of health and environmental problems are solved. To reach the above-mentioned national and provincial policy goals, the solid waste management system in Tay Son District has to be improved. The percentage of waste currently collected has to be increased in order to prevent pollution through illegal dumping. The waste volumes to be disposed of should be minimised, since with the disposal of waste many useful materials are lost, for the same reason recycling and reuse should be encouraged. Since the existing dumpsites within the District have a negative impact on the quality of water, air and soil, measures must be taken to reduce the harmful environmental impact caused by these sites. Furthermore, both healthcare risk waste and industrial waste are generated within the District, and these also need to be collected, treated and disposed of correctly. Today, the majority of healthcare wastes are properly treated; only the waste arising from small sources still need to be included in the existing system. For industrial wastes, there is currently no plan in place for their management. The objectives of this District Solid Waste Management Plan are as follows:


12

Objective no. 1: Reduce the negative impact of uncollected or dumped domestic waste on

the health of the population and on the environment Targets aiming at a reduction in negative health and environmental impacts of domestic waste are:

By the year 2020, 60% of all domestic solid waste produced in the District is recycled, composted or placed in a central landfill.

All inhabitants in hamlets, villages and towns within the District shall have access to waste collection services by the year 2015.

Efforts will be made to reduce the waste volume through the composting (or other treatment) of market waste, as well as the organic faction or household waste in rural areas.

All waste shall be placed in the District landfill from 2014.

All existing dumpsites shall be closed and covered with soil by the year 2015. Objective no. 2: Ensure the safe management of healthcare risk waste and minimise all forms

of pollution from industrial waste Targets aiming at the safe management of healthcare risk waste and minimising pollution from industrial waste are:

By the year 2015, all waste from small, medium and large industries must be transported to landfill(s) approved by the District authorities.

Hazardous waste must be separated from the non-hazardous industrial waste and treated in a dedicated hazardous waste treatment facility.

By 2013 all healthcare risk waste generated within the district must be treated properly.

3. Plan for Management of Domestic Waste till 2025

3.1. Definition of Solid Waste

In Decree No. 59/2007/NĐ-CP issued by Vietnamese Government on April 9th 2007, it is elaborated that solid wastes means waste in a solid form, discharged from production, business, service, daily life or other activities. Solid waste includes ordinary solid waste and hazardous solid waste. Solid waste generated in daily-life activities of individuals, households or at public places is collectively referred to as daily-life solid waste. In this District Solid Waste Management Plan we refer to “domestic solid waste rather than daily-life solid waste, where domestic solid waste” refers to the waste collected by the local authorities or their delegated concessionaires or contractors. Domestic solid waste is hence defined as any garbage, refuse from household kitchens, canteens, markets, residences, commerce, industries or other sources, except for solid waste generation from industrial production processes, health care activities and construction. Hence, domestic solid waste is a mixture of various waste streams and its composition will be dependent on what sources (housing, shops, industries, etc.) are provided with services by the local authorities1.

1

This is identical to the definition generally used for Municipal Solid Waste. The term “domestic solid waste” is used in

the Plan, to avoid the confusion that the term “municipal solid waste” may cause.


13

Thus it must be understood that “domestic solid waste” is the waste collected by the local authorities or their agents and that the waste composition will be dependent on where the garbage truck collects waste.

3.2. Current Situation in Tay Son District

3.2.1. Existing Equipment, Staffing and Waste Collection Service

Waste is collected within Phu Phong sub-town by the Phu Phong Agriculture and General Service Cooperative. The Cooperative was established around 1984 and has 20 staff in total. The waste collection services were initiated in 1998. The company collects waste from 3,500 households of 5,200 households in Phu Phong sub-town. The total amount of solid waste collected is about 32 m3/day; estimated to be equivalent to 16 tonnes per day. Other than waste collection, the company also offers advice and products to farmers, including the sale of soil, fertiliser, seeds, assistance with drainage and irrigation, as well as small scale loans. Overall the company’s turnover is approximately 1.2 billion VND, whereof 800 million VND is from waste management and park services. The Phu Phong Agriculture and General Service Cooperative has one small flat bed truck and four sturdy pushcarts (similar to those used for transporting wares in markets). The truck collects solid waste from large waste generation sources as market, hospital and from households along the main roads every afternoon. The pushcarts collect solid waste from households along the smaller roads and alleys in both mornings and afternoons and then gather collected wastes at some selected transfer points so that the truck can easily come and pick it up. Each pushcart completes six to eight collection trips per day.

Collecting waste from the market. The waste is placed in reuse bags (such as the red bag being emptied), to ease the transfer of waste onto the truck.

Typical collection point and pushcart.

The company’s truck is manned by a driver and two workers; an additional four waste collectors will join at the waste transfer points and are responsible for loading waste into the truck. The waste collection takes place from 6:30 to 11:00 in the morning and from 13:30 to 17:30 in the afternoon.


14

Pushcart used in Phu Phong town, Tay Son District. Vehicle used to collect waste in one of the three

settlements along Highway no. 19.

Three settlements along Highway no. 19 have established their own simple waste collection systems under the auspices of their People’s Committees. This applies to Phu An Village (in Tay Xuan commune where the dumpsite is located); Tay Giang commune and Tay Phu commune. In each case about 500 households are served using a locally made truck with a 2-tonne capacity. These vehicles then transport the waste to the District’s dumpsite.

Other communes within the District have also established waste collection systems and dumpsites. Due to the time limit, visits to all these waste collection companies were not feasible. Information on small waste collection companies will be collected in the next phase.

The Phu Phong Agriculture and General Service Cooperative collects about 16 tonnes of waste per day. It is estimated that the communal collection companies serve a population of approximately 10,000 people and to collect ten tonnes of waste per day. This gives a total of 26 tonnes of domestic waste collected every day in the Tay Son District.

3.2.2. Current Waste Disposal Site

In 2004, a temporary dumping site was established for Tay Son District. The dumpsite is named Phu An dumpsite, it is about 4 km from town and located in Tay Xuan commune; it has total area of 72,410 m2 and the area of phase 1 is 27,500 m2 for constructing one cell to receive solid waste and one cell to storage and treat leachate. Phu An dumpsite is planned to have 4 waste cells and so far, only the first cell has been constructed and put into operation. The road to the dumpsite is in poor condition and impassable to passenger cars during the wet season. The dumpsite itself consists of a large water logged depression (at least in the rainy season) that is encircled by a dirt track. Waste is dumped at the edge of the depressions, partially on the roadway. The scavengers (two during a visit in November 2010) then partially move the waste into the depression as they sort through the waste. To minimise the volume of waste along the edges of the dumpsite, the waste is regularly set on fire outside the wet season.

Phu An Dumpsite, Tay Son District


15

The site for the planned future sanitary landfill of Tay Son District is adjacent to the existing Phu An Dumpsite, which has an area of 10-20 ha and is about 3 km from the residential area. Two communes that collect waste to the North of Phu Phong have also established their own dumpsites.

3.2.3. Current Fees and Cost Recovery

The Cooperative is responsible for the collection of the solid waste management fee from the waste generators; the fee is paid by the population directly to fee collectors that are hired especially for this duty. In return, the fee collectors receive 10% of the collected fees. The fees follow the regulation of the Binh Dinh PPC and are as follows:

• Households along main roads have to pay 10,000 VND/household/month • Households along small roads have to pay 6,000-8,000 VND/household/month • Small (household) scale enterprises have to pay 15,000-20,000

VND/enterprise/month • Medium enterprises have to pay 30,000 VND/enterprise/month • Hospital and market have to pay 3,000,000 VND/month

Around 80-90% of serviced households pay their waste collection fee. The income of the Cooperative is about 400 millions VND per year from collection fee payment and furthermore it receives 100 to 200 millions VND per year as a subsidy from the Tay Son People’s Committee budget.

3.2.4. Agricultural/Farm Waste

Clubroot is a disease that attacks plants of the mustard family such as cabbage, collards, kale, mustard, brussel sprouts, radish, turnip, rutabaga, cauliflower, broccoli, rape, and kohlrabi. The clubroot disease causes the abnormal swelling of roots and occasionally on stems below ground, and it is very difficult to eradicate. Therefore, the prevention of the disease is essential, as an outbreak is very costly to farmers over a large area, as the disease is spread by the wind and water. A common cause of the clubroot disease is the burial of field waste, such as remains of cabbage after harvest and these can cause the growth of the clubroot fungus underground as the vegetables decompose. The practice of burying such field waste seems common is some districts within Binh Dinh province2, it is important that the farmers are made aware of the risks of infection caused by this practice and that they are trained to manage such field waste safely.

3.3. Domestic Waste Characteristics and Generation Rate till 2025

3.3.1. Domestic Waste Composition for Street and Market Waste

The domestic solid waste composition was analysed in Phu Phong in 2010; the results can be found in the Baseline Survey for the districts and in Somers’ report Description and Mapping of the Biologically Treatable Waste Stream in 4 Districts: An Nhon, Tay Son, Hoai Nhon and Phu My in Binh Dinh Province. The results were used to calculate the average composition of the street waste and the market waste. The results are given in the section below. Based on the detailed analysis of almost 3 tonnes of domestic solid waste from all four districts, it was found that the average waste composition by weight is as follows:

2 Mr. Todd Hyman


16

The results of these waste analyses are is very much in line with the Province Solid Waste Master Plan for Binh Dinh Province where the solid waste is found to contain 60.8% organic waste. A total of 650 kg of samples of waste from the main markets in each of the four districts was analysed by Somers. The average composition by weight was found to be as follows:

As could be expected, the waste from wet markets contains a higher percentage of organic waste. It is anticipated that the composition of the waste remains unchanged until the year 2025.

3.3.2. Domestic Waste Generation Rates till 2025

The estimates of the quantities of domestic solid waste generated are based on the size of the population. The population in Tay Son District was 123,339 people in 2009 and is expected to grow annually by 1.16%3. This means that the population of Tay Son district will increase from 125,000 in year 2010 to around 148,000 in year 2025. Here, it is assumed that the population growth is linear and takes place with the same growth rate in the communes as for the towns. On the basis of these assumptions, the estimated population growth within the strategy period has been calculated as shown in Appendix A and as illustrated in Fig. 3.1.

3 Somers: Description and Mapping of the Biologically Treatable Waste Stream in 4 Districts: An Nhon, Tay Son, Hoai

Nhon and Phu My in Binh Dinh Province

Result streets %

Type %

organic 60.38%

recycleables 5.86%

non recycleables 33.60%

hazardous 0.17%

Total 100.00%

Result Markets %

Type %

organic 76.5%

recycleables 6.9%

non recycleables 16.6%

hazardous 0.0%

Total 100.0%


17

Fig. 3.1 Increased population in Tay Son district within the strategy period.

Within Binh Dinh Province, as in Vietnam as a whole, the availability of reliable data on waste production is limited. Based on the Province Solid Waste Master Plan for Binh Dinh Province the waste generation rates are taken as follows: Cities of rank III & IV: 0.9 kg/person/day Towns of rank V: 0.8 kg/person/day For communes the figure of 0.5 kg/person/day has been used, as this seems a generally accepted quantity for rural settlements. At present the collection rates for Phu Phong sub-town, as well as every commune, are based on information from the district, as well as estimates by the consultancy. Furthermore, proposed collection rates have been set up to the year 2025. At present the figures aim for a collection of 80% in 2020, based on the resolution of the Provincial Party General Meeting Nr. 17: “Up to 2020: 100% of the domestic solid waste from Quy Nhon city, 80% of the domestic solid waste from other urban areas are collected and treated”4. Phu Phong is expected to become a provincial level town in the near future and has therefore been included as such in the estimate of waste generation rates over the next 15 years. Tay Giang and Tay Binh are expected to become district towns in 2015 and have therefore been included as towns in the estimate of waste generation rates over the next 15 years. The waste generation tables can be found in Annex A. As can be seen from these tables, some communes, such as Tay Xuan already have very high waste collection rates today; others such as Binh Thanh expect to increase their collection rates over the coming years. As it can also be seen from these tables, it is estimated that currently 15% of the waste in Phu Phong sub-town and 10% of the domestic solid waste generated in the communes is sold to scavengers and recyclers. This is the cardboard, paper, bottles, cans and metals that are sorted at source by the households. It is estimated that these quantities will increase slightly over the coming years to 18% and 12%, respectively. Furthermore, it is expected that increased awareness raising and encouragement from the Water Supply and Sanitation Project will lead to increased

4

Province Solid Waste Master Plan for Binh Dinh Province page 6

-

20.000

40.000

60.000

80.000

100.000

120.000

140.000

160.000

Po

pu

lati

on

in T

ay S

on

dis

tric

t

Year

Towns Communes Tay Son district


18

levels of composting and other forms of treatment for organic waste, eventually leading to 15% of organic waste in Phu Phong sub-town being treated at source and 30% in the communes.5 Of the remaining waste, it is expected that by the year 2015, 70% will be collected in Phu Phong sub-town and Tay Giang commune (that has become a town by then), as well as in Tay Xuan commune where the waste collection rate is already 70% today. All other communes are expected to have a collection rate of 30% in 2015. By 2020, the collection rate will be 80% in the two towns and 40% in the communes. The collection rates are expected to further increase to 50% by 2025 in the communes. Hence the waste collection rate will gradually increase as shown in the tables and as illustrated in Fig. 3.2.

Fig. 3.2 Increased domestic solid waste collection rates within the strategy period.

By 2015 it is expected that approximately 80 tonnes per day of waste will be generated, of which 65.7% will receive treatment: 23.67 tonnes per day (29.58%) will be recycled at source and another 28.60 tonnes (35.75%) will be placed in a landfill. By 2020, 76.6% of all waste generated within the District is expected to receive some form of treatment.

3.4. Plan for Waste Management at Source 2011-2025

A significant percentage of the domestic solid waste generated within the District is already treated at source: homes, shops and offices all separate their waste at source and sell materials such as paper, cardboard, metals, plastics and cans to passing scavengers. It is generally estimated at least 10 to 20% of the overall waste stream is removed at the household level in South East Asia and then passed on as recyclable materials to scavengers or waste buyers. Hence many tonnes of recyclable materials are kept separate from the general waste everyday and never enter the waste stream. This not only recovers materials, but also means that less waste has to be collected and treated. There are also possibilities of reusing the organic portion of the waste. Today, a lot of food waste from restaurants and other commercial kitchens is used as pig feed. Likewise, people who raise animals are likely to use leftover food to feed their animals. There are other possibilities for reusing the organic portion of the waste stream. These are described in the following sections.

5 Tay Xuan Commune expects that there will be no interest or incentives to treat organic waste at source, the commune

therefore do not foresee any treatment of organic waste at source.

-

10,00

20,00

30,00

40,00

50,00

60,00

70,00

80,00

90,00

DSW

Co

llect

ion

rat

e (%

)

Year Towns Communes Tay Son district


19

3.4.1. Markets

The solid wastes from the wet markets contain a high percentage of organic materials (approximately 76%). Therefore, reuse of market wastes for onsite composting is a potential option that would help to reduce amount of waste to be landfilled and produce a compost or soil amendment for farmers. In this case, the organic waste from the market stalls must be collected separately, stored in the market’s waste storage area until it can be taken to the composting site. One of many possible technologies, using the Toptex,6 is described in the following: This basic model, focusing on centralised collection and composting of organic waste, is seen all over the world. Materials to be composted may vary from separated organic waste from households, to wet market waste and even the solid fraction of animal manure. Sometimes organic additions such as straw may be needed to assure sufficient porosity, dry matter content and to adjust the carbon to nitrogen ratio. A Toptex fleece allows water vapour (and gases) to be released from the compost heap, yet avoiding entrance of rain water in the heap. Due to the lower gas emission, this is also the most environmentally friendly composting technique. The process of composting is fairly simple, but some experience will be needed make good quality compost. In short, organic waste is shredded, put in heaps and covered by Toptex fleece. To allow sufficient air to enter the heaps, turning is necessary. This can be done manually or by machines. After about 45 days, the compost is sieved and bagged.

3.4.2. Households

Households can also treat their organic waste to produce compost or other products (see below). Therefore, households should be encouraged to separate food refuse for composting, as well as separating valuable materials for selling to recycling shops. Then only non-recyclable materials will have to be collected by the waste collection company, thereby greatly reducing the waste management costs for the district, town and/or commune. Of course this option is only feasible if households are willing to do so, otherwise the waste will be a mixture of organic and other waste. Therefore, awareness raising and education will be required to make the two following technologies popular:7 Mesophilic storage units are concrete or brick storage bins in which the volume and weight of organic waste is reduced by natural processes (bacteria, fungi, larvae, worms). The bins are in the first place designed to serve one households. The bins are designed to receive waste that naturally breaks down within a period of about one year (bone and shell are exceptions that will break down over a longer period). Data collected by the project from tests of the solid waste treatment model with mesophilic bins at the 4 districts resulted in the following findings: After 2 months of demonstration, the outcome was: • The more larvae the bins had, the highly decomposed the waste was. For the bins that larvae developed a lot, the decomposition was about 80% - 90% (daily produced organic waste > 1.5kg and most of the waste was food waste, rotten fruit and vegetable ...); • For the bins that larvae developed normally, the decomposition was 60% - 70% (daily produced organic waste < 1.5kg and most of the waste was food waste, rotten fruit and vegetable ...); • For the bins that larvae developed just a little, the decomposition was only 40% - 50% (daily produced organic waste < 1.5kg and most of the waste was garden waste); • For the bins that there were no larvae, the decomposition was only 20% - 30% (most of the waste was garden waste and pig faeces).

6

The description of the Toptex technology is based on Somers’ Phase 3 draft report. 7

The descriptions of the Mesophilic unit and the BSF unit are based on Somers’ Phase 3 draft report.


20

Mesophilic bin (from the Somers report).

Waste that can be placed in the bin includes food preparation waste, table scraps, spent bouquets of flowers and small amounts of garden waste. A household bins might receive 3 kg’s of waste per day. The small lid is opened and the waste is thrown in the bin. Mesophilic bacteria and fungi require oxygen. That is why the sides of the bin have aeration holes. But these holes are not enough to keep the contents of the bin fully aerated. A certain amount of stirring is required. It is recommended to stir once a week. Without sufficient stirring, foul odours are created. Once a year, the bin needs to be cleaned out. This is the only time that the large lid needs to be opened. The contents of the storage bins can be collected, shredded and then routed to composting operations using Toptex, see the previous section for a description.

A second model is operated by waste collectors or scavengers. These collect organic waste and use it for a operating a small commercial black soldier fly (BSF) larvae production. In this model, the waste collectors are encouraged to separated waste that can be fed to BSF larvae, who convert the organic waste in to growth. This could be done in their house or at a local place where a few waste collectors work together. The larvae can be sold as animals feed for chicken, frog, turtle, fish and pigs. The waste collectors are already separating a number of recyclables and make an extra income from selling these. Therefore, it seems feasible that the same person would also collect specific organic waste and sells BSF larvae. BSF larvae can eat just about any type of fresh putrescent waste, even meat and dairy products; they can consume all food waste and some parts of the non-food waste.

3.4.3. Cost of Treatment of Organic Waste at Source

Estimation of number of organic treatment units needed is based on the following assumptions: - 20% of the organic waste to be treated at source is from markets and the remainder is from

households; - Organic waste from markets will be treated in mesophilic bins which can receive about 15 kg

organic waste/bin/day while organic wastes from households will be treated in smaller mesophilic bins which will receive approximately (0.52 kg/person/day x 5 person/household x 2 household =) 5,2 kg/bin/day in the towns and (0.325 kg/person/day x 5 persons/household x 2 households =) 3.25 kg/bin/day in the communes. It is planned that each mesophilic bin will be shared by 2 households.

