Technical Assistance Consultant’s Report

This consultant’s report does not necessarily reflect the views of ADB or the Government concerned, and ADB and the Government cannot be held liable for its contents.

Final Report Project Number: 38401 December 2010

Managing Hazardous Wastes (Financed by the Asian Development Bank Technical Assistance Funding Program)

Prepared by Dr. David W.J. Green

Hong Kong, China

For the Asian Development Bank

ABBREVIATIONS

ADB – Asian Development Bank BBIN – Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, and Nepal CPCB Central Pollution Control Board DMC – developing member country DOE – Department of Environment GOD Government of Denmark HCRW Health Care Risk Waste HM Hazardous raw materials / chemicals HW Hazardous Waste HWM Hazardous Waste Management HWM

rules 2008 Hazardous Waste (Management, Handling and Transboundary

Movement) Rules, 2008 (India) MOEF – Ministry of Environment and Forest (India) MOE Ministry of Environment (previously MOEST (Nepal) MOH Ministry of Health (Nepal) MOSTE – Ministry of Science, Technology, and Environment (Bangladesh) NEC National Environment Commission (Bhutan) NEP National Environment Policy, 2006 (India) POP – persistent organic pollutant PPC Pollution Control Committee PPP – Public-private partnership RCSP – regional cooperation strategy and program RETA – regional technical assistance SASEC – South Asia Subregional Economic Cooperation SPCB State Pollution Control Board TSDF Treatment, storage and disposal facilities UNEP – United Nations Environment Programme

NOTE In this report “$” refers to US dollars

Units of Measurement

Kg – Kilogram tonne(s) – 1000kg also known as metric tonne or M/T m3 – cubic meter

Contents Page

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY iv I. INTRODUCTION 1

A. Overview 1 B. Key Activities 3 C. Implementation Arrangements 5 D. Report Structure 5

II. HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT IN NEPAL 5 A. Nepal Overview 5 B. Inventory of Hazardous Waste in Nepal 8 C. Development of Policy on Hazardous Waste Management in Nepal 9 D. Development of Guidelines for Hazardous Waste Management in Nepal 12

III. HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT IN BHUTAN 13 A. Bhutan Overview 13 B. Inventory of Hazardous Waste in Bhutan 16 C. Development of Policy on Hazardous Waste Management in Bhutan 17 D. Development of Guidelines for Hazardous Waste Management in Bhutan 19

IV. HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT IN BANGLADESH 20 A. Bangladesh Overview 20 B. Inventory of Hazardous Waste in Bangladesh 21 C. Development of Policy on Hazardous Waste Management in Bangladesh 23 D. Development of Rules for Hazardous Waste Management in Bangladesh 24

V. HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT IN INDIA 24 A. India Overview 24 B. Inventories of Hazardous Waste in India 25 C. Current Practices for Recovery, Reuse, Recycling and Disposal 27 D. Policy and Strategy on Hazardous Waste Management in India 27 E. Revised Regulation for Hazardous Waste Management in India 28 F. Workshops for Disseminating Revised Regulations 28 G. Training Modules and Manual for Updating Inventories for HW in India 29

VI. OUTCOMES OF THE TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE 29 A. Outcome in Response to Design Framework Outputs 29

VII. RECOMMENDATIONS AND NEXT STEPS 31 A. Bangladesh 31 B. Bhutan 31 C. Nepal 31 D. India 32 E. Further Workshops and Training 33 F. Regional Future Steps 33

VIII. CONCLUSIONS 36

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IX. Appendixes

1. Design and Monitoring Framework 38 2. Status of India’s sites for Treatment Storage and Disposal Facilities 40

Supplementary Appendixes (available upon request)

A. Nepal Hazardous Wastes Inventory Report B. Nepal Hazardous Wastes Policy Report C. Nepal Draft Guidelines D. Bhutan Hazardous Wastes Inventory Report E. Bhutan Hazardous Wastes Policy Report F. Bhutan Draft Guidelines G. Bangladesh Hazardous Wastes Inventory Report H. Bangladesh Hazardous Wastes Policy Report I. Bangladesh Rules J. India Final Report K. India National Rules on Hazardous Wastes

