Teacher’sNote Page1of3

To:Honors/Pre-IBBiologyStudents(Blocks4,5,6,&7)Fr:Mrs.GeorgoRe:2ndLearningPacketDate:Marchsomething

Canyouexplaintheprocessabove?Ihopeeveryoneiswellandthatyourfamiliesandfriendsaretoo.Weareapproachingourthirdweekapart,andit’sbeenwonderfultohearfrommanyofyou.Afterawakeningfrom9/10hoursofsleep,Ieagerlycheckmyschoolemaileachmorninglookingforyouremailsamongstwhatseemslikehundredsofemailsthatteachersarereceivingdaily.Pleasecontinuetocheckyourschoolemail,sothatyoucanreadmyupdates.LastweekIsentanemailtosurveyhowmanyofyouareequippedtodoZoomsessions.Unfortunately,Ididn’tgettoomanyresponses.Isuspectmanystudentsarenotcheckingtheirschoolemailregularly.Pleasedoso.Also,e-mailmeaboutquestionsyoumayhaveaboutyourassignments.OnApril6ththenextsetoflearningpacketswillbepostedonGranby’swebpageforthenext2-weekperiod(weekofApril6thandweekofApril20th.WeekofApril13thisSpringBreak.Youcantakethatweekoffforwell-deservedrest.)Pleasebesureyou’redoingtheassignmentslistedunderHonors/Pre-IBBiology.(Thelearningpackets,preparedbythedistrict,willbecompletedbystudentsingeneralclasseslikelasttime.)I’veplannedvariousactivitiesforthenewtopics,whichcoincidentlyarebacteria,viruses,andinfectiousdiseases.AlthoughIincludedavirtuallabinthepacket,I’msaddenedbythefactthatwewillnotbeabletodotheactuallabsplannedwithrealstuffandhumaninteraction,suchasthegenetics/makeoffspringlab,thenaturalselectionfinchlab,andsimulationofdiseasetransmission.Pleasemakesureyourfirstlearningpacketshavebeencompletedbeforemovingontothenextset,keepingcompletedworkorganizedinyourbinders.Checktheitemsoffontheassignmentliststhatfollowthisnoteasyoucompletethem.Itisimportantthatyouaredisciplinedandcontinuetolearnathome.Wewillcompletethecurriculum.Learningtherequiredmaterialandcompletingtheassignmentswillputyouinagoodpositionwhenwemoveforwardtonextschoolyear.Sokeepthatbrainstimulated.Enjoylearningandexpandingyourknowledgeinthistest-freesetting!

CONTINUED...

Prokaryotes(Bacteria) *Pleasereaddirectionsbeforestartinganassignment.*Page2of31.Readpagesp.580-585inyourbiologytextbook.2.Incompletesentencesonyourownnotebookpaper,answer#1-4onp.585(ReviewofKeyConcepts).3.StudythePowerPointonProkaryoticCells.(willgointospecificbacteriacharacteristics)4.Watchthevideoclip,Google:AmoebaSistersBacteria(Updated)5.CompletethehandoutonBacteriausing#1-4aboveasresources.6.ReadthehandoutaboutE.coliBacteria.Thenanswerthequestionsonnotebookpaperincompletesentences(orwritetheanswersonthebackofthehandoutifyoucanprintit).7.Watchthevideoclip,Google:TEDEd–Whatcausesantibioticresistance?(KevinWu)Afterwatchingthevideo(itsanimationisquitehumorous),determineifthestatementistrueorfalseonnotebookpaperincompletesentences:Title:Videoclip:TEDEd–Whatcausesantibioticresistance?a. Bacteria(prokaryotes)aresomeofthefirstlifeformsonEarth.b. Bacteria’stotalbiomassisgreaterthanthetotalbiomassofallanimalsandplantscombined.c. Therearemorecellsthatmakeupahumanbodythantherearebacteriainthehumanbody.d. Theproblemwithantibiotic-resistantbacterialiesintheantibioticitself.e. Amutationinthegenesofbacteriacanbedetrimentaltohumans.f. Bacterialcellscanpassonmutatedgenestoeachotherusingtheirpiliduringbinaryfission.g. Nowtakethestatementsabovethatarefalseandrewritethemtobetruestatementsbelow.

