technical application materials: wood and wood products · 2016-11-22 · technology technical...

TECHNOLOGY TECHNICAL APPLICATION MATERIALS: WOOD AND WOOD PRODUCTS

1 1º ESO COLEGIO SANTÍSIMA TRINIDAD

TECHNICAL APPLICATION MATERIALS: WOOD

AND WOOD PRODUCTS

How are materials obtained?

Types of materials

The properties of the materials

Working with materials

Obtaining and properties of wood

Types of wood and wood derivatives

Woodworking: making parts

Working with wooden joints and finishes

Environmental impact of the exploitation and use of wood

1. How are materials obtained?

Steps of obtaining materials:

•Raw material: material resources used for the production of materials.

•Minerals and rocks are mined in quarries, mines or wells (granite, silver).

•The materials of plant or animal origin are collected after planting or breeding (silk or wood).

EXTRACTION

• The raw materials are subjected to physical or chemical processes to get materials for technical use.

• Examples: metals from minerals in the metallurgical industries; plastics from oil in petrochemical industries.

TRANSFORMATION

• Once processed, the materials come in various commercial forms (strips of wood, cotton, sheet metal).

• With these, different technological products are made.ELABORATION

• Many times, the materials from Discarded products can be recovered for use as feedstock in the production of new materials.RECYCLING



2. TYPES OF MATERIALS

Materials Classification

CERAMIC AND STONED MATERIALS

Are obtained from rock, sands or clays.

Examples: natural stone (granite, slate); construction

materials (cement); ceramic (porcelain); glasses.

ORGANIC MATERIALS

Derived from plant or animal parts.

Examples: wood and wood products (paper,

cardboard); leather; cork; cotton fabrics.

METALS

Are obtained after separating them from the metallic

minerals that contain them.

The most important is steel, but also important are

aluminum, copper, brass and bronze.

SYNTHETIC OR PLASTIC MATERIALS

They are chemically combined substances derived

primarily from petroleum or natural gas.

Examples: Polyethylene, PVC, acrylic, polyurethane,

fibers and synthetic fabrics (nylon, lycra).

THE CYCLE OF MATERIALS

TRANSFORMATION EXTRATION

ELABORATIONTECHNICAL

APPLICATION

MATERIAL

NATURE FEEDSTOCK

RECYCLING

DISCARDED

PRODUCT

USE

PRODUCT



3. The properties of the materials a. Physical and chemical properties are those which determine the appearance and

behavior of a material to actions or external events. The physical properties are

hardness, toughness, elasticity, etc. The chemical are oxidation and corrosion.

HARDNESS RESISTANCE TO

EXTERNAL FORCES

TENACITY OR

FRAGILITY

Resistance presented by

materials to be scratched, cut

or punctured. The metals are

harder than wood or plastic.

Capacity of a material to

support weight or pressures

without breaking. The steel is

more resistant than the

aluminium or the wood.

Aptitude to absorb blows or

impacts without breaking.

The metals or the wood are in

the habit of being tenacious

(they do not break easily),

whereas the glass and the

ceramics are very fragile.

ELASTICITY OR

PLASTICITY

THERMAL AND ELECTRICAL

CONDUCTIVITY CHEMICAL STABILITY


recover the aspect when it

stops the force that deforms

it. If it recovers its shape is

named elastic, in opposite,

plastic. If it suffers almost no

deformation, it is rigid.

To allow or to block the way

of the heat or of the electrical

current across a material. The

metals are good drivers and

the plastic ones are

insulating.


resist the chemical action of

the oxygen of the air

(oxidation) or of the

humidity (corrosion) or of

other aggressive substances

(acids, solvents).

b. Other properties:

Possibilities of

manufacture

The metals, glasses and plastic can fuse and weld to obtain complicated

pieces.

The wood does not admit those operations, but it is possible to cut it or

deal with it easyly.

Some metals are ductile and malleable (they can stretch, mold)

Ecological

behavior

Attending to the impact on the environment in the process of obtaining,

use and undone. It is recommended to use recycled or recyclable,

biodegradable and not toxic materials.

