teach chap. 8 - intelli - w 11
DESCRIPTION
TRANSCRIPT
Cognition and Intelligence
Cognition
Cognition: Mentally processing information“Thinking”
Language: Words or symbols, and rules for
combining them, that are used for thinking and communication
Language plays an important role in thinking:
Ability of language to generate new thoughts or ideas
Translating information into symbols
Semantics: Study of meaning in language
Phonemes: Basic speech sounds44 sounds in English language Example: Pat vs. Rat
Morphemes: Speech sounds collected into meaningful
units, Syllables or words Example: Pin
Grammar: Set of rules for:Making sounds into words Words into sentences Example: Tomato vs. Tomato
Syntax: Rules for word order in sentences
Ethnic communities give emotional meaning to words
Communication can evoke emotion Example: Would you rather eat prime rib or dead
cow?
Translating language can cause a rash of semantic problems Example: San Jose Public library’s banner was
supposed to say “You are welcome.” in a native Philippine language but the sign actually said “You are circumcised”.
Intelligence
Global capacity to act purposefully, think rationally, and deal effectively with the environment
Can intelligence be measured?
How do we measure intelligence?
Europe (1904) Alfred Binet Minister of Education in Paris wanted to
distinguish slower students from the more capable
Goal: Help the struggling students to “catch up” Devised a series of questions children of a
specific “age” should be able to answer Binet Intelligence test comes to America
(1916) Military and immigrants Stanford University revised the test Known as Stanford-Binet Test Assumed child’s intellectual abilities improve
with each passing year
Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale - Fifth Edition (SB5):
Widely used by schools to measure individual intelligence test
Items are age-ranked
Measures different abilities to determine intelligence:
Example: Fluid reasoning, quantitative reasoning, visual-spatial processing, working memory
Easy to administerLarge group of people with little
supervisionMultiple-choice items
Normal Bell-Shaped Curve: Average scoresExtreme scores
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Test, (WAIS-III): WAIS – III Verbal intelligence Performance intelligence
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, (WISC-IV):
WISC – IV Downscaled version of the WAIS-III For children from age: 6 – 16.11 months.30 days Verbal intelligence Performance intelligence
Measure overall IQ
Verbal Intelligence: Language or symbol-oriented
intelligence
Performance Intelligence:Nonverbal intelligence
Chronological Age: Person’s age in years
Mental Age: Average intellectual performance
Intelligence Quotient (IQ): Mental age/Chronological age x 100 =
IQ
IQ Facts
Average IQ in the U.S.: 100
Determines projected school performance
Remains relatively stable throughout life
Inherited intelligence
Giftedness
Giftedness:The possession of a high IQ or special
talents or aptitudes
Mentally Gifted:2 % population Score above 130Tend to be successful in adulthood
Cognitively Impaired
Cognitively ImpairedPresence of a developmental disabilitySignificant impairment of adaptive behaviorPast: Mental Retardation
2% populationScore below 70Full inclusion in General EducationAdaptive skills
Traditional IQ tests suffer from cultural bias
Psychologists rethink the concept of intelligence
IQ does not predict practical intelligence
GardnerTheory of Eight Multiple
Intelligence
Language: lawyers, writers, comedians
Logic and Math: scientists, accountants, programmers
Visual and Spatial Thinking: engineers, inventors, artists
Music: composers, musicians, music critics
Bodily-Kinesthetic Skills: dancers, athletes, surgeons
Intrapersonal Skills (Self-Knowledge): poets, actors, ministers
Interpersonal Skills (Social Abilities): psychologists, teachers, politicians
Naturalistic Skills (Ability to Understand Natural Environment):
biologists, organic farmers
Evidence proves “Nature” and “Nurture” significantly contribute to IQ scores
Identical Twin Studies: Influence of Nature Shared DNA - Shared IQ
Strong evidence for genetic component
Adoption Studies: Influence of Nurture Shared environment – Shared IQ
Strong evidence for an environmental view of intelligence
No!
Drive, MOTIVATION and self-discipline are the keys to success!
Terman Study (next slide)
Terman Study
Tracked 1500 children with IQ scores in top 1%
Most became successful in traditional ways
Some felt short of their early promise Ex.: dropped out of school, low level jobs, etc.
Study compared the 100 most successful people with the 100 least successful
Study found that MOTIVATION made the difference!