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CHAT LU'aNG NU'OC - LAy MAup~iAN 1: HU'ONG DANLAp CHU'aNG TRiNH LAy MAu vAKYTHUAT LAy MAu.

Water quality - Sampling-Part 1:Guidance on the design of sampling programmes and sampling techniques

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// TCVN 6663-1 :2011L a i n 6 i d i i uTCVN 6663-1:2010 thay the TCVN 6663-1 :2002 va TCVN 5992:1995TCVN 6663-1:2010 hoan toan tU'O'ngdU'ang voi ISO 5667-1:2006TCVN 6663-1 :2010 do TOng cue Moi tmong bien soan, S o Tal nguyen va Moi truonq d~ nqhi, TongCI,IC Tieu chu~n )0 lU'cmgChat lU'qng tharn dlnh, S o Khoa hoc va Cong nghe cong bo.S o tieu chuar: TCVN 6663 (ISO 6667) Chat lur;mg nuoc - Lay mau g6m cac tieu chuan sau:

Phfm 1: HU'cYngdan thiet k~ chu'onq trinh lay mau va ky thuat lay mau,PhAn 3: HU'ang dan bao quan va luu giG>mau nutrc,Phan 4: HU'ang dan lay rnau nu'oc h6 h,r nhien v a h6 nhan tao,Phan 5: HU'ong dan lay mau ruroc uong & nha may xU > I y va tlJ.>ac he thong oU'cmg ong phanph6i mroc,PhAn 6: HU'ong dan lay mau nuoc song va suoi,Phan 7: Huang dan lay mau nooc va han trong cac nha may hoi nuoc,Phan 8: Huang dan lay mau nuoc ella can uot,Phan 9: HU'ong dan lay mau ruroc bi~n,Phan 10: HU'ang dan lay mau nuoc thai,Phan 11: HU'&ng dan lay mau nooc ngam,Phan 13: HU'&ng dan lay mau bun nuoc cong va & nha may x u I y ruroc,Phan 14: HU'ong dan dam bao chat lU'qng lay mau va lU'u giG>mau nuoc mo; trLl'ang,Phan 15: HU'ang dan bao quan mau va tuu giG>mau bun va can tram tlch,

S tieu chu~n ISO 5667 Water quality - Sampling con cac tieu chuan sau:Part 12: Guidance on sampling of bottom sediments.Part 16: Guidance on biotesting of samples.Part 17: Guidance on sampling of suspended sediments.Part 18: Guidance on sampling of groundwater at contaminated sites.Part 19: Guidance on sampling of marine sediments.Part 20: Guidance on the use of sampling data for decision making Compliance withthresholds and classification systems.

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TIEU CHuAN Quae GIA TeVN 6663-1 :2011

Chat 1U'Q'ngmroc - Lay mau -Phcln 1: HU'ang dan I~p chu-onq trinh lay mau v a ky thuat lay mauWater quality - Sampling -Part 1: Guidance on the design of sampling programmes and sampling techniques

Tieu chuan nay trlnh bay cac nguyen tac chung, hU'ang dan I~p chuonq trinh I~y mau va ky thuat I~ymau cho tg.t ca cac loai mau nuoc (baa gbm ca nuoc thai, bun, nU'ac thai da qua xli' Iy va can day).Tieu chuan nay khong dU'a ra nhCrng hU'ang dan chi ti~t v~ cac tlnh huang Ig.ymau d~c thu, nhCrnghU'ang dan chi ti~t dU'Q'Ctrlnh bay trong phan khac cua be;,tieu chuan TCVN 6663 (ISO 5667). Tieuchuan nay cOng khong ap dung lay mau d~ phan tich vi sinh vat.

2 Tieu chuan vi~n danCac tai lieu vien dan sau 103at can thi~t cho viec ap dung tieu chuan nay. DOi vai cac tai lit%!uvien danghi narn cong be. thi ap dl,lng phien ban dU'Q'cneu De.i vai cac tai lieu vien dan khong ghi narn conq be.thi ap dung phien ban rnoi nhat baa gOm ca cac sLra d6i, b6 sung (neu co).TCVN 8184-1 (ISO 6107-1), Chat 1U'Q'ngnuoc - Thuat ngCr - Phan 1.TCVN 8184-2 (ISO 6107-2), Chat lU'Q'ngnuoc - Thuat ngCf - Phan 2.

3 Thuat "gQl va djnh nghiaTrang neu chuan nay, ap dung cac thuat ngCrva dinh nghia trang TCVN 8184-1 (ISO 6107-1) va TCVN8184-2 (ISO 6107-2) va cac thuat ngCrva dinh nghia sau day.3.1lay mau dinh ky (periodic sampling)Qua trinh Ifly mau theo nhCrngkhoanq co dinh, co th~ Iii theo thoi gian, theo thttlch hoac thea dong chay.

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~N 6663-1:2011( 3.2

LAy miu theo khu vl;J'c(area profile sampling)Qua trl nh lay mau tal cac di~m da chon trong mot khu Vl,J'Ccu th~ trong khi cac thOng s6 khac van duccgifr 6n dinh & rrnrc t6i da (vi du thai gian, do sau).3.3LAy mau 50' lU'gc theo chil!u 5au (depth profile sampling)Qua trinh Iffy mau (y cac dO sau da chon tai mot vi trl Cl,I th~ trong khi cac thOng s6 khac van duoc giCr6n dinh a rnuc t6i da (vi du thai gian, dong chay).4 Bi~n phap ph6ng ngli'a chung v A an toanTrong qua trinh lay mau nU'ac va can day, cac y!u t6 rui ro phaj duoc tinh d!n, cac y!u t6 nay lam anhhU'ong d!n sue kh6e va an toan cua ngU'ai lay mau. Phai luu y phong ngLra d~ tranh hit phai khi docva nu6t phai cac chat doc hai qua rnui, mi$ng va da. NgU'ai chiu trach nhiern thi!t k!chvonq trinh laymau va thuc hi$n lay mau phai dam bao nhCrng ngU'oi tham gia Iffy mau dU'Q'cthOng bolo cac thOng tinph6ng ngLra can thi!t khi thuc hi~m lay mau.C~n phai cnu y dEncac qui dinh cua quoc gia va/hoac khu Vl,J'Cve an toan va sire kh6e.CHU THicH: Can chu y den phonq ngll'a tai nan. Cac tinh huang C l , J th 9 han dlfQ'Cthao lu~n trong )ieu 5.3.C~n xem xet dieu kien thai tiEtd~ dam bao an toan cho ngU'ai va pruronq tien Iffy mau, ngU'ai I~y mauphai mac ao phao va deo day an toan khi Iffy 1U'Q'ngrnau nU'ac Ian. Truce khi lay mau tai cac vungnuoc co phd bang ca, phai ki~m tra can than dja di~m va rrurc do bang y!u_NEusUrdl,lng binh dU'cyngkhi duai ruroc hoac cac phuonq tien I~n khac, phai luon ki~m tra va baa dU'frng theo cac tieu chuanISO hoac tieu chuan qu6c gia nh~m bao dam do tin c$y.Thuyen va xu6ng cao su dung d~ hly mau phai dU'Q'cduy tri 6 ' tinh tranq chac chan. Trang tat ca cacvunq nuoc can pnai hru y dEncac tau cho hang va thuyen danh ca: vi du phai treo co mang tin hiEj!ucanh bao cho cac tau thuyen bi!t thuc chat cOng viec dang dU'Q'cti!n hanh.L~y mau tai cac vi tri khonq an toan. phai tranh dEnrmrc t6i da lay mau t;;:ticac bo s6ng khOng vCrngchsc. N~u khOng th~ tranh dU'Q'c,hoat d9ng lay rnau phai duoc mot nh6rn ngU'ai tien hanh vai cac bienphap ph6ng ngCra phu hop, dieu nay tot hon khi de mot ngU'ai thuc hien. Khi co the, nen lay mau tlftren cau thay cho lay mau tu bo sOng, tru khi bo song do la rnuc tieu di;lc biet cua nghien cvu Iffy mau.Doi voi Iffy mau theo t~n suat hang ngay, tiep can an toan voi vi tri lay mau trong rnci cfieu kien thai tietla di!u quan tn;>ng hang d~u_ Khi thich hop, phai ph6ng ngCl'aneu co mat cac moi nguy nai tl,J'nhiennhtr cac tham thtrc v~t, dong v~t co th~ gay nguy hi~m cho SLrC khoe hoac an toan ca nhan.Cac chat nguy hiEm(vi du chai 10dl,J'ngaxit o~m d;t:ic)phai oU'Q'cghi nhan r6 rang.

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TCVN 6663-1 :2011Tranh hoac phai co cac bien phap ph6ng ngua thich hop khi lap dc;.t dunq cu va cac thi~t bi I~y mautren bo song, noi de bi ng$p 1 I , 1 t hoac de sat 1&.Trang khi lay rnau nuoc, co rat nhieu tin,h huang khacnay sinh can phai ph6ng ngua dc;.cbi~t d~ tranh tai nan. Vi du mot so loai nuoc thai conq nghi~p co th~an man hoac chua cac tac nhan de chay hoac doc hat. NhQ>ngmoi nguy hi~m bern tang khi tiep xuc voicong ranh cling kh6ng dU'Q'cbo qua; do co th~ la khi, vi sinh v$t, vi rut hoac dong vat nhu' vi khuan Ifhoac giun san.PhU'O'ngtien ph6ng chong hO'ikhi doc, may tho, may h6i sire cap ClfU va cac phuonq tien an toan khacphai san co khi lay mau tal cac dja di~m chua kh6ng khi doc hai HO'n nQ>a,truce khi tlurc hien lay mautrong kh6ng gian kin, phai do n6ng dO oxy va bat C l f khl doc hoac khl gay nqat. Trong tmang hop laymau hO'i nuoc nang va thai nhi~t cao, can phai can than, tuan thu cac buoc da duoc I~p truce. SLYdunq cac ky thuat lay rnau d~ loai tn:r cac moi nguy hai nay.Lay mau co chua chat phonq xa can phai can than d~c biet va bat bucc su dl,lng nghiem tuc cacphuonq ben ky thuat nay.sCr dl,mg cac phuonq tien lay mau dung di~n gan hoac trong nuoc co th~ g~p cac m6i nguy hi~m d~cbiet. Qui trinh sCrdunq, thi!t k~ vi tri lay rnau va bao dU'ong thiet bi phai duoc I$p k~ hoach can thansao cho d~ co th~ loai be nhQ>ngm6i nguy do.

5 Thi~t k~ chLPO 'ng t rinh lA y miu5,1 Khai quatKhi muon X8C dinh d~c tfnh mot 1U'Q'ngnuoc Ion, c~n day hoac bun, thU'ang khong th~ ki~m tra toan bf)va vi th~ rna can phai lay mau.Vi$c thu mau va ki!mtra chu y~u vi cac 1"1do sau day:a) D~ xac dinh gia tri cua cac thong 56 vat 1"1,n6ng dO cac chat hoa hoc, sinh hoc va phonq xa lien

quan theo khong gian va thai gian;b) Voi can day, d~ co dU'Q'Cchi thi true quan ve ban chat cua chung;c) D~ U'cYctinh Sl,l' thay d6i lien tuc cua cac dol tU'Q'ngquan trac;d) D~ danh gia cac xu th~ qua thai gian hoac khong gian;e) D~ tuan thu hoac d~ dat dung chuan rnuc, lieu chuan hoac muc tieu,NhCmg chu-onq trinh lay rnau rna k!tqua cua chunq se dung d~ danh gia thong ke khai quat va dl,l' baoxu hU'ang thl can pMi thi~t k~ tren co s a nhan trurc day du ve sai so lay mau thong ke va theo cac kythuat lay mau voi sai 56 co th~ dinh 1U'Q'ngva co th~ SLYdl,mg cnunq d~ dU'a ra k~t luanCac mau dU'Q'c thu thap phai co tinh chat dai dien nhlt cho toan bo nhQ>nggi can quan tam, va canphai chu y d~ dam bao cnac chan la mau khonq co thay deSirong khoang thai gian tlY khi lay rnau d~nkhi phan tich (xem TCVN 6663-3 (ISO 5667-3)[31 d!co huang dan them). Lay rnau tlY cac h$ phan tan

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.TCVN 6663-1 :2011nhieu pha nhu rnro'c chua chat ran 10' lung hoac cac ch[U long hfru co khong tron Ian c6 th~ nay sinhnhfrng van d~ d~c bi$t va trong nhfrng truonq hop nhu vf).ycan pha: tim tu van rieng (xem di~.u6).