8.VirtualLab:VirtualBacterialIdentificationIntroduction

Youwillrevisittopicswelearnedwhenwestudiedbiotechnologyanditstoolsandapplications.Youwillencountersimilartechniques/materialsthatyouusedwhenyouconductedthevirtuallabinvolvingDNAextractionearlierthisyear.Beforestarting,youwillneedtodothefollowingpreparation:

1- Readp.421-425inyourbiologytextbooktoreviewgeneticengineering(recombinantDNA,PCR,gelelectrophoresis).

2- Readp.430-432inyourbiologytextbooktoseehowthesetoolsareappliedinhealthandmedicine.3- Readtheintroductionbelowfromhhmi-biointeractiveaboutthevirtuallab.Thenclickthelinktostartthe

virtuallab.Doyourbesttotrytoidentifythebacteria.You’llfeellikeascientist!

WelcometotheVirtualBacterialIdentificationLab.ThepurposeofthelabistofamiliarizeyouwiththescienceandtechniquesusedtoidentifydifferenttypesofbacteriabasedontheirDNAsequence.Notlongago,DNAsequencingwasatime-consuming,tediousprocess.Withreadilyavailablecommercialequipmentandkits,itisnowroutine.Thetechniquesusedinthislabareapplicableinawidevarietyofsettings,includingscientificresearchandforensiclabs.BasicSteps

• PrepareasamplefromapatientandisolatewholebacterialDNA.• MakemanycopiesofthedesiredpieceofDNA.• SequencetheDNA.• Analyzethesequenceandidentifythebacteria.ThepieceofDNAusedforidentifyingbacteriaistheregionthatcodesforasmallsubunitoftheribosomalRNA(16SrRNA).Wewillrefertothispieceas16SrDNA.Differentbacterialspecieshaveunique16SrDNAsequences.Theidentificationreliesonmatchingthesequencefromyoursampleagainstadatabaseofallknown16SrDNAsequences.(LearnmoreaboutribosomalRNA.)https://media.hhmi.org/biointeractive/vlabs/bacterial_id/index.html

Viruses *Pleasereaddirectionsbeforestartinganassignment.* Page3of31.Readpagesp.574-579inyourbiologytextbook.2.Incompletesentencesonyourownnotebookpaper,answer#1-2onp.579(ReviewofKeyConcepts).3.StudythePowerPointonViruses.4.Watchthevideoclip,Google:AmoebaSistersViruses(Updated)5.CompletethehandoutonVirusesusing#1-4aboveasresources.6.ReadtheScienceNewsarticleoncoronaviruses.Thenanswerthequestionsonnotebookpaperincompletesentences.7.Watchthevideoclip,Google:“Wheredonewvirusescomefrom?Statedclearly”Afterwatchingthevideo,setupyournotebookpaperwiththetitle:Videoclip:Wheredonewvirusescomefrom?Thensetupyourpaperwith2columnheadings:InformationIKnewandInformationILearned.Incompletesentences,list5piecesofinformationthatyoualreadyknewand5piecesofinformationthatyoulearnedafterviewingthevideoclip.8.Biointeractive–VirusExplorerYouwillexploreseveraldifferentvirusesthatinfecthumansinthisinteractiveactivity.Youwilllearnabouteachvirus’characteristicsanduseclickanddragfeaturestoviewits3-Dmodelaswellasacross-sectionmodel.Gotothesitebyclickingthelinkbelow.Thenfollowthesteps.https://media.hhmi.org/biointeractive/click/virus-explorer/index.html#/envelope

1. Read about the 6 categories at the top of the screen (envelope, structure, host, etc.). After reading about envelopes in viruses, click on “enveloped” followed by “naked” to see which category each virus falls under.

2. Click on the first virus and read about its major characteristics. Then use the click and drag buttons to view a 3-D model and cross-section of the virus.

