teaching learning materials - pipal tree ventures · the detail procedure of joining of pvc pipes...

TEACHING LEARNING MATERIALS

PTVPL/PLUMBING/R-1/9-2015

2PIPAL TREE VENTURES PVT. LTD.

A. Introduction

B. Tools & Applications

C. Basic Mathematics

D. Measurements & Calculations

E. Tools and Instruments

F. Different types of plumbing equipment and details

G. Occupational Health & Safety

Contents

PTVPL/PLUMBING/R-1/8-2015PTVPL/PLUMBING/R-1/9-2015

PIPAL TREE VENTURES PVT. LTD.

INTRODUCTION

The residential plumbing system is often taken for

granted, but it is an important part of the structure.

Home plumbing jobs can seem daunting, but

often, they’re easier than they first appear. With a

little plumbing knowledge, one can earn handful of

money in a minimum time of work and hassle

when it comes to keeping things flowing.

In home plumbing, different types of plumbing

operation which includes complex world of drains,

pipes and stopcocks! We’ll take a look at some of

the different components and how they work

together – providing you with more confidence

and some vital foundation knowledge.

A complete plumbing system provides an adequate

supply of water and removes waste.

There are three principal parts:

1. Water supply system.

2. Water and waste removal system.

3. Plumbing fixtures.

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1. Install, repair and maintain plumbing systems and components

2. Maintain all building codes, installation requirements

3. Detecting and repairing leaks in both water and wastewater systems

4. Replacing old plumbing or renovation

5. Installing and repairing plumbing fixtures

6. Installing water filters and appliances

7. Perform other related duties as when required

ROLE OF A PLUMBER


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IMPORTANCE OF A PLUMBER & HIS SERVICES

1. Various plumbing services performed includes repairing or replacing all

kinds of leaks, toilets, faucets, water heaters, drain and sewer pipes,

garbage disposals, fresh water pipes, re-circulating pumps, gas lines.

2. Also plumbing work done in kitchen sinks , mainline sewer stoppages and

sewer repair.

3. Do you have a leakage somewhere in your home or a clogged drain?

Then you probably need the help of a plumber.

4. A plumber is a person who installs or repairs piping systems, plumbing

fixtures and equipment such as water heaters and boilers. They clean

plumbing fixtures, clear heavy blockage, repair leaky taps and tanks, install

new faucets etc.

Scope of Plumbing1. Plumbing (from the Latin plumbum for lead, as pipes were once made

from lead) is the skilled trade of working with pipes, tubing and plumbing

fixtures for drinking water systems and the drainage of waste.

2. The plumbing industry is a basic and substantial part of every developed

economy due to the need for clean water, and proper collection and

transport of wastes.

3. Plumbing also refers to a system of pipes and fixtures installed in a

building for the distribution of potable water and the removal of

waterborne wastes.

4. Plumbing is usually distinguished from water and sewage systems, in that

a plumbing system serves one building, while water and sewage systems

serve a group of buildings or a city.

PIPAL TREE VENTURES PVT. LTD.PTVPL/PLUMBING/R-1/8-2015



TOOLS

BASIN WRENCHSHIFTING SPANNERPIPE WRENCH



This is called as Sink AugurA sink auger will give you the ability to clear clogged drains in sinks, showers and bath tubs.

This is called Adjustable WrenchThis wrench is also adjustable, and isdesigned to be used on hex nut fittings.

Channel Lock Pliers: These pliers are adjustable to fit pipes and fittings, and are also available in a range of sizes.

Teflon (PTFE) Tape This special tape is designedfor plumbing use, to lubricate threaded pipe fittings, which facilitates a better seal.

TAP WASHERSCAULKING GUNSLIP JOINT PLIERS



Pipe Cutting ToolThis tool will cut through metal pipe byrevolving it around the pipe andtightening the cutting wheel to increasethe depth of the cut until cutting iscomplete.

Hexa blade with frameThis tool will help to cut alltypes of pipes.

GENERAL NOTES

1. Keeping THE set of tools handy can mean big savings as evenminor plumbing works can be costly if a proper tool is notavailable

2. Once you have a reasonable set of tools, you will need a toolbox or bag to keep them in. No one likes to spend an hour ormore tracking down the tools that are needed for a simplerepair job; keeping your tools clean and stored in a singlecontainer will make your work easier and more efficient.