~ 5.2 Ml,lc tieu t6ng quat d~ thi~t k~ cac chU'O'ng trinh lay m~uTruoc khi thiet ke b~t ky chuonq trinh I~y mau nao, can d~ ra cac rnuc tieu cua chU'O'ng trinh do vi cacmuc tieu nay la yeu t6 chinh de xac djnh cac vi tri lay mau, tan suat I~y mau, quang thai gian lay mau,qui trinh I~y mau, each xCr Iy mau va nhCrng yeu cau phan tlch sau do. Phai tinh dim de)dung va dochinh xac can thiet de U'ac tinh n6ng do chat 1U'Q'ngnuoc can kiem tra, nhu v~ each thuc bieu thi vatrinh bay ket qua, vi du nbng do hoac tai 1U'Q'ng,gia tri t6i da va/hoac t6i thieu, trung binh so hoc, g ia tr!trung binh, v.v. ChU'O'ngtrlnh lay mau can phai duQ'c thiet ke de c6 kha nang uoc 1U'Q'ngsai so cua cacgia tri khi b] anh hU'ang bai sai s6 lay mau th6ng ke va sai s6 trong phuonq phap phan tich h6a hoc.Ngoai ra, can phai I~p danh rnuc esc thong s6 se phan tlch, qui trinh phan tich lien quan, vi co the conhfrng yeu cau d~c biet khi lay mau va xu IVmau so be)truoc khi phan tich, hU'ang dan chung v~ xu IVmau dU'Q'cneu trong TCVN 6663-3 (ISO 5667-3)131).Can pnai tien hanh chu'onq trinh lay mau va phan tich mau sa bo truoc khi rnuc lieu lay mau cuoi cunqdU'Q'cxac dinh, )i~u quan tronq ta phai chu y den tat ca dCr li$u lien quan cua cac chuonq trinh dU'Q'cthuc hien truce d6 a cling dla diem hO$Cdja diem tU'ang tt,J'va nhCrngthong tin khac v~ cac di~u ki$n 6dia diem do. Kinh nghi$m ca nhan tu cac chU'ang trinh hOc;1Cinh hu6ng tuonq tl,l' truoc day cLmg co thela du hfru ich khi I~p ra rnct chuonq trinh mal cho Ian dau tu dau tien rna 58 dam bao la thong tin canthiet co dU'Q'cmot each co hieu qua va kinh te; khong tap trung rnoi nCihrc cho khia canh nay c6 the vuagay ra thflt bai cua chuonq trinh vua khong dat dU'Q'crnuc tieu, vua lang phi thai gian va tieln bac.Sa rnuc tieu khai quat dU'Q'Cphan biet nhU'sau (nhCrngrnuc lieu nay neu chi tiet hon trong 8.2, B.3 va 8.4):

sCrd l,Jngcac phep do kiem soat chat 1U'Q'ngrong cac nha may xu 1'1nuoc hoac nuoc thai de quyetdjnh khi can hi$u chlnh qua trinh ngan han.Su dl,Jngcac pnep do xac djnh d$c tinh chat 1U'Q'ngde U'ac tinh chat 1U'Q'ng,nhu la mot phan cuadt,J'an nghien cuu, de I~p va do hieu qua thuc hien cac muc dich dua thea rnuc dfch quan lV, vairnuc dich ki~m soat doli han hoac chi ra xu hll'ang lau dai.Nh~n biet va kiem soat ngu6n gay 0 nhi~m.

Ml,JCarch cua chuonq trinh co the thay dbi tu qua trinh xac dlnh d$c tinh ch~t 1U'Q'ngsang kiem scat ch~tlU'Q'ngva ngU'Q'Ctchuonq trinh doli han v~ xac djnh d$c tinh nitrat co the tra thanh mot chU'O'ngtrinh kiem soat chat Ill'Q'ngngan han d6i hei tang t~n su&t lay mau vi nbng de)nitrat d

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TCVN 6663-1 :2011a) )l! xac dinh tinh phu hop cua nuoc cho rnuc dich su>dunq aa djnh, neu can dl! danh gia cac YEW

cau xlily hose kiern scat, vi du d~ kil!m tra xem rnroc trong 10khoan dung d~ lam mat, nap cho nOihoi hoac nuoc cho qua trinh san xuat, hoac neu la nuoc & suci tl! nhien c6 th~ la nguon nuoc dl!dinh cho ngU'oi su dl,lng dU'q'c khonq.

b) )~ nghieln ciru anh hU'ang cua viec xa thai demvung nuoc tiep nhan, k~ ca nuoc tran do 51! co.c) D~ danh gia hieu qua thuc hien va ki~rn scat chat lU'qng nuoc, nuoc cong va nuoc thai eong

nghi$p cua tram xU> y , vi du1) D~ danh gia cac bien dong va SI! thay dbi lau dai taj 1U'q'ngkhi di VaGtram Xli ' ( y ,2) De xac dinh hi$u qua cua mOigiai dean trong qua trinh XLI I y ,3) De eung cap chlmg C lf v~ chflt 1U'q'ngcua nuoc da XLI I y ,4) De kiem scat n6ng do cac chat da Xli ' I y , ke ca cac chat gay ra moi nguy hal cho sue khoe hoac

cac chflt c6 the u c che qua trlnh noat dong cua vi sinh vat, va5) De kiem scat cac chat c6 the lam hong ket cau hoac cua tram Xli ' 19hoac cua thiet bi;

d) De nghiE'mciru hieu (mg cua dong nuoc ngot va mroc man chay 6 di~u kien cua song de dua rathong tin ve rno hinh hoa tron va phan tang eung voi cac bien dong thuy trieu va dong chay nuocnqot:

e) De nhan biet va dinh lU'c,mgsan pharn bi mflt tlY cac qua trinh cong nghiep; thong tin nay dU'q'c yeucau khi dieu h6a san pharn qua tram Xli ' I y dU'q'cdanh gia va khi 1U'Q'ngnuoc thai ra dU'Q'Cdo;

f) De xac djnh chat 1U'Q'ngcua nU'oc n6i hoi, nuoc ngU'ng tu tu hoi va esc loai ruroc thu hOi khac, taokha nang cho tinh phu hop cua ruroc vai rnuc dich scr dl,Jng drnh cu the dU'Q'Cdanh gia;

g) De kiem scat heat dong cua he thong nuoc lam mat cong nghi$p; di~u nay tao thuan lQ'i cho S lrdl,Jngmroc duoc toi uu h6a va dOng thoi nhCmg rflc rai kern theo ve hinh thanh can va an rnondU'Q'cgiam thieu;

h) De nqhien CLrUanh hU'ang cua cac chat nhiem b~n trong khi quyen den chat 1U'Q'ngrnroc rmra:dieu nay cung cap thong tin co ich ve chat lU'qng khong khi va cOng chi ra nhCrngvan de c6 khanang nay sinh, vi du nhCmg cong tclc di$n bi phoi nqoai troi:

i) De danh gia anh hU'&ng ella dat dem chat 1U'Q'ngnuoc, nhCrng chat tu tl! nhien hoac nhiem ban dophan bon, thuoc tru sau va hoa chat dung trong n6ng nghi$p hoac ca hai;

k) De danh g1;3.anh hU'ang ella su tich lOy va thoat ra ella cac chat lamg day tai he sinh vat thuy sinhtrong vung nuoc hoac vung co su lang dong cua can;

I) De dElnh gia su thay dOi ve chat 1U'Q'ngruroc xay ra trong he thong phan phoi nuoc dung cho sinhheat cua can ngU'ai; nhCrng thay doi nay co the xay ra do nhieu I y do, vi du su nhiem ban, nvoc

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TCVN 6663-1 :2011dU'Q'cdan vao tLYngu6n rnoi, SI,J ' phat trien cua sinh vat, SI,J ' phan hUy cua can hoac SI,J ' hoa tan cuakim loai.

Trang mot s6 truonq hop, cac dieu kien phai du On dinh va cac d~ng bien thien phai duQ'c hieu ra d~: : ; ; ; c6 duoc thong tin yeu cflu va cac uoc IUQ'ngsai s6 kern thea thu duQ'c t l l > chuonq trinh lay mau dan Ie.NhU'ng a phfln nhieu dia di~m, d~c tinh chat IUQ'ng la d6i tU'Q'ng thay dOi lien tu c thea thai gian vakheng gian va do d6, Iy tU'ong nh at 103viec danh gia cOng can phai lien tuc. Tuy nhien, dieu nay thLl'angrat t6n kern va trong nhieu trU'ong hop 18kheng th~ thuc hien dU'Q'c.Khi kheng c6 quan trac lien tuc voisai 56 thap va khi S L r dl,mg dfr lieu thu dU'Q'cqua lay maU, dieu c6t yeu la phai tinh den sai 56 I;~ymauth6ng ke. Khi xem xet cac chU'O'ng trlnh lay mau, can nho den cac luu y d~c biet neu ;:,dieu 5.3.5.3 Nhrrng hru y d~c bi~t lien quan dim SI:' bil!n dbiCac chuonq trinh lay mau c6 th~ tra nen rat phuc tap tal cac tlnh hu6ng va dia di~m khi mol a d6 d~ctinh cac chat can xac dinh bien dOi nhanh, rong va lien tuc. NhCfng SI,J ' bien dOi nay c6 the xa.y ra do cacyeu t6 nhu nhiet do bien dOi manh, each thLrc dong chay thay dOi hoac cac dieu kien van nanh tram xuIy (cOng nhu trang nhCfng gi gi6ng vai phan tich h6a hoc). Thiet ke rnoi chuonq trinh lay mau phai tinhden cac bien dong nay, hoac la bang cac phU'O'ngtien danh gia lien tuc (xem phu luc A.1) (mac du viecnay thU'cmg c6 chi phi cao va trong nhieu trlfong hop ta kheng th~ dat duoc) , hoac bang each xem xetcac khuyen nghj sau day.a) Chuang trinh phai dU'Q'cI~p theo nhCfng yrucau cua ky thuat rna cho phep U'&c IlfQ'ng duoc sai s6

lay mau th6ng kr.b) cAn phai tranh lay ma.u tai ranh giai hoac gfln ranh gi&i cua cua he th6ng trll' khi nhfrng dieu kien

nhu v~y la m6i quan tam d~c bietc) can phai chu y IOr,Jibe hoac giam thieu nhfrng bien dOi n6ng do ella nhCfng chat can xac dinh ducc

quan tam do chinh qua trinh lay mau gay ra, va phai dam baa la tranh dU'Q'Cva gia.m thieu nhfrngthay dOi trong quang thai gian gifra lay mau va phan tich. f)~ c6 hU'ang dan chi tiet non ve van denay, nen tham khaa TCVN 6663-14 (ISO 5667-14)[141 .

d) C6 th~ S L Y dunq lay mau t o hop de e6 dlJ'Q'Cchi thi t6t nhat ve thanh ph~n trung binh ella mau theathai gian, mien 18chat can xac djnh 6n dinh trong thai gian tll' khi lay mau den khi phan tlch. D c rlieu thu dU'Q'c to ' lay mau t6 hop can duoc cai la IOr,Ji56 lieu d~e biet trong co so dCFieu sao choloai dCi lieu nay kheng bi Ian Ion veri cac mau dan h~.Can phai nho rang cac mau t o hop la it co giatri khi xac dinh Sl,l' dich chuyen cac tinh hu6ng caa di~m.