3. Repeat step 2 above with the other viruses. 4. Choose 5 of the viruses and do the following: On notebook paper write the name of the virus, and in complete

sentences write at least three fascinating facts about that virus. (Use the same paper for all 5.) DiseasesCausedbyBacteria&Viruses1.Readp.1010-1011aboutinfectiousdiseases.a)Onnotebookpaperandincompletesentences,explainwhattheGermTheoryofdiseasestates.b)Alsonotethenamesofthetwoscientistswhodevelopedthetheory.c)WritedownKoch’s4postulatesforidentifyingamicroorganismthatcausesaspecificdisease.2.Bacterial/ViralDiseasesandEmergingDiseases:Readp.586-592inyourtextbook.3.Answerthereviewquestions#1-4onp.592.4.Watchthevideoclip,Google:“youtubeinfectiousdiseasesanintroduction”5.CompletethereviewsheetforViruses,Bacteria,&Germtheory.

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Prokaryotic Cells 2 categories of cells: 1) Prokaryotes - ex: bacteria (bacterium is singular) - Kingdom Archaebacteria & Kingdom Eubacteria (once known as Kingdom Monera) 2) Eukaryotes - ex: animal cell, plant cell, fungi cell & protist cell

Prokaryote •  does not have a nucleus

•  a small cell •  lacks membrane-bound organelles except ribosomes

•  DNA found on a circular chromosome

Prokaryotes . . . The BACTERIA

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Characteristics: •  some are heterotrophs, some are autotrophs •  some need oxygen to live, some do not •  average size is 1 um (micrometer) - larger than viruses but smaller

than plant or animal cells •  may have a flagellum/flagella – long structures

used for movement •  may have pili – short, spike-like structures outside

cell wall to attach to other things/other bacteria

Cyanobacteria •  Bacteria that carry out photosynthesis to produce food . . .

They are AUTOTROPHS

Shapes of bacteria: 1)  cocci (coccus) –

sphere shaped 2)  bacilli (bacillus)

rod shaped 3)  spirilla

(spirillum) – corkscrew or helical shaped

Reproduction in bacteria: Binary Fission - one bacterial cell divides to produce two identical bacterial cells - a type of asexual

reproduction

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More facts about bacteria . . .

•  They form symbiotic relationships with other organisms (parasitism, mutualism, commensalism).

•  Some bacteria cause diseases. ex: lyme disease, tetanus, gangrene, strep

throat, tuburculosis, syphillis, pneumonia, salmonella poisoning

antibiotic – chemical that inhibits bacterial growth, used to treat bacterial infections

More facts (cont.) . . . Some bacteria are beneficial. *E. coli – found in the digestive tract, help digest food *Lactobacilli – used in production of buttermilk, yogurt, cheese

*Rizobium – provides nitrogen for plants (involved in nitrogen fixation) *Others are involved in the decomposition of dead organisms. (decomposers)

Name __________________________________________ Date ________________________ Block ________

B A C T E R I A * Diagram of a bacterium:

1. In picture #1, label the following (draw your own lines): cell wall, cell membrane, flagellum, pili 2. In picture #2, label the following (in the boxes): DNA, ribosomes, cell wall, cell membrane 3. Some are heterotrophs and some are autotrophs. What is the difference between them? 4. May have a flagellum (flagella) for movement and used to respond to their environment. Describe what it looks like. 5. Bacteria are larger than viruses but smaller than animal and plant cells. a) Does a virus belong to a kingdom? b) If yes, what kingdom? _________________ If not, why not? ___________________________ 6. Some bacterial diseases include: lyme disease, tetanus, strep throat, tuberculosis Give a characteristic of each one (use Internet):

a- Lyme disease:

b- Tetanus:

c- Strep throat:

d- Tuberculosis: 7.Antibiotics are chemicals that inhibit bacterial growth and are used to treat bacterial infections. a- Using the Internet, find the name of the scientist who discovered penicillin in 1928, the first true antibiotic: b- What type of organism was producing penicillin when it was discovered? c- Can a coronavirus infection be treated with an antibiotic? Why or why not? 8. Reproduction can be asexual (binary fission) or sexual (conjugation). Label the picture as either binary fission or conjugation based on your knowledge of sexual and asexual reproduction.

