teaching english consonants
TRANSCRIPT
VICTOR GAO, Teaching English Consonants Zhejiang Education Institute
T R I B A L
TEACHING ENGLISH CONSONANTS
VICTOR GAO ZHEJIANG EDUCATION
INSTITUTE
VICTOR GAO, Teaching English Consonants Zhejiang Education Institute
T R I B A L
Sagittal section of the vocal tract
肺
气管
喉 / 声门
咽腔
鼻腔
text ©J.J. Ohala, September 2001
支气管
口腔
VICTOR GAO, Teaching English Consonants Zhejiang Education Institute
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发音器官图
齿龈
上齿
双唇
软腭
声门
口腔咽腔 鼻腔
硬腭
声带
VICTOR GAO, Teaching English Consonants Zhejiang Education Institute
T R I B A L
发音器官 Speech Organs
双唇
上齿齿龈 齿龈后 / 硬颚前
软腭小舌
咽腔
声门
VICTOR GAO, Teaching English Consonants Zhejiang Education Institute
T R I B A L
发音器官
双唇
上齿齿龈
齿龈后 / 硬颚前
软腭小舌
咽腔
声门
硬腭
VICTOR GAO, Teaching English Consonants Zhejiang Education Institute
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Description of English consonants
VICTOR GAO, Teaching English Consonants Zhejiang Education Institute
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English consonants
英语辅音教学
VICTOR GAO, Teaching English Consonants Zhejiang Education Institute
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p b m t d nK g
English consonants
鼻音和爆破音
发音部位
发音方式
双唇
齿龈
小舌
清辅音
浊辅音 鼻音
VICTOR GAO, Teaching English Consonants Zhejiang Education Institute
T R I B A L
p b m t d nK g
英语辅音
爆破音和鼻音
发音部位
发音方式
双唇
齿龈
软腭
清辅音
浊辅音 鼻音
VICTOR GAO, Teaching English Consonants Zhejiang Education Institute
T R I B A L
鼻音 / m /
VICTOR GAO, Teaching English Consonants Zhejiang Education Institute
T R I B A L
p b m t d nK g
英语辅音
爆破音和鼻音
发音部位
发音方式
双唇
齿龈
软腭
清辅音
浊辅音 鼻音
VICTOR GAO, Teaching English Consonants Zhejiang Education Institute
T R I B A L
p b m t d nK g
英语辅音
爆破音和鼻音
发音部位
发音方式
双唇
齿龈
软腭
清辅音
浊辅音 鼻音
VICTOR GAO, Teaching English Consonants Zhejiang Education Institute
T R I B A L
p b m t d nK g
英语辅音
爆破音和鼻音
发音部位
发音方式
双唇
齿龈
软腭
清辅音
浊辅音 鼻音
VICTOR GAO, Teaching English Consonants Zhejiang Education Institute
T R I B A L
Description of English consonants
VICTOR GAO, Teaching English Consonants Zhejiang Education Institute
T R I B A L
爆破音 / t, d /
VICTOR GAO, Teaching English Consonants Zhejiang Education Institute
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汉语拼音爆破音 / t /
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爆破音 / t, d /
VICTOR GAO, Teaching English Consonants Zhejiang Education Institute
T R I B A L
p b m t d nK g
英语辅音
爆破音和鼻音
发音部位
发音方式
双唇
齿龈
软腭
清辅音
浊辅音 鼻音
VICTOR GAO, Teaching English Consonants Zhejiang Education Institute
T R I B A L
p b m t d nK g
英语辅音
爆破音和鼻音
发音部位
发音方式
双唇
齿龈
软腭
清辅音
浊辅音 鼻音
VICTOR GAO, Teaching English Consonants Zhejiang Education Institute
T R I B A L
p b m t d nk g
英语辅音
爆破音和鼻音
发音部位
发音方式
双唇
齿龈
软腭
清辅音
浊辅音 鼻音
VICTOR GAO, Teaching English Consonants Zhejiang Education Institute
T R I B A L
爆破音 / k, g /
VICTOR GAO, Teaching English Consonants Zhejiang Education Institute
T R I B A L
p b m t d nK g
英语辅音
爆破音和鼻音
发音部位
发音方式
双唇
齿龈
软腭
清辅音
浊辅音 鼻音
VICTOR GAO, Teaching English Consonants Zhejiang Education Institute
T R I B A L
p b m t d nk g
英语辅音
爆破音和鼻音
发音部位
发音方式
双唇
齿龈
软腭
清辅音
浊辅音 鼻音
VICTOR GAO, Teaching English Consonants Zhejiang Education Institute
T R I B A L
p b m t d nK g
英语辅音
爆破音和鼻音
发音部位
发音方式
双唇
齿龈
软腭
清辅音
浊辅音 鼻音
VICTOR GAO, Teaching English Consonants Zhejiang Education Institute
T R I B A L
p b m t d nK g
英语辅音
爆破音和鼻音
发音部位
发音方式
双唇
齿龈
软腭
清辅音
浊辅音 鼻音
VICTOR GAO, Teaching English Consonants Zhejiang Education Institute
T R I B A L
p b m t d nK g
英语辅音
爆破音和鼻音
发音部位
发音方式
双唇
齿龈
软腭
清辅音
浊辅音 鼻音
VICTOR GAO, Teaching English Consonants Zhejiang Education Institute
T R I B A L
p b m t d nK g
英语辅音
爆破音和鼻音
发音部位
发音方式
双唇
齿龈
软腭
清辅音
浊辅音 鼻音
VICTOR GAO, Teaching English Consonants Zhejiang Education Institute
T R I B A L
英语辅音
VICTOR GAO, Teaching English Consonants Zhejiang Education Institute
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双唇爆破音 / p, b /
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软腭爆破音 /k, g/
VICTOR GAO, Teaching English Consonants Zhejiang Education Institute