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1. Regional technical assistance (RETA) on Managing Hazardous Wastes (ADB TA 6361-REG) in Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal and India, was completed in 2009. The concept was originally developed by the Environmental Working Group of South Asia Subregional Economic Cooperation. The program for the RETA was in two stages. Inventories for Bangladesh, Bhutan, and Nepal; and revising the regulations for India were carried out in stage 1. The second stage focused on drafting of policy frameworks, rules and guidelines for Bangladesh, Bhutan, and Nepal and developing training modules for the revising of inventories for India. The Inception Phase of Stage 1 commenced September 2007. The Midterm Review was in July 2008. The national consultants for Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, and Nepal all presented their final reports in 2009. The inventory reports were printed for Bangladesh, Bhutan, and Nepal in 2010. The review of hazardous wastes management regulation and preparation of training module on inventory of hazardous wastes for India was printed in December 2010. 2. In many developing countries, including Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, and Nepal, the negative impacts of increased economic activity on the environment are associated with industry, agriculture, health services, and other service sectors that generate chemical and hazardous wastes. If left unmanaged these impacts lead to serious environmental problems that threaten public health and economic sustainability. 3. The objectives of the RETA included: (i) assisting the RETA governments conduct inventories of hazardous wastes, (ii) drafting policies, rules, and technical guidelines to manage hazardous wastes, (iii) assisting the Government of India to review the current regulations, (iv) developing a training module for inventory of hazardous wastes, and (v) exploring involvement of private sector in hazardous wastes management. The RETA was also expected assist member countries to harmonize their rules and policies to enable exchange of wastes for treatment or recycling. 4. In Bangladesh, pollution associated with industrial activities has been identified as a major environmental concern. Many rivers are severely polluted. Hazardous and non-hazardous wastes from industrial activities are increasing and are disposed into the environment without controls. During the course of the RETA, Bangladesh has compiled inventories in key sectors and developed draft policy and strategy and rules have been drafted. Practical guidelines for hazardous waste management are in development. 5. In Bhutan, problems associated with hazardous waste are emerging slowly. During the course of the RETA, significant steps (including new laws, a draft policy framework and draft guidelines for two key problem waste streams) have been taken towards better hazardous waste management. 6. In Nepal, the environment is under great stress, especially in and around the growing urban centers. During the course of the RETA, Nepal has compiled and published inventories in key sectors and developed draft policy that covers proposals for hazardous waste registration, segregation, collection, transportation, and disposal. Significant progress has also been made with draft guidelines to avoid significant threats to the environment and public health. 7. India’s comprehensive regulatory and institutional framework required updating to respond to increasing industrial activities. During the course of the RETA, India has revised the Rules with emphasis on recycle, reuse and recovery, conducted awareness workshops, and

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drafted a National Hazardous Waste Management Strategy. India also developed a training manual on inventory of hazardous wastes, which will be useful to other countries. 8. The RETA has consolidated the awareness and developed the mechanisms for hazardous waste management in each individual country and provides a solid platform for future work. The RETA has fostered cooperation and knowledge sharing on hazardous wastes and initiated a mechanism for information sharing, including the training manual. 9. The RETA has supported governments in Bangladesh, Bhutan, and Nepal to draft and progress the enactment of policies, rules, and technical guidelines to manage hazardous wastes based on the results of inventories. 10. The RETA has been the catalyst for the member countries to progress towards formulating harmonized rules and policies to enable them in the future to exchange recyclable wastes for treatment in one or other of the member countries. 11. The next steps in hazardous waste management for the region are open for discussion. This may be at a regional, bilateral or national level. Participating countries have expressed keen interests in further workshops and meetings to share future developments and exchange experience.

I. INTRODUCTION

A. Overview

1. This is the Final Report of the Regional technical assistance (RETA) on Managing Hazardous Wastes (ADB TA 6361-REG) project funded by the Asian Development Bank (ADB) undertaken by national consultants in Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal and India with support and guidance from the international consultant. The RETA was approved on 12 December 2006 and completed in December 2010. 2. The concept of regional technical assistance (RETA) for Managing Hazardous Wastes1 was originally developed by the Environmental Working Group of South Asia Subregional Economic Cooperation (SASEC) at its special meeting in 2002, and endorsed at the Country Advisors Meeting in 2005. The proposed RETA was included in the regional cooperation strategy and program (RCSP) for 2006–2008.2

3. In many developing countries, including Bhutan, Bangladesh, Nepal, and India, increased economic activity is having negative impacts on the environment. Activities associated with industry, agriculture, health services, and other service sectors generate chemical and hazardous wastes, which if left unmanaged, can lead to serious environmental problems that threaten public health and endanger economic sustainability. 4. The objectives of the RETA included: (i) assisting the governments of Bangladesh, Bhutan, and Nepal to conduct inventories of hazardous wastes; (ii) drafting policies, rules, and technical guidelines to manage hazardous wastes based on the results of inventories; (iii) assisting the Government of India to review the current hazardous waste regulations; (iv) developing a training module for updating the inventory of hazardous wastes; and (v) exploring potential involvement of private sector in managing hazardous wastes. It was also expected that the RETA would be able to assist the member countries to formulate harmonized rules and policies to enable them in the future to exchange wastes for treatment in one or other of the member countries, or to treat hazardous wastes in their common treatment plants. 5. Prior to the RETA the problems associated with the management of waste, especially hazardous waste, were different in the four RETA member countries. The governments had taken steps to minimize pollution associated with chemical and hazardous wastes, not only at the country level, but also internationally, as parties of the parties of the Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade, Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movement of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal and the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants3