Price and

availability

The difficulty to obtain a material increases its price. The materials that

come from other countries are more difficult to obtain.

c. Tests: they are tests that allow to obtain the information named technical

characteristic (values of the properties of a material).



4. Working with materials

To construct different objects it is necessary to have a great variety of materials: wood, metals,

plastic, fabrics, etc. Some of them can be obtained taking advantage of waste products; the rest

it is necessary to acquire them in specialized trades.

a. The materials in the trade: at the moment of buying a material, it is necessary to

specify quantity, commercial forms (board, pipe, tape, strip..), type of

material (wood, plastic, …) and the dimensions.

b. Utilization of the materials: recommendations to extract the maximum

advantage of the materials.

PROCEDURE FOR THE UTILIZATION OF THE MATERIALS

Fit the dimensions (to avoid

objects too big).

Draw and distribute the

pieces from the edges and

one from each other as close

as posible.

Cut the pieces carefully, to

avoid to have to repeat them.

Keep and take advantage of

the cuts.

Recover chunks of material

from previous works.

Classify and arrange all the

materials. Make them clean

before guarding them.

c. The work with materials in the workshop: in the workshop there are tools and

machines. The order and the cleanliness turn out to be indispensable.

SAFETY PROCEDURE IN THE WORKSHOP

Keep the tools arranged. To hold the pieces with

firmness by means of screws

or gags.

Clean the tools once used.

Put attention when using the

tools, specially if they are

cutting or sharp.

Use protection elements

(gloves, glasses) for some

tasks

Use the tools with correction,

according to its assignment.



5. Obtaining and wood properties

a. Wood Properties

Wood comes from trees, for what it is abundant and renewable. It possesses excellent technical

properties:

It is pleasant to the senses (smell, color, texture) and its exterior aspect is very estimated

by the seams

Excellent fuel.

It is capable of resisting forces and high pressures.

Usually it is very flexible.

It is lightweight, durable and insulates from cold, heat and noise.

It is easy to handle.

b. Wood applications

PRODUCTION OF PAPER

AND PAPERBOARD CONSTRUCTION

MANUFACTURE OF

OBJECTS

c. The industry of the wood: phases of the Wood exploitation.

i. Forest works: tasks of repopulation, felling of trees when they have reached

the maturity and the right size, transport of the trunks up to the sawmills or

the industries of paper.

ii. In the sawmill: logs go through a process of peeling, cutting and curing,

becoming beams, planks and boards.

iii. In the panel industries, trunks or branches turn into thin sheets or are crumbled

in particles or fibers. Resins are then added to bind the sheets and strips or

WOOD APPLICATIONS

FUEL PRODUCTION OF PAPER AND PAPERBOARD

CONSTRUCTION

BUILDINGS, SHIPS, DOORS, WINDOWS,

FLOORS, ETC

MANUFACTURE OF OBJECTS

FURNITURE, HOUSEHOLD

UTENSILS, MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS, ETC



mixed with shredded wood. Pressure and heat are given the final shape to the

different types of boards.

GETTING WOOD BOARDS

DEBARKING SHREDDING DRYING

d. The paper industry: Paper and cardboard are obtained in the following stages

Reduce wood into

tiny cellulose

fibers up to forming a

pasta named pulp.

Substances (coloring)

are added to the pulp to

achieve desired

properties

The pulp obtained is pressed to get a thin sheet of paper.

Paper is stored for later sale.



6. Types of Wood and Wood derivatives: Natural Wood: solid wood obtained from sawing logs. According to the source tree, can

be classified into

CONIFERS HARDWOOD TROPICAL

They come from evergreens

(pine, fir, cypress, cedar) that

provide light, soft and easy to

work with wood.

They are extracted from

deciduous (oak, beech,

walnut, poplar, chestnut,

olive, ash) which often give

heavy, hard and sometimes

difficult to work with wood.

