tcm chronology

7/27/2019 TCM Chronology

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TCM Chronology

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has undergone a long course of development; it

encompasses a complete array of medical theories, practical experiences and unique

therapeutic techniques. Its original foundation was established over two thousand years

ago, but was shaped by accumulative and consolidated knowledge gathered fromaccomplished medical practitioners of different medical approaches who had the

foresight to document their findings in medical literature. Additionally, the

developmental process of TCM was also influenced by various medical and cultural

practices of different geographic locations and medical philosophies, which sometimes

did not agree with one another.

To sum it up,

the modern

practice of

TCM is

largely shapedby the

annotation of

authors on

classic texts,

which are

considered the

foundation of

TCM practice.

In time, it has

become

integrated with

Western

medicine

practice in

China.

Understanding

TCM's stages

of

development

enables us to

better realizeits

contributions

as well as

limitations in

health

maintenance.

The Huangdi Neijing (Yellow Emperor's Internal Classic) has been

translated into English and French.

The chronological timeline is divided into the following stages:

I. Orgin of Chinese Medicine
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II. The Early Medical Activities

III. The Rise and Development of the Theoretical Chinese Medicine System

IV. All-round Development in Mediciine

V. Great Innovation and Achievement in Medicine

VI. Further Development in the Medical Theory & PracticeVII. Revolutions in the Recent Hundred-year

I. Origin of Chinese Medicine

Antiquity - ( ~ 2000 BC ):

Important People /

AuthorsTexts / Events

-Ancient Chinese gradually discovered medicinal herbs when

collecting food.

-

During the period of clan commune, discovery of fire

gradually led to the invention of hot compresses and

moxibustion.

-The practice of medicine was very much intermixed with

witchcraft to cure illness.

Yellow Emperor &

Shen-nong

They are said to be the founders of traditional Chinese

medicine (TCM).

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II.The Early Medical Activities

Shang (1700-1100 BC):

Important People /


- Inscriptions on oracle bones describe the use of wine and hot

water as medicine and the use of needles and bronze knives

as surgical instruments. The oracles also talked about a

number of diseases and illnesses.

Yi Yin

He was credited with improving decoction methods and

extending their applications.

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III. The Rise and Development of the Theoretical Chinese Medicine System

Zhou Dynasty (1100 - 221 BC):

Important People /


-

According to the bookRites of Zhou, this period had an

organized medical system in which court officials of the

emperor had different specialties such as dietitians, disease

and surgical doctors and veterinarians. The book also

recorded seasonal epidemics and relevant treatment drugs.
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Yi He He used the imbalance of six factors (yin, yang, wind, rain,

night and day) to explain the cause of various diseases.

Bian Que The first recorded physician who established Chinese

medicine diagnostic procedures.

-

It was around this time period that the yin/yang and the five

element philosophies were applied to Chinese Medicine.

-

Huang Di Nei Jing (The Yellow Emperor's Internal

Classic)

Significance

The book is comprised of two parts: theSuwen (The Book

of Plain Questions) & theLingshu (The Spiritual Pivot).

The book summarizes previous medical experiences and

deals with the anatomy and physiology of the human body.

It lays the foundation for TCM.

Qin & Han Dynasties (221 BC - 220 AD):

Important People /


- An influx of philosophical thinking in the practice of

Chinese medicine was due to a vast adoption of different

beliefs.

- Wushier Bingfang (The Fifty-two Prescriptions)

Significance

It is the earliest written reference of Chinese pharmacology.

The book documents herbal combinations which were

applied at the time.

- Apprenticeships were a common means of educating new

physicians during this time. Examinations to recruit qualified

physicians were introduced.

- Shennong Bencaojing (Shen Nong's Classic of HerbalMedicine)

Significance

This is the earliest completed Chinese pharmacopoeia

reference. The book lists a total of 365 Chinese medicines

and outlines some principles of herbal combinations

(prescriptions.)

Hua Tuo He pioneered the use of an anesthetic drug and devised

gymnastic exercises known as "the play of the five animals"

to help Chinese keep fit and healthy.Zhang Zhongjing Shanghan Zabinglun (Treatise on Cold-induced and
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Miscellaneous Diseases)

Significance

This book establishes diagnosis based on overall analysis of

signs and symptoms. Its 269 prescriptions make up the basis

for modern clinical practice. It was rewritten and dividedinto two parts called Shanghanlun (Treatise on Cold-

induced Diseases) andJinkui Yaolue (Synopsis of the

Golden Chamber).

