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Temperament and Character Inventory
2 March 2012
DOPP, MWI BermudaMarcel Westerlund
Consultant Forensic and Adult Psychiatrist
Physiognomy and personality
1930’s Kretschmer: Physical types – Psychological disorder
Pycnic, Asthenic and Athletic types
1950’s Sheldon: Physical types Personality
Ectomorph, mesomorph and endomorph Cerebrotonic, somatotonic & viccerotonic
Trait theories
1921 Allport – Frequency, intensity & range of solutions
1922
1963 Norman - Neurotiscism, extravcersion, openness, agreeableness & conscientiousness (based on language)
1965 Cattel – Factor analysis on personality traits
1923
1970’s Eysenck - Neurotiscm & extraversion/introversion later included psychotism
Gray - Behavioural approach system (BAS) / Behavioural inhibition system (BIS) + Impulsiveness and Anxiety
Zuckerman – Senasation seeking traits
Neuroscience and personality
Dopamin – Reward, pleasure and feeling good
Serotonin – Mood
Noradrenalin – Action
Behavioural genetics – Monozygotic & dizygotic twins studied according to heritability of personality traits
Evolutionary psychology – History, evoloution and genetics. Adaptation.
Temperament 40 - 60 % genetically dependant ( Loehlin 1982 )
Biological personality models
Temperament defined as:
1973 Sjöbring – Solidity vs impulsivity, validity vs compulsivity, stability vs moody sociability
1977 Thomas & Chess – Behavioral style rather than the content or purpose of behavior
1981 Rothbart & Derryberry – Traits relatively stable , cross situations consistent and evident throughout the age span and diverse cultures
1984 Buss & Plumin – Components of personality are biological in origin
1990 Goldsmith & Campos – Affective components and individual differences
1986 Cloninger – Unified biosocial personality theory.
Temperament represents automatic responses in information processing and learning, presumed to be heritable, whereas character reflects personality development in the context of insight learning and environmental experiences.
Professor Robert Cloninger
Washington University School of Nedicine St Louis, USA
Personality Instruments
1942 Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory MMPI 567 q 10 subscales
Revised 1989 and 2001
1970 Cattell Sixteen Personality Factor 16PF 211 q 24 subscales factors
1975 Karolinska Scale of Personality (rev. 2000) KSP 91 q 13 subscales
•1975 Eysenck Personality Questionnaire rev. 1985 EPQ 420 q 24 subscales
1976
1982 Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire (Tellegen) MPQ 276 q 18 subsclaes
1985
1985 Californian Psychological Inventory (Gough) CPI 480 q 18 subscales
1976
1988 Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire (Cloninger) TPQ 100 12 subscales
1989
1994 Temperament & Character Inventory (Cloninger) TCI 240(284) 25 subscales
YearScale Abbr. Questions Subscales
Requirements
•• Reliability – The accuracy with which the
questionnaire measures a given quality
•• Stability – Test and retest correlation.
•• Validity – The measure actually does assess
what it purports to assess.
Projections of dopamine neurons
Amfetamines, opiats, cocaine, and alcohol are all dopamine agonists.
Prefrontal cortex, central amygdala, LC, habenula, nc of striae terminalis, nc accumbens, hypothalamiska kärnan nära eminentia medialis
Projections of serotonin neurons
Septo-hippocampal area, amygdala, Substantia nigra, VMH, nc raphe & accumbens, and frontal tegmental area.
LC, Tegmental area, hypothalamus, and limbic system.
Projections of noradrenalin neurons
Actions of neuro-transmittors on stimulus-response
••
From ” Neurogeneteic mechanisms of learning: A phylogenetic perspective Cloninger & Gilligan
Neuronal syst em Behavioral activation
Novelty seeking Behavioral inhibition
Harm avoidance Behavioral maintenance
Reward dependance
Monoaminerg mod. Dopamine Serotonin Noradrenalin
Relevant st imuli Curiosity. Potential reward Potential release from punishment and monotony Learning to inhibit behavior to avoid punishment. Reward and maintain or resist behavior previously associated with rewards or relief from punishment.
