TEACHING PRONUNCIATIONEnglish in the 21st Century & How to Teach Segmentals

English in the 21st Century

How many people are there in the world today?How many of them speak English?

English in the 21st Century

There are over 7 billion people in the world today.

More than 25% of them speak English fluently or competently (Crystal 2003, quoted in Jenkins 2007).

English in the 21st Century

This is Braj Kachru’s famous model for understanding how English functions in different countries. (in Crystal, 1995)

English in the 21st CenturyHow many users in each circle?

• 300-500 million in inner circle (e.g., US)

• 320-380 million in outer circle (e.g., India)

• 500 million – 1 billion in expanding circle (e.g., VN)

(Figures from Crystal, 2003, quoted in Jenkins, 2007)

English in the 21st Century

So why am I telling you this on the day we are talking about

teaching pronunciation?

Nativeness versus Intelligibility • Nativeness principle: the goal of pronunciation teaching is for learner to achieve native-like pronunciation in the target language

• Intelligibility principle: the goal of pronunciation teaching is for learners to be understood when speaking

Nativeness versus Intelligibility Which is more important and realistic in your context?

Does being a native speaker make a person a good pronunciation teacher?

• Go to https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lz0IT4Uk2xQ to see the video!

Does being a native speaker make a person a good pronunciation teacher?

What are some advantages NNESTs (non native English speaking teachers) have over NESTs (native English speaking teachers)?

Teaching Segmentals: Vowel Sounds

• What English vowels are difficult for you to pronounce? Which are easy?

• What strategies have you or your past English teachers used to improve your production of English vowel sounds? Which ones were the most successful?

Common Vowel Problems

•/iy/ vs. /ɪ/ seat/sit, sheep/ship•/ɛ/ vs. /æ/ vet/vat, pest/past•/ʌ/ vs. /ʊ/ buck/book, cud/could

Teaching Vowels: /iy/ vs. /ɪ/• What do you already know about these sounds?

Teaching Vowels: /iy/ vs. /ɪ/• Help Ss understand the mouth position

Teaching Vowels: /iy/ vs. /ɪ/• Help Ss understand the mouth position• Exaggerate and use movement to help them pronounce the sound correctly

Teaching Vowels: /iy/ vs. /ɪ/• Help Ss understand the mouth position• Exaggerate and use movement to help them pronounce the sound correctly

• Drill using minimal pairsSLEEP SLIPGREEN GRINLEAVE LIVEEAT IT

Teaching Vowels: /iy/ vs. /ɪ/• Help Ss understand the mouth position• Exaggerate and use movement to help them pronounce the sound correctly

• Drill using minimal pairs• Give listening discrimination practice

Listening Discrimination

Directions: 1) copy the words; 2) listen to the teacher (or recording) say the words and mark the one you hear.

1. ___ SLEEP ___ SLIP2. ___ GREEN ___ GRIN3. ___ LEAVE ___ LIVE4. ___ EAT ___ IT

Teaching Vowels: /iy/ vs. /ɪ/• Help Ss understand the mouth position• Exaggerate and use movement to help them pronounce the sound correctly

• Drill using minimal pairs• Give listening discrimination practice• Do controlled practice activities

Example: What’s Your Phone Number

What’s Your Phone Number

0- sleep 1- slip 2- green 3- grin 4- leave 5- live 6- eat 7- it 8- seat 9- sit

Teaching Segmentals: Consonant Sounds

• What English consonant sounds are difficult for you to pronounce? Which are easy?

• What strategies have you or your past English teachers used to improve your production of English consonant sounds? Which ones were the most successful?

Common Consonant Problems•/p/ vs. /b/ pat/bat, pour/bore•/g/ vs. /k/ gut/cut, gain/cane•Final consonants false•Consonant clusters months

Teaching Consonants: /p/ vs /b/• What do you already know about these sounds?

Teaching Consonants: /p/ vs /b/• Instruct Ss about how to form the sounds

• Show a picture or exaggerate your mouth position

Teaching Consonants: /p/ vs /b/• Instruct Ss about how to form the sounds

• Show a picture or exaggerate your mouth position

• Practice voiced and unvoiced by touching your vocal chords

Teaching Consonants: /p/ vs /b/• Instruct Ss about how to form the sounds

• Show a picture or exaggerate your mouth position

• Practice voiced and unvoiced by touching your vocal chords

• Use a piece of paper to demonstrate aspiration

Teaching Consonants: /p/ vs /b/• Instruct Ss about how to form the sounds• Drill using minimal pairs

PAT BATPIE BUYPIG BIGPAIR BEARPOOR BORETAP TAB

Teaching Consonants: /p/ vs /b/• Instruct Ss about how to form the sounds• Drill using minimal pairs• Give listening discrimination practice

___ PIE ___ BUY___ PIG ___ BIG___ POOR ___ BORE___ TAP ___ TAB

Teaching Consonants: /p/ vs /b/• Instruct Ss about how to form the sounds• Drill using minimal pairs• Give listening discrimination practice• Do a controlled practice activity

Example: Pronunciation Journey

What are Final Consonants?• Is the answer true or false?• My favorite color is black.• Please send those two emails to me.

Teaching Final Consonants• Drill the word exaggerating the final consonant

BLACK FALSE EMAILS

Teaching Final Consonants• Drill the word exaggerating the final consonant

• Give listening discrimination practiceExample: Slap the board

Teaching Final Consonants• Drill the word exaggerating the final consonant

• Give listening discrimination practice• Do a controlled practice activity

Example: Word Chain

Teaching Final Consonants• Drill the word exaggerating the final consonant

• Give listening discrimination practice• Do a controlled practice activity• Remind students everyday by writing S or last sound on the board and pointing to it when they make a mistake

What are Consonant Clusters?

a) weeks: /wi:ks/ CVCCb) months: /mʌnθs/ CVCCCc) twelfth: /twelfθ/ CCVCCC

Note that all of these words are one syllable.

Teaching Consonant ClustersConsonant clusters: 1. Write the word in phonemic script or just

practice the individual sounds

M O N T H S

Teaching Consonant ClustersConsonant clusters: 1. Write the word in phonemic script or just

practice the individual sounds2. Drill the word backwards, sound by

sound, and build up the word

M O N T H S

Teaching Consonant ClustersConsonant clusters: 1. Write the word in phonemic script or just

practice the individual sounds2. Drill the word backwards, sound by

sound, and build up the word3. Drill the whole word

Teaching Consonant ClustersConsonant clusters: 1. Write the word in phonemic script or just

practice the individual sounds2. Drill the word backwards, sound by

sound, and build up the word3. Drill the whole word 4. Practice

Example: How many months until…?