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IV. All-round Development in Medicine

The Chinese Middle Ages ( 220 - 581 AD ):

Important People /


Wang Shuhe Maijing (Pulse Classic)

Significance

This is a compilation of all the knowledge on pulse diagnosis

up to this point in history. It establishes the standard for pulse

diagnosis and is the earliest text forpulse study.

Huang Fumi Zhenjiu Jiayijing (Systemic Classic of Acupuncture and

Moxibustion)

Significance

This text is considered to be the earliest complete referenceguide to acupuncture andmoxibustion. It summarizes

information on the meridians, acupuncture points, needle

manipulation and their contraindications. It lists a total

number of 349 acu-points and discusses the therapeutic

properties of each point.

Ge Hong Zhouhou Jiuzufang (Handbook of Prescriptions for

Emergencies)

Significance

This first clinical emergency guide contains information aboutcommon diseases, emergency cases and abstracts on related

therapies.

Lei Xiao Leigong Paozhilun (Lei's Treatise on Medicinal Processing)

Significance

This is the first treatise on preparation and processing of

drugs; it became the practice of the time.

Gong Qingxuan Liuquanzi Guiyifang (Liu's Remedies Bequeathed by a

GImportant People / Authors)

Significance
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The earliest known treatise on Chinese surgery.

Tao Honjing Bencaojing Jizhu (Annotations to the Classic of Materia

Medica)

SignificanceThe number of listed herbal medicines in this reference book

has increased to 730. It furthered information about herbs by

adding herbs' nature, location, and time of harvesting. This

book dominated the pharmaceutical literature until the middle

of the 7th century.

Sui & Tang Dynasties ( 618-907 AD ):

Time Important People /Authors

Texts / Events

Chao Yuanfang Zhubing Yuanhoulun (Treatise on Causes and

Symptoms of Diseases)

Significance

The earliest record in China that categorizes the

causes, symptoms and pathology of 1739 kinds of

disease in a systematic manner.

624 Tang government Imperial Medical Academy was established, which

set up institutions for education in various fields ofmedicine. Meanwhile some local medical schools

were established.

659 Su Jing Xinxiu Bencao (Newly Revised Materia Medica)

Significance

The first official pharmacopoeia in China and in

the world, which listed 844 kinds of Chinese

medicine. It was the first to include diagrams and

illustrations of the herbs in the text.

581-682 Sun Simiao Qianjin Yaofang (Prescriptions Worth a Thousand

Gold for Emergencies) & Qianjin Yifang

(Supplement to the Precious Prescriptions)

Significance

The first medical encyclopedia in China was

comprised of 30 volumes and 5,300 prescriptions.

These books dealt with acupuncture, moxibustion,

dietary therapy as well as disease prevention and

health preservation. It was an outstanding

reference for treatment of deficiency diseases.
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621-714 Meng Xin Shiliao Bencao (Herbal Diet Therapy)

Significance

A pharmacopoeia with both medicinal and dietary

references.

713-741 Chen Cangqi Bencao Shiyi (Supplement to Materia Medica)

Significance

This pharmacopoeia becomes a practical guide for

clinical diagnosis and drug application. It

contributed greatly in the development of

prescriptions.

752 Wang Tao Waitai Miyao (Essential Secrets from the Imperial

Library)

Significance

A master's compendium of prescriptions available

before the Tang dynasty. It covers a lot of ancient

references, prescriptions and medical

development.

841-846 Master Taoist Lin Lishang Xuduan Mifang (Secret Methods of

Treating Traumas and Fractures)

Significance

The earliest treatise on bone and traumatic surgery.

847 - 859 Zan Yin Jingxiao Chanbao (Tested Treasure in Obstetrics)

Significance

The first Chinese work on gynecology and

obstetrics.

974 Liu Han & Ma Zhi Kaibao Chongding Bencao (Revised Materia

Medica of the Kaibao Era)

Significance

This herbal classic expanded the number of herbsand drugs to 983; its method of classification was

advanced.

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V. Great Innovation and Achievement in Medicine

Song Dynasty ( 960-1279 AD ):
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TimeImportant People /


982 - 992 Wang Huaiyin Taiping Shenghuifang (Imperial Benevolence

Formulary of the Taiping Era)

Significance

The first official prescription book of China. It

lists a total of 16,834 prescriptions and gives

prescription details of the actions, combination

principles and proper administration in a

systematic manner.

1027 Wang Weiyi Tongren Shuxue Zhenjiu Tujing (Illustrated

Manual of Acu-points on the Bronze Statue)

SignificanceThe book illustrates all the meridians and the

appropriate acu-points.

Wang Weiyi He was in charge of designing and casting two

life-size male bronze statues for acupuncture.