. As parties of these conventions, Bhutan, Nepal, and Bangladesh had benefited from training and seminars. In addition, Bhutan was able to export obsolete pesticides to Switzerland for treatment and safe disposal. However, while these conventions extend invaluable assistance to their parties, they also impose strict obligations. Such obligations include undertaking real efforts at the country level to handle chemical and hazardous wastes prior to ratification. The goal of the RETA was to combine their efforts to reduce pollution associated with chemical and hazardous wastes.

1 The RETA first appeared in ADB Business Opportunities on 10 August 2006. 2 ADB. South Asia Regional Cooperation Strategy and Program (2006–2008). Manila.. 3 Out of the four RETA member countries, only India has ratified these three international conventions.

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6. The five main steps in managing hazardous wastes at the national level 4

are (i) identifying the problems, (ii) designating a lead agency, (iii) promulgating rules and regulations, (iv) developing treatment and disposal facilities, and (v) creating compliance and enforcement programs. The approach to the RETA clearly identified that each of the RETA member countries required different levels of intervention to institutionalize the management of hazardous wastes. Bhutan needed to (i) complete a national inventory of the types and quantities of hazardous wastes, (ii) draft policy to cover the institutional and regulatory framework to manage hazardous wastes, (iii) develop appropriate technical guidelines for hazardous waste management, and (iv) develop a mechanism for institutional strengthening and capacity development. Bangladesh and Nepal needed to (i) update their hazardous waste inventories as a basis for promulgating rules and regulations; and (ii) develop technical guidelines on handling, treating, transporting, and disposing hazardous wastes as a basis to identify the potential amount and type of wastes that need special treatment and disposal facilities. Meanwhile, India needed to (i) review the capacity of its hazardous waste treatment facilities, including facilities involving public-private partnerships; (ii) review the existing institutional and regulatory framework to create effective compliance programs by taking into account that some hazardous wastes have economic value; and (iii) build capacity by organizing training.

7. In Bhutan, where the environment is still largely intact and pristine, problems associated with hazardous waste are emerging slowly but steadily.5

Bhutan is still in the preliminary stage with regard to hazardous waste management. A proper system for hazardous waste registration, segregation, collection, transportation, and disposal needs to be put in place in order to avoid significant threats to the environment and public health. Some sectoral studies had been carried out to assess the improper management of hazardous wastes but Bhutan had not established institutional and legal frameworks to effectively address the problem. During the course of the RETA significant steps (including new laws, a draft policy framework and draft guidelines for two key problem waste streams) have been taken towards better hazardous waste management.

8. In Nepal, the environment is under great stress, especially in and around the growing urban centres. Several studies and workshops on managing hazardous wastes had been carried out, prior to the RETA, and the key hazardous, polluting industries and activities had been identified;6

however, there were no detailed inventories of hazardous waste of all key sectors. During the course of the RETA, Nepal has compiled and published inventories in key sectors and developed draft policy that covers proposals for hazardous waste registration, segregation, collection, transportation, and disposal. Significant progress has been made with draft guidelines for two major waste streams and control measures to avoid significant threats to the environment and public health have been identified.

9. In Bangladesh, pollution associated with industrial activities has been identified as a major environmental concern.7

Many rivers are severely polluted, and hazardous and other wastes from industrial activities are increasing and are disposed into the environment without controls. The Bangladesh Environmental Conservation Act and Rules put in place measures to address pollution problems. During the course of the RETA Bangladesh has compiled inventories in key sectors and developed draft policy and strategy and rules have been drafted. Practical guidelines for the management of hazardous waste are in development.

4 Center for Risk Management. 1999. The Evolution of Hazardous Waste Programs: Lessons from Eight Countries.

Washington, DC. 5 National Environment Commission, 1999. Environmental Assessment of Existing Industry in Bhutan. Bhutan. 6 Ministry of Population and Environment. 2004. Initial Inventory of Hazardous and Toxic Wastes. Nepal. 7 United Nations Environment Programme. 2001. State of the Environment.