Trong nhCmg tinh hu6ng eo bien dong rat rnanh v~ dong chay, v~ n6ng dOhose ca hai (vi du, nooc thaiqian doan cua tram X l i ' Iy), thi c6 the nghien CLrUv~ xa thai va cac thong 56 dong la c6 100id~ biet chacchan la e6 me hinh dong chay nhu the nao truoc khi kh~ng dinh mot chuonq trinh lay mau cu the.

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TCVN 6663-1:20115.4 Phandjnh dja di~m l A y miuTuy theo cac rnuc tieu de ra (xem 52), rnanq hroi I~y mau co th~ la tuy y tll' mot di~m riemg Ie d!n toanbQ vunq luu vue s6ng. Mt rnanq IlfO'i co ban tren song co thl! bao gam cac di~m lay mau 6 - gioi hanvung trieu, nhanh song chinh va dlfong cong thai chinh hoac dlfong nuoc thai cong nghi~p.Khi thi~t k~ rnanq IlfO'i I~y mau ki~m tra ch~t 1U'Q'ng,hong thlfong can xet d~n viec do luu 1U'Q'ngdongchay tai nhung vi tri then chot (xem Dieu 9).Phan dinh dia di~m I~y mau phai lay dU'Q'Cmau co kha nang so sanh. Trang nhieu tinh huang I~y mautren cac dong song, dia di~m I~y mau co th~ dinh vi chinh xac b~ng each doi chieu voi cac canh quana tren bo.Tren cu'a song khong co cay coi baa phu, bo bien, dja di~m I~y rnau co the dinh vi bang each tuonq tl,flien quan d~n cac muc tieu co d[nh de nhan biet. Khi I~y mau tu tren thuyen trong nhung tinh huangnay, nen dung cac pbuonq phap ky thuat de djnh vi dia di~m lay mau. Doi chieu ban dOhoac cac danqso sanh chuan khac se co ich giup dat dlfQ'C dieu nay.

6 NhfFng d,c tinh v a diAu ki~n anh hLPangdijn qua trinh liy m A uDong chay co th~ thay doi t u chay nhe em dem sang chay cucn xoay va nquoc lai. L y tU'ong nhcfitlamau can dU'Q'Clay a noi co xoay cuon, noi chat 16ng dU'Q'Ctron deu va n~u co the thi tao xoay trendong chay nao chay nhe, tnr khi lay mau de xac djnh khi noa tan va chat de bay hoi vi nong dQ cuachung bi thay doi do chay cuon xoay gay ra .NglfOi lAy mau phai dam bao sao cho "dong chay nglJ'Q'c", loai dong co xuat x u tlr cac phan khac cuah$ thong nay, khong tao ra su' nhiem ban tai di~m lAy mau.SI ,J' "von CI,lC" cua viilt chat co th~ xay ra a bAt Clf thai diem nao, vi du chat nhiem ban hoa tan, chat dm,chat de bay hoi noac lap vang dau tren mat nuoc, NhlJ'ng di!u nay can phai dlfa vao trong chuonqtrinh I~y mau dU'Q'cthi~t ke de tao ra esc mau dung va dai dien .Khi lAy mau t u cac dlfong ong, chat 16ngcan ClJ'Q'Cay mau bang bam qua ong c6 kfch thuoc phu hopva toc dQdong tuyen tinh du cao de duy tri cac tinh dong chay xoay. Nen tranh lay mau (] dean ong narnngang. Khi lay mau chat 16ngkhong dong nh

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~'/7/ TCVN 6663-1 :2011( L~y rnau nuoc d~ xac dinh chat ran IO'lung can phai chu y d~c biet. ISO 5667-17["1 dU'o ra huang dan

v~ lay mau ruroc dung cho rnau chat ran 10'ICrng,quan trac va di~u tra chat 1U'Q'ngnuoc nqot v.achi ti~thon, he th6ng dong cnay ruroc ngot nhu s6ng va su6i. Mot 56 yeu t6 nhat dinh trong ISO 5667-17 c6th~ duoc ap dunq cho nuoc h6, nuoc h6 chua va nvoc tu: tuy nhien cac chuonq trinh lay mau tai hientrU'ang co th~ khac biet va kh6ng dU'Q'Cd~ cap den nhu yeu cau trong ISO 5667-17[161 .Phai thuc hien din than khi lay mau cac thanh ph~n de bay hoi. Mau dU'Q'Cay can duoc born hut vai t6cdo t6i thi~u. Toan b h$ th6ng 6ng dan mau can giCl'd~y ruroc dU'Q'Cay mau va rnau dU'Q'Cay tll' 6ng datang ap sau khi da thai bo d i mot phan mau d~ dam bao mau thu dU'Q'cla dai dien.Lay mau hon hop cua nuoc co ty tronq khac nhau can phai duoc thuc hien din than, V I du co th~ xayra Sl,l'tao lap trong mot dong chay nhe voi nooc ngot tren ruroc man.Kha nang t6n tai cua chat long hoac khoi doc va kha nang tich 1 1 . , 1 hoi gay nO can phai luon chu y trongtinh huOng lay mau.)i~u ki$n khi tU'Q'ng thay dOi co th~ dan den bi~n de;,ngrnanh trong chat 1U'Q'ngnuoc: nhCrng thay dbinrnr v;1iyphai dU'Q'cghi lai va d~ SLrdunq khi giai trinh ket qua.

7 L A y mau tll' nhCrng loal nLfac cu th~7.1 NU'60c t . , nhimCac tieu chuan sau day cLIng vai bo TCVN 6663 (ISO 5667) cung cap hU'ang dan cu the v~ lay rnaucac loai ruroc t l , J ' nhien va ~n phai duoc tham chieu den de co duoc cac thong tin Cl,lthe.TCVN 6663-6 (ISO 5667-6)[61 cung cap hU'ang dan lay mau nuoc song va suoi.TCVN 5997 (ISO 5667-8)[81 cung cap hU'ang dan lay mau nuoc bien.TCVN 5998 (ISO 5667-9)[91 cung cap huang dan lay mau nU'ac rmra.ISO 5667-19[181 cung cap hU'ang dan lay mau tr~m tlch bien.Khi fay mau nuo-c trong cac kenh c~n chu y rang huong cua dong chay co the thay d6i va t6c de;,dongchay thay dOi dang ke va phu thuoc vao 56 fU'Q'ngphuonq tien van tai thuy qua Iqj (nghia fa van hanhcac cll'a dong ma kenh) hon fa phu thuoc vao di~u ki$n thai tiet hi$n tai.C~n phai luu y r~ng Sl,l' phan fap va dong chay 58 c6 xu hU'cYngr5 ret hon trong di~u ki$n tinh c Y kenhhon fa c Y song. SI.,Pqua lai cua tau thuyen co the co tac dOng rnanh va ng13.nhan tai chat flYQ'ngnuoc &kenh, dilic biet ta t&i n6ng do chat ran 10'ICrng.TCVN 5994 (ISO 5667-4)[41 cung cap huang dan lay mau nooc tl,l' nhien trong cac h6 nhan tao.Trong cac bai tam dU'Q'Chinh thanh tl,l' nhien, can phai tien hanh lay mau nhu fa lay mau h6 hru trQ>ruroc va h6 (xern TCVN 5994 (ISO 5667-4)[41 ) Trong b~ boi co he th6ng tuan hoan nuoc, mau candU'Q'Cay & hong nuoc vao, nuoc ra va trong kh6i nucc cua be.

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TCVN 6663-1: 2011TCVN 6000 (ISO 5667-11)111 ] cung cap hU'ang dan I~y mau ruroc ngftm.ISO 5667-12[12J cung cap hU'ang d~n I~y mau vat lieu can I~ng trong cac song, suo], ha ao noi dia, khuvue cira song va canq.ISO 5667-17[16] cung cap hU'ong dan lelYrnau chat ran 10'Ivng.ISO 5667-18[17] cung cap hU'ong dan lay mau ruroc ngam a cac vi trl bi nhiem ban.7.2 NlI'

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TCVN 6663-1 :2011Khi nuoc thai tLr cac qua trinh cong nghi$p khac nhau thai vao mQt c6ng chinh chung, can hca tron dud! I~y dU'O'cmau nhu y.7.2.3 NU'ac thai va can bun7.2.3.1 TCVN 5999 (ISO 5667-10) cung cap hU'ang dan v~ ]ely mau nuoc thai. Lay rnau nuoc thaicOng co the g6m c6 loat can bun h6a chat duoc tao ra trong qua trinh xU>Iy ruroc thai conq nqhiep,nhu loai can bun chua kim loai doc hoac vat li$u ph6ng X < ; I hoac bun sinh hoc tLr cac nha may xU>Iynuoc thai. Khi Ifly mau cac loai bun nhu v~y thi dm phai ap dl,mg cac bien phap phonq ngCraan toanphu hop. TCVN 6663-13 (ISO 5667-13)l131 cung cap hU'ang dan va lfly rnau bun cong nghi$p diroc taora tCrXLYy ruroc va nU'cYchai.COng c6 th~ can ca nhCmg rnau khi mroc thai chay vao mot nha may X l r 1 9 va mau nvoc thai sau motvai giai dean XLYy, k!ca mau nuoc thai do da xU>IY.7.2.3.2 TCVN 6663-13 (ISO 5667 -13i131cung cap hU'ang dan v~ Ifly rnau can bun cong nghi$p dU'O'ctao ra tll' qua trinh xu 1 9 nuoc, xu 1ynuoc thai va tll' cac qua trinh san xuat, Tieu chuan nay ap dvngdU'O'ccho tflt ca cac loai can bun phat sinh tll' cac cong vi$c nay va cang ap dvng de Ifly cac mau canbun co cac d$c tinn tuonq tu, V I du can bun be crura. Huang dan ve thi~t ke chU'O'ng trinh Ifly mau vaky thu~t lelYmau can bun cLmg dU'Q'cdira ra trong tieu chuan nay.Viec xa thai cac loai rnroc nhU' neu a tren thong thU'cmg xay ra khi cac dong chay trong vung nuoc tiepnhan la cao va Sl,I' pha loang 180nanh tU'O'ng Lrng. Tuy v~y, vi mot s6 1 9 do, ruroc rrura lam cho nuocc6ng tran bflt c(r luc nao va ruroc chay trim be mc;lttra nen bi nhiem ban oen chll'ng mI,YCrna cac dongchay trim nay co the tro thanh nguOn de doa den chat iU'Q'ngrnroc mat ngay ca a oieu kien dong chayrnanh. Vi$c Ifly mau nhCrng trU'ang hop xa thai nhU' v~y co cac vfln o~ Oc;lcbiet do v i ban chat ngatquang cua n6 va do vi chelt 1U'Q'ngnuoc co th~ thay dbi dang ke qua giai doan xa thai. Chat IU'O'ngnuoc la kern nhAt a I~n phun xa d~u tien vi nhU' la khai d~u co rua dU'ang c6ng va cac khu Vl,J 'C ngamban. (y cac dl,mg cu lay mau tlY oong thu thap mau a cac quang thai gian o~u d$n va bat d~u Ifly maua cac dong chay da dinh cho duoc rat nhieu 10'1he nhU'ng dl,lng cu nay c~n phai dU'Q'Clap d:;it 6 tinhtranq san sang hoat dong tau dai. Trong nhieu tmang hO'Pvi$c lap d$1 cac dl,mg cu lay rnau nhu v~ytuy thuoc theo dong chay se dU'Q'cyeu cau. Ban chflt khong d6ng nhat v6n co cua nuoc c6ng khong bidong l