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软腭鼻音 / /
The velar nasal occurs only syllable finally; it cannot occur in syllable initial position
VICTOR GAO, Teaching English Consonants Zhejiang Education Institute
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VOICE ONSET TIME values
Voice Onset Time can take various values (measured in milliseconds, ms), but they fall into three main categories
VOT length Type of stop
long VOT voiceless aspirated stops
short VOT voiceless unaspirated stops
very short or negative (i.e. voicing begins before release of the articulation)
voiced stops
VICTOR GAO, Teaching English Consonants Zhejiang Education Institute
T R I B A L
English voiceless stops are aspirated or unaspirated, depending on context They are aspirated word-initially e.g.
pat [ph] and when they are in the beginning of
stressed syllables; potato [th] They are unaspirated when preceded
by /s/; e.g. spat /p/ Or in the beginning of an unstressed
syllable; e.g. paper /p/
英语清辅音爆破音有两种
VICTOR GAO, Teaching English Consonants Zhejiang Education Institute
T R I B A L
Voiced stops (and affricates) are not fully voiced 有限的声带振动at the end of an utterance; c.f. my /d/a/d/when utterance initial; e.g. b/yebefore a voiceless consonant; e.g. my da
/d/ singsSo, how do we tell voiced and voiceless
consonants apart?Vowels are longer before voiced stops (and
other voiced consonants); e.g. bead, beat, bid, bit
英语浊辅音爆破音和破擦音
VICTOR GAO, Teaching English Consonants Zhejiang Education Institute
T R I B A L
Voiced stops (and affricates) are not fully voiced 有限的声带振动So, how do we tell voiced and voiceless
consonants apart?Vowels are longer before voiced stops
(and other voiced consonants); e.g. bead, beat, bid, bit
如何区分有清辅音和浊辅音
VICTOR GAO, Teaching English Consonants Zhejiang Education Institute
T R I B A L
All stops are unreleased before other stops; e.g. ripped /p°/
Voiceless stops can be pronounced with a glottal stop /?/ in syllable final position; e.g. right /?t/
The glottal stop may replace the oral articulation altogether
/t/ is pronounced as /d/ when before [n]; e.g. kitten /dn/
不完全爆破规则
VICTOR GAO, Teaching English Consonants Zhejiang Education Institute
T R I B A L
English has nasal consonants in three place of articulation
Bilabial /m/ matAlveolar /n/ napVelar / / sang
*Also known as engma
鼻音
VICTOR GAO, Teaching English Consonants Zhejiang Education Institute
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摩擦音
上齿下唇
齿刃舌尖
齿 龈
龈 颚
英语辅音
Z
VICTOR GAO, Teaching English Consonants Zhejiang Education Institute
T R I B A L
摩擦音
上齿下唇
齿刃舌尖
齿 龈
龈 颚
英语辅音
Zsound
VICTOR GAO, Teaching English Consonants Zhejiang Education Institute
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摩擦音 / f, v /
VICTOR GAO, Teaching English Consonants Zhejiang Education Institute
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摩擦音
上齿下唇
齿刃舌尖
齿 龈
龈 颚
英语辅音
Zsound
VICTOR GAO, Teaching English Consonants Zhejiang Education Institute
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摩擦音 / /
VICTOR GAO, Teaching English Consonants Zhejiang Education Institute
T R I B A L
摩擦音
上齿下唇
齿刃舌尖
齿 龈
龈 颚
英语辅音
Z so
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摩擦音 / s ， z /
VICTOR GAO, Teaching English Consonants Zhejiang Education Institute
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摩擦音 / s, z /
VICTOR GAO, Teaching English Consonants Zhejiang Education Institute
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摩擦音
上齿下唇
齿刃舌尖
齿 龈
龈 颚
英语辅音
Z
VICTOR GAO, Teaching English Consonants Zhejiang Education Institute
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摩擦音 / /
VICTOR GAO, Teaching English Consonants Zhejiang Education Institute
T R I B A L
摩擦音
上齿下唇
齿刃舌尖
齿 龈
龈 颚
英语辅音
Z
VICTOR GAO, Teaching English Consonants Zhejiang Education Institute
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摩擦音
声门
VICTOR GAO, Teaching English Consonants Zhejiang Education Institute
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Labiodental – /f/ /v/ fine vineDental – /t/ /d/ thigh thy Alveolar – /s/ /z/ sit zit Post-alveolar – /s/ /z/* shape