- Cost of Toptex material is 30,000 VND/m2; - A mesophilic bin will cost 350,000 VND; - A price of the biopod made of composite is 1,200,000 VND. - Toptex can be used for 5 years. Mesophilic units and bipods can last for 15 years. Total number of compost piles, mesophilic units and biopods expected to be invested for Tay Son District is estimated and summarized in Table 3.1. Distribution of these organic treatment units


21

for towns and communes are described in Table 3.2 and 3.3. Investment cost for organic waste treatment facilities of Tay Son is described in Table 3.4. Table 3.1 Number of mesophilic units required to treat organic waste up to 20258

Year Number of mesophilic units

For market waste For household waste Total

2012 0 0 0

2013 82 1,333 1,415

2014 130 2,098 2,228

2015 161 2,657 2,818

2016 163 2,688 2,851

2017 164 2,719 2,884

2018 196 3,305 3,502

2019 199 3,344 3,542

2020 255 4,223 4,478

2021 258 4,272 4,530

2022 261 4,321 4,583

2023 264 4,372 4,636

2024 267 4,422 4,690

2025 271 4,474 4,744

8 The programme for treating organic waste at source can be started earlier if so desired.


22

Table 3.2 Demand on mesophilic bins to treat organic waste of markets for Tay Son District up to 2025

No. Locality Number of mesophilic bins to treat organic waste of markets

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025

1 Phu Phong 0 13 25 26 26 26 27 27 41 41 42 42 43 43

2 Tay Giang 0 6 13 13 13 13 13 13 20 21 21 21 21 22

3 Binh Tan 0 4 7 9 9 9 11 11 14 14 14 14 15 15

4 Tay Thuan 0 5 7 10 10 10 13 13 16 16 16 17 17 17

5 Binh Thuan 0 5 8 10 10 11 13 13 16 17 17 17 17 17

6 Binh Thanh 0 6 10 13 13 13 17 17 21 21 21 22 22 22

7 Tay An 0 3 5 7 7 7 9 9 11 11 11 11 12 12

8 Binh Hoa 0 6 9 12 12 12 15 15 19 19 19 19 20 20

9 Tay Binh 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 10 10 10 10 10 10

10 Binh Tuong 0 6 10 13 13 13 17 17 20 21 21 21 21 22

11 Tay Vinh 0 5 7 9 9 9 12 12 15 15 15 15 15 16

12 Vinh An 0 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3

13 Tay Xuan 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

14 Binh Nghi 0 9 14 19 19 20 25 25 31 31 31 32 32 32

15 Tay Phu 0 6 9 12 12 12 15 16 19 19 19 20 20 20

TOTAL - 82 130 161 163 164 196 199 255 258 261 264 267 271


23

Table 3.3 Demand on mesophilic bins to treat organic waste of households for Tay Son District up to 2025

No. Locality Number of mesophilic bins to treat organic waste of households

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025

1 Phu Phong 0 145 294 297 300 304 307 311 472 477 483 489 494 500

2 Tay Giang 0 72 146 148 149 151 153 155 235 237 240 243 246 249

3 Binh Tan 0 79 120 162 164 166 210 212 258 261 264 267 270 273

4 Tay Thuan 0 91 138 186 188 191 241 244 296 299 303 306 310 314

5 Binh Thuan 0 93 141 190 192 195 246 249 302 306 309 313 317 320

6 Binh Thanh 0 119 180 243 246 249 315 319 387 391 396 400 405 410

7 Tay An 0 63 95 129 130 132 167 169 205 207 209 212 214 217

8 Binh Hoa 0 106 161 217 219 222 280 283 344 348 352 356 360 364

9 Tay Binh 0 70 70 71 72 73 74 74 113 114 116 117 118 120

10 Binh Tuong 0 116 177 238 241 244 308 312 378 383 387 392 396 401

11 Tay Vinh 0 83 127 171 173 175 221 223 271 274 278 281 284 287

12 Vinh An 0 15 23 31 31 31 40 40 49 49 50 50 51 51

13 Tay Xuan 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

14 Binh Nghi 0 173 263 355 359 363 459 464 564 570 577 584 590 597

15 Tay Phu 0 108 163 220 223 225 285 288 350 354 358 362 367 371

TOTAL 0 1,333 2,098 2,657 2,688 2,719 3,305 3,344 4,223 4,272 4,321 4,372 4,422 4,474


24

Table 3.4 Total investment cost of mesophilic units for Tay Son District up to 2025

Year New investment of mesophilic bins Investment cost (x 1,000 VND)

For market waste

For household waste

Total For market

waste For household

waste Total

2012 - - - - - -

2013 82 1,333 1,415 28,537 466,619 495,156

2014 49 765 813 17,032 267,587 284,620

2015 31 560 590 10,679 195,912 206,592

2016 2 31 33 652 10,789 11,442

2017 2 31 33 660 10,915 11,575

2018 32 586 618 11,176 205,034 216,210

2019 2 38 41 797 13,420 14,217

2020 57 879 936 19,847 307,721 327,569

2021 3 49 52 1,037 17,145 18,182

2022 3 50 53 1,049 17,344 18,393

2023 3 50 53 1,061 17,545 18,606

2024 3 51 54 1,073 17,748 18,822

2025 3 51 54 1,086 17,954 19,040

Total 271 4,474 4,744 94,688 1,565,734 1,660,421

The cost for this equipment may seem high, but investment in the treatment of organic waste at source greatly reduces the quantity of waste that has to be collected, transported and deposited in a sanitary landfill. The savings in investments in bins, pushcarts, garbage trucks and sanitary landfill far outweigh the costs of the investment in the above equipment for the treatment of organic waste at source.

3.5. Plan for Waste Collection 2011 - 2025

3.5.1. Methodology for Collection of Waste

STREET SWEEPING Street sweeping will be applied in central areas of Phu Phong town. In rural areas of communes, it is not necessary to implement street sweeping. Street sweeping will be organised every day for main streets in administrative and central zones of the town, at parks and bus station. Workers will sweep along the sidewalk; pavement and roadside and collect garbage into the pushcart for later transfer to a transportation vehicle. PUBLIC AREAS Public areas such as parks, the bus station and the main streets in the administrative zone are equipped with garbage bins where required. Waste from these bins is collected by garbage compactor trucks and transported to the landfill. COLLECTION OF SOLID WASTE FROM HOUSEHOLDS ON MAIN ROADS Waste collection mode for households along main roads in the town For households located along Highway No. 19 or main roads, as these households are close to each other, “door to door” collection mode with stationary container system is strong recommended. Waste collectors will start with empty pushcart from the first house of a collection route to pick up waste bag/basket, empty it and return bag/basket (if necessary) and then continue doing the same at the next houses until the pushcart is fully loaded. Waste collectors will push the loaded pushcart to a waste transfer point, waiting for emptying it into waste


25

transportation vehicles. The waste collectors can either use a second pushcart to continue collecting waste from another route or they will have to wait for the transfer of waste to the transportation vehicle. This will depend on the number of pushcarts available. Waste collection mode for households located along Highway No. 19 and main roads is illustrated in Fig. 3.3. In this area, waste from households will be collected every day. Time of collection will be set up depending up agreement between households and waste collectors and the time of transferring waste from the pushcarts to the transportation vehicles.

Fig. 3.3 Waste collection mode for households located along Highway No. 19 and main roads.

Waste collection mode for households located along alleys in the town For households located along paved alleys, where pushcarts can enter easily, the same collection mode as described in Fig 3.3 is recommended. For very narrow alleys or non-paved alleys, the inhabitants have to carry their waste out of the alley to a bin/container on the main street. Waste collection mode for communes In the urban areas of a commune, “door to door” waste collection mode as described in the case of town/sub-town is recommended Each commune must find suitable transfer points so that households can gather their wastes at these points for further collection by waste collectors using pushcarts. Thus, instead of going “door to door” for waste collection, collectors can pick up wastes from transfer points within the communes. This helps to save time moving among households and overcome problem of small roads. Waste collection mode for rural areas of a commune is described in Fig. 3.4. The waste collection frequency is every two days and hence sufficient bins and pushcarts are provided to hold the amount of waste generated over a two day period.

Fig. 3.4 Waste collection mode for rural areas of a commune.

Transfer

point

House 1 House 2 House 3 House 4 House n

House

1’

…..

Next collection

route

Loaded

pushcart

Empty

pushcart

Pushcart

location

Village transfer

point n

Commune/commune

s transfer point

Village transfer

point 1

…..

Next collection

route

Loaded

pushcart

Empty

pushcart

Pushcart

location

Village transfer

point 2


26

For scattered settlements and isolated households, households must bring their waste to bins/containers located along the (main) roads. Collection of Solid Waste from Markets Every market has a waste storage area. Owners of shops/stores are responsible for bringing their wastes to this area. The biodegradable organic materials of the market waste will be treated in mesophilic bins, therefore it will be separated from the general waste as it is placed in the market’s waste storage area. The organic waste can then be transported to the mesophilic bins, whereas the non-biodegradable materials will be transported directly from the market to the landfill. Collection of Domestic Solid Waste from Hospitals Domestic solid wastes from hospitals are segregated from hospital’s infectious wastes, stored in a separate storage area and will be collected every day.

3.5.2. Waste Transfer and Transportation

Waste Transfer As it is a relatively long distance from Phu Phong sub-town and other communes to the waste disposal site, transferring the collected waste from pushcarts to transportation vehicles for transport to the landfill seems the only reasonable solution. The only question is whether it is necessary to construct transfer stations for communes or whether it is better to use rendezvous point for transferring the waste to the trucks? Strengths, weakness, threats and opportunities of using transfer station and rendezvous points are analyzed and summarised in Table 3.5 and Table 3.6. Based on this analysis, it is strong recommended to use the rendezvous point option. Table 3.5 A Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) analysis for transfer station option:

Strengths Opportunities Have sufficient place for gathering collected domestic solid wastes of the whole town or ward

“One transfer station in each commune is approved in Binh Dinh Province Solid Waste Master Plan9

Prevent scatter waste transfer points which may cause nuisance and dirty

Weaknesses Threats Need a storage area inside a residential area and it is difficult as “no waste in my backyard”

Operational cost is required for cleaning and maintaining of the transfer station. Town and Ward PC has to find budget for that

Improper operation of transfer station will cause several problems such as nuisance, leachate, attraction of flies, rats, etc.

Improper operation of the transfer station will cause worse environmental problem as all wastes are gathered in one location

If only one transfer station in each town or communes, waste collectors again have to walk for a long distance to reach the transfer station

Table 3.6 A Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) analysis for rendezvous point option

9

Province Solid Waste Master Plan (PSWMP) for the urban areas and the industrial zones in Binh Dinh area up to 2020


27

Strengths Opportunities This option is already applied in the District and is operating very well. The improvement would be that the new trucks will have a hydraulic lift to empty the pushcarts mechanically.

Using rendezvous points for transferring of waste are applied successfully in several places in Vietnam.

Setting new rendezvous points along main roads of communes for collection of wastes from communes to landfill would be easier as: (1) wastes are stored in pushcarts; (2) no special requirements for operation and maintenance ; (3) uploading wastes from pushcarts into transportation vehicles will be less time consuming and requires less workforce.

Simple technique and low operational cost requirement

Weaknesses Threats It needs some time for adapting with new system. Waste collectors and transportation drivers are both required on time at the rendezvous points

The system is difficult to operate well: If the waste collection truck is delayed, the waste collectors must wait for the truck so that their pushcarts can be emptied.

Transportation

Eight tonne garbage compactor trucks are for now proposed to collect waste10

from rendezvous points (including large waste generation sites such as markets and hospitals) and transport to sanitary landfill for disposal. Compactor trucks are recommended rather than normal trucks for several reasons:

The compactor truck will have a hydraulic lift, so that the waste can be transferred from bins, containers and pushcarts into the truck mechanically. When using a flatbed truck, the transfer of waste must be done manually and this is time consuming;

The longer loading time when using a normal truck will increase the time requirement for completing 1 trip of collection and transportation of waste to the landfill. As a result fewer trips can be done by one truck in a day and therefore it is necessary to invest in a higher number of trucks; and

A flatbed truck must be loaded manually, requiring more workers and exposing these to unhygienic working conditions.

Transportation mode of domestic solid waste in the district is illustrated in Fig. 3.5.

10

This can be changed to meet the District’s preferences


28

Fig. 3.5 Transportation mode of domestic solid waste in the district.

The quantities of waste that have to be collected for each year can be found in Annex A. Given that a substantial portion of the waste is taken care of at source, either through the sale of recyclable materials to scavengers or through the use of the organic faction of the waste at the household or market, the increase in the amount of waste that has to be collected is relatively modest, as can be seen in figure 3.6.

Fig. 3.6 Domestic solid waste collected in Tay Son district.

3.5.3. Requirements to Street Sweeping Equipment

Equipment required for street sweeping includes pushcarts, brooms and labour protective equipment (such as clothes, gloves, boots, comforters, hats). At least two pushcarts should be provided. Street in front of administrative offices and some main roads will be swept in early morning. The other areas will be cleaned in the afternoon. Each pushcart will be operated by one

0

2.000

4.000

6.000

8.000

10.000

12.000

14.000

16.000

Am

ou

nt

of

DSM

co

llect

ion

(to

nn

es/y

ear)

Year

Collection from towns Collection from communes

Total collection from Tay Son district

District sanitary

landfill Next collection

route

Loaded

compactor truck

Empty

compactor truck

….. Market

(Rendezvous point 1)

Hospital

(Rendezvous point 2)

Ward rendezvous

point 3

Ward rendezvous

point n Garbage

compactor truck


29

worker. The life time of a pushcart is approximately 4 years. Equipment demand for street sweeping is estimated and summarised in Table 3.7. Table 3.7 Estimated equipment demand for street sweeping up to 2025

Year Number of pushcarts Number of brooms* Number of labour safety clothing**

Demand Investment Demand Investment Demand Investment

2011 6 6 24 24 12 12

2012 6 0 24 24 12 12

2013 6 0 24 24 12 12

2014 6 0 24 24 12 12

2015 6 6 24 24 12 12

2016 6 0 24 24 12 12

2017 6 0 24 24 12 12

2018 6 0 24 24 12 12

2019 6 6 24 24 12 12

2020 6 0 24 24 12 12

2021 6 0 24 24 12 12

2022 6 0 24 24 12 12

2023 6 6 24 24 12 12

2024 6 0 24 24 12 12

2025 6 0 24 24 12 12

* 1 workers/pushcart x 2 pushcarts/town x 3 towns x 4 brooms/worker/year = 24 brooms/year ** 1 workers/pushcart x 2 pushcarts/town x 3 towns x 2 labour safety clothing/worker/year = 12 labour safety clothing/year

3.5.4. Demand for Waste Collection Facilities

Selection of Waste Collection Equipment Equipment used for primary collection consists of 240 L bins located along street, 660 L containers located at central waste producers and 660 L pushcarts for collection wastes from households and other small waste producers. Estimated density of wastes contained in this equipment is summarised in Table 3.8. The proposed domestic solid waste primary collection equipment for Tay Son District is presented in Fig. 3.7.

240 L bin (b) 660 L container (c) 660 L container-pushcart Fig 3.7 Proposed domestic solid waste primary collection equipment for Tay Son District.

Table 3.8 Estimated Waste Densities within Different Collection Equipment

Collection equipment Density Percentage of Typical amount in


30

(kg/m3) volume used

when emptied

container (kg)

Waste in 240 L bin 350 60% 50

Waste in 660 L container 350 60% 140

Waste in 660 L pushcart 350 100% 230

Demand of primary domestic solid waste collection equipment Estimation of equipment required for primary domestic solid wastes collection in Tay Son district is conducted based on the conditions summarised in Table 3.9.

Table 3.9 Characteristics of equipment required for primary collection of domestic solid waste in Tay Son district

AREA EQUIPMENT SERVICE ESTIMATED DIVISION OF

SYSTEM COVERAGE

Towns 240 L bin Located along main streets and central areas of the towns

20-30% of total waste amount, typical value for estimation is 25%

660 L container Central waste producers as markets, administrative offices, institutions, hotels

10-20 of total waste amount, typical value for estimation is 10%

660 L pushcart Collection of waste from residential areas


Communes 240 L bin Located along main streets and central areas of the towns


660 L pushcart Collection of waste from residential areas


On the basics of the data presented above, equipment demand for primary collection of domestic solid wastes in Tay Son district is estimated and summarised in Table 3.10 and described in detailed for different towns and communes in tables 3.11, 3.12 and 3.13.


31

Table 3.10 Total demand on equipment for primary domestic waste collection in Tay Son District up to 2025

Year

Towns Communes

240 L 660 L 660 L 240 L 660 L

Bins Containers Pushcarts Bins Pushcarts

2012 80 13 47 48 91

2013 78 13 44 50 93

2014 82 14 47 49 91

2015 86 14 49 55 101

2016 87 14 49 56 107

2017 87 14 50 58 108

2018 90 14 51 56 102

2019 90 14 51 64 115

2020 97 17 55 63 120

2021 98 17 56 65 125

2022 99 17 56 66 127

2023 100 17 57 72 135

2024 101 17 58 75 135

2025 102 17 58 79 148


32

Table 3.11 Demand on 240 L bins for Tay Son District up to 2025

No. Locality Number of 240 L bins

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025

1 Phu Phong 56 53 51 49 50 50 51 51 55 56 57 57 58 59

2 Tay Giang 18 19 22 25 25 25 26 26 28 28 28 29 29 29

3 Binh Tan 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 5

4 Tay Thuan - - - 4 4 4 3 4 4 4 4 5 5 5

5 Binh Thuan - - - 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 6

6 Binh Thanh 7 8 9 9 9 10 10 11 10 10 10 11 11 11

7 Tay An - 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4

8 Binh Hoa 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 6 6 6

9 Tay Binh 6 6 9 12 12 12 13 13 14 14 14 14 14 14

10 Binh Tuong 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 5 5 5 5 6 6 7

11 Tay Vinh 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 5 5

12 Vinh An - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

13 Tay Xuan 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 10 10 10 10 10

14 Binh Nghi 8 7 7 6 6 7 6 7 8 8 8 9 9 10

15 Tay Phu 8 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 7 7 8 8 9 9

TOTAL 128 128 131 141 143 145 146 154 160 163 165 172 176 181


33

Table 3.12 Demand on 660 L container for Tay Son District up to 2025

No. Locality Number of 660 L containers

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025

1 Phu Phong 9 9 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 9

2 Tay Giang 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5

3 Binh Tan - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

4 Tay Thuan - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

5 Binh Thuan - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

6 Binh Thanh - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

7 Tay An - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

8 Binh Hoa - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

9 Tay Binh 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3

10 Binh Tuong - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

11 Tay Vinh - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

12 Vinh An - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

13 Tay Xuan - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

14 Binh Nghi - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

15 Tay Phu - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

TOTAL 13 13 14 14 14 14 14 14 17 17 17 17 17 17


34

Table 3.13 Demand on 660 L pushcart for Tay Son District up to 2025

No. Locality Number of 660 L pushcarts

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025

1 Phu Phong 32 30 29 28 28 29 29 29 31 32 32 33 33 33

2 Tay Giang 11 11 13 14 14 14 15 15 16 16 16 16 17 17

3 Binh Tan 7 7 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 9

4 Tay Thuan - - - 7 7 7 6 7 8 8 8 9 9 10

5 Binh Thuan - - - 7 7 7 6 7 8 8 8 9 9 10

6 Binh Thanh 14 16 16 16 18 19 19 21 20 20 20 20 20 21

7 Tay An - 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 7

8 Binh Hoa 9 9 8 8 8 8 7 8 9 9 9 10 10 12

9 Tay Binh 4 3 5 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8

10 Binh Tuong 7 6 6 6 6 6 5 9 10 10 10 11 11 13

11 Tay Vinh 8 7 7 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 8 8 9

12 Vinh An - - 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

13 Tay Xuan 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 16 19 19 19 19 20

14 Binh Nghi 15 14 13 12 12 12 12 14 14 15 15 17 17 19

15 Tay Phu 16 14 13 12 15 15 14 14 13 14 16 16 16 16

TOTAL 138 137 138 150 156 158 153 166 175 181 183 192 193 206


35

As the collection system is expanded, the required equipment for each town and commune should be carefully evaluated. A commune such as Tay Phu is visited by many tourists on a daily basis, and may therefore need more and/or different equipment to manage its waste in the best possible manner. During the following years, the waste amounts to be collected will increase. New investment needed is estimated as presented Table 3.14 with assumption that the life time of this equipment is 4 years.