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TCVN 6663-1:20118 Thai gian v a tin suit liy mau8.1 Khai quatThong tin thU'ang duoc yeu cau trong suet khoanq thai gian rna chat lU'qng ruroc co th~ thay d6i. Dov?,y, can co gang lay mau & cac thai gian rna mau hoan toan d~i dien cho chat 1U'Q'ngva Sl)' thay dbi chila nhe nhat. ChO'O'ng trinh lay mau phai dO'qc thiet ke de tinh den chu ky theo rnua va himg ngay vaxem xet den chu ky cang viec thea tuan, cac tinh huong chuyen tiep hoac ngau nhien va keo dai theathai gian hoac chi la xu hU'6ng. Cach tiep can nay mau thuan v6i each chon tan suat lay mau dua trencac xem xet d6i to'Q'ng quan tam hoac ket qua co san de lay mau va phan tich mau. Ca hai phU'O'ngphap nay co the dan den viec lay mau hoan toan khong thich hop hoac, ve mat Iy thuyet tan suat laymau khang can thiet.C6 the phai tang t@lnsuat lay mau trong khi dieu ki~n bat thU'ang keo dal, vi du trong qua trinh nha maykh&i dong, trong dieu kien lut 10i xay ra trong song noac thai gian tao phat trien bung n6. Trong tinhtoan cac xu hU'6ng dai han, ket qua thu dU'Q'ctu nhfrng mau nay chi dU'Q'cS L r dl,lng neu cho phep duoctang tan suat lay mau, va cac mau nay la rnau thea tronq so thai gian sao cho giai doan lay mau capt~p nay thu nhan dU'Q'cIO'O'ngmau tuonq Crng.8.2 Cae chU'O'ng trinh quan Iy chAt hfgng nlJ'6oeCac chU'O'ngtrinh quan Iy chat 1U'Q'ngnuoc thU'ang lien quan den viec kiem soat nong do cua mot noacnhieu chat can xac djnh trong gi6i han da djnh. Can co ket qua de quyet dinh Ii~u can hanh dong ngayhay khang. Do do, phai chon t@lnsuat lay mau de dam baa la cho cac do sai lech dang ke narn nqoaigi6i han ki~m scat dU'Q'cxac djnh ra gifra cac lilln do lien tiep. C6 hai yeu t6 quyet djnh tan suat:a) DO 16nva khoang thai gian cua do lech tu cac dieu kien mong muon;b) xac suat xuat hien dO lech by cac dieu kien mong muon.Xac djnh g~n dung nhfrng yeu t6 nay luon se la co the, nhunq Sl)' danh gia hop ly se tao kha nang chogia tri cong viec de suy lu~n ra t@lnsuat lay mau.8.3 Cae ehU'O'ng trinh xac djnh d~c tinh chit h,l'9'ng ",,,acCac chu'onq trinh X8C dinh d~c tinh chat llfqng nuoc co rnuc dich de U'cYCU'qng mot noac nhieu honcac thong s6 thong ke dac trU'ng cho nong dOcua mot hoac nnieu cac chat can xac djnh hoac tinh biendong cua chung trong mot quang thai gian xac dinh, hoac ca hai. Vi du, gia tri trung binh hoac trung vichi ra xu tht tap trung cu a cac ket qua va do lech chu~n chi ra Sl)' bien dong nay. Ket qua co the elmnhu la mot ph an cua mot cuoc dieu tra nghiem cuu hoac de xac djnh di,lc tinh cua cac chat can xac dinhrna hien thai khong dm dU'Q'ckiem soat hoac dung cho rnuc dich kiem scat dai han.

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4TCVN 6663-1 :20118.4 Cae chwO'ngtrinh di~u tra nguyen nhan nhi~m bin nwacCac chU'ang trlnh dieu tra nguyen nhan nhiem ban nuoc din duoc thi~t k e nharn xac dinh d~c tlnh cuaphat thai 0 nhiem chua biet ngu6n goc.N6i chung cac chuonq trinh nay dua tren nhCrng hieu bi~t ve ban chat hoac ban chflt cac chflt nhiemb!m va S I , J ' trung hO'Pcua tinh chu k y cua Sl) ' xuat hien nhiem b~n va Ifly m~u.Cac chuan Clf nay doi hoi su' Ia.yrnau, ngU'O'c lai vO'i Sl,t' lay m~u duoc ti~n hanh de quan Iy chat IU'O'ngva xac dinh d~c tinh chat IlJ'Q'ng,can phai thuc hien 6' tan suat hoi cao han tan suat xuat hien 0 nhiem.Lay mau kiem ke tu nhieu cac dla di~m 103uon co lch 10 '1trong viec xac djnh ala diem cac ngu6n nhiemb

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TCVN 6663-1 :2011c6 95 % xac suat rna khcanq do S8 chua trung binh thuc (nghia ta chi 5 % xac suat rna gia tr! thuc narnnqoai khoanq do).Vai tnronq hop trong do mot 10 150). Khicac U'c1CU'Q'ngdu9'c dua tren so mau dU'ai 30 mau, luc do, U K n phai ducc thay the bang gia tri { cuaphan bo Student (c6 the I~y b) bang phan tram cua cua ham s6 phan bo 1).

Bang 1 - Cac gia t ri KMLrc tin ci)y, % 99 98 95 90 80 68 50K 2,58 2,33 1,96 1,64 1,28 1 0,6

8.5.2 Syobi~n dQng ngau nhi!n v a co h~ thtmg cua chat 1U'Q'ngnU'acSl,I' bien dong ngau nhien thU'ang c6 d~c tinh phan bo chuan hoac kh6ng chuan. Sl,I' bien dong h$thong c6 th~ ta xu huong hoac Sl,l' bien dong theo chu ky, va ket hop ca hai c6 the xay ra. San chat SI)'bien dong c6 the khac vc1i cac chat elm xac dinh khac nhau nghien ciru trong cunq mot vunq nuoc.Neu thay d6i ngau nhien la chiem uu the, thai gian lay mau v~ m~t thong ke la kh6ng quan tronq, macdu chunq c6 the quan trong cho qua trinh kiem soat chat 1U'Q'ng.Neu SI,f bien dong xay ra c6 tinh chat chu ky, thai gian lay mau la quan tronq hoac de baa trum ca chuk y hoac de phat hi$n nbng do CI,fCd

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TCVN 6663-1 :2011mroc co h$ thong hay kh6ng da xay ra giCfa mot khoanq thai gian xac dinh va quanq thai gian khac (vidu qua hal giai doan lien tiep hang narn) thi luc do chuonq trinh Ifly mau hieu qua nhat la lay rnau t

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Ki~m soat X L r Iy nuoc cong va nuoc thai va quan Iy chat 1U'q'ngnuoc tl,l' nhien bang S L r dunq cac kythuat rna hinh toan hoc da lam tang tam quan tronq cua so Ii$u dong chay. Vi du, 1U'q'nga nhiem khongth~ danh gia n~u khang do dong chay. Phan nay chi ra nguyen tac dong chay can xem xet khi I$pchuonq trinh I~y rnau. Tuy nhien viec do dong chily thU'ang khang dU'qc cac nha khoa hoc nqhien cuunuoc thuc hien, chi ti~t thuc hanh khang d~ cap cYday. V~ v~n d~ nay, can tham khao cac tieu chuantU'O'ngCYng do Ban ky thuat ISOfTC 30, Do dong chEWchat long trang ong dan k in, va ISOfTC 113, Doluu IlJ'(Yngchat long bien soan.C6 narn khia canh cua dong chay can do, d6la: )

TCVN 6663-1 :2011Nguyen Iy nay cOng giong nguyen tac chuan bi mau t o hop. Ca hai nguyen tac nay deu giam nhe cangphan tich S l _ J ' bien dong chat luonq.

9 Cac phep do dong va cac tinh hu6ng bi~n lu~n cac phep do dong cho muc dich ki6msoat chat ILFQ'ngnLFac

9.1 Khai quat

a) HU'ong ella dong,b) Toe dOdong,c) Toc dOthai,d) Cau true dong,

9.2 Huang ella dongTrang da 56 ngu6n nU'oc luc dia hU'ong cua dong chay la r6 ret, nhU'ng voi cac kenh dung cho tau beva cac kenh dung cho tU'O'itieu thi lai khang lucn nhu v$y vi hU'ong cua dong c6 th~ thay dOi thea thaigian va co kha nang daa hU'ong va ngay ca ngU'q'c dong. Cac song cOng c6 thEdao ngll'q'c dong trongcac xoay nuoc hoac trong esc hoan canh khac.BietdlJ'q'c each thuc ella dong nooc ngam trang tang ng$m nuoc ta r~t quan tronq trong viec danh giah.;tuqua cua a nhiem tang ng$m nuoc va trong viec chon dia di~m d~ khaan lay mau.Trang cac qua trinh xli' Iy, each thuc nuoc chuyen dong trong bll chua anh hU'cYngd~n Sl,I' hoa tron cuacac thanh phan, va S l _ J ' I~ng dQng cua chat 10'Ilrng can phai tinh d~n dll dam bao mau duoc lay la daidien.Trang nU'cYCcac cLra song va ven bi~n, thU'ang xuyen can phai do hU'ong ruroc chuyen dOng nhu lamot phan quan tronq cua chuonq trinh I~y mau. Ca hU'&ng va toc dOdong co the chiu thay dOi lon, phuthuoc vao dong thuy trieu, chiu anh hU'cYngcua dieu kien khi tU'q'ng va esc yeu to va dieu ki$n khac.

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TCVN 6663-1 :20119.3 TOc de}dongToe 09 dong ehay la quan trcnq tronga) Trang khi tfnh toan toe 09 thai (xem 9.1),b) Trang khi tinh toan toe d9 trung binh hoac thai gian chay, rna ooi voi rnuc dieh chat IU'O'ngnuoc, d6

la thai gian can o~ m9t khoi nuoc o a eho di chuyen duoc m9t khoang each oa oinh,c) Trong oanh gia hieu Lrngcua cuon xoay va 5 1 , 1 ' pha tron cua m9t khoi nuoc gay ra do toe d9 dong chay.9 .4 TOc d e} thaiToe dOthai ta th~ tich chat long di qua mot di~m da eho trong don vi thai gian (xem Hinh A2). Thong tinve toe d9 trung binh va toe d9 cue tri cua dong thai la co sa d~ thi~t k~ va v~n hanh cac nha may xLi Iynuoc thai sinh hoat va nuoc thai san xuat, d~ xac dinh gi6i han chat IUQ'ngeho Sl,l' an toan cua cac dongnuoc t l , J ' nhien,9.5 ciu true dongciflu true cua dong c6 th~ lam anh huang rnanh d~n toe d9 pha tren theo chleu dQCva chieu ngang.Ctn phai than trong o~ oanh gia li$u dong I e ] mot kenh dan bi han ch~ trong mot so kenh dan (nghia lab! that lai) va lieu co esc xoay nuoc hay khong. Mt each I y tuong, mau nen duQ'c thu thap tLYmot kenhdon Ie ruroc duoc hoa tron deu; vi du cac quan sat c~u true dong trong nhieu kenh va cac xoay nuoc,90'i y 1i3cac mau c6 th~ khong dai dien.9.6 Thiit di~nCac thi~t dien I~y mau c6 th~ khac nhau tlY gtn giong nhu hinh chCrnhat d~n cac thiet dien c6 trongcac kenh dan sau val mot canh, d~n cac thi~t dien co trong cac kenh dan tlY rong cho d~n hep va sau.NhC'rngdi~m d~c trung nay vlYa anh hU'ong d~n 5 1 , 1 ' hoa tron va d~n 5 1 , 1 ' xoi rnon, va co the thay d6i theothai gian trong nhCrng suoi tl,l' nhien va cac kenh dan nuoc nhan tao.9.7 Bi~n lu~n cho cac phep do dong trong quan Iy kiltm soat chAt hpQ'ng nlJ'ac9.7.1 Tai 111gng cua tram xu. Iyse lieu dong chay la can thiet d~ danh gia tai 1U'Q'ng0 nhiem tac dong len m9t tram xU>IY.Dieu nay yeucau do tal cac di~m thai tren h$ thong c6ng cOng nhu tai chinh nha may xLi I y ruroc. N~u nuoc thai canX tf Iy thay ooi vi; IU'O'nghoac chat thea thai gian thi can ghi lai dong thai lien h,JCd~ c6 oUO'C5 1 , 1 ' danhgia dang tin c~y v e tal IUQ'ng. Thong thuang, cac mau to hop duoc tao ra b~ng each tron Ian nhC'rngmau lien quan d~n dong chay aa duoc ghi chep 0 thai gian l~y mau. Chi phi X l i ' Iy nuoc thai congnghi$p dOVaG c6ng chung ty 1$true ti~p val ca chat luO'ng va the tich cua nuoc thai duoc thai ra.9.7.2 Hi~u (Png pha 103ng (cac tinh toan v~ bi~n dAi dong)