They are hardwood from

rainforests (mahogany,

ebony, teak, samba, raft,

ocume, sapele). The

properties of the wood are

more diverse, there are hard

or soft, heavy or light,

different colors and veining.

Used in construction

structures, interior or exterior

carpentry, rustic furnishings.

Used in interior carpentry,

furniture, tool handles,

housewares, shipbuilding,

sticks, matches.

Used in interior carpentry,

furniture, packaging, DIY

Parts, carvings and frames.

Woods Transformed have some advantages over natural: they can be prepared in large

boards, better use of wood, rot and deform less, are cheaper.

PLYWOODS

Plywood is a board made from

thin sheets of wood glued

transversely to the fibers on

each other with synthetic resins

under strong pressure and heat.

Having crossed veins deform

less and have equal strength in

both directions. They can be

deformed to obtain curved

pieces.

AGGLOMERATES

Boards are manufactured with

small wood chips glued

together under pressure and

without further finishing.

It is the cheapest board. Its use

is not recommended in wet

conditions, as absorbed

humidity, it swells and does not

recover with drying. They

break easily and do not support

unions with nails and screws.

BOARDS AND FIBER

MOLDINGS

Fiber board is constructed from

woods that have been reduced

to fibers and subsequently

reconstructed by applying

pressure and glue.

Deforms less and resist

moisture better than

agglomerates. They can be

worked similarly to the natural

wood. You can paint, varnish

or lacquer it.

EDGE-GLUED PANELS They are realized joining strips

of natural wood for its singing

with the help of resins.

It looks like a natural wood

board. They have the same

properties of wood with which

they are made. They work like

natural wood.



Commercial forms:

BOARD

SLAT

MOLDING



7. Woodworking: making parts a. Marking and tracing:

The most common layout tools are pencil, compass, ruler, flexible meter, carrier, square.

MARKING AND TRACING

The measurements are

transferred from the edges or

reference lines using the ruler

or meter, and marked with

pencil.

To allow the saw cut it is

recommended to left two or

three millimeters of

separation between the

different pieces.

The layout square moves on

the wood to trace

perpendicular lines to the

same line.

b. Saw:

Different types of saws are used: saw, tenon saw, the blade or marquetry bow. Before use one

of them it is essential to employ clamping fixtures: cats or sergeants, which bind tightly to the

workbench.

SAW TOOLS

The handsaw is used to cut

large pieces of wood and

when the court does not

require high precision. The

backsaw is a tool similar to

the handsaw, differing from

it by bringing a metal

reinforcement called rib on

top of the sheet.

The backsaw is used to make

straight, accurate cuts. The

start of the court should be

slow, making sure it is

aligned.

To cut slats or moldings

cutting guides should be

used, which direct the

movement of the backsaw

with great precision.

c. Perforar y taladrar:

Para perforar madera se emplean barrenas manuales o taladradoras, que utilizan brocas de

diferentes diámetros. Para realizar estas operaciones es necesario sujetar firmemente la pieza

para que no gire.

MAKING HOLES

Choose the right bit and set it in the drill. Hand drill:

Place he tip of the drill on the center of the

hole



Press vertically

Turn the handle

d. Limar y lijar:

Después de cortar y perforar, las piezas de madera suelen presentar astillas o pequeñas

deformaciones en los bordes. Para conseguir un acabado correcto se utilizan escofinas, limas o

papel de lija.

HERRAMIENTAS PARA LIMAR O LIJAR

WOOD FILE: LOWER THE WOOD TO

ACHIEVE THE DESIRED SHAPE.

SANDPAPER: THE EDGES ARE

SHARPENED, ELIMINATING CHIPS OR

DEFECTS. TO FACILITATE THE WORK,

IT IS MOUNTED ON A WOODEN

BLOCK.

8. El trabajo con madera: uniones y acabados

La mayoría de los objetos están formados por varias piezas unidas entre sí.

a. Uniones permanentes: impiden la separación de las piezas una vez unidas.