Table 3.14 New investment of equipment for primary domestic waste collection in up to 2025

Year

Towns Communes

240 L 660 L 660 L 240 L 660 L

Bins Containers Pushcarts Bins Pushcarts

2012 80 13 47 48 91

2013 - - - 2 2

2014 4 1 3 (1) -

2015 4 - 2 6 10

2016 81 13 47 49 97

2017 - - 1 4 3

2018 7 1 4 - -

2019 4 - 2 14 23

2020 88 16 51 48 102

2021 1 - 2 6 8

2022 8 1 4 1 2

2023 5 - 3 20 31

2024 89 16 52 51 102

2025 2 - 2 10 21

3.5.5. Requirements for Waste Transportation Vehicles

Transportation vehicles Secondary collection and transportation of domestic solid waste to landfill will be done by 8 tonne rear-end loading compactor truck (called compactor truck). It should also be considered whether a smaller capacity compactor truck would be better suited in the areas of Phu Phong town where the streets and alleys are narrow. Secondary collection and transportation system data is described briefly in Table 3.15. Average time for 1 trip of compactor truck is estimated as presented in Table 3.16.

Fig. 3.8 Proposed type of waste transportation vehicle.

Table 3.15 Secondary collection and transportation system data


36

Town Commune

Average loading time per 240 L bin

Time for emptying one container: 1 min Time for transport between 2 containers: 1 min Total: 2 minutes/container

Time for emptying one container: 1 min Time for transport between 2 containers: 1 min Total: 2 minutes/container

Average loading time per 660 L container

Time for emptying one container: 2 min (more difficult access) Time for transport between 2 containers: 5 minute Total: 7 minutes/container

Average loading time per 660 L pushcart

Time for emptying one pushcart: 1 minute Time for transport between 2 groups of 4 pushcarts: 5 minutes (It is expected that there will be an average of 4 pushcarts at a rendezvous point) Total: 2.25 minutes/pushcart

Time for emptying one pushcart: 1 min Time for transport between 2 groups of 4 pushcarts: 5 minutes (It is expected that there will be an average of 2 pushcarts at a rendezvous point) Total: 3.5 minutes/pushcart

Average time for transportation between communes

n/a 20 minutes

Average distance for return trip to landfill

20 km 40 km

Average transportation speed to landfill

30 km/h 25 km/h

Average time at landfill 20 minutes 20 minutes

Table 3.16 Average time per trip of compacter truck

Town Commune

Waste collection time (minutes/trip) 185 minutes 160 minutes

Average time for transportation between communes (7 communes/trip x 20 minutes/commune)

0 minutes 140 minutes

Average time to transport to landfill 40 minutes 96 minutes

Average time at landfill 20 minutes 20 minutes

Average none-working time per trip (for maintenance, ~ 15% of working time)

37 minutes 57 minutes

Total time per trip of compact truck (minutes/trip) 282 473

Total time per trip of compact truck (hours/trip) 4.7 7.8

Based on the data presented in Table 3.15 and 3.16, number of compact truck required is estimated and summarised in Table 3.17.


37

Table 3.17 Number of compactor trucks required for secondary waste collection and transportation

Year Amount of waste to be collected (tonnes/day)

Operating time to collect waste (minutes/trip)

Total operating time of truck (hours/day)

Truck needed

Total truck

Towns Communes In Towns In Communes

2012 15.78 11.10 556 656 20 2.53 3

2013 15.33 11.19 540 661 20 2.50 3

2014 16.00 11.05 564 653 20 2.54 3

2015 16.90 11.99 596 709 22 2.72 3

2016 17.09 12.61 603 746 22 2.81 3

2017 17.29 12.93 610 764 23 2.86 3

2018 17.49 12.42 617 734 23 2.81 3

2019 17.70 14.17 624 838 24 3.04 3

2020 19.04 14.40 671 851 25 3.17 3

2021 19.26 14.93 679 883 26 3.25 3

2022 19.48 15.38 687 909 27 3.33 3

2023 19.71 16.64 695 984 28 3.50 4

2024 19.94 16.84 703 995 28 3.54 4

2025 20.17 18.14 711 1073 30 3.72 4

As can be seen, the number the trucks is rounded to the nearest whole number, so that in some cases the collection vehicles will have to work a little more than 8 hours each day, thereby saving the cost of purchasing and operating an extra truck that would be under utilised. New investment for compactor truck is estimated and presented in Table 3.18 where the life time of the truck is 10 years. Table 3.18 New investment in compactor trucks required for secondary waste collection and transportation of the district up to 2025

Year Total compact truck required New investment

2012 3 3

2013 3 0

2014 3 0

2015 3 0

2016 3 0

2017 3 0

2018 3 0

2019 3 0

2020 3 0

2021 3 0

2022 3 3

2023 4 1

2024 4 0

2025 4 0

3.5.6. Requirements to Waste Management Workers

Workforce will be estimated based on the following condition:

For street sweeping, one worker will operate one pushcart;

For primary waste collection, one worker will operate two pushcarts;

For the transportation vehicle, there will be 1 driver and 2 assistants.


38

Workforce requirement is estimated based on the conditions mentioned above and summarised in Table 3.19. Table 3.19 Workforce required for waste collection and transportation operation

Year Workers to operate pushcarts Workers to

operate compactor trucks

Drivers

Town Communes 2012 24 46 6 3

2013 22 47 6 3

2014 24 46 6 3

2015 25 51 6 3

2016 25 54 6 3

2017 25 54 6 3

2018 26 51 6 3

2019 26 58 6 3

2020 28 60 6 3

2021 28 63 6 3

2022 28 64 6 3

2023 29 68 8 4

2024 29 68 8 4

2025 29 74 8 4

3.5.7. Cost of Waste Collection System

The following unit prices are used for calculation of investments in equipment and facilities for waste collection and transportation. Table 3.20 Unit Prices for New Trucks and Equipment

Item Unit price (USD) Unit Price (x 1000 VND) *

240 L bin 24 480

660 L container 105 2,100

660 L pushcart 200 4,000

8 tonnes rear end loading compactor truck 80,000 1,600,000 * Note: Prices on trucks and pushcarts have been collected from purchasers in Vietnam. Other prices are estimates based on purchases elsewhere in Vietnam.

On the basis of the unit prices and the number of facilities and equipment estimated above, the total investments to be made within the initial period can be calculated. The result is summarised in table 3.21. Detailed investment for towns and communes is presented in table 3.22. Table 3.21 Total investment cost for waste collection and transportation equipment of Tay Son

Total equipment Total investment (x 1,000 VND)

Total cost (x 1,000)

Year 240l 660l 660l Compact 240l 660l 660l Compactor trucks

Bins Containers Pushcarts trucks Bins Containers Pushcarts


39

2012 128 13 138 3 61,440 27,300 552,000 4,800,000 5,440,740

2013 2 - 2 - 960 - 8,000 - 8,960

2014 3 1 3 - 1,440 2,100 12,000 - 15,540

2015 10 - 12 - 4,800 - 48,000 - 52,800

2016 130 13 144 - 62,400 27,300 576,000 - 665,700

2017 4 - 4 - 1,920 - 16,000 - 17,920

2018 7 1 4 - 3,360 2,100 16,000 - 21,460

2019 18 - 25 - 8,640 - 100,000 - 108,640

2020 136 16 153 - 65,280 33,600 612,000 - 710,880

2021 7 - 10 - 3,360 - 40,000 - 43,360

2022 9 1 6 3 4,320 2,100 24,000 4,800,000 4,830,420

2023 25 - 34 1 12,000 - 136,000 1,600,000 1,748,000

2024 140 16 154 - 67,200 33,600 616,000 - 716,800

2025 12 - 23 - 5,760 - 92,000 - 97,760


40

Table 3.22 Investment cost for waste collection equipment for towns and communes in Tay Son district

Year

Number of equipment Investment (x 1,000 VND)

Towns Communes Towns Communes

240l 660l 660l 240l 660l 240l 660l 660l 240l 660l

Bins Containers Pushcarts Bins Pushcarts Bins Containers Pushcarts Bins Pushcarts

2012 80 13 47 48 91 38,400 27,300 188,000 23,040 364,000

2013 - - - 2 2 - - - 960 8,000

2014 4 1 3 (1) - 1,920 2,100 12,000 (480) -

2015 4 - 2 6 10 1,920 - 8,000 2,880 40,000

2016 81 13 47 49 97 38,880 27,300 188,000 23,520 388,000

2017 - - 1 4 3 - - 4,000 1,920 12,000

2018 7 1 4 - - 3,360 2,100 16,000 - -

2019 4 - 2 14 23 1,920 - 8,000 6,720 92,000

2020 88 16 51 48 102 42,240 33,600 204,000 23,040 408,000

2021 1 - 2 6 8 480 - 8,000 2,880 32,000

2022 8 1 4 1 2 3,840 2,100 16,000 480 8,000

2023 5 - 3 20 31 2,400 - 12,000 9,600 124,000

2024 89 16 52 51 102 42,720 33,600 208,000 24,480 408,000

2025 2 - 2 10 21 960 - 8,000 4,800 84,000


41

Annual Operation and Maintenance Cost of Domestic Waste Collection and Transportation System Capital, operating and maintenance costs have been estimated based on the capital investments, personnel costs, operating costs and maintenance as a percentage of the investment. For calculation of annual costs related to waste collection and transportation, the unit costs listed in Table 3.23 have been used. Table 3.23 Operation and maintenance unit cost

Item Annual Unit costs

(x 1,000

VND/year)

240 L bin Cost: 480,000 VND Lifespan: 4 years Annual write down 120,000 VND Annual maintenance cost = 5% of investment/year = 24,000 VND/year/container

144

660 L container Cost: 2,100,000 VND Lifespan: 4 years Annual write down 525,000 VND Annual maintenance cost = 5% of investment/year = 105,000 VND/year/container

630

660 L pushcart Cost: 4,000,000 VND Lifespan: 4 years Annual write down 1,000,000 VND Annual maintenance cost = 5% of investment/year = 200,000 VND/year/container

1,200

8 tonne rear-loading compactor truck Cost: 1,600,000,000 VND Lifespan: 10 years Annual write down 160,000,000 VND Annual maintenance cost = 5% of investment/year = 50,000,000 VND/year/truck

210,000

Fuel for compactor truck: (8 ltr./hour x 8 hours/day x 300 days/year x 21,000 VND/ltr = 403,200,000 VND/year/truck)

403,200

Equipment per worker:

Working clothes, brooms, shovels, gloves (per employee) 300

Average salaries per driver of compactor truck

Total salary, including bonus, compensation, social costs etc. 30,000

Average salaries per waste collector and assistant of compactor truck driver

Total salary including social costs etc. 21,600

On the basis of the unit prices and the number of facilities and equipment estimated, the total annual costs for the collection and transportation system can be calculated. The result is shown in Table 3.24.


42

Table 3.24 Total cost for operating a waste collection system within the district

Total Operation Costs and Maintenance Cost (x 1,000 VND)

Year

Sub-towns Communes Compactor truck Equipment for workers

Salary for truck drivers

Salary for workers

Total

240 L 660 L 660 L 240 L 660 L Maintenance Fuel bins containers pushcarts bins pushcarts

2012 1,920 1,365 9,400 1,152 18,200 150,000 1,209,600 22,500 90,000 1,555,200 3,059,337

2013 48 400 150,000 1,209,600 22,350 90,000 1,544,400 3,016,798

2014 72 105 600 150,000 1,209,600 22,500 90,000 1,555,200 3,028,077

2015 96 400 144 2,000 150,000 1,209,600 24,300 90,000 1,684,800 3,161,340

2016 1,944 1,365 9,400 1,176 19,400 150,000 1,209,600 25,200 90,000 1,749,600 3,257,685

2017 200 96 600 150,000 1,209,600 25,500 90,000 1,771,200 3,247,196

2018 168 105 800 150,000 1,209,600 24,750 90,000 1,717,200 3,192,623

2019 96 400 336 4,600 150,000 1,209,600 26,700 90,000 1,857,600 3,339,332

2020 2,112 1,680 10,200 1,152 20,400 150,000 1,209,600 28,050 90,000 1,954,800 3,467,994

2021 24 400 144 1,600 150,000 1,209,600 28,950 90,000 2,019,600 3,500,318

2022 192 105 800 24 400 150,000 1,209,600 29,250 90,000 2,041,200 3,521,571

2023 120 600 480 6,200 200,000 1,612,800 31,200 120,000 2,160,000 4,131,400

2024 2,136 1,680 10,400 1,224 20,400 200,000 1,612,800 31,350 120,000 2,170,800 4,170,790

2025 48 400 240 4,200 200,000 1,612,800 33,300 120,000 2,311,200 4,282,188


43

As can be seen in table 3.24 the costs of the system are considerable and over 50% of the costs are labour costs. The total costs in 2015 would be around 3.16 billion VND; this would serve to collect 10,567 tonnes of domestic waste, at a time when there are approximately 132,000 inhabitants in the district. Hence the cost is about 293,700 VND per tonne or around 23,500 VND per citizen per year. If it is assumed that 50% of the population is served by the waste collection service and that the population bears 67% of the costs (the remaining third being borne by shops, institutions, industries, etc.), this amounts to a cost per citizen of 2 * 23,500 * 2/3 = 31,330 VND per year. So if an average household has five people, the monthly cost is around 13,000 VND. These costs only include waste collection and transport to the disposal site; i.e. capital and operating costs for a sanitary landfill are not included. Included in the above estimate are all costs for purchasing new compactor trucks, bins and pushcarts, as well as the maintenance of these, safety equipment for workers and fuel for the vehicles. Administration costs are not included. There are naturally means to reduce these costs: The most obvious is to minimise salary costs by reducing the necessary staff to a minimum. Contracting out the operation of pushcarts to individuals could be one way to reduce costs. At present a pushcarts only completes one collection route per day. In towns a waste collection worker can normally complete two collection routes with a pushcart per day. This means that each worker in towns could be issued with two pushcarts or that the garbage truck come to empty the pushcart twice during the day. Either way, the number of collection workers in towns will be halved, furthermore, if the pushcart is emptied twice per day, only half the number of pushcarts is needed. Finally, the trucks only operate around 8 hours per day in these estimations, and significant gains could be made if the trucks operated for longer periods every day. In some countries, for example Denmark, the garbage truck are generally operated in two shifts per day (i.e. 16 hours per day) to reduce costs as much as possible.

3.5.8. Fees and Cost Recovery for Waste Collection

Decision No. 23/2008/QĐ-UNBD Binh Dinh regulates that all organisations, households and individuals who used waste service system have to pay fees as follows: - Households in the towns or sub-towns of the other districts (except for Quy Nhon City) located

along main roads (asphalted or concrete roads) have to pay 10,000 VND/household/month; while households located along main village roads (not asphalted or concrete roads) have to pay 8,000 VND/household/month. Households located along small roads or alleys have to pay 6,000 VND/household/month;

- Households in communes of other districts located along main roads, highways have to pay 8,000 VND/household/month while households located along small roads or alleys have to pay 5,000 VND/household/month;

- Food selling households in districts have to pay 25,000 VND/household/month; - Other business households in districts have to pay 20,000 VND/household/month; - In the market, shop owners have to pay 10,000-20,000 VND/shop/month depending on

amount of waste generated; - Offices have to pay 45,000 VND/office/month; and - Markets, hospitals and enterprises have to pay 60,000 VND/m3 of domestic solid waste that is

generated and collected. The full amount of collected fees must be used to cover the costs of waste collection, transportation, treatment and fee collection activities. Full cost recovery for the waste collection system means that total cost for financing and operating a waste collection system should have to be covered through fees to be paid by the waste producers. The waste collection system is divided into a primary collection system that covers the activities from the waste generation sources such as households, markets, hospitals,


44

etc. to the transfer points; and the secondary collection system from transfer points to the landfill or composting plant.

On average every household will have five persons. If applying the fee regulated in Decision No. 23/2008/QĐ-UBND as follows:

- In the town and sub-towns, 30% of all serviced households have to pay 10,000 VND/household/month; 20% have to pay 8,000 VND/household/month and 50% have to pay 6,000 VND/household/month; and

- In the communes, 30% of households have to pay 8,000 VND/household/month and 70% have to pay 5,000 VND/household/month.

The cost recovery from household fees is estimated in Table 3.25 (with the assumption that 100% of the serviced households pay collection fee) is insufficient to cover 2/3 of the total cost for operating a waste collection system in Tay Son District 11. It is possible to compensate 59-100% (from 2012 to 2025) of the cost for operating the secondary collection system (to transport collected wastes to landfill) or about 43-59% (from 2012 to 2025) of cost for operating the primary collection system. Thus, it is obviously that in order to compensate the operational cost of the waste collection system, household fee must be higher than the present regulated fee.

Table 3.25 Cost recovery for waste collection system

Year

Total cost for

operating

waste

collection

system

(x 1000

VND/year)

Total cost for

operating

primary waste

collection

system (x 1000

VND/year)

Total cost for

operating

secondary waste

collection system

(x 1000

VND/year)

Number of serviced

households Cost recovery

from household

fee

(x 1000

VND/year)

Sub-

towns

Commune

s

2012 3,059,337 1,609,737 1,449,600 4,279 4,935 739,623

2013 3,016,798 1,567,198 1,449,600 4,446 5,492 794,297

2014 3,028,077 1,578,477 1,449,600 4,963 5,727 858,116

2015 3,161,340 1,711,740 1,449,600 5,492 6,810 983,009

2016 3,257,685 1,808,085 1,449,600 5,556 7,170 1,014,310

2017 3,247,196 1,797,596 1,449,600 5,620 7,354 1,033,239

2018 3,192,623 1,743,023 1,449,600 5,685 7,542 1,052,470

2019 3,339,332 1,889,732 1,449,600 5,751 8,649 1,136,898

2020 3,467,994 2,018,394 1,449,600 6,649 9,472 1,277,017

2021 3,500,318 2,050,718 1,449,600 6,726 9,747 1,303,553

2022 3,521,571 2,071,971 1,449,600 6,804 10,054 1,332,410

2023 4,131,400 2,198,600 1,932,800 6,883 10,919 1,400,796

2024 4,170,790 2,237,990 1,932,800 6,963 11,045 1,417,046

2025 4,282,188 2,349,388 1,932,800 7,044 11,938 1,487,648

The District has to consider one of the three following options: - Option 1: Apply household fee indicated in Decision No. 23/2008/QD-UBND as mentioned

above.

11 The remaining 1/3 of the total cost for operating a waste collection system in Tay Son District will be covered by the fee collection

from shops, offices, hospitals, markets, industrial zones, etc.


45

+ Advantage: because this option is based on Decision of the Province, so there is no explanation requirement.