_______________ ______________ 9. Draw the 3 shapes of bacteria: Coccus Bacillus Spirilla

Reading: Escherichia coli (E. coli) Bacteria In broad daylight, you are floating in darkness. You swim in silence because you cannot hear. On your right, a cloud of sugar molecules drifts just a few centimeters away—dinner, but how will you find it? On your left, a noxious chemical seeps toward you—but unless you know that you’re in danger, how can you escape? If you are the bacterium Escherichia coli, sharing space in the human gut with other indigenous flora and fauna, this is your world: unpredictable, at times even inhospitable. But don’t dwell on your problems. Your kind came to life when the earth was still hot and sulfurous and your ancestors have used the intervening billions of years to craft all the tools and techniques you need to survive in this often hostile environment. Your simple, single-celled and rod-shaped body is bounded by a cytoplasmic membrane, providing a barrier between your insides and the external environment. This special membrane allows certain molecules to enter and leave your interior. Around this membrane is a rigid cell wall, which serves as a kind of tight corset to keep your cell contents from bursting. Within this cell envelope are your very simple insides—cytoplasm and nucleoid. The cytoplasm is made primarily of water mixed with some proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. Like you, the nucleoid is also simple. It is not bound by any membrane and is simply a gel-like area containing one circular chromosome—home to your DNA. Your simple structure does not mean that you are without talents. Indeed, you have many. For one thing, you can move. Let the bottom dwellers and the stone huggers ache to be noticed by some passing current; evolution taught you to waltz—chasse`, pause, spin, glide, ONE-two-three, ONE-two-three, left, right, zigzag. Your dancing shoes are strings of protein, or flagella, powered not by muscles and tendons but by a gearbox of proteins that operate as a rotor, twirling the flagella at more than 100 revolutions per second. When the rotor turns clockwise, the flagella spiral into a single tail and you glide in a smooth, straight line. When it spins clockwise, the flagella unfurl and stroke, each to its own beat, and you spin and tumble in place. The rotor switches back and forth spinning one way for a second, and then the other way. Spinning and swimming, you meander along to its rhythm, like the random walk of a daydreamer. When you sense the need to be more secure, you can stop swimming and grow structures across the entire surface of your body. You use these tiny hair-like projections to attach to a secure surface until such time that environmental conditions seem safe to once more wander. It’s a good thing you don’t have a mother—she’d surely tell you to watch where you are going as you wander. You can’t afford to be so oblivious she may warn or you are liable to waltz right into trouble. But you can tell her not to worry. You are capable of charting a less haphazard path when you need to. You can control your flagellate rotor to direct your wandering toward a desired target such as food or away from perceived danger. Your kind has survived for billions of years after all.

Answer on notebook paper with title “E. coli Reading Questions” Paragraph 1: 1. What is this chemical that can destroy the bacteria when it has infected a person? 2. Write the definitions for “flora” and “fauna.” 3. In reference to the last sentence, what do we call special characteristics that allow a living thing (like bacteria) to survive in its particular environment? (Hint: camouflage would be an example) Paragraph 2: 4. If a bacteria is rod-shaped, what is that shape called? 5. Human chromosomes are linear in shape. How about the DNA-containing chromosome in bacteria? Paragraphs 3-5: 6. Name the structure that allows bacteria to move. 7. What tiny structures are being referred to in paragraph 4 that allow bacteria to attach to other things or to other bacteria? 8. Give 2 reasons that make it beneficial for bacteria to be motile.

3/31/20

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Viruses

Is a virus a living thing?

•  a virus is not made of cells, has no organelles •  a virus does NOT... - grow & develop - get & use energy - respond to stimulus

Cells

Characteristics of Viruses

•  They can reproduce only by infecting a living cell . . . host

cell. •  They come in different sizes & shapes. •  They cause different

kinds of diseases.

Structure of virus:

•  outer covering is called a CAPSID and is made of protein

•  inside is NUCLEIC ACID

(either DNA or RNA)

Lytic Cycle The virus attaches to the host cell.

The virus inserts its DNA into the host cell. The virus takes over the cell's machinery. The virus reproduces itself and self-assembles. The host cell is destroyed.

Lysogenic Cycle

The virus binds to the host cell. The virus inserts its DNA into the host cell.

The viral DNA gets incorporated into the cell's chromosome. Viral DNA is replicated along with cell’s chromosomal material.