3. The time is the key factor in achieving the desiredproductivity and the time should not be wasted only in searchof tools to execute a particular item of work. So thearrangement of all the available tools to be kept handy and tobe utilised at the moment immediately.



APPLICATIONS

The various applications of plumbing services includes:

1. Pipes jointing2. Traps fixing 3. P traps repairs and fixing4. Fixing and installation of showers, taps, waste pipes etc. 5. Fixing of pipe lines for Homes and other buildings6. Fitting and fixing of all types of cocks and valves7. Fitting and fixing of flushing cisterns8. Fixing of water meters and ferrules9. Water Pressure checking



Leaking Pipes and Fittings

Having knowledge of your plumbing system; how it works and where the various components are located; will prepare you for one of the most common types of plumbing problems: leaking pipes.

Leaking pipes can be easy to fix if you have two basic pieces of information.

Which specific pipe is leaking? Where is the leak located?

If the leak is in an easily accessible area you will likely easily determine the exact location. Leaks can be caused by any one of a number of underlying issues.

Deterioration or corrosion of fittings or pipe Freezing of water in pipes can cause them to burst Movement places stress on fittings, causing them to lose

their seals--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------For replacing sections of PVC or PEX, there are special slip fitcoupler fittings that can be used without the need for glue orPVC solvent weld compound.

The pressure rating for threaded PVC pipe fittings is not ashigh as solvent welded fittings, but they are more thanadequate for temporary fixes or lower pressure systems.

For a permanent, high quality PVC seal an appropriatesolvent weld should be used.



Solvent welded fittings for PVCare similar to sweat fittings forcopper, but the connections aresealed with a primer and glue.

Check with your localhardware store to find out whattype of solvent weld you

The detail procedure of joining of PVC pipes with solvent :

Cut the pipe of required length & clean the end

Chamfer the cut edge on the pipe for easy entry

Mark the depth of insertion on the pipe end

Roughen the pipe insertion surface (Externally) & socket of the

fitting (Internally) by using emery paper

Apply a thin of Super Fit C-PVC Pipe Adhesive on the roughened

surface with a brush

Avoid excess solvent cement. Insert the pipe end inside socket

fitting fully and turn through 90 deg, for about 3 minutes

Cure the joint for 24 hrs. For a proper and permanent joint

Features :

High adhesive quality

Superior duty performance


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Requirements of a Plumber

The Plumbers must have finger dexterity, good eye-hand co-

ordination and spatial perception to work neatly and accurately.

meeting to the quality standards. They must also have the ability to

understand drawings and be able to take measurements at the site

to execute the works at different sites.

Buildings are frequently erected, altered and repaired. For

this reason there will always be a demand for competent qualified

plumbers.

Inspection chambers



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Unit Equivalent

1 cm 10 mm

10 cm 100 mm

1 m 100 cm

10 m 1000 cm

1 m 1000 mm

10 m 10000 mm

1 inch 2.54 cm

1 feet 30.48 cm

1 km 1000 m

SPECIFIC UNITS AND ITS EQUIVALENT MEASUREMENTS

4 cm

40 mm

1 cm = 10 mm

SAMPLE



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Area CalculationSQUARE with side “a”

Perimeter = S+S+S+S = 4xSArea = S2

RECTANGLE with side w and length lPerimeter: P = 2w + 2l Area: A = l × w

Perimeter: P = a + b + cArea: A = (1/2) × a × h

Triangles:

Circumference of circle = d

This formula is commonly used in problems where the diameter is given and we have to determine the circumference or area.

OBA

Area of the circle when its radius is given = r2

Area of the circle when its diameter is given = d2/4.



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1. There are numerous makes and models of tape measures.

2. They vary in blade width and length.

3. The retractable type with a pocket clip is the most common.

METHODS OF MEASUREMENT

A caliper is a device used to measure the distance between two opposingsides of an object. A caliper can be as simple as a compass with inward oroutward-facing points. The tips of the caliper are adjusted to fit across thepoints to be measured, the caliper is then removed and the distance readby measuring between the tips with a measuring tool, such as a ruler.