+ Disadvantage: if applied this collection fee for households, cost recovery from household fee can only compensate about 59-100% of the operational cost of secondary collection system. That mean the District has to find budget to operate primary collection system and waste treatment (landfill operation and maintenance).

- Option 2: Increase household fee so that it could help to recover 2/3 of the cost for operating the primary waste collection system (Table 3.26) (and the remaining will be covered by the fee collection from other waste generation sources). In this case, households have to pay in average about 10,300 VND/household/month in 2012 and reduce to 7,400 VND/household/month in 2025.

+ Advantage: Implementation of this option would help to save the budget of the District compared to the option 1. Slightly increase in household fee seems to be easy to convince households to participate in the program. In this case, the District has to find budget to operate secondary collection system and waste treatment (landfill operation and maintenance).

+ Disadvantage: new fee should be approved by the Province.

- Option 3: Increase household fee so that it could help to recover 2/3 of the total operational cost of waste collection system (Table 3.26) (and the remaining will be covered by the fee collection from other waste generation sources). In this case, households have to pay in average about 17,800 VND/household/month in 2012 and decreasing to 12,300 VND/household/month in 2025.

+ Advantage: Implementation of this option would help to save the budget of the District compared to the option 1 and 2. In this case, the District has to find budget only for waste treatment (landfill operation and maintenance).

+ Disadvantage: (1) new fee should be approved by the Province; (2) it would be even more difficult to convince households to pay fee compared to the option 2.

Table 3.26 Recommended household fee (VND/household/month)

Year New household fee

recommended – option 2

New household fee

recommended – option 3

2012 10,270 17,818

2013 9,454 16,452

2014 8,857 15,363

2015 8,362 14,015

2016 8,403 13,868

2017 8,347 13,707

2018 7,933 13,190

2019 7,900 12,729

2020 7,444 11,757

2021 7,532 11,753

2022 7,441 11,565

2023 7,391 12,599

2024 7,345 12,494

2025 7,433 12,317


46

Household fee could be reduced year by year in the future if number of serviced household is increased. This is also an important point for the District to consider in setting action plan for improving solid waste management of the District in the coming years.

3.6. Requirements for Capacity Development and Awareness Raising

This section describes the requirements capacity development and awareness raising programme from 2012 through 2025. A section is included covering the costs of these recommended activities. The programme is structured around the building of Environmental Communication Teams at all levels within the District whilst funds are available through the Water Supply and Sanitation Project. From 2015, when only the more limited local budgets are available to fund these activities, the operations will be maintained due to the skills acquired during the initial years.

3.6.1. Background

The Environment Protection Agency under the provincial Department of Natural Resources and Environment is in charge of environmental communication activity in Binh Dinh Province. Regarding the administrative management, EPA delegates most of its environment management activities to the districts. District DONRE represents the district in managing and implementing environmental management and communication activities at the commune and town level. However, these activities are generally limited to meetings on around special events (e.g. Earth Day) and therefore do not fully meet the goals of increasing community awareness for the following reasons:

The budget for this activity is usually low, although every District has 1% of their yearly budget allocated for the environmental protection activities; this is called the “Environment Life-work budget.” However, most of this budget is used for waste collection and treatment activities.

The human resources available for implementing the environmental communication activities are limited. Most of the human resources come from the District Office of Natural Resources and Environmental, as well as from Environmental and Land officers from wards and communes

These officers have limited knowledge of environmental communication and waste management; this especially applies to officers at the commune level.

3.6.2. Capacity Development and Training within the district

A District Solid Waste Management (DSWM) Board and working groups will be established (see implementation/action plan, section 2.1: “Establish a district solid waste management board”). This board will be responsible for all aspects of the implementation of the District Solid Waste Management Plan. Under the DSWM board several working groups will be formed. Each working group focuses on the management of a specific area of the district SWM (e.g. industrial waste, health care waste, agricultural waste, collection & transport of domestic waste, organic waste treatment at source, landfill construction, etc.). The DSWM board coordinates and supervises the working groups. The management of a specific SWM area may cover several activities, such as awareness raising for a specific target group (for instance, the working group “industrial waste management” organises awareness raising for the target population “industrial enterprises”), funding of all activities and fee collection, specific waste collection / transport / treatment (for instance, the working group “industrial waste management” is responsible for ensuring industrial waste is


47

separated, reused, recycled, collected, transported and/or treated according to the law and regulations). WSSP together with the province will support the work of the DSWM board as well as the working groups through its capacity development actions from mid 2011 until mid 2014. In the first phase (mid 2011 – 2012) support will be given to the start up and first tasks of these newly established board and working groups, through on-the-job-guidance from SWM experts. Especially for the working groups, guidance will be given to situation analyses, stakeholder analyses and process analyses, which will be the basis for further informed planning and budgeting in the specific SWM area of each working group. In a second phase (2013 – mid 2014) the capacity development actions are continued coaching (but less intensive) of the change process as described in the DSWMPs, and based on what has been achieved in 2011. Furthermore, technical trainings will also be provided for the specific needs that have come up in the working groups.

3.6.3. Basic for a Awareness Raising Programme from 2012 to 2014

Under the management of the PPMU, the EPA of the Binh Dinh DONRE is contracted (hired) to carry out an Awareness Raising Programme (ARP) that includes a pilot phase in 2011. Further collaboration with EPA for the extension phase from 2012 to 2014 will be considered based on the achievement level of the pilot phase in 2011. The target group of this component include the community people and the pupils in primary and secondary schools. The awareness raising is planned in great detail in the ARP document of pilot phase, which includes the awareness raising programme for the Hoai Nhon District. Here the plan recommends that:

The awareness raising should be carried out in most of the areas where the SWM system is already or will be established.

The members of the communication group should be complemented by members of the waste collection group, so that these can cooperate in the communication activities regarding solid waste management at the community level.

Beside the general objective of the ARP, the specific objectives should be more concrete such as:

o Increasing the number of household involving the waste collection service i.e. from 10% to 50%.

o Increasing the number of household paying for the waste collection service based on the baseline when programme started.

o Reducing the frequency of illegal waste disposal and illegal dumpsite within communities.

o As the treatment of organic waste at source is an important part of the waste management plan, the methods for progressive organic treatment at source must be part of the focus for the training course for the Environmental Communication Teams. The methods should be simple and inexpensive.

o Increase the number of private clinics involved in the healthcare waste collection service.

o Increase the volume of organic waste that is treated at source.

The action plan of each Environmental Communication Team should be prepared at grass-root level. Each community has to identify their needs based on the community approach such as community rapid appraisal, community action plan with a participatory approach. Visual tools such as “mapping community problems” and “problem tree” should be used.


48

Other than the monitoring and evaluating system designed by Provincial and District level, each Communication Team needs to have results of this monitoring and evaluating program to adjust their action plan every year.

3.6.4. Strategy and Objectives

To mitigate the shortages of funding and skilled staff at the District level within environmental communication, and to make full use of the resources available through the Water Supply and Sanitation Project up to the year 2014, the strategy on capacity development and communication for the period to the year 2025 is based on the following considerations:

To establish key Environmental Communication Teams within towns, communes and schools rapidly. These teams will be trained in environmental communication principles and solid waste management in order to be able to organise and implement these activities, with the goal that they must be able to organise solid waste management activities within their own town, ward or commune.

The key groups will be trained with sufficient knowledge on environmental communication and sustainable solid waste management, solutions to reduce waste at dumpsite, skills on organising and implementing the environmental communication activity at community level.

The towns, communes and schools should formulate and implement their individual communication plans on waste issues with the aim of meeting the objectives of the District Solid Waste Management Plan.

The improvement of the solid waste management services within the district, towns and communes will be monitored on a quarterly, semester or yearly basis as appropriate. Here precise indicators will be used to compare the actual progress with the objectives of the District Solid Waste Management Plan, such as the percentage of households receiving waste collection service, the percentage of households that are paying waste collection fees, and the percentage of households that are treating organic waste at home.

During the period 2012-2014, the budget resource will rely on the Water Supply and Sanitation Project’s budget. The focus will be on capacity development for core teams. For the period from 2015 the focus will be on maintaining the existing activities, hence lowering the financial requirements. Here the resource from Environment Life-work budget should be able to cover the necessary project activities.

3.6.5. Organisation and Implementation Structure

To ensure the autonomy and self-motivation of the Environmental Communication Teams, the recommended organisational structure is as follows:


49

The resources and functions should as follows:

Unit Responsibilities Members

1 Environmental Communication Core team at district level

- In charge of overall management and coordinate the environmental communication activity at district level.

- To approve activity plan and support budget/tools/means/documents for environmental communication activity.

- To orient the precise objectives for each area, each period for the environmental communication groups at towns, communes based on the approved (or adjust during the implementation process).

- To organise capacity development for key groups on SWM and communication skill.

- In the period 2012 – 2014 PPMU and

- Leader/Director of the Natural Resource and Environment Office

- District Natural Resource and Environment Office officers.

- District Women’s Union officer - District Youth Association

officer - District Farming Association

officer. - District Educational Office

staff. - (6 members)

Env. Communication core team

at district level

Env.

Communication

core team at

Towns/communes

level

Env.

Communic

ation team

at

community

level

Env.

Communication

team at school

level

Households Pupils

Market MB

HH Sellers

Waste

collectors

MB

Waste

collectors

EPA

PPMU

(2012 – 2014)

DoCI

Provincial

level

Note: DoCI: Department of Culture and Information (this component will implement at provincial level)

Direct relationship

Indirect relationship (supporting/ advice/ broadcasting)


50


EPA will direct support budget as well as techniques. From 2015 – 2025 the groups will be self-management and implement through the Environment Life-work budget of District and the consulting of EPA.

2 Environmental Communication Core Team at Town/commune level

- To participate in the capacity development organised by district.

- To cooperate with environmental communication (EC) groups at hamlets/sub-wards/cells) to formulate a yearly action plan on environmental communication and submit to the district for approval.

- To provide documents / communication tools/ budget for EC activities at community

- In the period from 2012 – 2014 will organise training on SWM, communication skills for community EC groups

- To cooperate/ support with community EC groups to implement the EC activity based on the approved action plan.

- To organise quarterly meeting with EC group to review the implementation process based on the supervisory plan and detailed indicators in order to adjust the action plan accordingly

- Leader of PC of towns/communes, in charge of group leader

- Officer who is in charge of Environment activity

- WU staff. - YA staff. - Veteran Association staff. - Farming Association staff - (6 – 7 members)

3 Environmental Communication Core Team at school level

- To participate into capacity development program will be organised by the district.

- To cooperate with head teachers/mistress in schools to build a yearly EC and submit to the district for approval.

- To provide documents/ communication tools/ budget for EC activities in classes.

- In the period from 2012 – 2014 will provide training on SWM, communication skills for head teachers in schools.

- To cooperate with and support teachers in carrying out the EC activity based on the approved action plan.

- To review every quarter with the

- Representative of school management board.

- Teachers who in charge of the movements

- Teachers at primary school: teaching music and fine arts. Teachers at secondary schools: teaching civics and biology


51


head teacher on the process of the program based on the action plan and indicators in order to adjust accordingly.

4 Environmental Communication Team at community level

- To participate into capacity development program on SWM, environmental communication skills organised by towns/communes.

- To present the ideas/initiatives of the community and to cooperate with the key EC group at towns/communes to build the environmental communication action plan at their hamlet/sub-ward.

- To implement the environmental communication at their hamlet/sub-ward. The main communication will be: organise meeting at cells to discuss with community people on the improvement of the existing SWM at their communities; home visits to mobilise, consulting and explanation on the habit/attitude to improve the existing SWM such as: participate the collection service, payment collection fee dispose the waste in time, sorting waste at home, treatment organic waste at home by simple techniques.

- To record information/data, detail figure with the core group to supervise the implementing process of the environmental communication activities

This is a main force to work with community people in hamlet/sub-ward. Therefore, the members of the team will be flexible. It is depending to the context of each area to invite the ones who has free time and interested in this environmental activity. However, the core members should be based on the existing mass organisation and local authority staff such as:

- Sub-ward management board member.

- Cell leaders. - WU branch - YA. - Farming Association

branch. - Veteran Association

branch. - Volunteers who are

ready to participate into environmental communication activity.

- Waste collection workers at community.

5 Environmental Communication Team at school level

- To participate into capacity development program on SWM, environmental communication skills organised by schools.

- To cooperate with core group to formulate the EC activity for school.

- To carry out the EC activity in classes. The main EC program will be: teaching the pupils on having right attitude/behaviour with the disposal of waste, organise some concrete activities for pupils participate as waste separation at school; treating food wastes, leafs at school by using simple techniques (according to the condition of each school); organise

For Primary schools, the team will be included of all teachers (each teacher will in charge of one class). For secondary schools, the team will be included mistresses in order to integrate this subject into their regular meetings or organise extra-curricular activities


52


competition for pupils on the knowledge on waste…

- To record the data/information, figures in order to cooperation with the core group to supervise the environmental communication implementation process.

3.6.6. Awareness Raising through the Public Media

Public media is an important communication channel for the dissemination of information to a large population and an excellent means of attracting people’s attention. Advertising within local media aims to educate people on solid waste issues and get them to change their behaviour in line with the District’s Solid Waste Management Plans. The focus will be on promoting the treatment at source of organic waste, suitable practices for setting out waste for collection and the importance of paying the waste collection fees.

The three communication channels that should be used are newspapers, radio and television. For the period 2012 – 2014 it is suggested that the PPMU should sign the contract with EPA to implement these activities; the EPA can then in turn sign separate contracts with some of the following media as appropriate:

Binh Dinh Newspaper.

Binh Dinh television station.

Binh Dinh broadcasting radio station.

Topic for the communication should include the following topics:

Introducing the project activities quarterly.

Introducing the organic waste treatment simple technologies such as composting and the black soldier fly larvae.

Practical aspects of the solid waste collection system.

The importance of paying waste collection fees.

Introducing more general aspects of the solid waste management system issue in Binh Dinh.

For the communication through television it is suggested to advertising good behaviour through a few video clips that are alternated as the environmental communication programme will be implemented throughout the year. The changes in clips will keep people watching. Scenes and scripts should be developed for educational purpose but with a great sense of humour. Actors’ practices are representative of the local people’s practices. The EPA should sign the contract with the provincial television company to broadcast the programme at a certain time during the day when it is known that most people will be watching the local TV channel. For example, the broadcasting time can be in the evening after the news programme or during the break in a film. The produced video clips should be copied into DVDs to be distributed to motivators, towns, communes, schools and other civil organisations as supporting IEC material. These video clips can then be shown in meetings, training sessions or workshops at schools and/or for organisations. This gives a chance for a number of people who do not watch television to be approached by the programme.


53

From 2012, the District People’s Committee will submit proposals to the Binh Dinh People’s Committee to assign both TV and radio stations to broadcast news relating to solid waste management as part of their responsibility for raising environment awareness. This component will in practice be formulated for the whole province by public broadcasting system of Binh Dinh province.

3.6.7. Requirements to Improve the Waste Collection

To ensure that the population makes full and correct use of an expanded waste collection system, as well as to ensure that they pay their waste collection fees, a continuous educational programme is required. Such a programme can initially be under the ARP described in section 3.6.3 but after 2014 this must be under the District authorities and financed through the Province and District budgets (or financed through the fees collected for waste management). These awareness programmes must reach all stakeholders, including households, shops, institutions and enterprises. The cornerstones of such the awareness raising programmes will be to:

Under the direction of the Environmental Communication Core Team at town/commune level, the Environmental Communication Team at community level will ensure that awareness is raised throughout the community regarding the new waste collection system, covering how waste should be placed for collection, collection hours, the payment of waste collection fees, the importance of not littering and so forth.

The Environmental Communication Teams at school level will raise the children’s awareness about the importance of handling waste correctly and will help them influence their parents and other family members in making the best possible use of the new waste collection system.

The provincial level broadcasting through the public media (see section 3.6.6) will raise the general population’s awareness.

3.6.8. Strengthening the Recycling at Source

This District Solid Waste Management Plan calls for 15% of the total generated domestic solid waste stream, consisting of organic waste, to be treated at source by the year 2025 in towns and likewise 30% in communes. This will call for technologies such as those described in section 3.4, covering the composting of market waste, the usage of Mesophilic Storage Units for households and commercial black soldier fly larvae production. Ensuring that such methodologies are successfully implemented throughout the District will require an important and continuous awareness raising and educational effort. Initially, it is very important that demonstration projects are implemented under the direction of the District Project Management Group to show that the technologies can be successfully implemented in both towns and communes. Through the demonstration projects, those responsible will learn (by trail and error, as well as through consultants) how these treatment methods can be made to work. This endeavour must include an incessant programme of capacity development and assistance to larger-scale composting or commercial black soldier fly larvae production; as well as a continued support at all administrative levels within the District to implement and uphold the operation of Mesophilic Storage Units. Steps that should be taken to insure the successful implementation and operation of Mesophilic Storage Units include:

Under the direction of the Environmental Communication Core Team at town/commune level, the Environmental Communication Team at community level will provide information and support to households making use of the mesophilic storage units.

The Environmental Communication Teams at school level will raise the children’s interest in the treatment of organic waste at source and give them an understanding and interest in the proposed mesophilic storage units.


54

The provincial level broadcasting through the public media (see section 3.6.6) will raise the general population’s awareness.

A second consideration is for towns and communes to establish a small scale composting facilities at their wet market; in this case it is important to:

Choose the appropriate technology with a simple operation and low cost.

Separate recyclable, organic and non-organic wastes at source

That the Market Management Board agrees with this idea and that they provide the land for a composting facility or a location to store the organic waste separately. They can then help organise the scavengers at market into a group; this group is then allowed to work in this area managing the waste and operating the composting facility.

Here the Environmental Communication Core Team at town/commune level can assist the District authorities in setting up the small scale facilities.

Finally, there may be plans for scavengers (or others) to operate a commercial black soldier fly larvae production; these will require support from the District authorities and the Environmental Communication Core Team at town/commune level to ensure a successful implementation:

Provision of information on how to operate a commercial black soldier fly larvae production.

A site to place the equipment.

Assistance from the Environmental Communication Team to ensure that organic waste can be collected from households, restaurants, etc.

Support on the sale of the larvae.

3.6.9. Capacity Development and Training within the District

The District will need support in the form of technical expertise to put into operation this Solid

Waste Management Plan. It is foreseen that approximately 110 man days of national expertise

will be available to the District for the years 2012 to 2014. This expertise can be used to help

tender for equipment, to help with demonstration project, for training of District staff and others

involved in solid waste management, as well as assisting with completing the new solid waste

management system.

3.6.10. Cost of Capacity Development and Awareness Raising Programmes 2012 –

2025

The costs of the above programmes that are described in this section are estimated in this section.