Behavioural response Explorative habit Hunger Avoidance, flight
Passive avoidance Extinction. Bonding *
Vigilance *
* Added by MW
Stress
Ach/5-HT
CRF
5-HT
DA/NA
ACTH
-endorfin
Chatecholamin activation
Active avoidance
Increased visual discrimination & activation
Tyrosinhydroxylas activated
Stress-induced analgesia
Sedation
Behavior activation
Cortisol
Inhibition
NA
Stimulation
DA
Inhibition
Inhibition
Downregulation of HPA
HPA
5-HT activation
Inhibition
Sustained stress reduce type-II glucoc.receptors in Hippocampus = dexometason does not affect glucocorticoider
Inhibition
Temperament
Personality
Novelty Seeking
Exploratory excititment vs stoic rigidity Impusiveness vs reflection Extravagance vs reserve Disorderliness vs regimentation
Dopamine
Unconscious automatic reactions
Associative learning
Temperament
Personality
Harm Avoidance
Worry vs unhibited optimism Fear of uncertainty vs confidence Shyness vs gregariousness Fatigability vs vigour
Serotonin
Unconscious automatic reactions
Associative learning
Temperament
Personality
Reward Dependance
Noradrenaline
Sentimentality vs insensitiveness Attachment vs detachment Dependance vs independance
Unconscious automatic reactions
Associative learning
Temperament
Personality
Novelty SeekingPassive activation
Harm AvoidancePassive avoidance
Reward DependanceSocial attachment
Habitual system
PersistencePartial reinforcement
Dopamin Serotonin Noradrenalin Noradrenalin
Associative learning
Character
Self-directedness
Individual
Responsibility Purposefulness Resourcefulness Self-acceptance Congruent second nature
Conscious planningConceptual insight
Character
Cooperativeness
The Environment
Social acceptance Empathy Helpfulness Compassion Integrated conscience
Conscious planningConceptual insight
Character
Self-Transcendence
The World
Self-forgetfulness Transpersonal identity Spiritual acceptance
Conscious planningConceptual insight
Character
Personality
Self-directednessIndividual
CooperativenessSocial environment
Self-TranscendenceThe World
Cognition
Conscious planning
TCI
Personality
Temperament Character
Novelty SeekingPassive activation
Harm AvoidancePassive avoidance
Reward DependenceSocial attachment
PersistencePartial reinforcement
Self-directednessIndividual
CooperativenessSocial environment
Self-transcendenceThe World
Habitual system Cognition
Associative learning Unconscious automatic reactionsConceptual insight Conscious planning
Validitetsskalor Råvärde Normal T-värde Percentil Namn:Missing 0 0 47 35 Ålder: 45Vaksam/Kontrollerande 22 20 56 70 SLI Kön: kPedantisk 12 10 57 75 SUI Karaktär: Disorganized DisorganizedIcke önskvärt 9 3 101 99 RareTemptyp: Anti-social 6,1/10,2Spänstig/Uthållig 130 111 70 97 RunsBDI: Ingen depression Ej suicidriskErkännande 122 101 66 94 Tru BAI: Ingen ångest SannolikhetNUMTRUE REV 73 69 59 80 Trev Self-Dir: Immature SD+CO % 60Eftergiven/Medgörlig 8 6 61 85 Acq DSQ-40:INTERmediacy 13 12 48 40 IntmPraktisk 8 9 43 20 PrevMogen Neurotisk Immature ImmatureNyckfull/Oberäknelig 6 9 37 10 Up2 Tvivlande 2 4 36 8 DouNarcissistisk/Självtillfredställd 0 4 31 3 TriANTRARE 5 5 48 40 Ant
INTPREV 8 10 41 15 InprINTDOUBLE 5 5 51 55 Indo