Calipers



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Water storage and supply Water Supply and Distribution presumes that adequate infrastructure requires forthe supply of water at suitable pressure for all requirements. However it iscommon knowledge that uninterrupted piped potable water supply at adequatepressure is not prevalent in India.

The purpose of this preamble is to outline the criteria for determining capacities ofstorage tanks

Water Storage TanksIf the distribution system proposed is by gravity from an elevated tank, thecombined capacity of the low level and high level tanks should be adequate for theduration of anticipated disruption in supply.

The tank partitions will have to be based on structural considerations, differentqualities of water to be stored, and water requirements for fire fighting. Storagetank compartments containing potable and non-potable water should haveadequate sanitary separation.

Water storage tanks shall be constructed of impervious materials,protected against contamination and provided with locked, water-tightcovers.

Any overflow or ventilation openings shall be down-facing and providedwith a corrosion-resistant screening of not less than No. 24 mesh toprevent the entry of insects and vermin.

Water storage tanks shall not have direct connections to sewers.



PIPAL TREE VENTURES PVT. LTD. 17

Valves and Chambers• Water meter

• Control valves

• Service valves

• Zoning

• Valve chambers

A water meter is a device used to measure the volume of water usage.

In many developed countries water meters are used at each residential and commercial

building in a public water supply system. Water meters can also be used at the water

source, well, or throughout a water system to determine flow through that portion of the

system.

Control valves: Shut off or regulate rate of flow.

Made from cast bronze, brass, malleable iron, cast iron, thermoset plastic, and thermoplastic.

Valve Chambers

Gate ValvesMetal disc (gate) and vertical valve seat machined to form valve.

Unobstructed flow, Not for regulating rate of flow, For main supply lines and

pump lines.

Ball Valves

Made from brass or plastic.

Open and close in one-quarter turn.

Little resistance to flow.

PIPAL TREE VENTURES PVT. LTD.PTVPL/PLUMBING/R-1/8-2015PTVPL/PLUMBING/R-1/9-2015

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PLUMBING FIXTURES & FITTINGSFixtures: Indian & European Water Closets (floor or wall

mounted), Urinals, Washbasins, Sinks. Sealant joints etc.

Appliances: Hot water Boilers, Geysers, etc.

A Plumbing fixture is a receptacle device that is

supplied with water or any type of liquid waste and

discharges the waste through the drainage pipes to the

drainage system to which it is connected directly or

indirectly.

EUROPEAN W C INDIAN W C

WASH BASINS


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Fittings: Flushing cisterns, Dual flush tank, Flush valves, Showers,

Mixers, Pillar tap, Sink cock, Bib-taps and Ablution faucets; Waste

connections and traps; Floor drains. Types of fittings: full turn

(fullway/screwdown/compression), half turn, quarter turn, single

lever, diverter, etc.

PLUMBING FIXTURES & FITTINGS

The different types of fittings that are used in pipe and plumbing

systems to connect each straight pipe to get a different flow or

properties.

The main components that are in use are Elbows, Tees, Cross

junctions, Caps, Plugs, Nipples, Closet flange, Clean Outs, Trap

primers, Combo Tee, Sanitary Tees. Double Sanitary tees. Wye Fittings

etc.



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Standard Dimensions of Plumbing Fixtures and Fittings

Particularly there are no standard heights and dimensions for mostplumbing fixtures and fittings.

The standard heights and other dimensions are not given in any codesand standards and these are specified in many architecture andengineering text books. The Architects while designing the plumbingfixtures and fittings they will indicate the exact dimensions that aresuitable to use.

The following examples are given for some of the sanitary fittings givingthe normal dimensions along with the sectional details.

Wash Basins

Water closets (European)

Water closets (Indian)


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Urinals

Sinks

Faucets



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The cisterns will function when the handle out side is pressed to flush the toilet and a lever insidethe cistern will operate.

The lever opens the flapper valve that allows the cistern to empty the stored water into the toiletbeneath.

Water flows from the cistern through holes in the rim of the water closet so it washes the bowl aswell as flushing the contents away.

There's enough water flowing down from the cistern to flush the toilet around the S-bend (S-trap).Some water will remain at the bottom of the toilet, which will help to prevent the gases comingfrom the out let and for hygiene purpose.

After the water drains out in to the bowl, the floater falls downward unlocking the ball cock lever.