55

Table 3.27 Annual Costs for District Awareness Raising Programme (in 1,000 VND) Activity total 2011 -

2014

Unit No price

Cost

No price

Cost

No price

Cost

No price

Cost

No price

Cost

1 Technical Expertise Support 2,340,000 1,380,000 1,380,000 5,100,000

Pool of Experts days 50 45,000 2,250,000 30 45,000 1,350,000 30 45,000 1,350,000

Training Materials and Course Costs unit 10 5,000 50,000 6 5,000 30,000 6 5,000 30,000

Demonstration Projects 1 40,000 40,000 - -

2 Capacity building for core team at Dist. level 167,200 177,200 162,200 92,200 598,800 7,200

2.1 Training/ workshop at Dist. level 40,000 40,000 40,000 - 120,000 -

For core team of tow ns/communes Time 1 20,000 20,000 1 20,000 20,000 1 20,000 20,000 60,000

For core team of school Time 1 20,000 20,000 1 20,000 20,000 1 20,000 20,000 60,000

2.2 Sharing experience 40,000 40,000 40,000 - 120,000 -

For core team of tow ns/communes Time 1 20,000 20,000 1 20,000 20,000 1 20,000 20,000 60,000

For core team of school Time 1 20,000 20,000 1 20,000 20,000 1 20,000 20,000 60,000

2.3 Annual closure workshop 40,000 40,000 40,000 60,000 180,000 -

For core team of tow ns/communes Time 1 20,000 20,000 1 20,000 20,000 1 20,000 20,000 1 30,000 30,000 90,000

For core team of school Time 1 20,000 20,000 1 20,000 20,000 1 20,000 20,000 1 30,000 30,000 90,000

2.4 Communication tools unit 8 5,000 40,000 10 5,000 50,000 7 5,000 35,000 5 5,000 25,000 150,000 -

2.5 Management fee (stationary/ transportation means) Dist. Core team (6

per.) Per. 6 1,200 7,200 6 1,200 7,200 6 1,200 7,200 6 1,200 7,200 28,800 6 1,200 7,200

3 Implementing Awareness raising at community 227,200 284,000 306,000 276,000 1,093,200 201,000

Formulating annual action plan Time 8 5,000 40,000 10 5,000 50,000 15 5,000 75,000 15 5,000 75,000 240,000 15 5,000 75,000

Supporting community activities (tow ns/ communes) Time 8 15,000 120,000 10 15,000 150,000 7 15,000 105,000 5 15,000 75,000 450,000 Management fee (stationary/ transportation means) tow ns/ communes Core

team (7 per./ tow ns/ communes) Time 8 8,400 67,200 10 8,400 84,000 15 8,400 126,000 15 8,400 126,000 403,200 15 8,400 126,000

4 Implementing Awareness raising at school 168,000 210,000 235,000 215,000 828,000 165,000

Formulating annual action plan Time 8 5,000 40,000 10 5,000 50,000 15 5,000 75,000 15 5,000 75,000 240,000 15 5,000 75,000

Supporting school activities (tow ns/ communes) Time 8 10,000 80,000 10 10,000 100,000 7 10,000 70,000 5 10,000 50,000 300,000

Management fee (stationary/ transportation means) Time 8 6,000 48,000 10 6,000 60,000 15 6,000 90,000 15 6,000 90,000 288,000 15 6,000 90,000

Total 562,400 3,011,200 2,083,200 1,963,200 7,620,000 373,200

2014 2015-2025 (Annual Costs)2011 (8 towns/communes) 2012 (2 towns/ communes) 2013 (5 new communes)


56

Table 3.28 Budget Capacity Development for District Solid Waste Management (Euro) (from excel file "CD actions 2011 - SEM2" 2011 Total year Basis for calculation

Establishment of DSWMGroups &

subgroups in 4 districts:

6,200

Define coaching process of sub-groups: 8,340

Start up coaching processes & follow up 34,000

Total 48,540

2012 increasing input (HR+budget) from province/districts is needed

coaching of sub groups (consultant fees) 48,000 5 working groups*100EUR/consultant/d*8d/m*12m

coaching process (meetings/workshops) 10,080 30 EUR/meeting*4 districts*1 board & 5 working groups*12m

Total 58,080

2013 increasing input (HR+budget) from province/districts is needed

continued coaching (less intensive) 25,200 (1 board+6 workinggroups)*100EUR/consultant/d*3d/m*12m

possible technical trainings 12,500 technical, project management, leadership, ...

5 trainings (1 training per working group area*5 working group

areas)

25 participants*5 trainings*100 EUR/p/training

coaching process (meetings/workshops) 10,080 30 EUR/meeting*4 districts*1 board & 5 working groups*12m

Total 47,780

2014 input (HR+budget) provided by province/districts

10,080 30 EUR/meeting*4 districts*1 board & 5 workinggroups*12m

Total BUDGET (2011 – 2014) 164,480

The above table includes costs for:

experts contracted to coach the districts on the longer term (2 years) with their planning and implementation

allowances to organise meetings of the working groups

study trips

technical trainings for members of the working groups or other people that need training. Table 3.29 Total cost for the Public Broadcasting Programme covering four Districts (in 1,000 VND)

As can be seen from the above about 5 billion VND of technical support are foreseen over the years 2012 to 2014, whilst the plan is being implemented. The costs for the awareness raising programme come to approximately 2.5 billion VND for the awareness raising programme plus about 1 billion VND for the public broadcasting programme. Hereafter the annual costs are approximately 370 million VND for the awareness raising and 350 million for the public broadcasting covering all four Districts. The Water Supply and Sanitation project does not have sufficient funds to cover these costs, so participation of the Environment Life-work budget will be required.

Total

2012- 2014

STT Content unit Price No total cost No total cost No total cost No total cost

1 Television station 284,000 284,000 284,000 852,000 284,000

1.1 Television news time 400 10 4,000 10 4,000 10 4,000 12,000 10 4,000

1.2 Video clip production video clip 100,000 1 100,000 1 100,000 1 100,000 300,000 1 100,000

1.3 Video clip broadcast time 2,000 90 180,000 90 180,000 90 180,000 540,000 90 180,000

2 Radion station 9,600 9,600 9,600 28,800 9,600

2.1 Radio news time 400 4 1,600 4 1,600 4 1,600 4,800 4 1,600

2.2Technical article (composting, SWM

sustainability)article 2,000 4 8,000

4 8,000

4 8,000 24,000

4 8,000

3 Newspaper 4,800 4,800 4,800 14,400 4,800

3.1 News page article 400 2 800 2 800 2 800 2,400 2 800

3.2 Technical article (composting) article 2,000 2 4,000 2 4,000 2 4,000 12,000 2 4,000

4 Publishement of DVD unit 5 10,000 50,000 10,000 50,000 10,000 50,000 150,000 10,000 50,000

Total 348,400 10,000 348,400 10,000 348,400 1,045,200 10,000 348,400

Yearly (2015 - 2025)

2012 2013 2014


57

3.7. Requirements to the Waste Disposal System

Landfilling is accepted as a legal solution for final disposal of solid waste in Vietnam. This is regulated in the Joint circular No. 01/2001/TTLT-BKHCNMT-BXD of the Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment and the Ministry of Construction from January 18, 2001. The joint circular guides “the regulations on environmental protection for the selection of location for, the construction and operation of, solid waste burial sites” together with the Vietnamese Standard TCXD VN 261:2001 – Solid Waste Landfill – Design Standards promulgated by Decision No 35/2001/QD-BXD of the Ministry of Construction on January 26, 2001. Although in the hierarchy of an integrated solid waste management system, the landfill is the last choice due to its significant and negative environmental impacts, it still remains in the long term as an indispensable component of the current SWM practices in Vietnam, as there is a large and rapidly increasing volume of waste has to be disposed of. The district of Tay Son within Binh Dinh Province is not an exceptional case, just similar to most of other areas in the country.

3.7.1. Quantity of Waste to Landfill 2011 – 2025

The quantity of waste for landfill is calculated as follows:

WLandfill = (Wtotal – Wtotal * Rrecycled – Wtotal * Rcomposted) * Rcollection * (1.00 - Rrecycled at LF)

Where: WLandfill : quantity of waste transported to landfill

Wtotal : total quantity of waste generated

Rrecycled: rate of waste sold for recycling

Rcomposted: rate of waste treated/composted at source

Rcollection: rate of collection, in percentage

Rrecycled at LF percentage recycled at the landfill

The assumptions described in section 3.3.2 were employed when calculating the quantity of waste that has to be landfilled every year. Based on these assumptions, the calculations result in the following flows of waste, including the annual quantity of waste going to landfill as shown in table 3.29.


58

Table 3.29 Total amount of waste to landfill 2012 - 2025

Year Quantity Generated

Percentage Recycled at source

Quantity Recycled at source

Remaining after Recycled at source

Percentage Collected

and Treated at

Landfill

Quantity Collected and Treated at

Landfill

(Kg/day) (Tonnes/yr) (%) (Kg/day) (Tonnes/yr) (Kg/day) (Tonnes/yr) (Kg/day) (Tonnes/yr) (%)

2010 75,519 27,564 12 9,134 3,334 66,385 24,230 34 22,346 8.156

2011 76,395 27,884 12 9,240 3,373 67,155 24,511 34 22,605 8.251

2012 77,281 28,208 12 9,348 3,412 67,933 24,796 40 26,885 9.813

2013 78,178 28,535 20 15,571 5,683 62,607 22,852 42 26,520 9.680

2014 79,084 28,866 24 19,331 7,056 59,753 21,810 45 27,049 9.873

2015 80,002 29,201 30 23,665 8,638 56,337 20,563 51 28,891 10.545

2016 109,956 40,134 22 23,940 8,738 86,016 31,396 35 29,704 10.842

2017 111,231 40,599 22 24,217 8,839 87,014 31,760 35 30,220 11.030

2018 112,522 41,071 24 26,750 9,764 85,772 31,307 35 29,910 10.917

2019 113,827 41,547 24 27,060 9,877 86,767 31,670 37 31,863 11.630

2020 115,147 42,029 27 31,454 11,481 83,693 30,548 40 33,433 12.203

2021 116,483 42,516 27 31,819 11,614 84,664 30,902 40 34,185 12.478

2022 117,834 43,009 27 32,188 11,749 85,646 31,260 41 34,863 12.725

2023 119,201 43,508 27 32,562 11,885 86,639 31,623 42 36,351 13.268

2024 120,584 44,013 27 32,940 12,023 87,644 31,990 42 36,773 13.422

2025 121,983 44,524 27 33,322 12,163 88,661 32,361 43 38,309 13.983

3.7.2. District Sanitary Landfill

To build a sanitary landfill for the districts in agreement with the Province Solid Waste Master Plan. The sanitary landfill will be in compliance with current national standards as required, i.e. with an impermeable bottom layer, a drainage for surface storm water runoff, a leachate collection and treatment system, a landfill gas collection and treatment system, use waste compacting and a regular soil cover, regular environmental monitoring, and so forth. It must be noted that, given a number of uncertainties at present, the cost estimates are all not accurate and must be revised/adjusted in the future prior to implementing the sanitary landfill. The site for the planned future sanitary landfill is adjacent to the existing Tay Son Dumpsite and is suitable in term of minimum distance to National and Provincial main areas; to residential areas; to rivers and streams; to groundwater, exploitation works/structures; to airports, seaports and industrial areas.12 The landfill designed by CEEN in 2008 is sized to receive an average of 31.29 tonnes per day of waste. The waste cell will have a waste layer that is 11-12 metres thick. The bottom of the cell consists of a compacted clay layers and a HDPE layer. There is a gas collection system, as well as a leachate collection and treatment system that will discharge water to the surroundings meeting the requirements of the Standard TCVN 7733:2007 ”Effluent standards for leachate of solid waste landfill sites.”. A surface water drainage system is provided around the landfill. The site’s water

12

TCXDVN 261 : 2001


59

supply is from drilled wells. The power supply is mainly for lighting. Proposed ancillary facilities include buildings, a weighbridge, a fence, environmental monitoring, a car park, a guard house, etc. The original estimate was made by CEEN in 2008. The cost estimate is based on the 2008 estimate by CEEN in 2008 and has been updated to 2011 costs; it can be found in Annex C, tables C1 and C2. As can be seen, the costs include a weighbridge, a truck wash station, a material stockpile area, an office, guard house, a fence around the entire site and the sanitary landfill cells with their impermeable membrane and leachate collection system. Also included in the costs are the leachate treatment system, the water supply and electric systems and the closure of cells that have been filled with waste. Finally observation wells are included for the monitoring of the environment round the sanitary landfill and a bulldozer to be used daily in the operation of the landfill. Excluded from the costs are the costs of land acquisition; as well as the costs for the closure of the existing dumpsites. As can be seen from the tables, the total investment costs for the sanitary landfill are 36.9 billion Dong, where the majority of the costs are for the construction of new landfill cells and the cost of machinery. The landfill proposed by CEEN is large enough to accommodate the waste generated by the district in the period 2013 – 2025. The landfill has been subdivided into 50,000 m3 cells; where a cell is closed when it is full. The design by CEEN proposes that all cells are built immediately, so in this scenario there will be empty cells that will remain unused for about 10 years (7 years in case of a shared landfill). This is not a recommended scenario, as the cells that are not used are difficult to preserve and they will be damaged by sunshine, vegetation and precipitation and deteriorate rapidly and therefore become unusable; thus, the initial investment may be lost to a large extend. In fact, the landfill may be planned in one design as was done by CEEN, but they may not be all fully built immediately. Thus, the dimensioning of the planned total area for the landfill site may be large enough to cover the entire planning period (say 15 years), but the construction of landfill cells should be phased, with a new cells built only after the previous cell has been filled up. The size of each cell should not be larger than necessary, so that it will be filled within say about two years; no new additional cells should be built before needed. Therefore, the construction of the landfill cells is split into phases, so that there is an initial investment, subsequent additional investments for the new landfill cells, as well as operating costs for the landfill. The costs are based on the CEEN estimate, where the costs of landfills that are subsequently build, is deducted from the initial cost estimate. For a District sanitary landfill 68,000 m2 of land is required, and if the landfill is shared with An Nhon District a gross area 120,000 m2 will be needed. The operating costs for the years 2013 through 2025 can be found in Annex C, table C3. Here the main expenses are maintenance costs and the cost of staff. As can be seen in table 3.31, the total operating costs per tonne for the sanitary landfill come to approximately 380,000 VND per tonne. The sanitary landfill staff is foreseen as follows: Table 3.30 Landfill Staffing


60

3.7.3. Benefits of a Shared Sanitary Landfill

In agreement with the Technical and Financial File of the project “Water Supply and Sanitation Programme In Binh Dinh Province”, chapter 2.2.2.1 Solid Waste Management Plans for the districts, and reviewing the Global strategy on solid waste for Binh Dinh province on page 15, the project should review the PSWMP, in order to make sure it will lead to the definition of a coherent strategy for the Province and the targeted districts. Such a review, based on international standards, must consider grouping some districts around the same landfill, while taking into account costs efficiency, accessibility, transport distance and the target population. Given the financial advantages, it is proposed that Tay Son considers sharing a sanitary landfill with other district(s) or parts of them, preferably with An Nhon or Phu Cat . That way, it is foreseen that both the construction and operational costs can be minimised (due to the economy-of-scale principle) and also the overall environmental (negative) impacts will be reduced as a single landfill serves a larger area. Furthermore, this scenario could make certain options more practicable, for example the recovery and re-use of landfill gas to make energy is only viable when large quantities of waste are available. The landfill gas recovery can reduce the emission of greenhouse gases and lead to a net income through the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM).13 In practice, the Tay Son District Peoples Committee is of the opinion that it cannot share a sanitary landfill with another District. The scenario has been included anyhow in order to make the District aware of the relative costs of this option. All the involved districts would benefit a lot, in terms of not only lower construction and operational costs, but also by minimising the negative environmental impacts. This would also allow saving a lot of land within the province, as each single landfill has to follow the requirements for safe distance (at least 300m to a residential area, applied for small landfills and located not to the windward of residential areas). The costs for the investment where the landfill is shared with An Nhon District can therefore be estimated as shown in Annex C, table C4. Summary of the Capital and Operating Costs for the Sanitary Landfill The capital and operating costs for the period 2013 to 2025 for the sanitary landfill can be found in table 3.31. Table 3.31 Capital and operating costs for the period 2013 to 2025 for the sanitary landfill:

13

The CDM option through landfill gas is only an option if organic waste is placed in the landfill. As mentioned elsewhere, composting activities also reduce the emission of greenhouse gases and are also eligible for CDM credits.

Staff Category Number

Landfill Manager 1

Waste Controllers / (weighbridge Operators) 2

LTP Operator 1

Chief Mechanic 1

Assistant Mechanics 1

Electrician 1

Machine Operators 2

Cleaners 1

Security Guards 2

Various unskilled workers 5

Total Staff: 17


61

Item Unit Sanitary Landfill Shared Landfill

Total tonnage received Tonnes 188,911 367,727

Initial investment costs MVND 26,859 27,997

Additional investment costs MVND 12,212 34,285

Operating costs MVND 23,539 26,833

Average costs per tonne VND/tonne 331,426 242,340

As can be seen in the above table, the overall landfill costs come to about 331,000 VND per tonne of waste received. Significant savings can be made by sharing the costs of building and operating a landfill. The basic infrastructure required is the same, though the operating costs are a little higher in terms of fuel consumption, chemicals for the leachate treatment costs, and so forth. In practice, sharing the landfill will reduce the costs by approximately 90,000 VND per tonne. This is a significant saving, especially given that this plan calls for almost 30 tonnes of waste to be collected daily within the District a few years from now. Final disposal of solid waste by landfilling, if and where needed, will have to employ environmentally safe sanitary landfills. Taking into account both economic and environmental aspects, it is obvious that sharing a landfill has significant cost advantages. The only challenge for this scenario is the possible resistance of the local residents where the shared landfill is to be located. To make this realistic, the district must design and implement an appropriate IEC and awareness raising programme for both local authorities and residents.

3.7.4. Procedure for Sharing a Sanitary Landfill

To manage a shared sanitary landfill, it is essential that the landfill operation is supervised by a strong management board that represents the interests of both (or more) Districts. The Landfill Management Board could be either lead by a Vice Chairman from the PPC or co-directed by Vice Chairmen of the involved districts. The Landfill Management Board must ensure that the sanitary landfill is built and operated to the best advantage of all parties. The Landfill Management Board should also include representatives from district sections covering Planning and Investment, Natural Resource and Environment, Agricultural and Rural Development, Urban Management , Public Health Section, as well the Commune PC where the landfill is located and the District waste management company(ies). It is important that the Landfill Management Board ensures that the sanitary landfill is managed in a transparent manner where all expenses are clearly accounted for. Given that the sanitary landfill will have a weighbridge and that all garbage trucks will be weighed upon arrival (and departure is desired) at the landfill, it will be possible to attribute the costs to each involved District based on the quantity of waste delivery to the sanitary landfill. All decisions regarding upgrades and expansion of the landfill should also be approved by the Landfill Management Board.

3.8. Closure of Dumpsites

The existing dumpsites in Tay Son should sooner or later be closed in order to avoid polluting the environment and to be in compliance with the national strategy on sustainable development. It is foreseen that over the next 15 years all dumpsites should be eliminated. Assuming (and it seems most likely) that no industrial hazardous waste was received by the dumpsites, they can be closed following the guidelines given in the Joint circular No. 01/2001/TTLT-BKHCNMT-BXD of January 18, 2001 guiding “the regulations on environmental


62

protection for the selection of location for, the construction and operation of, solid waste burial sites" as follows:

- The final cover layer should have a clay content >30%, ensure a standard moisture and properly compacted, with a thickness ≥60 cm. The slope from the edge to the top should gradually increase from 3 to 5%, ensuring good draining, and thereafter:

+ Cover the buffer layer with a 50-60 cm thick layer of sandy soil + Covering with a 20-30 cm thick agricultural soil + Plant grass and trees

- Carry out a monitoring program, including the monitoring of air, water, soil and

ecosystems, labour environment and local residents; health. Once the dumpsite has been closed, the District Office of Natural Resources and Environment should develop a simple monitoring programme to ensure that the final cover layer remains intact.