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TCVN 6663-1 :2011Can phai S lr dl,mg day du cac hieu Lrng pha loang do h$ thong eong tiep nhan nuoc tao ra khi tinh toananh hU'ang e6 the c6 cua mot xa thai IEmmot dU'cYngnuoc tu nhien va giai han chat IU'O'ngcan d~ andinh cho n6. H~ so pha loanq can phai dU'Q'ctinh toano Trong khi 1 i 3 Y mau dU'O'ctien hanh thi 51! xa thaicac chat doc hai vao cong chung can phai duoc ki~m soat chat che sao cho ngU'cYiI~y mau, cac congva qua trinh xu ly khong bi anh hU'ang b~t 10'1.9.7.3 Tinh toan kh6i ILFQ'ngdongTinh khoi IU'O'ngdong dU'Q'cdung rong rai d~ lap giai han thai tuan thu va d~ danh gia hieu lJ'ng chatIU'O'ngcua song tnru tU'O'ng va nang cao. NhCmg tinh toan nhu v~y la co ban d~ r n a hinh hoa chat1U'Q'ngren toan bo h$ thong song va eua song va thU'ong dua tren so lieu dong thai trung binh hoacdi~n hlnh. Ky thuat mo hlnh hoa dong doi hoi ca so lieu dong chay lien tuc va tinh toan gia tri dong chaytheo tan suat.9.7.4 51! v~n chuy6n chAt gay nhi6m ban v a hiqu suAt thu hOiN!unang dq ella mot chat gay nhiem ban trong dong thai thay deSival thai gian, thi 51! U'ac tinh tin c$yv~ tinh phan tan hoac phan huy cua chat gay nhiem bfm chi eo th~ eo duoc neu bi~t hieu suat vanchuyen chat gay nhiem ban t(P diem thai. Do v~y mot chuonq trinh lay mau tren song hoac a cua songcan co gang lay dU'O'cmot 1U'Q'ngnuoc giong nhu n6 di chuyen doc theo dong song.Khi co 51! co do tran chat gay 6 nhiem ra s6ng thi bi!t thai gian can de chat nhiem ban chay xuongdU'oi ha luu cac dCrli~u khac khong c6 gia tri trong viec danh gia hieu Crngsu' nhiem ban nhu' v~y.9.7.5 Cac chAt cin xac dinh lien quan (lin dong chayN6ng do cua mot so chat can xac dinh chat 1U'Q'nguroc lien quan tai toc do dong chay nhu dO cCrngtam thai hoac clo da dU'Q'c tim thay, trong mot 56 hoan canh nhat dlnh, c6 lien quan voi toe do dongchay trong cac song hoac suoi, thU'ong vai mot pharn vi han ch~. N~u cac s6 lieu ph':" hop la san co,m61quan he giCrat6c do dong chay va] n6ng do, c6 the danh gia dU'O'cch~t 1U'Q'ngnuoc lien quan t6icac chat can xac dinh nay chi tlY CaGphep do t6c do dong. Can luon kiem tra & cac quang thai gian dechac chan xem quan h$ d6 li$u van con dung khong.9.7.6 NLPcYengim

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8anh gia tin c~y nguy co nhiem ban nguon mroc ngam va toe do ~6i phuc dU'Q'cdl,l' ki!n cua n6 canbi!tdLfQ'Chuang va toc do van chuyen cua nuoc ngam. Thong tin nay luc do co the su dl,lng de tranhbat kh6 khan va giam chi phi h i y rnau nuoc ngam de danh gia a nhiem.9.8 Cae phU'O'ng phap hi~n co san d6 do dong ehay9.8.1 Cac phep do co th~ la gian dean nhu cac phep do dung phao tren m(>t cea song hoac dong hodo dong doc true tiep tren tren mot con song, hoac c6 the la do lien tuc nhu dung d6ng h6 do dong thai.9.8.2 HLfcYngva toe dOdong co th~ do banga) V~t n6i,

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TCVN 6663-1 :2011b) Phao va vat troi.c) V$t hoa chat (ke ca pharn nhuorn),d) Vet vi sinh vat,e) Vet ph6ng xa.9.8.3 T6c do dong cGng co the do b~mga) > b n g h b do dong, loai dQCva ghi tnrc tiep,b) Ky thuat sieu am,c) K y thuat di$n t t Y ,d) Kythu~tkhinen_9.8.4 8 1 , 1 ' xa thai co the xac dinh bientll', sieu am va cac ky thuat khac,5) >0pha loang, dll tien hanh phep do dillm xa thai trong dong ruroc tl,l' nhien.

10.1 Khifli quatC6 nhieu tinh huang lay mau, mot s6 trong d6 co the dU'Q'Choa man bang lay cac mau diem dan gian,trong khi d6 cac mau khac c6 the dm cac dl,mg Cl,J lay mau phuc tap.Cac loai lay mau khac nhau tat ca d~u duoc kiem tra xem xet, mot vai chi tiet trong TCVN 5994 (ISO5667-4)141 va trong cac phan sau d6 cua TCVN 6663 (ISO 5667), v a can tham khao cac tieu chuan domet khi thay can thlet.

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4se li$u phan tich c6 th. la can d.cho bi~t chat lU'qng nuoc bang each xac dinh cac thong s6 nhu nongdOcua cac chat vo co, chat khoanq hila tan hay cac h6a chat, cac khi noa tan, vat lieu hCrucc hila tanva chat ran 10'ILing trong rueoc hcac trong can day tai mot thai di~m va dia di~m cu th~ qua mot quangthai gian cu th. tai dia di.m d~c thu.Mot s6 thong s6 nhat dinh, nhu nong dO cac khf hoa tan can dU'qc do tai cho n~u co th~ d~ co dU'Q'ccac k~t qua dung. Qui trinh bao quan mau can duoc thuc hien phu hop voi cac trU'ong hop xem TCVN6663-3 (ISO 5667 _3)[3)d~ dU'qc hU'ong dan.

TCVN 6663-1 :2011

Cac mau tach biet dn phai dU'Q'CsLi dl,mg cho cac phan tich hoa hoc, vi sinh vat hoc va sinh hoc vi quitrinh va dl,lng CI,Id~ lay mau va x u Iy mau la khac nhau va khong tuonq thich.Cac ky thuat lay rnau se khac nhau theo tinh hu6ng CI,Ith.. Cac loai lelYmau khac nhau va chuonqtrinh lay mau kern theo oU'Q'cme ta trong 8ilu 7.Cfm thi~t phai phan biet Ia.ymau nU'oc I~ng va nuoc chay. Mau dillm (10.2) va mau t6 hop (10.6) la apdunq duoc cho ca nuoc I~ng va ruroc chay. LelYmau theo chu ky (10.3) va lay mau lien tuc (10.4) laap dl,lng dU'Q'ccho nuoc chay, trong khi do lay mau theo 10

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4TCVN 6663-1 :201110.4 MAu lien tue10.4.1 Mau lien tuc dU'Q'c l A y i Y tac d9 dong ca djnh (mau lien tuc theo thai gian)Cac mau dU'Q'cI~y bing ky thuat nay 6 t6c do dong mau c6 djnh (xem Hlnh A.6) va chua t~t ca cacthann pha.n co mat trong mot giai doan I~y mau, nhU'ng trong nhilu trU'ang hop, khong dU'a ra duocthong tin vl bi~n dong cua n6ng dO cua cac thong s6 Cl) thl trong giai doan Ifly mau.10.4.2 MAu lien tu c lA y mAu (y tac dQ dong bi6n dQng (mAu lien tu c theo dong)Cac mau cOng c6 th~ duoc I~y 6 cac toe dO dong mau thay dlli ty 1$voi toc dO dong ruroc dang dU'Q'Clay mau (xem Hinh A.7). Trong tmang hop nay mau dU'Q'cthu thap ty 1$v&i dong la dai dien cua chat1U'Q'ngruroc khoi. N~u ca dong va thanh pha.n thay dlli thi rnau ty 1$v&i dong co th~ lam 10r6 cac bi~ndong rna co th~ khong quan sat dlJ'Q'Cbang SLYdl)ng mau di~m, mi~n la cac mau nay van con tach bi$tva dO so mau dlJ'Q'c I~y d~ phan bi$t giua cac thay dOi trong thanh phan. Vi v~y, day la phU'O'ngphapI~y mau dong chay nuoc dung nhat neu ca toc dO dong va n6ng do cac tac nhan 6 nhiem quan tamthay dlli dang k~.10.5 Liy mau theo loatLc1Ymau theo lcat c6 th~ lien quan d~n mot s6 cac mau dU'Q'c I~y tLr cac dO sau khac nhau cua motkh6i nuoc tal dia di!m Ct,Jh~ (mau thea" dO sau) hoac mot loat mau ruroc dU'Q'Clay tLr mot dO sau Cl)th~ cua mot khoi nuoc tai cac dja di~m khac nhau (mau thea di$n tich).10.6 Mau tb hQ'pCac mau t6 hop thU'ang dU'Q'ethu thap bang thu eong hoac duoc thu thap tl,.l'dong, tU'ang ling voi ki~ulay mau (lay mau tllY thuoc thea dong, tuy thuoc theo thai gian hay lay mau thea th~ tich). Cac maudU'Q'Clay lien h,IC co th~ dlJ'Q'c trQn voi nhau d~ thu duoc mau t6 hoop.Mau t6 hop cung cflp so li$uthanh phan trung blnh. Do do, truce khi phoi tron esc mau can phai ki~m dinh Ic;iicac so li$u la dungyeu cau, hoac lei cac thong so quan tam khong thay dOi dang k! trong giai doan lay mau. Cac mau t6hop la co gia tr] trong nhung trlJ'ong hop khi tuan thu gi&i han dua theo chat IU'Q'ngnuoc trung binh.10.7 Mau tht1 tich IanMot so phU'O'ng phap dung d~ phan tieh cac chat xac dinh, yeu cau lay mau th~ tlch lon, khcanq tLr50 lit d~n vai met khoi. Cac mau ton nho v~y la can thiet, vi du khi phan tich thu6c baa v$ thuc vathoac vi sinh v~t rna khong the nuoi cay. Mau nay co th~ vl1a thu thap bang each thong thU'ong cung voi5 1 , . 1 ' din trQng nham baa dam cac binh crnra mau, thunq chua mau sach, hoac bang each cho nuocchay qua hop hap thu noac hop lee c6 lap d6n9 h6 do the tich, tuy thea chat can xac djnh. Vi du. hoptrao d6i ion hoac than heat tinh co th~ dU'oocSLYdl,mg d~ I~y mau thuoc bao ve thuc vat.Cac chi tiilt chinh xac ella cac qui trinh sau d6 tuy thuoc vao loai nuoc dlJ'Q'Clay mau va cac chat canxac djnh. Van di~u tiet de ki~m sa a t hru 1lJ'Q'ngchay qua hQp hap thu hoac hQp toe can du'oc dung d~tao ap suat. 86i v6i hau hilt cac chat can xac dinh, can lap bam vao phia sau hop hap thu hoac hop loc