The water from the inlet valve works like a faucet and the water flows into the cistern and afterfilling of the tank the float will reach to the top locking the faucet locked and water inlet is closed.

Flushing Cisterns

Floor Drains


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Geysers



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Bib taps and other bath fittings



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Installation of Fixture VentsThe venting system, or plumbing vents, consists of a number of pipes leading fromwaste pipes to the outdoors, usually through the roof. Vents provide a means torelease sewer gases outside instead of inside the house. Vents also admit oxygen tothe waste system to allow aerobic sewage digestion, and to discourage noxiousanaerobic decomposition. Vents provide a way to equalize the pressure on both sidesof a trap, thereby allowing the trap to hold the water which is needed to maintaineffectiveness of the trap, and avoiding "trap suck out" which otherwise might occur.

All plumbing waste fixtures use traps to prevent sewer gases from leaking into thehouse. Through traps, all fixtures are connected to waste lines, which in turn take thewaste to a "soil stack", or "soil vent pipe". At the building drain system's lowest point,the drain-waste vent is attached, and rises (usually inside a wall) to and out of theroof. Waste exits from the building through the building's main drain and flowsthrough a sewage line, which leads to a septic system or a public sewer. Cesspits aregenerally prohibited in developed areas.


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaerobic_decomposition

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septic_system

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanitary_sewer

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesspit

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Fixing of Sewerage Pipes and drainage


The fixing of drainage and sewerage pipes is a very important task for plumbers. Thedrainage plays key role as it needs proper attention and laying of pipes to thegradient and to keep the inert gases to come out properly and to mix in air.There are a number of fittings are available and the following are the details.

A domestic wastewater overflow is an overflow of wastewater (black water orgreywater) onto a person’s property (i.e. within the land boundary of a persons placeof residence) or into a person’s home. A domestic wastewater overflow may occur ona sewered property (a property which is connected to the sewerage main) or on lotswith onsite sewerage disposal e.g. septic tanks and leach drains. Note: Blackwater iswater that originates from the toilet and is therefore contaminated with faecesand/or urine. Greywater is water that essentially originates from bathrooms,kitchens, or laundries

Typical Drainage System Components of a residential drainage system



Groove cutting in walls (Jarry cutting)

The groove cutting in walls and floors of a building or road work is preciously requiredand the plumber is needed to draw the accurate plan on the wall for Groove cutting(Jarry cutting) on the wall and on the floor where ever required. The line of cutting ofgrooves should be exactly to the plumb and the vertical and horizontal lines are to beexactly matching to the layout of the pipes that are required to be placed.While executing the work the tradesmen has to take proper safety requirements suchas hand gloves, Nose mask, Hlemet, Goggles and Safety shoes for proper handling ofthe equipment. The electrical safety has also needed to be followed carefully.


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TrapsThe trap most commonly used with plumbing fixtures is the P-trap. The P-

trap gets its name because of its general shape-that of the letter P.

Traps are required because they prevent sewer gases from entering a

building and causing serious illness or death.

The term Trap Seal refers to the water being held in the bent portion of a

fixture trap. The trap seal forms a seal against the passage of sewer gases

through the trap and into the building.

Building (House) traps shall be

provided with a cleanout and a relief

vent or fresh air intake on the inlet

side of the trap.

Relief vents or fresh air intake shall be

carried above grade and shall be

terminated in a screened outlet

located outside the building.

The size of the relief vent or fresh aid

intake shall not be less than one-half

the diameter of the drain to which the

relief vent or air intake connects.


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CleanoutsA plumbing cleanout is a cleanout fitting with a removable plug that is found in a roughed in

waste system. It is designed to help keep clear any type of debris that could cause any

type of stoppage in the water drain lines.

Cleanouts are usually placed at the connection point between the sewer lines and the drain

lines where the base is located of a vertical stack and at all places were the pipe direction

changes at 90 degrees.



Plumbing Symbols

Plumbing Fixture Schedule



OH&S

Occupational Health & Safety

1. Workplace Safety

2. First-Aid


32PIPAL TREE VENTURES PVT. LTD.PTVPL/PLUMBING/R-1/8-2015PTVPL/PLUMBING/R-1/9-2015

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teaching learning materials - pipal tree ventures · the detail procedure of joining of pvc pipes...

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