ENSAMBLES: es la unión más resistente. Consiste en encajar las piezas entre sí, por lo que se

deben preparar entrantes y salientes en sus extremos. A la unión se le añade cola blanca para

inmovilizar las piezas. Existen muchos tipos de ensambles dependiendo del tamaño y

disposición de las piezas.

UNIONES CLAVADAS: más sencillas pero menos resistentes. Consiste en encolar y apoyar

directamente los bordes de las piezas para fijarlos después con clavos o grapas. Coviene usar

clavos finos para evitar que se abra la madera.

NAILED AND GLUED JOINS

Before joining together the pieces, start

nailing at the edge of one of them, without

allowing it to pass through.

White glue is applied on one of the pieces.

One piece rests on the other to finish nailing.

Then the excess glue is removed.



b. Uniones desmontables

Son aquellas que permiten unir y separar las piezas sin que se rompa la unión. Normalmente se

realizan utilizando tirafondos que van roscados directamente sobre la pieza a unir. En ocasiones

se emplean herrajes especiales para reforzar la unión. Un caso particular es la bisagra, que

permite el giro de las piezas entre sí.

CÓMO REALIZAR UNIONES ATORNILLADAS

Place the higes on the pieces together and

mark the position of the holes.

In the market there are a variety of hinges,

depending on the pieces to join.

A small hole is made on the marks using the

auger or drill. After THAT, the HIGES are

placed and pieces ARE screwed.

c. Acabados de madera

La madera es un material que se altera con los cambios de temperatura, la exposición al sol y

con el contacto al agua. Para protegerla se le aplican diferentes tipos de recubrimiento que,

además, son decorativos.

TAPAPOROS: se aplica sobre la madera natural antes de pintarla o barnizarla, para sellar los

poros de la madera y conseguir una superficie con un mejor acabado.

BARNICES Y TINTES: recubren y protegen la madera natural, a la vez que dejan contemplar

su vetado.

PINTURAS: cubren la madera por completo, por lo que suelen aplicarse sobre superficies

deterioradas o tableros artificiales. Tipos de pinturas: óleo, al agua, esmaltadas.

LACAS: proporcionan un acabado liso. Se aplican sobre maderas poco alterables.

APPLYING PAINT AND VARNISH

Paints and varnishes are

extended with paintbrushes. It

should be done in ventilated

places and gloves should be

used.

The paint is applied with a

lightly loaded brush in the

same direction. For

consistent color, several

layers are needed.

Pieces should be stored dry.

The brushes are cleaned

with water or solvent,

depending on the paint used

and stored dry.



9. Impacto ambiental de la explotación y uso de la madera

Como consecuencia de la explotación inapropiada de los bosques se producen problemas

medioambientales como:

Deforestación de bosques primarios o vírgenes: más de la tercera parte del comercio

mundial de madera corresponde a talas ilegales. Para reducir este problema se han creado

organismos internacionales como el FSC (Consejo Administrador de los Bosques) que

concede un certificado a las maderas procedentes de bosques bien gestionados

(repoblación y cuidado del terreno)

Contaminación de las aguas y la atmósfera: producida por la industria de transformación

de la madera, especialmente las papeleras, ya que emplean productos químicos muy

contaminantes como el cloro. Para reducir esta contaminación hay que producir más

papel reciclado, que no precisa de procesos químicos. También se puede sustituir el cloro

por productos inofensivos a base de oxígeno y agua.

Una parte importante de la solución a este problema está en manos de los consumidores,

adoptando hábitos de consumo responsable.

CONSUMO RESPONSABLE DE MADERA Y PAPEL

Adquirir productos de

madera certificada y evitar el

consumo de madera de

origen tropical.

Utilizar preferentemente

tableros artificiales antes que

piezas de madera natural,

sobre todo si son de grandes

dimensiones.

Usar papel reciclado y

contribuir a la recuperación

de papel y cartón utilizando

los contenedores para

reciclar.



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technical application materials: wood and wood products · 2016-11-22 · technology technical...

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