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TCVN 6663-1 :2011cling voi a6ng h6 do. Neu chat can xac dinh la de bay hoi thl born nay can a~t cang gan voi cho mauvao canq tot, cunq voi d6ng h6 do dLYOOCap sau hop h~p thu hoac hop lee.Khi I~y mau loai nuoc van due chua ch~t ran 10'lling co the lam bit hop hap thu hoac hop loc, hoac neu1U'Q'ngcua chat can xac dinh yeu cau phan tlch VU'Q'tqua nang Il,I'ccua hop h~p thu hoac hop loc hienco thi nen SLYdunq mot loat cac hcp hap thu hoac hop loc c6 10nuoc vao va 10nuoc ra dLYQ'Cap vandi~u chfnh ILYU1U'Q'ngdong. Ban dau, dong I~y mau can dU'Q'chU'ong vao mot hOp h~p thu hoac hoplee, cac hOp hap thu hoac hop loc khac khong nhan nuoc, va khi t6c d6 dong giam xu6ng dang ke thihU'&ng dong lay mau vao cac hop h~p thu hoac hop loc con tinh khiet. Neu c6 moi nguy ve Sl,I'qua taicua hop hap thu hoac hop loc, thi luc d6 cac hOp h~p thu ho~c hop lee con tinh khiet duoc I"p noi tnrctuyen liem tiep vao phia truoc hop hap thu hoac hop lee bi qua hi;; luc d6 dong chay vao hcp hap tnuhoac hop loc bi qua tai duoc d6ng lai. c . ~

:,Khi mot hoac nhieu hop hap thu hoac hop lee cunq dU'Q'cSLYdunq, thi chunq can dU'Q'cxlily cunq voinhau va dU'ooccoi l a mau t6 hoop.Neu nuoc thai tll' cling mot che 0 0 I~y mau nhU' v~y dU'Q'cd6 tra laitrong khoi nuoc dang oU'OOc~y mau, thi luc d6 Cieu quan tronq la d5 ra voi khoang each au xa voi diemlay mau, sao cho khong lam ann hU'ang den ruroc dang dU'Q'Clay rnau

11 D~ng cl:Iltiy miu11.1 Khili quatCan tham khao TCVN 6663-3 (ISO 5667-3)[3] ve cac tlnh huang lay mau Cl,Jhe; cac hU'ong dan neu raa day la dll tro giup hra chon v~t lieu de lfng dl,mg chung. Cac thanh phan h6a chat (cac chat can xacdinh) trong rnroc, dU'OOcphan tich de danh gia chat lU'oongnU'tYc c6 day n6ng do tll' 1U'Q'ngdU'cYimicrogram hoac 1U'Q'ngvet cho den lU'oongIan. esc kh6 khan xay ra thLYO'ngxuyen g6m Sl,J'hfip phu cuacac h6a ch~t can xac dinh len thanh cua dl,Jngcu lay mau hoac blnh chua mau, nhiem b~n tnroc khilay mau xily ra do lam v$ sinh khong hoan hao dl,JngCI,Jay mau hoac binh crura mau va nhiem banmau do vat li$udu thanh dunq Cl,JI~y mau hoac binh chua mau.Sinh chua mau phai dLPQ'chiet ke de bao t6n thanh phan mau khoi that thoat do hap pbu hoac bay hO'ihoac bi nhi.m ban cac chat ngo;;ii lai.Sinh chua mau SLYdunq de lay mau va luu gill' mau phai dU'Q'c Il,I'a chon sau khi xem xet, vi du bennhiet, kh6ng de va de d6ng kin va de rno tro lai, kich thuoc. khai IlJ'Q'ng tinh san c6 de dung, gia ca vakha nang d e lam sach va tai S L r dl,Jng,V.V.Nmtim st,r tro giup chi tiet tll' nha phan tich de c6 hra chon cuoi cunq ve dunq CI,Jay mau hoac binhcrura mau.Can luu y de phonq nglJ'a mau bj dong lanh, d~c biet 103hi S L r dl,Jngbinh chua mau lam tli thuy tinh.Khuyen nghi dung polyetylen mat dO cao lam v~t lieu binh chua khi xac dinh silic, natri, t6ng kiern,clorua, do dan rienq, pH va do cLrng cua nuoc. Nen sli dl,Jngcac vat lieu nhay sang, thuy tinh hap thu

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4TCVN 6663-1 :2011anh sang. Thep khang gi can can nhac d~ lay mau ruroc c6 ap suat cao va/noac nhiet dQ cao hoac khilay rnau vat Ii~u hCruCO' c6 nong dQ 1U'Q'ngvet.Sinh thuy tinh n6i chung la phu hop cho cac hop chat hCrucava cac loai vi sinh v~t (nhU'ng khang phai113uon luon phu hO'P),b inh crura bang plastic dung cho cac chat ph6ng X < ; : I . 8ieu quan tronq can luu y103unq cu lay mau lam tLl'cac v$t li$u nay luon co miemg d$m neopren 1 va van bai tron vai d~u. NhCrngvat lieu nhu v~y khang thea man cho lay mau d~ phan tlch hCruco va vi sinhS5 sung cho cac dc;ictinh vat 1'1mong mu6n nhu neu & tren, birth chua mau dung d~ thu mau va chuarnau can dU'Q'chra chon co tinh den cac tieu chi vuot trQi sau day (dc;ic biet 103khi thanh ph~n oU'Q'cphan tich co IU'Q'ngrat nne):a) T6i thi~u h6a nhiem ban mau nuoc do vat lieu che tao binh chua hoac nap d$y cua no, vi du cac

thanh phan h6a chat va co chiet ra tLl' thuy tinh (dc;icbiet 103huy tinh rnem) va cac hop chat hCruCO',kim loai tLl'nhua plastic va chat dan hoi (nap d~y 16tnhua vinyl, cao su);

b) Kha nang lam v$ sinh va xli' 1'1hanh cua binh crura mau d~ giam thieu nhiem ban be m~t do cacthanh phan 1U',nget nhu kim I0 < ; : 1 i nc;.nghoac nhan ph6ng X < ; : I ;

c) Tinh tro sinh hoc va h6a hoc cua v$t li$u rna dU',cung de lam blnh chua nharn ngan ngLl'a hoacgiam thieu phan Lrng gifra cac thanh phan cua mau va birth chua;

d) Sinh chua mau cOng gay ra sai s6 do hap phu cac h6a chat can xac djnh. Kim 10

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TCVN 6663-1:2011l !Khong nen SLrvat lieu lee hoat tinh voi h6a ch~t giCfa nap binh va 16tbinh vi cac loai lee nhU' veilyco thl!la nguon gay nhiem ban.Neu m~u dU'Q'cvan chuyen trong mot thungJhop dl,mg den ph6ng thi nghi';!mphan tich, thi nap hop canphili dU'Q'Ck~t cau nharn ph6ng ngu>acac nut binh dl,J'ngm~u long ra, c6 the gay nen trao do va/ho$cnhiem ban m~u.D~ dam bao SLrdl,mg dung cac binh crura rnau, tham khao TCVN 6663-3 (ISO 5667-3)[31 .11.2.2 Sinh dl}'ng m~u dung cho cac ch~t nh,y anh sang

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D~ ba sung cho cac xem xet da de cap den, viec luu giCfcac m~u chtra cac v~t li$u nhay val anh sang,ke ca rong, can bao v';!chung khoi b] tiep xuc voi anh sang. Voi nhCfng trU'ang hop nhu v~y, can phaiSLrdl,mg binh crura phai dlJ'Q'ccau true val vat lieu mo due hoac thuy tinh khong Quang h6a, va chungdU'Q'cxep trong cac thunq chong anh sang trong thai gian luu trCfm~u keo dai.11.2.3 Sinh dl!ng miu dung cho cac thanh phin ho,c khi hoa tanD e thu va phan tich m~u c6 chua cac khi h6a tan hoac cac thanh phan se b] thay doi do Sl,JCkhi, nendung cac blnh mi$ng hep phan tich nhu cau oxy sinh h6a (BOD). NhG>ngblnh nay din duoc lap vai cacnut bang thuy tinh de giam thi~u Sl_1'ut giG>kh6ng khi va vi the can YEWdIU d$c biet de d6ng kin trongqua trlnh van chuyen.11.2.4 Sinh d.,ng miu d t: phan tich lU'qrngv~t cac ch~t hlPUcoo0 nhi~mSinh ol_1'ngm~u dl! phan tich 1U'Q'ngvet cac chat hCfu co phai bang thuy tinh, vi t~t ca cac binh chuaplastic lam can tro phan tlch co d o nhay cao. Nap d~y phai la thuy tinh hoac PTFE.11.2.5 Sinh dl!n" ~u dung cho cac xet nghi~m vi sinh 'l?~H I " ' : " - .'" ..;omt- _1-.'. ~ -1'._- - ._ "d,dt;;fn VI Sinh V~H noc duoc neu chi tiet trong TCVN

,..) llSO 5667-16)[151 va ISO 19458[23), Binh chua mau phai c6 kha nang chiu dU'Q'cnhiet dO cao..;ay ra trong qua trinh tiet trunq. Trong qua trinh ti$t trunq hoac luu giG>m~u, vat Ii';!ubinh chu'a phaikh6ng tiet ra h6a chat co the LPCche Sl_1'inh ton cua vi sinh vat, khong tiet ra hca chat dOc hoac kichthich sinh trU'ang. M~u phai dU'Q'cgifr kin cho den khi dU'Q'Crno ra trong ph6ng thi nghi';!mva can phaingan ngua nhiem b~n.

12 Ol}n9 Cl} lay miu cho cac d~c tinh v~t Iy ho~c h6a hQC12.1 Khai quatTh~ tich mau dU'Q'Clay can phai d u cho nhu cau phan tlch va cho phan tich l.;ip lai. Vi$c stY dl,Jngth~tich m~u r~t it co th~ gay cho mau da lay la kh6ng d~i dien. Them VaGd6, mau nho cOng co the lamtang kh6 khan Sl_1'ap thu vi ty s6 dien tlch tren the tich c6 quan h$ voi nhau.Dunq Cl,Jay mau hieu qua can phaia) Toi thi~u thai gian tieo xuc giG>amau va binh chua mau,

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TCVN 6663H1 :2011b) sCrd l,lng cac vat lieu khong gay nhiem ban mau,c) DU'Q'cthi~t k~ don gian o~ oam bao trang rCrade dang, co be mat nhan va khong co cac 'dong roi

nhu' cac cho uon cong va cang co It voi va van khoa cang tot (tat ca dl,lng cu lay mau din phaiduoc ki~m tra d~ dam bao la khong tao ra sai so),

d) DU'Q'cthi~t k~ voi tinh phu hop cua he thong trong moi tU'O'ngquan voi mau nuoc dU'Q'cyeu cau(nghia la hoa chat, sinh hoc hoac vi sinh vat).