Name _________________________________ Date ___________________________ Block ________

V I R U S

What are viruses? Are they bacteria? Fungi? Animals?

1.List the characteristics that all living things have in common: (go back to beginning of your notebook)

___________________________________ ___________________________________

___________________________________ ___________________________________

___________________________________ ___________________________________

___________________________________ ___________________________________

2. Because viruses do not have the above characteristics, they are NOT considered . . .

3. a) Only under what condition can a virus reproduce itself?

b) What do you call a cell that is infected by a virus?

4. A virus is not made of cells. The 2 parts of a virus’ structure are _____________ and _________________.

a) The capsid is made of ____________________.

b) A virus can have one of the 2 kinds of nucleic acids: ____________ OR ____________

c) Label the capsid and the nucleic acid in both pictures below.

5. Viruses can go through the Lytic Cycle (active virus) or the Lysogenic Cycle (dormant virus).

The virus attaches to the host cell. The virus inserts its DNA into the host cell. The virus takes over the cell's machinery. The virus reproduces itself and self-assembles.

The virus binds to the host cell. The virus inserts its DNA into the host cell. The viral DNA gets incorporated into the cell's chromosome. Viral DNA is replicated along with cell’s chromosomal material.

Science News for Students: Explainer - What is a coronavirus? They’re defined more by shape than their genes By Tina Hesman Saey

Coronaviruses have been making people cough and sneeze for eons. They are among the many viruses that cause the common cold. But not all are so mild-mannered. A few severe types can lead to serious illness and deaths.

Coronaviruses get their name from their shape. These round viruses are surrounded by a halo of spiky proteins. That makes them look a bit like a crown or the corona of the sun. In fact, being termed a coronavirus “is less about the genetics and more about the way it appears under a microscope,” explains Brent C. Satterfield. He is a founder and the chief scientific officer of Co-Diagnostics. It’s a company based in Salt Lake City, Utah, and in Gujarat, India. It is developing new tests to diagnose coronavirus infections.

The genetic makeup of these viruses is composed of RNA. RNA is a single-stranded chemical cousin of DNA. Genetically, coronaviruses can be quite different from one another. Some types have more differences between them than humans have from elephants, Satterfield notes.

Four major types of these viruses exist. They’re known by the Greek letters alpha, beta, delta and gamma. Only the alpha and beta types are known to infect people. These viruses spread through the air. And just four of them (known as 229E, NL63, OC43 and HKU1) cause between one and three in every 10 cases of the common cold. Coronavirus illnesses tend to be fairly mild and affect just the upper airways (nose and throat). But there are more severe cousins that can cause lethal disease.

The scary coronaviruses

Two of the most well-known of the deadly types are responsible for SARS and MERS. Each of these diseases has caused global outbreaks in the past. In December 2019, another virus joined these dangerous cousins. Scientists are calling it SARS-CoV-2. The name reflects this germ’s close similarity to the original SARS coronavirus. On February 11, the World Health Organization started calling the disease this new virus triggers COVID-19. That stands for coronavirus disease in 2019.

These coronaviruses cause severe infections by first latching onto proteins that sit on the outside of lung cells. Those attachments help the viruses penetrate far more deeply into the airways than their cold-causing kin, notes Anthony Fauci. He directs the U.S. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. It’s in Bethesda, Md. He points out that COVID-19 is “a disease that causes more lung disease than sniffles.” The ability to damage the lungs can make these coronaviruses especially serious. In 2003 and 2004, SARS sickened 8,096 people in 26 countries. It also killed nearly one in every 10 of them.

MERS is more deadly. It kills nearly three in every 10 of its victims. MERS outbreaks are still simmering, Fauci says. Since 2012, this disease has sickened at least 2,494 people in 27 countries and killed 858 of them. That virus can spread from person to person. Most famously, in 2015, 186 people got MERS after just one businessman unknowingly brought the virus to South Korea. From him, it spread to others. One “superspreader” in that nation caught MERS from the businessman. This one man then passed the virus to another 82 people. Those people happened to be near him in just the two days that he was in a hospital emergency room.