beigeGlottal – /h/ heat
英语摩擦音
VICTOR GAO, Teaching English Consonants Zhejiang Education Institute
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/ f / & / v / 示意图
VICTOR GAO, Teaching English Consonants Zhejiang Education Institute
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/ / & / / 示意图
VICTOR GAO, Teaching English Consonants Zhejiang Education Institute
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/ s / / z / 示意图
VICTOR GAO, Teaching English Consonants Zhejiang Education Institute
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/ // / 示意图 Slight lip rounding may be
used by some speakers
VICTOR GAO, Teaching English Consonants Zhejiang Education Institute
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英语破擦音English has only Post-alveolar affricates
/ / / / child, judge These are produced by forming a closure as for
an alveolar stop (/t/d/) but at the same time the front of the tongue is also raised towards the hard palate; the closure is release gradually so that friction occurs between the blade/front of the tongue and the alveolar/front palatal region of the palate
Although affricates can be considered as a sequence of two speech sounds, a stop and a fricative, in English we know that they behave as one unit (not as a cluster)
VICTOR GAO, Teaching English Consonants Zhejiang Education Institute
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破擦音
tr dr ts dz
齿龈硬颚，扁唇
齿龈后，圆唇
齿龈，扁唇
English consonants
VICTOR GAO, Teaching English Consonants Zhejiang Education Institute
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破擦音
tr dr ts dz
齿龈硬颚，扁唇
齿龈后，圆唇
齿龈，扁唇
English consonants
VICTOR GAO, Teaching English Consonants Zhejiang Education Institute
T R I B A L
破擦音
tr dr ts dz
齿龈硬颚，扁唇
齿龈后，圆唇
齿龈，扁唇
English consonants
VICTOR GAO, Teaching English Consonants Zhejiang Education Institute
T R I B A L
破擦音
tr dr ts dz
齿龈硬颚，扁唇
齿龈后，圆唇
齿龈，扁唇
English consonants
VICTOR GAO, Teaching English Consonants Zhejiang Education Institute
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其他的音
Manner & position reference
English consonants
VICTOR GAO, Teaching English Consonants Zhejiang Education Institute
T R I B A L
其他的音
Manner & position reference
English consonants
j
j
发音长度是一号元音的 1/4
VICTOR GAO, Teaching English Consonants Zhejiang Education Institute
T R I B A L
其他的音
Manner & position reference
English consonants
j
j
发音长度是九号元音的 1/4
VICTOR GAO, Teaching English Consonants Zhejiang Education Institute
T R I B A L
/j/ vs. /w/
VICTOR GAO, Teaching English Consonants Zhejiang Education Institute
T R I B A L
/j/ is similar to /i:/ (the vowel of beat), but very short; it’s exact place of articulation depends on the following vowel
*American symbol: [y]
The palatal approximant /j/
VICTOR GAO, Teaching English Consonants Zhejiang Education Institute
T R I B A L
The production of the labial-velar approximant involves two wide constrictions: one at the lips, which are rounded (hence labial), and one at the velum, with the back of the tongue being raised (hence, velar)
/w/ is an example of double articulation
Labial-velar approximant /w/
VICTOR GAO, Teaching English Consonants Zhejiang Education Institute
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其他的音
Manner & position reference
English consonants
j
j
VICTOR GAO, Teaching English Consonants Zhejiang Education Institute
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English clear /l/
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Dark /l/:velarizedalveolarlateral approximant
English dark / l /
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Velarization is a secondary articulation, i.e. a constriction that is added to the primary constriction
The secondary constriction must be less narrow than the primary one to count as secondary articulation
If the two constrictions are of the same type, we talk of double articulation (not secondary articulation)
What is a velarized /l/?