D~ lay mau cac khi hoa tan, tham khao 12.5.12.2 Dl;ln9 cl;I d! lAymau d il!mMau di~m thU'CrngdU'Q'Cay thu cong theo cac dieu kien dft mo ta trong 10.2. Dl,JngCl,Jay mau don giannhat d~ lay mau be mat la xo hoac blnh rong mi$ng cho roi VaGkhoi ruroc va nhac khoi nuoc sau khiruroc dft vao day. Ban chat cua van de oang nqhien CLrUsa xac dinh loai mau din dU'Q'clely. Noi chungt6 t nhat la lay mau true ti~p VaGtrong blnh chua mau.Trang thuc t~, mot blnh n~ng a~y n~p diroc tha chim VaGtrong khoi nuoc. Tai ao sau aa chon tnroc,nap d~y dU'Q'cma ra va nuoc luc ao VaGday binh rai sau do dU'Q'ckeo len. Tac aong anh hU'ang cuakhong khl hoac esc khi khac len tlnh nguyen ven cua mau khi binh dft day nuoc hoac khi keo lE~ncanphai xem xet vi nh(fng dieu nay co th~ lam thay ooi thong so dU'Q'cnghim cuu (vi du, oxy hca tan). cacbinh lay mau a~c biet trann dU'Q'Cvan ae nay (vi du blnh thao nuoc) la san co d~ dung. Doi voi cackhoi rnrocc b] phan tang, cac ong thuy tinh, nhl!a hay kim loai duoc chia dO co cac aau ha co th.duoctha xuong d~ lay mau th~ng aCrng cua khoi rurec. Tai di~m lay mau, phia day ong nay duoc d6ng laibang mot co ch~ tnroc khi dU'Q'ckeo len khoi m~t nuoc. Dvng cu lay mau nay thU'ang dU'Q'cgOi theothu~t ngG>a binh nU'oc van hanh theo truym tin (binh messenger).12.3 Giu muc hoac giu vet d ! lAymau c,n lingCan lang c6 th~ dU'Q'c lely mau bang gau muc hoac gau vet dU'Q'cthi!t k~ d~ xuyen vao lap nen day, dokh6i 1U'Q'ngl! tronq cua chunq hoac do don blly. Cac net d~c thu thiet k! khac nhau va gam ca 16xokhai oong hoac dU'Q'cklch hoat bang luc trong trtJ'ong dong nqam xuc. Chung cOng khac nhau theohinh danq cua gf:iu nqoan, g6c vuong d!n g6c nhon, dien tich va kich ttnroc cua mau dU'Q'Clay. V i th!ban chat cua m~u lay dU'Q'Ca bi anh hU'ang bai cac y~u t6 nhu'a) DC>sau dam xuyen vao lap nen day,b) Goc cua ngam oong,c) Hieu qua cua gau muc (kha nang d. tranh cac vat can tra d6ng gau lai) ,d) Tao ra s6ng va gay ra that thoat cac thanh phan hoac sinh v~t tc;lidiem giao cat bun nuoc,e) DO 6n djnh cua mau trong dong chay nhanh.

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Trong viec lua chon cac loai gau rnuc vet, rnoi tnronq s6ng, chuven dong cua nuoc. khu vue lay mauva rnoi loai dl,mg Cl,Jhuyen be d~u phai dU'Q'cxem xet d~n.Xo rnuc co nap keo dU'Q'Clap rap tlJ'O'ngtl)' nhu dl,Jng Cl,Jsu dunq dim d~t. Thong thlJ'ang duoc vanhanh tll' phia day, duoc ha xu6ng & dia di~m da chon d~ thu mot rnau t6 hop tU'O'ngd6i 16n. Ket qua lalam cho mau duoc xac dinh chinh xac hon v~ khia canh vi tri I~y mau hon Iii khi dung gau rnuc.12.4 Ong thu mau hinh truCac 6ng thu mau hinh tru duoc SLYdunq khi can thong tin lien quan den chieu thang dung cua mottram tlch day dU'Q'Cquan tam. TnY khi mau thu duoc c6 do ben co hoc, can phai c;.nthan khi tien hanhlay mau ra khoi 6ng thu mau nharn bao v$ tinh toan ven theo chieu doc cua mau.12.5 Ol:lng cl:I d~ lely rnau khi h6a tan va chat bay haiMau thich hop d~ xac dinh chinh xac cac khl h6a tan can phai oU'Q'c lay chi bang dunq Cl,Jthu maubang choan cho nuoc, hon Iii choan cho khong khi, trong dl,mg cl,llfly mau.Neu h$ th6ng born dU'Q'cSLYdunq cho I~y mau khi h6a tan, di~u co ban la nuoc duoc born theo eachthuc sao cho ap suat born tac dong den nU'&c khong lam giam ap dang k~ so vO'i ap suat khi quy~n.Mau can phai duoc born true tiep vao binh chira hru giQ>hay phan tich, binh nay can dU'Q'Csue rLYavoimot 1U'Q'nguroc mau bang 3 Ian dung tich cua binh truoc khi bat dau phan tich ho~c d$y binhN~u chi can chap nhan ket qua gan chinh xac, cac rnau oe xac dinh oxy h6a tan c6 th~ oU'Q'cthu thapbang binh hoac xo. Sai 56 trong cac phep xac djnh nay do su tiep xuc cua nuoc voi kh6ng khi bienoong thea voi moe dO bao h6a cua khi trang nvoc.

29

Khi mau dU'Q'c thu vao binh tlY esc v6i nU'6c ra cua born thi can su dl)ng mot 6ng tro rnern de phanph6i nuoc vao day cua binh, nharn dam bao chat long dU'Q'cchoan ch6 tll' day binh d~ ph6ng ngua Sl)Ckhf.Thu mau dll dung cho xac dinh oxy h6a tan tli vung mrcc b] phu bang gia can dU'Q'cti~n hanh rat canthan d~ ph6ng ngll'a nhiem b~n mau do kh6ng khf.12.6 Ol:lng cl:lliy mau cac d~c tinh heat dQ phong x\IHU'6ng dan chi tiet v~ lay mau cac d~c tfnh heat do ph6ng X~ co trong TCVN 6663-3 (ISO 5667-3)(31Tuy thea rnuc tieu va cac quy dinh phap Iy ella qu6c gia, hau het cac ky thuat lay rnau va dunq Cl,Jaymau c6 san o~ dung Ia.y mau nuoc va nuoc thai cho cac thanh phan h6a chat n6i chung co the apdunq oU'Q'cde I~y cac mau de do hoat do ph6ng X i ; I .Mau can dU'9'c I~y vao trong cac binh nhl,l'ada sue nra truoc vO'ich~t t~y nra va nuoc va axit nitric loang.12.7 0l:ln9 Cl,J lay mau cac d~c tinh sinh hoc va vi sinh v~tHU'&ng dan chi tiet ve lay mau vi sinh vat ella chat 1U'Q'nguroc, neu trong ISO 19458[231 .HU'ong dan chi tiet v~ mau thu nghi$m sinh hoc, neu trong ISO 5667-16(15]

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TCVN 6663-1 :2011HU'ang dan chi ti~t v~ lay mau btmg vot cam tay de lay mau dong v~t day khong xU'ong song c& lon,neu trong TCVN 7176 (ISO 7828)[19]HU'cYng dan chi ti~t ve thiet ke dl,mg Cl; l lay mau dinh 1U'Q'ngde lay rnau dong vat day khong xU'ong s6ngc& Ian tren cac nen da trong vung nuoc ngot nang, neu trong TCVN 7177 (ISO 8265) [20]HU'ong dan chi ti~t ve Slr dl,mg lay mau dinh tfnh va djnh 1U'Q'ngtap doan dong vat khong xuonq songc& Ion trong vung nU'oc S8U, neu trong ISO 9391 [211 .HU'ang dan chi tiet ve lay mau dinh IU'O'ng va lay mau h$ dong v~t day rnem , neu trong ISO 16665[22J .

12.8 DlJng C I J lay miu tl)' dQngDl,mg Cl,Jlay mau til dong c6 the S lr dl,mg de tao lQ'i the trong rilt nhieu tinh huang lay mau, vi cho phepthu thap dU'Q'c mau lie m tu c hoac mau theo loat rna khong can can thiep bang tay, d~c biet tien 10'1trong thuc te dll chuan bj mau t6 hop va nqhien CLYU biim dong chat 1U'Q'ngnuoc theo thai gian.Vi$c illa chon loai may m6c thich hop nhat se tuy thuoc vao tinh hu6ng lay mau cu the, vi du lay maude tinh tal IU'O'ng trung binh cua kim loai hoa tan 1U'Q'ngv~t trong mot con song hay suoi c6 the t6t nhatla tien hanh bang mot dl,lng cu lay mau lien tuc tU'ang quan theo dong chay, S lr dunq mot h$ thongbam thuan tien.Dl,Ing cu lay mau i l , J ' dng co the l a Ioai lay mau gian doan, lien tuc va dU'O'c van hanh tren cc sO' tuonqquan voi thai gian hcac toc do dong.Cac day lay mau nol chung dU'O'c S L Y dl,lng trong lay mau tv dong. Vi the, hU'ong dan ve Iva chon v~tlieu cua cac binh crura mau cOng duoc ap dl,Jng cho day lay mau. May lay mau van hanh bang eachbam nuoc song vao trong cac blnh chua mau dU'gc giCPtren than may va S lY dl,Jng mot h$ thong bam1

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Ngan luu gifr mau phai dU'Q'clam mat va duy tri & nhiet do cang th@apanq tot rna khong lam mau bj dongthanh bang aa, nhv th~ lam giam duoc rnoi hU' hong rnau. Tuy nhien, neu nhiet dO c6 the dl,.l'kien haxuong duoi nhiet dOdong lanh thi 'se can suoi n6ng. Neu biet ding cac chat can xac dinh co the bi hu'hong, can thiet phai SLPdl,mg chat bao quan rieng, dU'Q'ccho VaGbinh chua mau (xem TCVN 6663-3 (ISO5667-3. Ciln chuyen du mau VaGtrong binh chua de tron d~u chat bao quan VaG mau. Se c6 trU'anghop chat can xac dinh va chat bao quan loai tnr Ian nhau, trang tmang hop d6 can phai trien khai themnhieu han mot may lay mau. Trang each thuc lay mau nay, cac binh chua SLPdl,mg dU'Q'cn~ rnau VaGtrong quanq thai glan rat nqan, vi du ipnut den 2 phut, i a mau "nyj rae, kh6ng iien tuc".Neu t Cmg mau dU'Q'cphan tich, thi can phai chu y can than de dam baa the tlch trong tLPngbinh chua ladu de pharr tlch cac thong so quan tam,Di~u quan tronq la cac may lay mau tl,l' dong hoac lU'u gifr mau trong may gay ra cac hu hai dang kecho mau rna di~u nay se lam cho mau kh6ng can dai dien. DU'ang lay mau tLPdiem Ifly mau den mayphai khong gay nhiem ban mau. Vi du, ong lam b~ng oOng khong nen SLPdunq neu phan tich kim loaidl1Q'c thuc hien. l.uon lPUtien sCrdl,lng v~t li$u tro nhu PTFE hoac thep khonq gi. Di~u nay cOng apdunq cho rnoi cai loc duoc lap v~t lieu tro. De ngan ngua chat ran lang dong, nen duy tri mot toc dOdong thich hop trong ong dau VaGva oU'ang kinh trong cua 6ng khong thay dOi va lon han 9 mm. Cacmay l@aymau tl,l' dong can c6 kha nang sue thOi ra mol dU' 1U'Q'ngcua mau trong dU'ang l@aynau. Thetich nuoc dong l

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Chat bao quan I Ki~m tra han SLr dunq, ki~m tra pipet nh_o g~ot, neu elm thi thay rnoi. Darn.. _ .i.. ~~o dU'Q'c

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TCVN 6663-1 :201113.3 Ki~m soat nhi~m b~nKi~m scat va pnan dinh ngu6n nhiem ban bang cac heat dong sau, khi thich hop:a) Ap dunq triet 19toi da hoa rmrc do cacb Iy de blnh mau kh6i nhiem ban, di~u do tao'ra so lieu co

chat lU'O'ngtot nhat:b) Chu 9 tranh lam xao tron tai vi tri fay mau ;c) Sue nra that ky dunq cu;d) Sue nra ben trong va ngoai pheu sau khi lay mau phu d~ baa quan;e) Sue nra ruot cua xi lanh va cac phU'O'ngtien loc truce khi dung;f) Bao quan nap va nut chai 10can than de tranh nhiem bc1!n;g) Lau sach va lam kho day, xich va can noi tay cam giCrathai gian lay mau va truoc khi cat giCPbao quan;h) Tranh cham ng6n tay, ban tay hoac gang tay vao mau; di~u nay dc;icbiet quan tronq trong khi lay

mau vi sinh vat khi mci tiep xuc vai ph an ben trong cua birth hoac rnep binh, nap binh la khonqdU'Q'Cde xay ra.