Oberoende 0 2 34 5 IntrLedare 6 10 32 3 InsuRAREUP 12 12 48 40 Rup
Proaktiv 9 10 43 25 RneImpairment 2 1 65 93 Imp EMBU Father RejectingL-scale 2 1 71 98 L-s Father Emotional WarmthMother Emotional WarmthVariance of T 2387
Novelty Seeking (NS) 22 19 54 65Excitabilitet/upprymd (NS1) 5 6 44 25Impulsivitet (NS2) 4 4 48 40Extravagans (NS3) 8 5 66 94Oorganiserad (NS4) 5 4 59 80
Harm Avoidance (HA) 13 14 48 40Oro &Pessimism (HA1) 4 4 51 50Rädsla för osäkerhet (HA2) 3 4 40 15Blyghet (HA3) 2 3 46 30Lätt uttröttbar & Asteni (HA4) 4 3 58 75
Reward Dependence (RD) 13 15 35 6Social Känslighet (RD1) 6 7 42 20Anknytningsförmåga (RD3) 5 5 44 25Osjälvständighet (RD4) 2 4 35 7
Persistence (P) 1 4 33 4
Self-Directedness (SD) 23 33 33 4Ansvarsfullhet (SD1) 2 6 22 1Målmedvetenhet (SD2) 4 6 43 25Resursmogen (SD3) 5 4 57 75Självaccepterande (SD4) 9 8 55 65Kongruent karaktär (SD5) 3 9 24 1
Cooperativeness (C) 27 34 26 1Socialt accepterande (C1) 7 7 46 30Empati (C2) 5 5 47 35Stödjande (C3) 5 6 33 4Barmhärtighet (C4) 2 8 9 0Principfasthet (C5) 8 7 56 70
Self-Transcendence (ST) 24 13 66 94Tankspridd (ST1) 7 4 61 85Transpersonell ident. (ST2) 4 3 55 65Andligt accepterande (ST3) 13 5 68 96
SD+CO 50På fråga 230: "Jag har inte varit helt ärlig i detta formulär"svarar respondenten: SANT
102030405060708090
100
NS HA RD PE SD CO ST
TCI Profil
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Kognitiv Emotionell Fysisk
CRI Profil
20304050607080
EMBU Profil
T-Värde FarT-Värde MorNormal
Åter
Åter
TCI profile
Reliability and validityRarity scale: Sum of the least frequently endorsed item response from each of the
25 subscales. Endorsement across all indicates a deliberate effort to depict oneself in a highly unlikely way or careless disregard for the
content of items being endorsed.
Runs: Number of sequences of consecutive true/false answers.
Average 120. Fewer than 5 % have as many as 134 or as few as 100 of all 240.
Number of true endorsements:
Tendencay to answer yes more or less frequently than usual.
Scale of like items and Scale of Unlike Items
Extent of which respondent is consistent in responding.
Cronbach Alpha
Cronbach's alpha measures how well a set of items (or variables) measures a single
unidimensional latent construct. It is a reliability test.
Most variables show values around or above 0.70 but persistence and empathy generally shows poor values.
Lack of evidence
Does the Dimensions of the Temperament and Character Inventory Map a Simple
Genetic Architecture? Evidence From Molecular Genetics and Factor Analysis
Jeffrey H. Herbst, Ph.D., Alan B.
Zonderman, Ph.D., Robert R. McCrae, Ph.D. and Paul T. Costa, Jr., Ph.D.
Am J Psychiatry 157:1285-1290, August 2000
TCI Profil
102030405060708090
100
NS HA RD PE SD CO ST
TCI profile
A tool in your pocket
TCI in 3 dimensions
Z
X
Y
Passion vs Histrionic
Adventurous vs Antisocial
Avoidant vs Schizoid
Methodical vs Obsessional
Cautious vs Passive-dependant
Stable vs Cyclothymic
Explosive vs Borderline
Sensitive vs Narcissistic
Now assess this person!
And this leader!
What about our next leader?
Results
George W Bush Dalai Lama David Cameron