3.9. Cost Saving by Treating Organic Waste at Source

There are considerable savings to be made by composting the organic faction of waste at source. This District Solid Waste Management Plan has used a model where eventually 30% of the total waste stream is treated through composing (or similar processes) in communes and 15% of the waste stream is treated likewise in towns. In table 3.32 below the total costs are compared to scenarios where there is absolutely no treatment of organic waste at source and one where all organic waste is treated at source. In all three cases, it is assumed that the waste will be deposited in a District sanitary landfill. Table 3.32 Cost comparison for various composting scenarios

Almost 100% of organic waste is

composted

Current scenario (30% in communes

/15% in towns)

No treatment of organic waste at

source

Total Waste to landfill 2013 – 2025 (tonnes)

125,510 158,704 195,748

Total Capital Costs (MVND) 32,097 36,953 36,953

Total Operating Costs (MVND)

22,829 23,254 33,457

Total Costs (MVND) 54,926 57,706 70,410

As can be seen there are significant savings in the current system, when compared to a system where there is no treatment of organic waste at source. The fact that about 37,000 tonnes less of waste are collected over the period 2013 – 2025, (159,000 tonnes versus 196,000 tonnes) means savings in the order of 13 billion VND. Hence, there are very strong financial incentives to minimise the flow of waste to landfill, as this significantly lowers the costs. Furthermore, waste minimisation benefits the environment.

4. Plan for Management of Industrial Waste till 2025

4.1. Definitions of Industrial/Hazardous Waste

Industrial solid waste is defined in Decree No. 59/2007/NĐ-CP issued by Vietnamese Government as solid waste generated in industrial production, craft villages, business and service activities or


63

other activities is collectively referred to as industrial solid waste. Furthermore, hazardous solid waste is described as solid waste containing substances or compounds that exhibit any of the characteristics of radioactivity, ignitability, explosiveness, corrosiveness, infectiousness, toxicity or other hazardous characteristics. Industrial waste represents waste generated from activities in manufacturing businesses that utilises raw material and machinery to generate marketable products in their premises. A small percentage of the industrial waste will be “hazardous waste,” these are also discussed below. Industrial waste is generated from manufacturing businesses that use raw material and machinery to generate products within their premises. Typical categories of manufacturing industries can be found below:

Food processing

Beverage manufacturing

Wood-based products

Manufacturing of chemical and chemical products

Manufacturing of non-metallic mineral products

Basic metals

Manufacture of electrical machinery, apparatus, appliances and supplies

Manufacture of transport equipment

Textiles and garments These categories of industries will each generate their particular industrial waste, where the waste characteristics will be dependent on the industrial production process. The wastes are often complex and heterogeneous ranging from inert inorganic waste (such as mineral, electronic and metal waste) to organic waste (such as plastics and foodstuffs). Industrial waste is the waste generated by the industry’s production, as can be items such as mineral, electronic and metal waste, filter cakes, plastics, raw material wastage, off-spec products, floor sweepings, rags, packaging, etc.; so long as these do not fall under the MONRE’s definition of a hazardous waste In addition to the industrial waste generated, the industries will also generate a sizeable amount of general waste. This latter waste is common to all industries and includes packaging, office and canteen waste. Some of this waste (e.g. packaging) is often sold for recycling and the remained of this waste is usually handled as domestic solid waste. The term “Hazardous Waste” applies to toxic and hazardous waste. These are defined as wastes containing components that are toxic, radioactive, inflammable, explosive, abrasive, contagious, poisonous or harmful.14 Vietnam’s National Technical Regulation on Hazardous Waste Thresholds (QCVN 07:2009/BTNMT) sets the standard for hazardous waste thresholds and is used to indentify wastes that may be considered hazardous. These technical regulations clearly describe the laboratory methods that must be used for analysis of waste to determine whether it is a hazardous waste. Hazardous waste from industrial activities will include waste such as solvents, oils, PCBs, acids and plating baths. Healthcare risk waste is also defined as a hazardous waste (as it is contagious); these are discussed in section 5.

14

Law on Environmental Protection of 2005 that went into effect on 1 July 2006


64

4.2. Current Situation and Plans

There is one sugar cane processing company, there is a 59 hectare craft vilage in Tay Xuan Commune where bricks are manufactured and the area employs 2,000 people and several Industrial Clusters. The Industrial Clusters consist of the following:

At present the general waste from industries is often collected by the local waste management company; this covers waste from canteens, offices and so forth. This general waste is included in the numbers for domestic solid waste in section 3.3.2. The consultant found that the disposal of containers that have held pesticides was a problem throughout the province. Some Districts have built boxes in the fields, with the intention that the farmers should place their pesticide waste in these boxes. This system did not work, as the farmers did not use the boxes and continue to dump the containers on their land. Some Districts are interested in again trying to collect these empty pesticide containers. This is not recommended as long as there is no disposal system for the empty pesticide packaging. If these containers were collected today, the District would have to store these as a hazardous waste, as there is no disposal system for hazardous waste within the region. At a later date, when a hazardous waste treatment facility is built within the region, the collected waste would then have to be shipped for treatment at great cost to the District.15

15

The treatment fee would likely be in the region of 20,000 VND per kg or more.

Area LabourSolid waste

generated

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1

Hoc Bom Industrial Cluster

Binh Nghi

Commune

37,6 1.120 37,6 1300 600 500 Filled up

100%

2

Cau Nuoc Xanh Industrial

Cluster

Binh Nghi

Commune 39,5 39,5 1500 600 Infrastructure is

being invested

3 Cụm CN Phú An

Tay Xuan

Commune 17.7 340 30 750 400 300

Filled up

100%

4 Binh Nghi Industrial Cluster

Binh Nghi

Commune 20 60 30 300 300 100

Infrastructure is

being invested

5 Tay Xuan Industrial Cluster

Tay Xuan

Commune 40 1,350 40 1,500 600 600

Filled up

100%

6 Go Da Industrial Cluster

Binh Tuong

Commune 12 40 20 300 200 50

Infrastructure is

being invested

7 Ta Giang Industrial Cluster

Tay Giang

Commune 30

Being considered to

be cancelled

8 Go Giua Industrial Cluster

Tay Giang

Commune 12.5 20 200 200 50

Infrastructure is

being invested

9 Cau 16 Industrial Cluster

Tay Thuan

Commune 40 40 1,000 500

Being considered to

be added

10 Go Cay Industrial Cluster

Binh Thanh

Commune 20 120 30 400 400 150

Filled up

30%

11 Truong Dinh Industrial Cluster

Binh Hoa

Commune 20 84 30 400 400 120

Filled up

40%

12

Ray Ong Tho Industrial

Cluster Tay An Commune 12 110 20 240 200 100

Filled up

70%

13 Binh Tan Industrial Cluster

Binh Tan

Commune 10 10 100 120

Being considered to

be added

14 Hoc Dam Industrial Cluster

Tay Binh

Commune 6 10 100 120

Being considered to

be added

Total 317.30 3,224 357.1 8,090 4,640 1,970

No Name of industrial cluster LocationArea

(ha)

Number of

labours

Planned development during

2011-2015 Amount of

solid waste

(kg/day)

Remark


65

For the empty pesticide containers, the Government of Vietnam should implement a programme in collaboration with the pesticide manufacturers, the importers and the distributers. The programme should ensure that when the farmers are supplied with new pesticides, the supplier will automatically take back empty pesticide packaging. There could be a deposit on the packaging, to ensure all packaging is returned. The pesticide distributers would then organise and implement an awareness programme, so that all farmers know how to store and return their empty pesticide containers.16 Given that the distributers transport full pesticide containers to sell to the farmers, it is easy for them to ensure that empty containers are transported back to their distribution centre or factory. The empty containers can then be reused or sent for treatment as hazardous waste.

4.3. Possibilities for waste prevention and waste minimisation;

Typical main waste composition from industries can include scrap metals, plastics, paper and cardboard and food scraps. Such wastes can be sold or given away for recycling. Industries frequently have large amounts of raw materials that are wasted during the manufacturing process; likewise some industries have a significant percentage of products that do not meet the specifications. Both the wasted raw materials, as well as “off-spec” products are often discarded on-site, as this is an inexpensive solution. Commonly reusing these materials in the production makes good economic sense, as it reduces the company’s costs for raw materials per unit product. Better utilisation of raw materials, as well as other resources such as water, should be encouraged. Some industrial hazardous waste is also recycled at the moment, this includes waste oils and waste lubricants that are currently sold to recyclers and used as a fuel, often in brick kilns. In the longer term; once there is a dedicated hazardous waste treatment facility within the region, this practice should be discontinued and the hazardous waste oils and lubricants should be treated at a specialised facility.

4.4. Present and future quantities of Industrial Waste

At present this waste stream is not sufficiently regulated, so there is no readily available data on the number of waste generators, the nature of the wastes, their quantity or where they are currently being disposed. In Tay Son District the Management Board for Industrial Zones and Craft Villages states that currently 2 tonnes per day of industrial waste is generated and that this will increase to 5 tonnes per day by 2015. Furthermore, the Industrial generate 1.5 tonnes of general waste per day that is collected by the local waste management companies. It is recommended that a survey be organised to better determine the current situation. Such a survey should investigate all major sources of industrial waste within the District and propose the best possible solutions. The survey should visit all industrial zones and clusters, as well as other major generators of industrial waste. The quantity of waste can then be determined through information from the waste generators, through estimates based on the number of employees and/or the quantity of product produced. The consultant will then have to determine how the waste is best treated: Some waste will be akin to domestic solid waste, just as there will be large amounts of industrial waste that can be placed in a sanitary landfill (or reused).17 There will be a

16

Such a programme would normally also take back and treat any obsolete pesticides that the farmer may have stored over time on his premises. 17

For some of the industrial waste to be placed in a sanitary landfill requires that this waste is kept separate from hazardous waste during the manufacturing process. A frequent “problem” for industrial waste is that large amounts of relatively inert waste that could be reused or placed in a sanitary landfill, is


66

small percentage of hazardous waste, where a solution will need to be found, given that there is currently no hazardous waste treatment centre within the region. Such a survey, performed by a team of international and national experts, would probably cost around 60,000 Euro, and this price would cover a survey of four Districts within the Province.

4.5. The Management System for Industrial Waste

The basic principle for handling industrial waste, is that the wastes from the industry are properly separated. There will be some general waste from kitchens, offices, and so forth. This will generally be collected by the local garbage company. There will also be some waste from the production or manufacturing process; this can be contaminated raw materials, wastage from the production process and/or off-spec products. Other a sizeable percentage of these materials can be reused (especially if the alternative is to pay to dispose of them). Likewise, some waste can be (and is already) reused, for example wood waste and sawdust from wood manufacturing industries is often reused as a source of energy. Naturally, most industries will have some waste that is not general waste. The industry is expected to ensure that this waste is transported by a licensed transporter to an approved site where it can be treated and disposed of. Much of the manufacturing waste from industries can meet the acceptance criteria of landfills and can therefore be transported to landfills. This requires that the manufacturing waste is not contaminated with hazardous waste (in which case the whole batch of waste will often be considered as hazardous waste). Therefore, industries must have good housekeeping to keep non-hazardous and hazardous waste separate. Finally, there are some wastes that are hazardous wastes and that require special treatment. This applies to materials such as waste solvents, waste oils and spent plating baths. Here the enterprise must follow the requirements of the Law on Environmental Protection of 2005 regarding the handling, storage, transportation and treatment of these materials. If housekeeping is good, the quantity of hazardous waste will be very small for most industries. These wastes must be transported to a hazardous waste treatment facility for final treatment and disposal (unless they are treated (or pre-treated) on-site, as is generally the case with liquid wastes). To properly manage these wastes, thorough training is needed, so that managers and workers within enterprises and industries can correctly handle all the waste that is generated within their premises. This is briefly described in the following section and will be further developed over the coming months.

4.6. Requirements for Capacity Development and Awareness Raising

Based on the Awareness Raising Programme that is being implemented by the EPA18, there is one component about awareness raising for enterprises that has to be carried out. This programme is currently in its in pilot phase but will later be implemented on a broader scale. The target groups of this component are the enterprise owners and the managers. The topics include knowledge of industrial waste; how to distinguish between various categories of industrial waste; how to separate and store the waste; and how each category of waste should be handled and treated. The selected communication methodology is to organising a managing group to be in charge of this component at the provincial level where the EPA members are the core members together

contaminated with a small percentage of hazardous waste, making all the waste hazardous waste that requires very costly treatment. 18

Note that this activity is not part of the project’s awareness raising programme


67

with a member of the Department of Industry and Commerce of Binh Dinh Province. The core members will cooperate with the members of the Division of Natural Resources and Environment of the District and the members of the Industrial Zone Management Board of the district to carry out the communication activities within the district. The managing group will organise the training courses for the district with the participation of the target group. They will also organise the monitoring system to measure the result of the communication activities; the indicators of this system can be based on the EIA indicators but be more simple i.e. it does not need to use specific equipment to measure the environmental parameters, these can just be visual observations. The main indicator of this activity is whether the enterprise owners organise the activities in their enterprise to inform and guide the workers about how to manage industrial waste. The improvements can be monitored on a month by month basis measuring the workers’ habits relating to the handling of industrial waste.

5. Plan for Management of Healthcare Risk Waste

5.1. Definition of Healthcare Risk Waste

There exist various definitions of Healthcare Waste in general and Healthcare Risk Waste in particular. This report, however, employs Vietnamese definitions, which are defined in the Decision No. 43/2007/QD-BYT promulgated on 30 November 2007 by the Minister of Health, and which are as follows:

Healthcare Waste (HCW) is the material in either solid, liquid or gaseous form, which is discharged from healthcare facilities (HCFs) and which includes both healthcare risk waste and ordinary waste.

Healthcare Risk Waste (HCRW) (also known as special healthcare waste or hazardous healthcare waste) is the waste containing hazardous elements to human health and the environment, such as infectious, toxic, radioactive, flammable, explosive, corrosive or possessing other hazardous properties, if not disposed of properly

Healthcare waste management (HCWM) is the management activities of the waste generation, preliminary handling, collection, transport, storage, reduction, reuse, recycling, treatment and disposal of healthcare waste and the control and supervision of implementation.

Healthcare waste reduction is the activities taken in order to minimise the generation of healthcare waste, including reduction of healthcare waste at source, use of products that can be recycled and/or reused, good management and strict control of the practical processes and correct waste segregation.

Reuse is the use of a product several times until the end of life of the product or use of the product for other functions and/or purposes.

Recycling is the reproduction of waste materials into new products

Waste collection at source is the process of segregation, gathering, packing and temporary storage of waste at the site of waste generation in the healthcare facilities.

Transport of waste is the process by which the waste is transported from the place where it was generated to the sites of preliminary treatment, storage, or disposal.

Preliminary treatment is the process disinfection or sterilisation of potentially infectious waste at the sites of the waste generation, before transportation to a site of storage or disposal.

Treatment and disposal of waste is a technological process which aims to disable the waste in causing its potential hazards to human health and the environment.


68

According to Vietnamese definitions (Vietnamese Regulation on Healthcare Waste Management promulgated by Decision No. 43/2007/QD-BYT of the Minister of Health on 30 November 2007), healthcare waste is classified into five groups as follows:

1. Infectious waste 2. Hazardous chemical waste 3. Radioactive waste 4. Pressurised containers 5. Ordinary waste

5.2. Current Situation

The provincial level Phu Phong General Hospital has 200 beds and an average of 350 patients. The hospital separates its waste and the general waste is collected daily by the Phu Phong Agriculture and General Service Cooperative. Healthcare risk waste is collected in yellow bags and boxes for sharps, in accordance with the regulations from the Ministry of Health. The waste is moved from the wards in plastic bags or boxes, to colour coded collection bins that are placed on the ground floor for each section of the hospital. From there the bins with waste are taken to the incinerator. The hospital generates 30 kg of healthcare risk waste very day and furthermore receives a small amount of waste from the District Healthcare Centre which deals with only preventive activities (about 1 kg per day). No waste is received from the commune health stations.

20 kg per batch Bidiphar incinerator at the Phu Phong General Hospital.

Trolley equipped for waste separation at the District Healthcare Centre. The orange box is for sharps.

All healthcare risk waste is burned in a 20 kg/batch Bidiphar incinerator that the hospital received through a Ministry of Health Provincial Healthcare Improvement project in 2008. This incinerator is intended to treat all healthcare risk waste arising within the District. The incinerator is in good condition and currently burns an average of 31 kilograms of waste per day. This waste quantity represents most of the healthcare risk waste generated within the District. The healthcare risk waste from commune health stations, private clinics and other healthcare practices are not collected, but these amounts will represent about 10% of the total healthcare risk waste quantity19 and hence about 90% of all generated healthcare risk waste within the District is already collected and treated in accordance with the Ministry of Health’s requirements.

19

The amount of infectious waste that can be expected from polyclinics without beds, public health centres and dental

clinics is tiny compared with the quantities generated by a hospital.


69

5.3. Future Management of HCW

The management of healthcare risk waste within the District is professional and meets the Vietnamese Ministry of Health requirements. Only small sources, such as commune health stations or doctor’s offices are not currently included in the system. A programme of capacity development and awareness raising will be developed in collaboration with the local health authorities to ensure that healthcare risk waste from small sources is also properly segregated, safely transported and then incinerated together with the healthcare risk waste from the hospitals.

6. Implementation Plans The implementation of the proposed waste management systems is covered through an Action Plan for the District that was issued at the same time as this DSWMP.