i) Dam baa tat ca may khoan bang, xe co, thuyen be la & dU'ai hU'ang giO (va phia ha luu trongtrU'ang hO'Pvai thuyen be), de vai phut cho khi thai dU'Q'cxua tan;

j) Xem xet tung mau hoac binh mau xem c6 cac vat lieu nhu la cay, mann vun; neu quan sat thay thidO be mau va lay mau rnoi:

k) SCPdl,mg ky thuat dam bao chat lU'oongphu hoopnh u trinh bay trong ISO 5667-14[141.14 V,n chuyin miu din, bao quan ~i kho, h.ru giCrmiu ~i ph6ng thi nghi~mNeu mau bi qua nang, nghTa t a dU'qc chua trong xe lay mau trong di~u kien nong (hoac trong nhCrngdi~u kien cac mau phu co xu hU'ang thien v~ pnan huy nhiet). thl luc do mau can dU'qc lam mat. Xe faymau can duoe lap di~u hoa nhiet do (cac hop dl,l'ng da c6 the sCPdunq nhU'ng khong du lanh va chihieu qua khi co muc dich phonq ngua tang nhiet do). can phai luu 9 la BOD cua mau c6 the b] giamxu6ng den 40 % neu bao quan mau 6 > nhiet do rnoi trU'ang cao hcac & di~u ki$n anh sang trong xe laymau trong 8 gia.Cac mau kh6ng diroc phan phoi cho ph6ng thi nghiem trong v6ng mot ngay thi can duoc 6n dinh theaqui dinh trong TCVN 6663-3 (ISO 5667-3i3 1 hoac bang cac ky tnuat bao quan khac nhau thea theathuan voi ph6ng thl nghiem. Trach nhiern cua ph6ng thi nghi$m la bao dam luu giCf mau phu hop saukhi mau da duoc phan ph6i den.can dieu hanh mot h$ thong phan djnh mau mot each r6 rang cho cac mau gui den ph6ng thl nqhiernqua buu di$n d61a cac rnau va cong viec giay to kern theo de chuyen phat cho ph6ng thi nghi$m.

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TCVN 6663-1 :2011Cac mau thU'cYngducc bao quan trong tu lanh (d~n 24 gi6') hcac tu dong lanh. Khi ra dong, mau donglanh thU'cYngket tua va co the gay ra ket qua sai so, dc',)cbiet la dOi voi thuoc bao v$ thirc v.$t va cachop chid polybiphenyl cia h6a (PCB). Neu can thj~t phan tich cac hop chat nay, luc d6 khong can apdvng dong lanh.T;.tcol cac bU'oc bolo quan mau can dU'Q'cghi cnep vao trong bao cao va nhiet do do dU'Q'Ccan dU'Q'cghi lai tai hien tnronq, neu thich hQ'P.Cac thong sOvat I y va hoa hoc khac, vi ou nhU' pH can dU'Q'cdongay tai hi$n trU'6'ng I;.ymau hoac canq nhanh canq t6t ngay sau do.

15 Phan dinh miu v a h6 so miu15.1 KhaiquatNguan cua mau va di~u ki$n rna (y do mau da dU'Q'Cay ph':'i dU'Q'Cghi chep va mot ghi chep thich hopduoc gan vao binh ngay sau khi nap mau vao binh. Gia tri ket qua cua mot phep phan tlch mau nvocta bi han che neu no khong dU'Q'ckern theo cac thong tin chi ti~t v~ mau do.Cac ket qua cua moi phep phan tich mau thvc hien tai hi$n trU'6'ng can phai gam ca oao cao voi mau.Nhan va cac hinh thCPcghi nhan phai luon tuon duoc hoan tat tai thai diem thu th$p mau. May lay maukhong bao gia duoc doi sang lam nhi$m vu khac mroc khi hoan t.1trno: ghi chep tai li$u tal mt diem.Sao cao I.1Ymau can dU'a vao it nh.1t esc thong tin sau:a) f)ia diem va ten gOi cua vi trl lay mau cling voi cac tea do va thong tin thlch hop khac v~ dia diem;b) Chi ti~t v~ diem lay mau, k~ ca lo~i rnau (vi du nuoc dl,!' dinh dung eho ngu6'i S lY dunq, rnroc thai);c) Ngay I.1Ym~u;d) Thai gian lay rnau:e) Tim nguai Ia.ymau;f) t.oai mau (vf cu mau dan, mau t6 hQ'P);g) f)i~u kien thai tiet;h) Cac quan sat tai hien trU'ang;i) Nhi$t d nU'cYe;j) Ban chat cua mol x u I y tnroc ke ca bao quan:k) Phuonq phap I.1Ymau va esc chi tiet v~ 51 , 1 ' khonq tuan thu voi cac di~u kien tieu chuan boac thuc

hanh lay mau (vi du. thu thap mau qua nuoc da, cac quan sat mang tinh theo mua va cac heatdng dl,!'atren dat).

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4.TCVN 6663-1 :2011

15.2 cac mau co thl! dU'

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TCVN 6663-1 :2011Phu Iuc A(tham khao)

LU'gc d6 minh hoa cac loai miu lay dinh ky va lien tucy

~..xCHU DANX Thai gianY Nang d o

Hinh A.1 - Phep do lien tuc trl!C ti~p - Do trl,l'c tuyim lien tuc

y

- - - - - - - _ . . .- ..------ - _ . , , - _ - - - - ~ - - - -_ - - - - _ - - - - . ~ - . . . ._ - -x

CHU DANX Dong chayY Thai gian

Hinh A.2 - Mau dinh ky - D6ng t Y I~ theo thai giany

xCHU DANX Thai gianY The tich

Hlnh A.3 - Mau d!nh ky - Mau djnh ky dU'Q'Cay tai cac khoang thai gian c O d!nh(mau phu thuec thai gian)

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y

xCHU OANX Thai gianY The tlch

Hinh A.4 - MAu dinh ky - M&u djnh ky dlPgc lA y (y tOc de} dong cO djnh(mau ph ....thuQc th~ tich) - )1,

y

xCHU DANX Thai gianY The tlchHinh A.S - MAu dlnh ky - Miu djnh k Y dlPQ'ClA y (y tOc de}dong cO dinh (mAu phu thuQc IlPUh.PQ'ng)

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TCVN 6663-1 :2011

y

xCHU DANX Thai gianY The ttchHinh A.S - MAu liim tuc - M&u lien tI.JCdU'Q'Clay iY t6e dQdong e6 dinh (mAu lien tuc thea thCrigian)

y

------- _ _- - - - - . . . . _ _ _--- _---- -----._--x--_ -.. _---

CHU DANX = Thai gianY = The tich

Hinh A.7 - M iu lien tuc - MAu lien tuc dlJ'Q'Clay (y tOe dQ dong thay d6i(miu lien tuc theo dong)

38ij _ )

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TCVN 6663-1:2011ThU' rnuc tai li~u tham khao

[1] TCVN 6663-3 (ISO 5667-3), Chat /(J'(;mgnU'&c- Lay mau - Phan 3: Hoong dan baa quan va ILI'u.;f giD'mau turoc.: . ; -/

[ 6 ]

~ [7].~

[8][9][ 1 01

t z~ [11]

[2] TCVN 5994 (ISO 5667-4), Chat Ju'C;mgnuoc - Lay mau - Phlln 4: Hoong dan fay mau a ao ho urnhien va nhan teo

[3] TCVN 6663-5 (ISO 5667-5), Chat JUllng mroc - Lay mal) - Phlln 5: Huilng dan IfIy mau nuocuong tir cac trem xL:r( y va he thong ph an phoi b~ng aU'&ng ong.

[4] TCVN 6663-6 (ISO 5667-6), Chat lU'(Jngnu&c - Lay mal) - Phlln 6: HU'&ngdan fay mau 6 ' song vasuoi

[5] TCVN 6663-7 (ISO 5667-7), ChfIt tuoru; nuoc - Lay mau - Phlln 7: Hoong dan l8y mau nucc vano! nuoc te! xuUng no; hai.TCVN 5997 (ISO 5667-8), Chat lU'Q'ngturoc - LilY mau - Phlln 8: Hoong dan lay mal) turoc mire.TCVN 5998 (ISO 5667-9), Chat lU'qng nuoc - Lay mal) - Phlln 9: Hoong dan liJy mau nuoc bitmTCVN 5999 (ISO 5667-10), Chat (I.f(Jngmroc - Lay mau - Phan 10: HU'&ng dan lay mau t u roc thai.TCVN 6000 (ISO 5667-11), Chat ({j'(;mgnu&c - Lc~ymau - Phlln 11: Hoong dan lay mau nuoc ngllm.TCVN 6663-13 (ISO 5667-13), Chat lU'(Jngnu&c. Lay mau. Phlln 13: Hoong dan lay mau bun nuoc,bun nuoc thai va bun Iimquan.TCVN 6663-14 (ISO 5667-14), Chat (I.f(Jngnuoc. Lay mau. Phlln 14: Hu&ng dan oam baa chatIU'(Jf1gay mal) v a X L r I y mau t u roc mo! trwng.

[12] TCVN 7176 (ISO 7828), Chat Il.f(Jng tu ro c - PhU'Ongphap lay mal) sinh hoc - HU'&ng dan laymau dong v{jt khong xLfO'ngsong aay co Ian dung vot cflm tay.

[13] TCVN 7177 (ISO 8265). Chat lU'(Jngnu&c - ThiJtke va sL:rdl,mgdl,mg c u lay mal) OinhlU'(Jnga e laymau dong V? t khong xuong song c1ayco Ian tren nfm c6 ail 6 ' vung nt.J'&cngot nong.

[14] ISO 2602, Statiscal interpretation of test results - Estimation ofthe mean - Confidence interval(Th6ng ke k~t qua thli - l!oc 1U'Q'nggia tri trung binh - Khoimg tin c~y)

[15] ISO 3534 (all part), Statistics - Vocaburary and symbols (Th6ng ke ket qua thu - TLr Vl,l'ng ve cack y hi$u)

[16] ISO 5667-12, Water quality - Sampling - Part 12: Guidance on sampling of bottom sediments(Chftt 1U'Q'ngnuoc - Lay rnau - Phtm 12: HU'ang dan Ifly rnau can day)

[17] ISO 5667-16, Water quality - Sampling - Part 16: Guidance on biotesting of samples (Chflt IU'O'ngnuoc - Lay mau - Phln 16: HU'ong dan mau thCrnghi$m sinh hoc)

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I' TCVN 6663-1 :2011[18J ISO 5667-17, Water quality - Sampling - Part 17: Guidance on sampling of suspended

sediments (Ch~t 1U'Q'ngnu'o'c - L~y m~u - Ph~n 17: Huang d~n I~y mau can 10'lung).[19] ISO 5667-18, Water quality - Sampling - Part 18:Guidance on sampling of groundwater at

contaminated sites (Ch~t lU'qng nuoc - L~y m~u - Ph~n 18: Huonq d~n l!:Iymau nuoc ng~m 6cac khu VI,J 'C bj nhiem ban).

[20] ISO 5667-19, Water quality- Sampling- Part 19: Guidance on sampling ofmarine sediments(Chilt 1U'q'ngnU'cyc- L~y rnau - Phan 9: Huang d~n lay mau nuoc tram ticn bi~n).

[21] ISO 9391, Water quality - Sampling in deep waters for macro-invertabrates - Guidelines on theuse of colonization, qualitative and qualitative samplers.

[22} ISO 16665, Water quality - Guidelines for quatitative sampling and samples processing of marinesoft-bottom macrofauna.

[231 ISO 19458, Water quality - Sampling for microbiological analysis (CMt II1