VICTOR GAO, Teaching English Consonants Zhejiang Education Institute
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Comparing clear & dark / l /s
VICTOR GAO, Teaching English Consonants Zhejiang Education Institute
T R I B A L
Velarized /l/ occurs at the end of syllables; e.g. real and belt both have /l/
Clear /l/ is the articulation used when /l/ is found at the beginning of a syllable
However, in many dialects of American English velarized /l/ is the only pronunciation of /l/
Where does /l/ occur?
VICTOR GAO, Teaching English Consonants Zhejiang Education Institute
T R I B A L
其他的音
Manner & position reference
English consonants
j
j
VICTOR GAO, Teaching English Consonants Zhejiang Education Institute
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The exact articulation of /r/ varies from dialect to dialect In most varieties of British English and
many varieties of American English, /r/ is a voiced post-alveolar approximant /r/
There are however American English dialects in which /r/ is produced as a voiced retroflex approximant, /r/
Also, for a fair number of speakers the articulation of /r/ involves some degree of lip rounding
The /r/ phoneme
VICTOR GAO, Teaching English Consonants Zhejiang Education Institute
T R I B A L
Another American /r/U Maryland, Vocal Tract Visualization Lab
A retroflex /r/
VICTOR GAO, Teaching English Consonants Zhejiang Education Institute
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Place of articulation for [tr]/[dr]
/r/ after an alveolar stop
VICTOR GAO, Teaching English Consonants Zhejiang Education Institute
T R I B A L
A British [r](Gimson & Cruttenden,1994)
A post-alveolar /r/
(One) American [r](Gick, Kang & Whalen, 2002)
VICTOR GAO, Teaching English Consonants Zhejiang Education Institute
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区别练习
LightRight
VICTOR GAO, Teaching English Consonants Zhejiang Education Institute
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其他的音
Manner & position reference
English consonants
VICTOR GAO, Teaching English Consonants Zhejiang Education Institute
T R I B A L
其他的音
发音部位和发音方式参照
English consonants
VICTOR GAO, Teaching English Consonants Zhejiang Education Institute
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声门摩擦音 / h /
HerbHourHerHimGhnite
VICTOR GAO, Teaching English Consonants Zhejiang Education Institute
T R I B A L
No diagram here; during the production of [h] the vocal tract assumes the shape for the following vowel
/h/ has limited distribution: it does not appear word-finally it does not appear before other
consonants
The glottal fricative
VICTOR GAO, Teaching English Consonants Zhejiang Education Institute
T R I B A L
Organ awareness practice
VICTOR GAO, Teaching English Consonants Zhejiang Education Institute
T R I B A L
English has five approximants
/l/ – alveolar lateral approximant,
e.g lake
/r/ – post-alveolar (or retroflex) approximant, e.g. red
/j/ – palatal approximant, e.g. year
/w/ – labial-velar approximant, e.g. worry
/h/ – voiceless labial-velar approximant, e.g. what
English approximants
VICTOR GAO, Teaching English Consonants Zhejiang Education Institute
T R I B A L
Places of articulation