70

Annex A Tables of Waste Quantities 2010 - 2025


71

Year 2010

No. Locality

Waste Generated per Person (kg/person)

Population (people)

Total Waste Generated (kg/day)

Sold to Recyclers

%

Sold to Recyclers (kg/day)

Treated/ Composted at Source

%

Treated/ Composted at Source (kg/day)

Balance of Waste

(kg/day)

Rate of collection

(%)

Garbage from collection (kg/day)

1 Phu Phong 0.9 20,249 18,224 15% 2,734 0% - 15,491 60% 9,294

2 Tay Giang 0.8 11,326 9,061 15% 1,359 0% - 7,702 45% 3,466

3 Binh Tan 0.5 6,217 3,109 10% 311 0% - 2,798 20% 560

4 Tay Thuan 0.5 7,142 3,571 10% 357 0% - 3,214 - -

5 Binh Thuan 0.5 7,296 3,648 10% 365 0% - 3,283 - -

6 Binh Thanh 0.5 9,332 4,666 10% 467 0% - 4,199 20% 840

7 Tay An 0.5 4,940 2,470 10% 247 0% - 2,223 - -

8 Binh Hoa 0.5 8,303 4,152 10% 415 0% - 3,736 20% 747

9 Tay Binh 0.8 5,456 4,364 15% 655 0% - 3,710 30% 1,113

10 Binh Tuong 0.5 9,133 4,566 10% 457 0% - 4,110 20% 822

11 Tay Vinh 0.5 6,546 3,273 10% 327 0% - 2,946 - -

12 Vinh An 0.5 1,171 586 10% 59 0% - 527 - -

13 Tay Xuan 0.5 5,609 2,805 10% 280 0% - 2,524 70% 1,767

14 Binh Nghi 0.5 13,603 6,801 10% 680 0% - 6,121 30% 1,836

15 Tay Phu 0.5 8,447 4,223 10% 422 0% - 3,801 50% 1,901

TOTAL 124,770 75,519

9,134

- 66,385

22,346


72

Year 2011

No. Locality


Population (people)

Total Waste Generated

(kg/day)

Sold to Recyclers

%



%


Balance of Waste

(kg/day)

Rate of collection

(%)

Garbage from

collection (kg/day)

1 Phu Phong 0.9 20,484 18,436 15% 2,765 0% - 15,670 60% 9,402

2 Tay Giang 0.8 11,457 9,166 15% 1,375 0% - 7,791 45% 3,506

3 Binh Tan 0.5 6,289 3,145 10% 314 0% - 2,830 20% 566

4 Tay Thuan 0.5 7,225 3,612 10% 361 0% - 3,251 0% -

5 Binh Thuan 0.5 7,380 3,690 10% 369 0% - 3,321 0% -

6 Binh Thanh 0.5 9,440 4,720 10% 472 0% - 4,248 20% 850

7 Tay An 0.5 4,997 2,498 10% 250 0% - 2,249 0% -

8 Binh Hoa 0.5 8,400 4,200 10% 420 0% - 3,780 20% 756

9 Tay Binh 0.8 5,519 4,415 15% 662 0% - 3,753 30% 1,126

10 Binh Tuong 0.5 9,239 4,619 10% 462 0% - 4,157 20% 831

11 Tay Vinh 0.5 6,622 3,311 10% 331 0% - 2,980 0% -

12 Vinh An 0.5 1,185 593 10% 59 0% - 533 0% -

13 Tay Xuan 0.5 5,674 2,837 10% 284 0% - 2,553 70% 1,787

14 Binh Nghi 0.5 13,761 6,880 10% 688 0% - 6,192 30% 1,858

15 Tay Phu 0.5 8,545 4,272 10% 427 0% - 3,845 50% 1,923

TOTAL

76,395

9,240

- 67,155

22,605


73

Year 2012

No. Locality


Population (people)


(kg/day)

Sold to Recyclers

%



%


Balance of Waste

(kg/day)

Rate of collection

(%)

Garbage from

collection (kg/day)

1 Phu Phong 0.9 20,722 18,650 15% 2,797 0% - 15,852 70% 11,096

2 Tay Giang 0.8 11,590 9,272 15% 1,391 0% - 7,881 45% 3,547

3 Binh Tan 0.5 6,362 3,181 10% 318 0% - 2,863 30% 859

4 Tay Thuan 0.5 7,309 3,654 10% 365 0% - 3,289 0% -

5 Binh Thuan 0.5 7,466 3,733 10% 373 0% - 3,360 0% -

6 Binh Thanh 0.5 9,550 4,775 10% 477 0% - 4,297 40% 1,719

7 Tay An 0.5 5,055 2,527 10% 253 0% - 2,275 0% -

8 Binh Hoa 0.5 8,497 4,248 10% 425 0% - 3,824 30% 1,147

9 Tay Binh 0.8 5,583 4,466 15% 670 0% - 3,796 30% 1,139

10 Binh Tuong 0.5 9,346 4,673 10% 467 0% - 4,206 20% 841

11 Tay Vinh 0.5 6,699 3,349 10% 335 0% - 3,014 30% 904

12 Vinh An 0.5 1,199 599 10% 60 0% - 539 0% -

13 Tay Xuan 0.5 5,740 2,870 10% 287 0% - 2,583 70% 1,808

14 Binh Nghi 0.5 13,920 6,960 10% 696 0% - 6,264 30% 1,879

15 Tay Phu 0.5 8,644 4,322 10% 432 0% - 3,890 50% 1,945

TOTAL

77,281

9,348

- 67,934

26,885


74

Year 2013

No. Locality


Population (people)


(kg/day)

Sold to Recyclers

%



%


Balance of Waste

(kg/day)

Rate of collection

(%)

Garbage from

collection (kg/day)

1 Phu Phong 0.9 20,962 18,866 15% 2,830 5% 943 15,093 70% 10,565

2 Tay Giang 0.8 11,725 9,380 15% 1,407 5% 469 7,504 50% 3,752

3 Binh Tan 0.5 6,436 3,218 10% 322 10% 322 2,574 30% 772

4 Tay Thuan 0.5 7,393 3,697 10% 370 10% 370 2,957 0% -

5 Binh Thuan 0.5 7,553 3,776 10% 378 10% 378 3,021 0% -

6 Binh Thanh 0.5 9,661 4,830 10% 483 10% 483 3,864 50% 1,932

7 Tay An 0.5 5,114 2,557 10% 256 10% 256 2,045 30% 614

8 Binh Hoa 0.5 8,596 4,298 10% 430 10% 430 3,438 30% 1,031

9 Tay Binh 0.8 5,648 4,518 15% 678 10% 452 3,389 30% 1,017

10 Binh Tuong 0.5 9,454 4,727 10% 473 10% 473 3,782 20% 756

11 Tay Vinh 0.5 6,777 3,388 10% 339 10% 339 2,711 30% 813

12 Vinh An 0.5 1,213 606 10% 61 10% 61 485 0% -

13 Tay Xuan 0.5 5,807 2,903 10% 290 0% - 2,613 70% 1,829

14 Binh Nghi 0.5 14,082 7,041 10% 704 10% 704 5,633 30% 1,690

15 Tay Phu 0.5 8,744 4,372 10% 437 10% 437 3,498 50% 1,749

TOTAL

78,178

9,456

6,115 62,607

26,520


75

Year 2014

No. Locality


Population (people)


Sold to Recyclers

%



%


Balance of Waste

(kg/day)

Rate of collection

(%)

Garbage from

collection (kg/day)

1 Phu Phong 0.9 21,205 19,085 15% 2,863 10% 1,908 14,314 70% 10,019

2 Tay Giang 0.8 11,861 9,488 15% 1,423 10% 949 7,116 60% 4,270

3 Binh Tan 0.5 6,511 3,255 10% 326 15% 488 2,442 30% 732

4 Tay Thuan 0.5 7,479 3,740 10% 374 15% 561 2,805 0% -

5 Binh Thuan 0.5 7,640 3,820 10% 382 15% 573 2,865 0% -

6 Binh Thanh 0.5 9,773 4,886 10% 489 15% 733 3,665 55% 2,016

7 Tay An 0.5 5,173 2,586 10% 259 15% 388 1,940 30% 582

8 Binh Hoa 0.5 8,695 4,348 10% 435 15% 652 3,261 30% 978

9 Tay Binh 0.8 5,713 4,571 15% 686 10% 457 3,428 50% 1,714

10 Binh Tuong 0.5 9,564 4,782 10% 478 15% 717 3,586 20% 717

11 Tay Vinh 0.5 6,855 3,428 10% 343 15% 514 2,571 30% 771

12 Vinh An 0.5 1,227 613 10% 61 15% 92 460 30% 138

13 Tay Xuan 0.5 5,874 2,937 10% 294 0% - 2,643 70% 1,850

14 Binh Nghi 0.5 14,245 7,123 10% 712 15% 1,068 5,342 30% 1,603

15 Tay Phu 0.5 8,846 4,423 10% 442 15% 663 3,317 50% 1,659

TOTAL

79,084

9,566

9,765 59,754

27,049


76

Year 2015

No. Locality


Population (people)


Sold to Recyclers

%



%


Balance of Waste

(kg/day)

Rate of collection

(%)

Garbage from

collection (kg/day)

1 Phu Phong 0.9 21,451 19,306 18% 3,475 10% 1,931 13,900 70% 9,730

2 Tay Giang 0.8 11,998 9,599 18% 1,728 10% 960 6,911 70% 4,838

3 Binh Tan 0.5 6,586 3,293 12% 395 20% 659 2,239 30% 672

4 Tay Thuan 0.5 7,566 3,783 12% 454 20% 757 2,572 30% 772

5 Binh Thuan 0.5 7,729 3,864 12% 464 20% 773 2,628 30% 788

6 Binh Thanh 0.5 9,886 4,943 12% 593 20% 989 3,361 60% 2,017

7 Tay An 0.5 5,233 2,616 12% 314 20% 523 1,779 30% 534

8 Binh Hoa 0.5 8,796 4,398 12% 528 20% 880 2,991 30% 897

9 Tay Binh 0.8 5,779 4,624 18% 832 10% 462 3,329 70% 2,330

10 Binh Tuong 0.5 9,675 4,837 12% 580 20% 967 3,289 20% 658

11 Tay Vinh 0.5 6,935 3,467 12% 416 20% 693 2,358 30% 707

12 Vinh An 0.5 1,241 620 12% 74 20% 124 422 30% 127

13 Tay Xuan 0.5 5,942 2,971 12% 357 0% - 2,615 70% 1,830

14 Binh Nghi 0.5 14,410 7,205 12% 865 20% 1,441 4,900 30% 1,470

15 Tay Phu 0.5 8,948 4,474 12% 537 20% 895 3,042 50% 1,521

TOTAL

80,002

11,612

12,053 56,337

28,891


77

Year 2016

No. Local Garbage per

person (kg/person)

Population (people)


(kg/day)

Sold to Recyclers

%



%


Balance of Waste

(kg/day)

Rate of collection

(%)

Garbage from

collection (kg/day)

1 Phu Phong 0.9 21,700 19,530 18% 3,515 10% 1,953 14,062 70% 9,843

2 Tay Giang 0.8 12,137 9,710 18% 1,748 10% 971 6,991 70% 4,894

3 Binh Tan 0.5 6,663 3,331 12% 400 20% 666 2,265 30% 680

4 Tay Thuan 0.5 7,654 3,827 12% 459 20% 765 2,602 30% 781

5 Binh Thuan 0.5 7,818 3,909 12% 469 20% 782 2,658 30% 797

6 Binh Thanh 0.5 10,001 5,000 12% 600 20% 1,000 3,400 65% 2,210

7 Tay An 0.5 5,294 2,647 12% 318 20% 529 1,800 30% 540

8 Binh Hoa 0.5 8,898 4,449 12% 534 20% 890 3,025 30% 908

9 Tay Binh 0.8 5,846 4,677 18% 842 10% 468 3,368 70% 2,357

10 Binh Tuong 0.5 9,787 4,894 12% 587 20% 979 3,328 20% 666

11 Tay Vinh 0.5 7,015 3,508 12% 421 20% 702 2,385 30% 716

12 Vinh An 0.5 1,255 628 12% 75 20% 126 427 30% 128

13 Tay Xuan 0.5 6,011 3,006 12% 361 0% - 2,645 70% 1,851

14 Binh Nghi 0.5 14,578 7,289 12% 875 20% 1,458 4,956 30% 1,487

15 Tay Phu 0.5 9,052 4,526 12% 543 20% 905 3,078 60% 1,847

TOTAL

80,930

11,747

12,193 56,990

29,704


78

Year 2017


person (kg/person)

Population (people)


(kg/day)

Sold to Recyclers

%



%


Balance of Waste

(kg/day)

Rate of collection

(%)

Garbage from

collection (kg/day)

1 Phu Phong 0.9 21,952 19,757 18% 3,556 10% 1,976 14,225 70% 9,957

2 Tay Giang 0.8 12,278 9,823 18% 1,768 10% 982 7,072 70% 4,951

3 Binh Tan 0.5 6,740 3,370 12% 404 20% 674 2,292 30% 687

4 Tay Thuan 0.5 7,742 3,871 12% 465 20% 774 2,632 30% 790

5 Binh Thuan 0.5 7,909 3,955 12% 475 20% 791 2,689 30% 807

6 Binh Thanh 0.5 10,117 5,058 12% 607 20% 1,012 3,440 70% 2,408

7 Tay An 0.5 5,355 2,677 12% 321 20% 535 1,821 30% 546

8 Binh Hoa 0.5 9,001 4,501 12% 540 20% 900 3,060 30% 918

9 Tay Binh 0.8 5,914 4,731 18% 852 10% 473 3,407 70% 2,385

10 Binh Tuong 0.5 9,901 4,950 12% 594 20% 990 3,366 20% 673

11 Tay Vinh 0.5 7,096 3,548 12% 426 20% 710 2,413 30% 724

12 Vinh An 0.5 1,270 635 12% 76 20% 127 432 30% 130

13 Tay Xuan 0.5 6,081 3,040 12% 365 0% - 2,676 70% 1,873

14 Binh Nghi 0.5 14,747 7,373 12% 885 20% 1,475 5,014 30% 1,504

15 Tay Phu 0.5 9,157 4,579 12% 549 20% 916 3,113 60% 1,868

TOTAL

81,869

11,883

12,335 57,651

30,220


79

Year 2018


person (kg/person)

Population (people)


(kg/day)

Sold to Recyclers

%



%


Balance of Waste

(kg/day)

Rate of collection

(%)

Garbage from

collection (kg/day)

1 Phu Phong 0.9 22,206 19,986 18% 3,597 10% 1,999 14,390 70% 10,073

2 Tay Giang 0.8 12,421 9,936 18% 1,789 10% 994 7,154 70% 5,008

3 Binh Tan 0.5 6,818 3,409 12% 409 25% 852 2,148 30% 644

4 Tay Thuan 0.5 7,832 3,916 12% 470 25% 979 2,467 30% 740

5 Binh Thuan 0.5 8,001 4,000 12% 480 25% 1,000 2,520 30% 756

6 Binh Thanh 0.5 10,234 5,117 12% 614 25% 1,279 3,224 75% 2,418

7 Tay An 0.5 5,417 2,709 12% 325 25% 677 1,706 30% 512

8 Binh Hoa 0.5 9,106 4,553 12% 546 25% 1,138 2,868 30% 860

9 Tay Binh 0.8 5,983 4,786 18% 862 10% 479 3,446 70% 2,412

10 Binh Tuong 0.5 10,015 5,008 12% 601 25% 1,252 3,155 20% 631

11 Tay Vinh 0.5 7,179 3,589 12% 431 25% 897 2,261 30% 678

12 Vinh An 0.5 1,285 642 12% 77 25% 161 405 30% 121

13 Tay Xuan 0.5 6,151 3,076 12% 369 0% - 2,707 70% 1,895

14 Binh Nghi 0.5 14,918 7,459 12% 895 25% 1,865 4,699 30% 1,410

15 Tay Phu 0.5 9,263 4,632 12% 556 25% 1,158 2,918 60% 1,751

TOTAL

82,818

12,021

14,729 56,068

29,910


80

Year 2019


person (kg/person)

Population (people)


Sold to Recyclers

%



%


Balance of Waste

(kg/day)

Rate of collection

(%)

Garbage from

collection (kg/day)

1 Phu Phong 0.9 22,464 20,218 18% 3,639 10% 2,022 14,557 70% 10,190

2 Tay Giang 0.8 12,565 10,052 18% 1,809 10% 1,005 7,237 70% 5,066

3 Binh Tan 0.5 6,897 3,449 12% 414 25% 862 2,173 35% 760

4 Tay Thuan 0.5 7,923 3,962 12% 475 25% 990 2,496 35% 874

5 Binh Thuan 0.5 8,094 4,047 12% 486 25% 1,012 2,549 35% 892

6 Binh Thanh 0.5 10,353 5,176 12% 621 25% 1,294 3,261 80% 2,609

7 Tay An 0.5 5,480 2,740 12% 329 25% 685 1,726 35% 604

8 Binh Hoa 0.5 9,211 4,606 12% 553 25% 1,151 2,902 35% 1,016

9 Tay Binh 0.8 6,052 4,842 18% 872 10% 484 3,486 70% 2,440

10 Binh Tuong 0.5 10,132 5,066 12% 608 25% 1,266 3,191 35% 1,117

11 Tay Vinh 0.5 7,262 3,631 12% 436 25% 908 2,288 35% 801

12 Vinh An 0.5 1,300 650 12% 78 25% 162 409 35% 143

13 Tay Xuan 0.5 6,223 3,111 12% 373 0% - 2,738 70% 1,917

14 Binh Nghi 0.5 15,091 7,545 12% 905 25% 1,886 4,754 35% 1,664

15 Tay Phu 0.5 9,371 4,685 12% 562 25% 1,171 2,952 60% 1,771

TOTAL

83,779

12,160

14,900 56,719

31,863


81

Year 2020


person (kg/person)

Population (people)


Sold to Recyclers

%



%


Balance of Waste

(kg/day)

Rate of collection

(%)

Garbage from

collection (kg/day)

1 Phu Phong 0.9 22,725 20,452 18% 3,681 15% 3,068 13,703 80% 10,962

2 Tay Giang 0.8 12,710 10,168 18% 1,830 15% 1,525 6,813 80% 5,450

3 Binh Tan 0.5 6,977 3,489 12% 419 30% 1,047 2,023 40% 809

4 Tay Thuan 0.5 8,015 4,007 12% 481 30% 1,202 2,324 40% 930

5 Binh Thuan 0.5 8,188 4,094 12% 491 30% 1,228 2,374 40% 950

6 Binh Thanh 0.5 10,473 5,236 12% 628 30% 1,571 3,037 80% 2,430

7 Tay An 0.5 5,543 2,772 12% 333 30% 832 1,608 40% 643

8 Binh Hoa 0.5 9,318 4,659 12% 559 30% 1,398 2,702 40% 1,081

9 Tay Binh 0.8 6,122 4,898 18% 882 15% 735 3,282 80% 2,625

10 Binh Tuong 0.5 10,249 5,125 12% 615 30% 1,537 2,972 40% 1,189

11 Tay Vinh 0.5 7,346 3,673 12% 441 30% 1,102 2,130 40% 852

12 Vinh An 0.5 1,315 657 12% 79 30% 197 381 40% 152

13 Tay Xuan 0.5 6,295 3,148 12% 378 0% - 2,770 70% 1,939

14 Binh Nghi 0.5 15,266 7,633 12% 916 30% 2,290 4,427 40% 1,771

15 Tay Phu 0.5 9,479 4,740 12% 569 30% 1,422 2,749 60% 1,649

TOTAL

84,751

12,301

19,153 53,296

33,433


82

Year 2021


person (kg/person)

Population (people)


Sold to Recyclers

%



%


Balance of Waste

(kg/day)

Rate of collection

(%)

Garbage from collection (kg/day)

1 Phu Phong 0.9 22,988 20,689 18% 3,724 15% 3,103 13,862 80% 11,090

2 Tay Giang 0.8 12,858 10,286 18% 1,852 15% 1,543 6,892 80% 5,513

3 Binh Tan 0.5 7,058 3,529 12% 423 30% 1,059 2,047 40% 819

4 Tay Thuan 0.5 8,108 4,054 12% 486 30% 1,216 2,351 40% 941

5 Binh Thuan 0.5 8,283 4,141 12% 497 30% 1,242 2,402 40% 961

6 Binh Thanh 0.5 10,594 5,297 12% 636 30% 1,589 3,072 80% 2,458

7 Tay An 0.5 5,608 2,804 12% 336 30% 841 1,626 40% 651

8 Binh Hoa 0.5 9,426 4,713 12% 566 30% 1,414 2,734 40% 1,093

9 Tay Binh 0.8 6,194 4,955 18% 892 15% 743 3,320 80% 2,656

10 Binh Tuong 0.5 10,368 5,184 12% 622 30% 1,555 3,007 40% 1,203

11 Tay Vinh 0.5 7,432 3,716 12% 446 30% 1,115 2,155 40% 862

12 Vinh An 0.5 1,330 665 12% 80 30% 199 386 40% 154

13 Tay Xuan 0.5 6,368 3,184 12% 382 0% - 2,802 83% 2,326

14 Binh Nghi 0.5 15,443 7,721 12% 927 30% 2,316 4,478 40% 1,791

15 Tay Phu 0.5 9,589 4,795 12% 575 30% 1,438 2,781 60% 1,669

TOTAL

85,734

12,444

19,375 53,915

34,185


83

Year 2022


person (kg/person)

Population (people)


Sold to Recyclers

%



%


Balance of Waste

(kg/day)

Rate of collection

(%)

Garbage from

collection (kg/day)