Significance

These inventions marked an important step for

TCM education, by using these models as a

concrete demonstration tool.

1057 Song governmentThe Bureau for the Re-editing of Medical Books

was established to collect, collate and verify all

medical texts bequeathed by 1,000 years of

history. As a result, several of the established

classics were published and many books were

rewritten or revised under new titles.

1060 Zhang Yuxi Jiayou Buzhu Shennong Bencao(Complete and

Annotated Materia Medica of the Jiayou Era)

SignificanceThe number of medicines recorded was increased

to 1,083.

1061 Su Song Bencao Tujing (Illustrated Materia Medica)

Significance

The first time woodblock printing illustrations

were included in a pharmacopoeia.

1075 Su Shi & Shen Gua Sushen Liangfang (Efficacious Prescriptions of Su

and Shen)

Significance

An individually published text.


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The Jin-Yuan Period (1115 - 1368 AD):



1294 Zhen Shirong Huoyou Xinshu (Treatise for Children Life

Saving)

Significance

Treatise of Yuan Dynasty (1279-1368AD)

records some practical and proved prescriptions

for pediatric diseases.

1306 Wang Haogu Tangye Bencao (Materia Medica for Decoctions)

SignificanceThis book provides information about the major

ingredients, actions, administration and

preparation of drugs for various diseases.

1330 Hu Sihui Yinshan Zhengyao (Principles of Correct Diet)

Significance

A proponent of a balanced diet, Hu Sihui,

especially focused on eating in moderation.

1335 Qi Dezhi Waike Jingyi (Essentials of External Medicine)

Significance

This book brings out new viewpoints on the

causes, pathogenesis and diagnosis of external

diseases.

1343 Wei Yilin Shiyi Dexiaofang (Effective Formulae Tested by

Physicians for Generations)

Significance

This book is a testimony to Wei's skills in setting

fractures and bone disorders. He invented thesuspension method for reduction of spinal

fractures, which contributed greatly to the

development of TCM bone-setting and

traumatology.

1347 Zhu Zhenheng Gezhi Yulun (Supplementary Treatise on

Knowledge from Practice)

Significance

The book discusses the theory of internal fire or

heat during physiological and pathologicalchanges in the body.
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Zhu Zhenheng

Jufang Fahui (Elaboration of the Bureau

Formulary)

Significance

The author advocates treatment based on

syndrome differentiation. He criticizes the abuseof set prescriptions and improper usage of dry and

pungent herbs.

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VI. Further Development in the Medical Theory & Practice

Ming Dynasty ( 1368 - 1644 AD ):
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1368 Wang Lu Yijing Suhuiji (A Discourse on Tracing Back to

the Medical Classic)

Significance

This book differentiatesShanghan from

Wenbingsyndromes and recommends different

therapeutic approaches for the syndromes.

1406 Zhu Su & colleagues Jiuhuang Bencao (Herbal for Relief of Famines)

Significance

A botany book that is a medicinal and dietary

guide for famine periods.

Zhu Su & colleagues

Puji Fang (Universal Aid Formulary)

Significance

The largest prescription text in ancient China,

which collates the achievements prior to 15th

century.

1408 Ming government Yongle Dadian (The Great Encyclopaedia of the

Yongle Reign)

SignificanceA general encyclopedia covering topics such as

medicine, history and astronomy. It was held at

the time to be the largest in the world as well as in

ancient China.

1442 Leng Qian Xiuling Yaozhi (Essentials for Longlife

Preservation)

Significance

A treatise on health maintenance with plentiful

chapters discussing qi-gong and life preservation.

1443 Imperial Bureau of

Medicine Appointed special personnel to be in charge of re-

casting life-size male bronze statues for

acupuncture, modeled after the one produced in

the Song dynasty.

1492 Wang Lun Bencao Jiyao (Collection of the Essential

Herbals)

Significance

He further developed the herbal classificationmethod used by Tao Hongjing (456-536AD).
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Qing Dynasty ( 1644 - 1911 AD ):
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1644 Fu Renyu Shenshi Yaohan (A Precious Book of

Ophthalmology)

Significance

This book records different eye diseases,

including 108 syndromes, 308 prescriptions and

illustrations. It is also named as Yanke Daquan

(Great Compendium of Ophthalmology).

1665 Qi Kun Waike Dacheng (Great Compendium of External

Medicine)

Significance

The book discusses the essentials of surgicaldiagnosis and treatment as well as lists commonly

used prescriptions.

1669 Ke Qin Shanghan Laisuji (Renewal Variorum of

Exogenous Febrile diseases)

Significance

The book contains various notes and

commentaries on Shanghan.