SARS-CoV-2 appears less serious. Only about four in every 100 of its victims have died. But that estimate may change as more data come in. As of February 25, 2020, SARS-CoV-2 had infected some 81,000 people. And roughly 25 in every 100 had become seriously ill, the WHO noted at the time. Many of those people had other illnesses when they became infected. That might have hurt their ability to fight the virus.

As SARS-CoV-2 has spread in China and to other countries, including the United States, it has become clear that people can catch the virus from one another. In Wuhan, China, where the virus was first discovered, SARS-CoV-2 has been able to transmit down a chain of four people, each giving it to another.

Animals are behind the crossover to humans

People are not the original source of coronavirus diseases. SARS, MERS and COVID-19 are zoonotic. That means that people originally catch the virus responsible from some animal. Bats are often thought of as the source of coronaviruses. Yet even they seldom pass the virus directly on to humans. SARS probably first jumped from bats into raccoon dogs or palm civets. Once in those animals, the virus made a leap into humans who had come into contact with the animals at markets selling live animals.

All the pieces necessary to recreate SARS are circulating among bats, though that virus has not been seen since 2004. MERS went from bats to camels before leaping to humans. A paper published on January 22, 2020, in the Journal of Medical Virology suggests that SARS-CoV-2 has pieces from bat coronaviruses and that snakes may have passed the virus on to people. But that claim is being debated. No one knows yet what animal really harbors the new virus.

Neither SARS or MERS have been able to infect person after person the way flu viruses can, Fauci says. The viruses haven’t fully adapted to infect people, he says. “And,” he adds, “maybe they never will.” Yet Fauci and some colleagues note that coronaviruses pose a serious and growing threat to people. They described their concerns January 23 in a paper in JAMA.

Coronaviruses had been a family that people used to think just caused colds, Fauci says. Then, in the last 18 years, he notes, “We’ve had three examples of it jumping species, causing serious disease in humans.” Currently, no cure exists for coronaviruses. So all doctors can do is treat their symptoms.

Answer the following questions on notebook paper in complete sentences:

Coronavirus Reading & Questions

1. Coronaviruses are among a family of viruses that causes what common illness? 2. How does the coronavirus get its name? 3. Name the nucleic acid found in the coronavirus. 4. a) Name two other diseases that caused worldwide outbreaks in the past. b) COVID-19 is similar to

which one of these two diseases? 5. Like many viruses, the coronavirus attaches to its host cells’ proteins. What are the host cells of this

virus? 6. How are the effects of COVID-19 different from the effects of the less serious coronaviruses that can

cause the common cold? 7. Where was COVID-19 discovered in December 2019? 8. COVID-19 is “zoonotic.” Explain what that means. 9. a) Explain why SARS is zoonotic (be specific). b) Explain why MERS is zoonotic (be specific). 10. Who is Dr. Anthony Fauci?

Name_________________________________Date________________Block______

Review:Viruses,Bacteria,&GermTheory

1.Explainwhyvirusesarenotlivingthings.

2.a)Whichoneofthe8characteristicsoflivingthingsdoesavirusalsoshare?b)Inreferencetoyouranswerin#2a,whatmustavirusdotoaccomplishthis?3.Whatisa“host”cell?4.Whatisthedifferencebetweenavirusinthelyticcycleversusavirusinthelysogeniccycle?

5.True/False:Avirusinthelysogeniccyclecanenterthelyticcycle.6.Youareinfectedbythefluvirus.Youareexperiencingheadaches,afever,andfatigue.Whichofthetworeproductivecyclesisthevirusinatthistime?7.Puttheitemsbelowinthecorrectorderforwhenacellhasbeeninfectedwithavirus(#1-5with“1”beingthe1ststep.)___viralDNAorRNAentersthecell ___thevirususesthecell’smaterialstoreproduceitself___newvirusesburstoutanddestroythecell ___newlyformedvirusesinfectothercells___thevirusattachestothecell8.Whenreferringtothestructureofvirus,theproteincoveringaroundavirusiscalleda___________,whilethecenterorcoreofthevirusisDNAorRNAwhichare______________________.9.State1similarityand1differencebetweenavirusandabacteria.(completesetences)a)similarity- b)difference–10.a)WhichtwoscientistsdevelopedtheGermTheory?b)WhatdoestheGermTheorystate?