1 Phu Phong 0.9 23,255 20,929 18% 3,767 15% 3,139 14,023 80% 11,218

2 Tay Giang 0.8 13,007 10,406 18% 1,873 15% 1,561 6,972 80% 5,577

3 Binh Tan 0.5 7,140 3,570 12% 428 30% 1,071 2,071 40% 828

4 Tay Thuan 0.5 8,202 4,101 12% 492 30% 1,230 2,379 40% 951

5 Binh Thuan 0.5 8,379 4,189 12% 503 30% 1,257 2,430 40% 972

6 Binh Thanh 0.5 10,717 5,359 12% 643 30% 1,608 3,108 80% 2,486

7 Tay An 0.5 5,673 2,836 12% 340 30% 851 1,645 40% 658

8 Binh Hoa 0.5 9,536 4,768 12% 572 30% 1,430 2,765 40% 1,106

9 Tay Binh 0.8 6,265 5,012 18% 902 15% 752 3,358 80% 2,687

10 Binh Tuong 0.5 10,488 5,244 12% 629 30% 1,573 3,042 40% 1,217

11 Tay Vinh 0.5 7,518 3,759 12% 451 30% 1,128 2,180 40% 872

12 Vinh An 0.5 1,345 673 12% 81 30% 202 390 40% 156

13 Tay Xuan 0.5 6,442 3,221 12% 387 0% - 2,834 83% 2,353

14 Binh Nghi 0.5 15,622 7,811 12% 937 30% 2,343 4,530 40% 1,812

15 Tay Phu 0.5 9,701 4,850 12% 582 30% 1,455 2,813 70% 1,969

TOTAL

86,729

12,588

19,600 54,540

34,863


84

Year 2023


person (kg/person)

Population (people)


Sold to Recyclers

%



%


Balance of Waste

(kg/day)

Rate of collection

(%)

Garbage from

collection (kg/day)

1 Phu Phong 0.9 23,525 21,172 18% 3,811 15% 3,176 14,185 80% 11,348

2 Tay Giang 0.8 13,158 10,526 18% 1,895 15% 1,579 7,053 80% 5,642

3 Binh Tan 0.5 7,223 3,611 12% 433 30% 1,083 2,095 45% 943

4 Tay Thuan 0.5 8,297 4,149 12% 498 30% 1,245 2,406 45% 1,083

5 Binh Thuan 0.5 8,476 4,238 12% 509 30% 1,271 2,458 45% 1,106

6 Binh Thanh 0.5 10,842 5,421 12% 650 30% 1,626 3,144 80% 2,515

7 Tay An 0.5 5,739 2,869 12% 344 30% 861 1,664 45% 749

8 Binh Hoa 0.5 9,646 4,823 12% 579 30% 1,447 2,797 45% 1,259

9 Tay Binh 0.8 6,338 5,070 18% 913 15% 761 3,397 80% 2,718

10 Binh Tuong 0.5 10,610 5,305 12% 637 30% 1,591 3,077 45% 1,385

11 Tay Vinh 0.5 7,605 3,802 12% 456 30% 1,141 2,205 45% 992

12 Vinh An 0.5 1,361 680 12% 82 30% 204 395 45% 178

13 Tay Xuan 0.5 6,517 3,258 12% 391 0% - 2,867 83% 2,380

14 Binh Nghi 0.5 15,803 7,902 12% 948 30% 2,371 4,583 45% 2,062

15 Tay Phu 0.5 9,813 4,907 12% 589 30% 1,472 2,846 70% 1,992

TOTAL

87,735

12,734

19,828 55,173

36,351


85

Year 2024

No. Local Garbage

per person (kg/person)

Population (people)


Sold to Recyclers

%



%


Balance of Waste

(kg/day)

Rate of collection

(%)

Garbage from

collection (kg/day)

1 Phu Phong 0.9 23,797 21,418 18% 3,855 15% 3,213 14,350 80% 11,480

2 Tay Giang 0.8 13,311 10,648 18% 1,917 15% 1,597 7,134 80% 5,708

3 Binh Tan 0.5 7,307 3,653 12% 438 30% 1,096 2,119 45% 954

4 Tay Thuan 0.5 8,393 4,197 12% 504 30% 1,259 2,434 45% 1,095

5 Binh Thuan 0.5 8,574 4,287 12% 514 30% 1,286 2,486 45% 1,119

6 Binh Thanh 0.5 10,967 5,484 12% 658 30% 1,645 3,181 80% 2,544

7 Tay An 0.5 5,805 2,903 12% 348 30% 871 1,684 45% 758

8 Binh Hoa 0.5 9,758 4,879 12% 585 30% 1,464 2,830 45% 1,273

9 Tay Binh 0.8 6,412 5,129 18% 923 15% 769 3,437 80% 2,749

10 Binh Tuong 0.5 10,733 5,367 12% 644 30% 1,610 3,113 45% 1,401

11 Tay Vinh 0.5 7,693 3,847 12% 462 30% 1,154 2,231 45% 1,004

12 Vinh An 0.5 1,377 688 12% 83 30% 207 399 45% 180

13 Tay Xuan 0.5 6,592 3,296 12% 396 0% - 2,901 83% 2,407

14 Binh Nghi 0.5 15,987 7,993 12% 959 30% 2,398 4,636 45% 2,086

15 Tay Phu 0.5 9,927 4,964 12% 596 30% 1,489 2,879 70% 2,015

TOTAL

88,752

12,882

20,058 55,813

36,773


86

Year 2025


person (kg/person)

Population (people)


Sold to Recyclers

%



%


Balance of Waste

(kg/day)

Rate of collection

(%)

Garbage from

collection (kg/day)

1 Phu Phong 0.9 24,074 21,666 18% 3,900 15% 3,250 14,516 80% 11,613

2 Tay Giang 0.8 13,465 10,772 18% 1,939 15% 1,616 7,217 80% 5,774

3 Binh Tan 0.5 7,392 3,696 12% 443 30% 1,109 2,144 50% 1,072

4 Tay Thuan 0.5 8,491 4,245 12% 509 30% 1,274 2,462 50% 1,231

5 Binh Thuan 0.5 8,674 4,337 12% 520 30% 1,301 2,515 50% 1,258

6 Binh Thanh 0.5 11,094 5,547 12% 666 30% 1,664 3,217 80% 2,574

7 Tay An 0.5 5,873 2,936 12% 352 30% 881 1,703 50% 852

8 Binh Hoa 0.5 9,871 4,936 12% 592 30% 1,481 2,863 50% 1,431

9 Tay Binh 0.8 6,486 5,189 18% 934 15% 778 3,476 80% 2,781

10 Binh Tuong 0.5 10,858 5,429 12% 651 30% 1,629 3,149 50% 1,574

11 Tay Vinh 0.5 7,782 3,891 12% 467 30% 1,167 2,257 50% 1,128

12 Vinh An 0.5 1,393 696 12% 84 30% 209 404 50% 202

13 Tay Xuan 0.5 6,669 3,334 12% 400 0% - 2,934 83% 2,435

14 Binh Nghi 0.5 16,172 8,086 12% 970 30% 2,426 4,690 50% 2,345

15 Tay Phu 0.5 10,042 5,021 12% 603 30% 1,506 2,912 70% 2,039

TOTAL

89,782

13,031

20,290 56,460

38,309


87

Annex B Map of District


88


89

Annex C Sanitary Landfill Calculations

Location and scale of each landfill proposed by the districts:

Decision nr.1551/QD-CTUBND dated 21 July 2008 of the Binh Dinh PPC on “approving the construction detailed planning at scale 1/500 for the landfill of Tay Son”

Location: in Tay Xuan commune of Tay Son district. It is border by:

Lane and paddy field to the North

Canal and eucalyptus hill to the South

Eucalyptus forest to the East

Eucalyptus forest to the West Scale of construction: 70,100.77 m2 (total area of the landfill)

Table C1: Investment Cost estimate

Work: Sanitary Landfill In Tay Son District

Location: Tay Xuan Commune, Tay Son District, Binh Dinh Province

Currency: VND

NR COST ITEM TOTAL

1 Construction cost inclusive of tax 29,600,010,000

2 Equipment cost inclusive of tax 10,137,379,000

3 Project management cost 624,864,000

4 Investment consultancy cost 1,694,362,000

5 Other cost 344,401,000

6 Contingency 10% 4,240,101,600

Total 46,641,118,000

Of which: Construction cost without tax 26,642,673,000

Equipment cost without tax 9,215,799,000


90

Table C2 Estimation for the investment and equipment costs for the Tay Son Sanitary Landfill

No. Item Unit Quantity Unit Price

(VND) Total Amount

(VND)

A Construction cost before tax 26,642,673,000

I Access road 828,081,000

1 Dirt road, width of 3.5m, sod facing on both sides of 1.5m

m 1,695.00 478,962 811,840,590

2 Sign boards, stacks, transportation safety

LS 1.00 16,240,000 16,240,000

II Bridge scale and car/truck washing bridge, material stockpile area

1,131,901,000

1 Bridge scale, RC foundation m2 13.20 8,108,823 107,036,464

2 Car washing bridge m2 24.20 34,690,904 839,519,877

3 Material stockpile area, concrete of 4x6 crushed stone, thickness of 20cm, on compacted soil

m2 600.00 308,908 185,344,800

III Office, guardhouse, fences 1,724,970,000

1 Site office: Class III, bricked wall, metal sheet roof, metal roof trusses, false ceiling

m2 98.00 4,363,319 427,605,262

2 Guardhouse, area S = (3.6x3.6), bricked wall, RC roof

m2 12.96 6,564,285 85,073,134

3 Car/motorbike parking, metal roof trusses

m2 120.00 4,363,319 523,598,280

4 Gates, wall height of 2m built by bricks

m 100.00 1,505,924 150,592,400

5 B40 net fences, RC piles m 663.60 810,882 538,101,295

IV Landfill cells and Bio-ponds 21,496,063,000

IV.1 Landfill cells 21,290,617,336

1 Excavation, leveling and compaction of landfill cells, soil Class III

m3 240,518.00 17,852 4,293,727,336

2 Construction of cell bottom with impermeable clay, stones, sand

m3 165,800.00 40,605 6,732,309,000

3 HDPE sheet thickness of 2mm m2 42,903.00 222,027 9,525,624,381

4 Internal roads: Compacted crushed stone, K=0.95, road width of 6m

m 487.00 772,269 376,095,003

5 Surface drainage ditch: Wet masonry open canal, size of 600x700

m 524.00 692,484 362,861,616

IV.2 Bio-ponds 205,445,576

1 Excavation, leveling and compaction of Bio-ponds, soil Class II

m3 423.60 114,954 48,694,514

2 HDPE sheet thickness of 2mm m2 706.00 222,027 156,751,062

V Water supply and electric system 186,007,000

1 Water supply networks of moisten, truck washing, pump


91

station

uPVC Pipe Dia. DN50 m 544.00 43,440 23,631,360

HDPE Pipe Dia. DN50 m 544.00 105,876 57,596,544

Water supply pump station m2 4.00 2,061,388 8,245,552

2 Electric system LS 1.00 96,533,604 96,533,604

VI Leachate collection system 1,040,310,000

Installation and back-up 470,682,523

1 4 catchpits 800x800x800 by RC and 1 leachate collecting well by RC, Dia. 1500mm, height of 6m

LS 1.00 34,752,097 34,752,097

2 uPVC pipes, Dia. DN160, perforating of 20% area

m 420.00 653,629 274,524,180

3 uPVC pipes, Dia. DN250, perforating 20% area

m 200.00 1,301,756 260,351,200

VII Monitoring system and gas collection system

235,341,000

1 Observation wells, Dia. 150, depth of 22m

Nos 2.00 96,533,604 193,067,208

2 Gas collection system by uPVC pipes Dia. 150, perforating of 20% area

m 78.20 540,588 42,273,982

B Equipment cost before tax 9,215,799,000

I Water supply system and pump station

100,585,000

1 Pump, capacity Q = 5m3/h, H = 35m

LS 2.00 10,320,000 20,640,000

2 Equipment/machinery in pump station

LS 1.00 3,807,000 3,807,000

3 Water supply well, Q = 4m3/day, H = 25-30m

Nos 1.00 45,683,000 45,683,000

4 Water treatment equipment LS 1.00 30,455,000 30,455,000

II Scale station 761,397,000

Weighbridge LS 1.00 761,397,000 761,397,000

III Car/truck washing station 30,455,000

Car/truck washing equipment LS 1.00 30,455,000 30,455,000

IV Observation wells 91,366,000

Well, uPVC pipes Dia. 150, depth of 22m

Nos 4.00 22,841,500 91,366,000

V Operation equipment/machinery 5,821,655,000

1 Caterpillar bulldozer 100CV, made in USA

Nos 1.00 3,150,000,000 3,150,000,000

2 Dump truck, 2 wheels, 5 tonnes, made in Korea

Nos 1.00 805,800,000 805,800,000

3 Excavator 0.4 – 0.6m3 made in Korea

Nos 1.00 1,713,578,580 1,713,578,580

4 Equipments in workshop LS 1.00 152,276,000 152,276,000

VI Electric equipments 334,171,000

1 Copper wire OVAL, PVC insulator m 516.00 27,000 13,932,000

2 Light poles LS 14.00 11,878,000 166,292,000


92

3 Generator KDE 12STA, diesel engine driven; 9,5 KVA

Nos 1.00 96,747,000 96,747,000

4 Transformer 25 KVA LS 1.00 57,200,000 57,200,000

VII Leachate treatment system (Q= 50 m3/day.night)

2,076,170,000

1 Leachate pump Nos 2.00 35,420,000 70,840,000

2 Equipment/machinery for pump station

LS 1.00 5,330,000 5,330,000

3 Leachate treatment system and pump well at the collection well

LS 1.00 2,000,000,000 2,000,000,000

Total construction and equipment cost before tax 35,858,472,000


93

Table C3 Estimation for the operation costs for the Tay Son Sanitary Landfill

Nr Item Unit Year

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025

I

Investment phasing (Construction cost before tax)

MVND 10,645 14,568 5,323 5,323

1 Daily average of waste

tonnes/day

22.346

22.605

26.885

26.520

27.049

28.891

29.704

30.220 29.910 31.863 33.433 34.185 34.863 36.351 36.773 38.309

2 Density of waste in dumpsite

tonnes/m3 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80

3 Daily average volume of waste

m3/day

27.93

28.26

33.61

33.15

33.81

36.11

37.13

37.78 37.39 39.83 41.79 42.73 43.58 45.44 45.97 47.89

4

Soil cover, (1m of waste/20cm of soil cover)

m3 5.65 6.72 6.63 6.76 7.22 7.43 7.56 7.48 7.97 8.36 8.55 8.72 9.09 9.19 9.58

5

Final soil cover and top soil for plantation (60cm of soil cover + 30cm of top soil)

m3 2.54 3.02 2.98 3.04 3.25 3.34 3.40 3.36 3.58 3.76 3.85 3.92 4.09 4.14 4.31

6 Annual volume of landfill

m3 15,824 15,609 15,920 17,004 17,483 17,786 17,604 18,753 19,677 20,120 20,519 21,395 21,643 22,547

7 Cumulative volume of landfill

m3

15,609

31,529

48,533

66,016

83,802

101,406

120,159

139,837

159,957

180,476

201,870

223,514

246,061

8 Cell construction time

Build cell # 1

and cell # 2

Build other items

Build

cell # 3

Build cell # 4

9 Cell closure time

Close

cell # 1

Close cell # 2

Close

cell # 3

Close cell # 4


94

II Operating cost

MVND 1,722 1,724 1,729 1,942 1,733 1,732 1,949 1,742 1,744 1,957 1,750 1,752 1,967

Shifts of bulldozer

Shift/year 75.00 77.00 82.00 84.00 86.00 85.00 91.00 95.00 97.00 99.00 103.00 105.00 109.00

1 Diesel oil MVND 74.00 76.00 81.00 83.00 85.00 84.00 90.00 94.00 96.00 98.00 102.00 104.00 108.00

2 Closure of landfill cells

MVND 211.25 211.25 211.25 211.25

3 Maintenance of access road

MVND 11.00 11.00 11.00 11.00 11.00 11.00 11.00 11.00 11.00 11.00 11.00 11.00 11.00

4 Maintenance of vehicles

MVND 408.00 408.00 408.00 408.00 408.00 408.00 408.00 408.00 408.00 408.00 408.00 408.00 408.00

5 Maintenance of equipment and facility

MVND 209.00 209.00 209.00 209.00 209.00 209.00 209.00 209.00 209.00 209.00 209.00 209.00 209.00

6 Electricity MVND 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00

7

Chemicals for leachate treatment plant

MVND 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00

8 Salary for landfill staff

MVND 930.00 930.00 930.00 930.00 930.00 930.00 930.00 930.00 930.00 930.00 930.00 930.00 930.00


95

Table C4 Estimation for the operating costs for the Tay Son Sanitary Landfill when shared with An Nhon District

Nr Item Unit Year

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025

I

Investment phasing (Construction cost before tax)

MVND 11,429 16,568 11,429 11,429 11,429

1 Daily average of waste

tonnes/day

40.532

41.002

56.375

56.921

59.447

59.177

60.341

61.212

60.061

64.914

69.633

70.805

71.908

76.284

77.169

81.690

2 Density of waste in dumpsite

tonnes/m3

0.80

0.80

0.80

0.80 0.80

0.80

0.80

0.80

0.80

0.80

0.80

0.80

0.80

0.80

0.80

0.80

3 Daily average volume of waste

m3/day

50.67

51.25

70.47

71.15 74.31

73.97

75.43

76.52

75.08

81.14

87.04

88.51

89.89

95.36

96.46

102.11

4 Soil cover, (1m of waste/20cm of soil cover)

m3

10.25

14.09

14.23 14.86

14.79

15.09

15.30

15.02

16.23

17.41

17.70

17.98

19.07

19.29

20.42

5

Final soil cover and top soil for plantation (60cm of soil cover + 30cm of top soil)

m3

4.61

6.34

6.40 6.69

6.66

6.79

6.89

6.76

7.30

7.83

7.97

8.09

8.58

8.68

9.19

6 Annual volume of landfill

m3 33,180 33,502 34,988 34,829 35,514 36,027 35,350 38,206 40,983 41,673 42,322 44,898 45,419 48,080

7 Cumulative volume of landfill

m3

33,502 68,490

103,319

138,834

174,861

210,210

248,416

289,400

331,073

373,395

418,293

463,712

511,792

8 Cell construction time

Build cell # 1 and cell #

2

Build other items

Build cell # 3 and cell

# 4


# 6


# 8

9 Cell closure time

Close

cell # 1

Close cell # 2

Close cell # 3

Close cell # 4

Close cell # 5

Close cell # 6

Close cell # 7

Close cell # 8

II Operating cost MVND 1,905 2,124 1,912 2,126 2,129 1,915 2,140 1,942 2,156 2,159 1,961 2,175 2,187

Shifts of bulldozer

Shift/year 161.00 169.00 168.00 171.00 174.00 171.00 185.00 198.00 201.00 204.00 217.00 220.00 232.00

1 Diesel oil MVND 159.00 167.00 166.00 169.00 172.00 169.00 183.00 196.00 199.00 202.00 215.00 218.00 230.00

2 Closure of landfill cells

MVND 211.25 211.25 211.25 211.25 211.25 211.25 211.25 211.25


96

3 Maintenance of access road

MVND 19.00 19.00 19.00 19.00 19.00 19.00 19.00 19.00 19.00 19.00 19.00 19.00 19.00

4 Maintenance of vehicles

MVND 408.00 408.00 408.00 408.00 408.00 408.00 408.00 408.00 408.00 408.00 408.00 408.00 408.00

5 Maintenance of equipment and facility

MVND 209.00 209.00 209.00 209.00 209.00 209.00 209.00 209.00 209.00 209.00 209.00 209.00 209.00

6 Electricity MVND 80.00 80.00 80.00 80.00 80.00 80.00 80.00 80.00 80.00 80.00 80.00 80.00 80.00

7 Chemicals for leachate treatment plant

MVND 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00

8 Salary for landfill staff

MVND 930.00 930.00 930.00 930.00 930.00 930.00 930.00 930.00 930.00 930.00 930.00 930.00 930.00