1670 Zhang Zhicong Collected Notes on the Yellow Emperor's

Medicine Classic

Significance

This book clarifies a lot of difficulties and queries

about theNeijing.

1682 Wang Ang Yifang Jijie (Variorum of Prescriptions)

Significance

This was a widely applied prescription book.

1687 Zhao Xianke Yiguan (Key Link of Medicine)

Significance

The book advocates fortification of the body by

warming methods, and also stresses the

importance of fire in thevital gate.

Li Yongcui Zhengzhi Huibu (Supplemental Compilation for

Therapy)

Significance

This book summarizes different experiences and

teachings of TCM schools. It outlines over 80kinds of syndromes, which are mainly

miscellaneous types of diseases.
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VII. Revolutions in The Recent Hundred-year

Modern China ( 1912 AD ~ ):



1914 The Northern Warlord

government Abolishment of traditional Chinese medicine was

proposed, but was strongly opposed by people

working in TCM and pharmacy all over the

country.

1921 Xie Guan Dictionary of Chinese Medicine

Significance

This book collects 70,000 entries on TCM

phrases, terms, prominent physicians and Chinesemedicine texts.

1922 Yun Tieqiao Qunjing Jianzhilu (Intelligent Notions on Medical

Classics)

Significance

A commentary on medical classics.

1909-24 Zhang Xichun Yixue Zhongzhong Canxilu (Records of

Traditional Chinese in Combination with Western

Medicine)

Significance

The writer advocates for integration of Eastern

and Western medicines; some of his comments

are quite distinctive.

1924 Yun Tieqiao Shanghanlun Yanjiu (Study on Shanghanlun)

Significance

Based on the viewpoints of Sino-Western

convergence, the writer notes, revises and

elucidates the original content of theShanghanlun (Treatise on Cold-induced

Diseases).

1925 The Kuomingtang

government Chinese medicine courses were prohibited from

being included in medical schools.


government A proposal written by Yu Ai and Wang Qizang,

entitled "A Case for the Abolishment of the Old

Medicine to Thoroughly Eliminate Public Health

Obstacles,"was passed in the first congress of the
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14/15

Central Ministry of Health. This pushed the TCM

abolition movement to its peak.

-

Meanwhile, TCM workers and pharmaciesthroughout the country went on strike, which

resulted in the resolution being forced to be

abandoned.

1931 -

"Central College of Chinese Medicine" was

founded, which aimed to modernize TCM.

1933 Wu Bingyao Zhenjiu Zuanyao (An Edited Essence on

Acupuncture and Moxibustion)

SignificanceThis book introduces acu-point selection for

moxibustion and acupuncture and attaches

anatomy and color illustrations of meridians and

acu-points.

1935 Chen Cunren

Chinese Pharmaceutical Encyclopaedia


government "The Chinese Medicine Ordinance" was issued,

which was very discriminatory against TCM. Cao Pingzhang Zhongguo Yixue Dacheng (A Great Collection of

Chinese Medicine Book)

Significance

This medical series collects most of the important

classics from the second to the 20th century.

1950 The People's Republic

of China government The First National Conference on Health was held

and determined that future medical policy would

combine Chinese and Western medicine.

1955 -

The Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine

was founded.

1956 -

TCM Colleges were established again in the big

cities like Chengdu, Shanghai, Beijing and

Guangzhou.

-

Full-time training courses for Western doctors tostudy TCM were launched.
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1962 -

A first edition textbook for TCM education,

approved by the government and TCM experts,

was published for TCM colleges.

1964 -A second edition textbook for TCM colleges was

published.

1980 The Ministry of Public

Health The Ministry established a national guideline for

the development of Chinese and Western

medicine, and for their long-term co-existence,

and integreation into China's healthcare system.

-

The Traditional Chinese Medicine Publishing

House was founded.

1985 -

The National Bureau of Chinese Medicine

Administration was founded.

1986 -

Chinese Qigong Science Research Association

was founded.

1987 -

The Joint Society of World Acupuncture and

Moxibustion Science was founded in Beijing.

References:

1. Dominique Hoizey & Marie-Joseph Hoizey, translated by Paul Bailey.A History of ChineseMedicine. Edinburgh University Press Ltd 1993.

2. State Administration of TCM.Advanced Textbook on Traditional Chinese Medicine andPharmacology. New World Press 1995.

3. 1997.

Compiled and Edited by:

Angela Collingwood, MSN, Integrated Chinese Medicine Holdings Ltd.

Lawrence Lau, Ph.D., Integrated Chinese Medicine Holdings Ltd.

Rose Tse, Integrated Chinese Medicine Holdings Ltd.

tcm chronology

Documents