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8/13/2012 1 TB Intensive San Antonio, Texas August 7-10, 2012 Extrapulmonary TB Linda Dooley, MD August 9, 2012 Linda Dooley, MD has the following disclosures to make: No conflict of interests No relevant financial relationships with any commercial companies pertaining to this educational activity

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Page 1: TB Intensive :: Extrapulmonary TB :: San Antonio, TX ...removed on LP • Removing a large volume (10‐15 cc) of CSF for AFB culture ... • May have pyuria or hematuria or both •

8/13/2012

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TB IntensiveSan Antonio, TexasAugust 7-10, 2012

Extrapulmonary TBLinda Dooley, MD

August 9, 2012

Linda Dooley, MD has the following disclosures to make:

• No conflict of interests

• No relevant financial relationships with any commercial companies pertaining to this educational activity

Page 2: TB Intensive :: Extrapulmonary TB :: San Antonio, TX ...removed on LP • Removing a large volume (10‐15 cc) of CSF for AFB culture ... • May have pyuria or hematuria or both •

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Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis

Linda Dooley, MD, FACP

August 9, 2012

Thanks to Dr. Robert Longfield for all the picture slides and 

several other slides

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Generalizations about Extrapulmonary TB

• Treated the same as pulmonary TB

• May be harder to diagnose

• Can be (almost ) anywhere

• More common in immune supressed patients (HIV, TNF blockers)

• More common in Asian patients

Pulmonary vs Extrapulmonary

PulmonaryExtrapulmonary

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Distribution of Extrapulmonary TB

LymphaticPleuralMeningitisGIBone and jointMiliaryGenitourinaryOther

DISTRIBUTION

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Patient with extrapulmonary TB may also have pulmonary involvement, even with a normal chest x‐ray

ALWAYS GET SPUTUM FOR AFB EVEN IF THE CHEST X‐RAY IS NORMAL

Pleural Tuberculosis

• 2nd most common form of extra‐pulmonary TB

• In most of the world, TB is the most common cause of pleural effusions

• Higher incidence in HIV+ patients

• Commonly a manifestation of primary TB

• May progress from an exudative effusion to an empyema or bronchopleural fistula

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Diagnosis

• Thoracentesis with pleural biopsy

• 30% yield for MTB from pleural fluid

• Exudative fluid with lymphocyte predominance, protein

• Pleural biopsy and culture may double yield of + culture; protein more than 4 g/dl; glucose varies

Tuberculous pleural effusions often resolve without treatment but high risk for later pulmonary 

disease: treat anyway

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TB Empyema

Treatment

•Same as pulmonary TB

•6 months adequate if no drug resistance or immune problems

•Drop PZA at 2 months and leave EMB in regimen if cultures negative

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Lymphatic TB

• Most common form of extra-pulmonary TB (30-40%)• Most common sites are cervical (scrofula), mediastinal but can affect any node

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Diagnosis and Treatment

• Fine needle aspirate or open biopsy

• Culture for AFB

• Don’t forget CXR and sputum

• More common in women, Asianpopulation, immune suppression (HIV, TNF blockers)

• Treat like pulmonary TB

• Immune reconstitution may occur even with HIV negative patients

TB Meningitis

• 300‐400 cases annually in US

• 1% of TB disease

• Even with effective treatment, case fatality high: 15‐40%

• Early diagnosis both difficult and critical

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Pathogenesis

• TB granuloma spills into subarachnoid space producing inflammation, proliferative arachnoiditis, vasculitis and communicating hydrocephalus

• Localized initially to base of brain

Necrotizing granulomatous changes in arachnoid and blood vessels

Basilar meningitis

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Diagnosis

• Presentation may mimic bacterial meningitis: acute, rapidly progressive

• May be a slowly progressive dementia over months with personality change, social withdrawal or memory deficits

• Lumbar puncture: AFB stain and culture, PCR, NAAT, low CSF glucose, high protein, lymphocyte predominance

• Negative results do NOT exclude the diagnosis

CSF examination

• Serial examination of the CSF by AFB stain and culture is the best diagnostic approach 

• Typically elevated protein, low glucose, and lymphocyte predominance

• Early CSF may be relatively acellular or PMN predominant

• Smears and cultures may yield positive results days to weeks after therapy has been initiated or may be negative

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CSF

• May improve AFB yield by using last fluid removed on LP

• Removing a large volume (10‐15 cc) of CSF for AFB culture

• Centrifuged specimen

• Consider repeat LP: serial studies can be helpful and improve yield

Nov

CT and MRI helpful in diagnosis

Multiple tuberculomas along enhanced dural reflections

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Basilar enhancement and hydrocephalus

Treatment

• Treat if meningitis suspected

• Early treatment essential

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Treatment

• 12 months for drug sensitive disease

• 18 months if no PZA

• Extend to 18‐24 months for severe illness, slow clinical response, or immune suppression

• No guidelines for length of treatment for MDR or XDR TB 

CSF Penetration of TB Meds

GOOD FAIR POOR

Isoniazid * Rifampin * Streptomycin *

Pyrizimamide Ethambutol Capreomycin *

Ethionamide Quinolones * Amikacin *

Cycloserine Kanamycin *

Linezolid *

* Can Be Given IV

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Steroids

• Adjunctive corticosteroids may be beneficial and are recommended for all children and adults being treated for TB meningitis

• Doses– Children: 2‐4 mg/kg prednisone tapered over 4 weeks

– Adults: 60 mg/d prednisone tapered oever 6 weeks or .4 mg/kg/day dexamethasone IV tapered to .1 mg/kg/day

Surgery

• Hydrocephalus may require urgent shunting. 

• Serial LP and steroid therapy may suffice for Stage I pts awaiting response to antibiotics. 

• Shunting should not be delayed in patients with stupor, coma or progressive neurologic signs.

Nov 2009

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Pericardial TB

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Pericardial TB

• Uncommon and difficult diagnosis

• Presents with acute or insidious onset; nonspecific symptoms

• Ultrasound helpful; acid fast studies may not be positive

• Surgery for progressive tamponnade or recurrent effusions on TB Rx

• Steroids reduce mortality and need for surgery or repeat pericardiocentesis: start at 60 mg/d 1st month and reduce over 11 weeks

Bone and Joint TB

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Skeletal TB

• Spinal TB (Pott’s disease) most common location: 40%

• Next most common: hip (40%) and knee (10%)

• Can be anywhere

• Frequently delayed diagnosis

• X‐ray not helpful in distinguishing other infectious destructive etiology

Diagnosis

• Joint aspiration: WBC may be PMN or lymphocytes

• WBC count varies widely

• Protein 4‐6 g/dl; glucose may be low

• Acid fast culture yield high (up to 80%)

• Presence of positive smear much lower (20%)

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Treatment

• Standard TB therapy but extend treatment

• 12 months usual but extend for slow or uncertain response

• Surgery if needed to protect spinal cord (for instability or cord compression) or to remove prosthetic joint

• Effective drug treatment may preclude need for surgery

Soft Tissue TB

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Soft Tissue TB

• Often adjacent to bony and may be direct spread from bony structure or may erode into bone

• If not sure, treat like skeletal TB (longer duration)

• I&D of abscess will only be diagnostic if acid fast cultures done

Gastrointestinal and Peritoneal TB

• Peritoneal TB 10% extra‐pulmonary

• GI tract: any site possible but more common terminal ileum and cecum then rest of colon

• Often delayed diagnosis

• TB bacilli may be ingested rather than inspired: consider early if patient drank or ate unpasteurized milk products

• Acid fast cultures frequently negative: pathology caseating necrotizing granulomas

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Peritoneal TB

Laparoscopic view of peritoneal granulomas

Peritoneal TB: laparoscopic view of spiderweb adhesions

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Treatment

• If cultures negative or pending, assume PZA resistance

Esophageal TB Duodenal TB

Consider the age of your patient and possible childhood exposure to M. bovis

84 yo man with normal CXR

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Urogenital TB

Genitourinary TB

• 10‐15% extrapulmonary TB

• Often insidious onset, subtle nonspecific symptoms, delay in diagnosis

• Hematogenous spead from primary site, often years after infection

• Any part of GU tract may be affected

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Ureteral abnormalities (multiple “beading” strictures) may be virtually diagnostic of renal TB

Renal TB

• May have pyuria or hematuria or both

• Acid fast cultures of urine for sterile pyuria

• May need more than 3 specimens of first morning urine collection

• Urine AFB studies not always positive

• NAAT testing may be helpful but negative result does not preclude diagnosis

• Surgery or stenting for obstruction

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Prostatic TB

Testicular TB

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Uterine TB

Female Genital TB

• With Fallopian tube involvement, unlikely that preservation of fertility possible since usual scarring

• Often diagnosed by pathology after hysterectomy: treat even if involved organ removed

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Other TB

Laryngeal TB

Tuberculous Otitis Media

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XXXXXXXXXXTB Mastoiditis

Adrenal TB

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Adrenal insufficiency and TB

• May have unsuspected adrenal involvement alone or with disseminated TB

• Assessment of adrenal function if slow response or hypokalemia, hyponatremia, hypotension

• Don’t forget adrenal insufficiency possiblity if steroids were stopped after long use

Ocular TB

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Ocular TB

• Diagnosis made by ophthalmologist

• Diagnosis of exclusion

• No cultures available

• Treat same as pulmonary TB

TB of the Skin

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Dermatologic TB

• May be hematogenous or direct spread

• May be injection: accidents in pathology or microbiology lab

• Treatment same as pulmonary TB

What’s left??

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TB Everywhere

Miliary or Disseminated TB

• Tiny lesions spread throughout the body

• Distinctive pattern on CXR or CT

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Miliary TB• Pulmonary involvement may not be present

• Frequently subacute presentation with fever and weight loss

• More rarely can be fulminant sepsis‐like presentation with acute onset and rapid deterioration (usually fatal)

• Liver biopsy may be helpful

• Blood cultures may be positive if acid fast studies done

Treatment of Disseminated TB

• Prolonged treatment needed: 12 months

• Cultures may be negative: paucibacillary disease

• Don’t let negative cultures or normal CXR tempt you to shorten therapy

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Thank you

And thanks again to Dr. Longfield for his slides

Don’t forget to get sputum AFB even if you think only extrapulmonary TB