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10. India has a comprehensive regulatory and institutional framework, as well as technical guidelines to handle various types of hazardous wastes. However, increasing industrial activities have brought about significant challenges in hazardous waste disposal, requiring revisions to the existing system. During the course of the RETA India has revised the Rules with emphasis on recycle, reuse and recovery, conducted workshops to inform industry of the changes and drafted a National Hazardous Waste Management Strategy. A training manual on inventory of hazardous waste was prepared and training was given to the officials of the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) and State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs) and Pollution Control Committees (PCCs). B. Key Activities

11. Considering the range of issues, problems, degrees of effort, and the immediate needs for managing hazardous wastes, the RETA was designed to serve as a basis for strengthening cooperation among the four countries through the sharing of knowledge and also through the identification of ways to use common facilities for safely treating, transporting, and disposing hazardous wastes. It was envisaged that Bhutan, Bangladesh, and Nepal would benefit from India’s lessons in regulating the management of hazardous wastes and that ultimately these four countries should have compatible rules and guidelines on managing hazardous wastes. It was anticipated that in terms of using common facilities, that the steps that India had already taken, to explore the participation of the private sector in facilitating the disposal of hazardous wastes, would be advantageous and that by India knowing which hazardous wastes are potentially being generated by its neighboring countries future investment in common treatment facilities for hazardous wastes could be planned and streamlined with a regional rather than a local focus. The concept of public private partnership for setting up of common TSDF for hazardous waste was shared with the other countries based on the experience gained by India and the activities developed under this RETA are therefore consistent with the program and objectives of the regional cooperation strategy and program (RCSP 2006–08). 12. The RETA was approved in 2006, after fact-finding missions were carried out in 2005 in Bhutan and Nepal and in early 2006 in Bangladesh and India, to reach agreement with the governments on the impact, outcome, outputs, implementation arrangements, cost, financing arrangements, and outline terms of reference of the RETA. The approved design and monitoring framework is presented in Appendix 1. 13. The program for the RETA was divided into two main stages. The first stage focused on inventories for Bangladesh, Bhutan, and Nepal; and revising the regulations for India. The second stage focused on drafting of policy frameworks, rules and guidelines for Bangladesh, Bhutan, and Nepal and developing training modules for the revising of inventories for India. At the request of the governments of Bangladesh, Bhutan, and Nepal the resources applied to the inventories were increased due mainly to the additional time resources needed to complete the inventories and workshops. At the request of the Government of India the resources applied to the workshops on training activities for India were increased in response to greater need. All RETA governments requested that consultants from the same companies that conducted inventories should be retained for drafting policy and guidelines. In India the public-private partnership (PPP) consultant was not retained. The planned review of PPP for HWM was postponed as this sector was already well developed. 14. The Inception Phase of Stage 1 commenced September 2007, delayed due to difficulties in identifying national consultants suitable for the assignment. The Inception Phase included the workshop held in Bangkok (30 October–2 November 2007) to allow study of Thailand’s relatively well established national system for managing hazardous wastes firsthand and permit

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relatively easier travel from all four RETA countries than to ADB Headquarters in Manila. The objectives of the inception workshop were (i) to review the consultants’ work-plans and progress, (ii) to identify future milestones and targets to be achieved, and (iii) to learn from each other in designing the work plans and also from Government of Thailand as well as from the Basel Secretariat for South East Asia on the inventory and management of hazardous wastes. Study sessions and field activities were also organized to visit active hazardous waste management facilities in and around Bangkok.8

15. The Midterm Review Workshop was rescheduled to accommodate the commitments of all the consultants and counterparties and was held in Bangkok on 17–18 July 2008. The workshop established clear goals for the progress of the RETA under the guidance of the Principal Regional Cooperation Specialist and the Project Officer, Senior Environment Specialist, SATC. There were several sessions. These included sessions from each participating country. India’s progress with (i) re-visiting of hazardous waste rules 2008 (ii) drafting hazardous waste management strategy (iii) preparing a framework for the training module (iv) conducting a training programme for the CPCB/SPCBs/PCC and (v) conducting a workshop on the provision of the new hazardous waste rules, 2008. The progress of the inventories by Bhutan, Bangladesh and Nepal was summarized by reviewing the work of the consultants, including (i) sectors chosen for the inventor and forecasts of waste arising (ii) the main sectors where waste treatment facilities were needed (iii) the approach to work on guidelines, development of policy, strategy, guidelines and training. Other matters that were discussed included (i) drafting and agreement of the TOR for the recruitment of the policy consultants, (ii) discussion on how policy and guidelines could be developed under the RETA in the context of the available resources, and (iii) other follow up actions that were already identifiable for after the RETA. The last session concluded with the agreement of action plans for each country to complete and publish the inventories, develop guidelines, recruit policy consultants and proposals for activities beyond the RETA. The stages and tasks for the actions to achieve future milestones for each country after the workshop were clearly identified. 16. The inception and midterm workshops were attended by RETA participants including delegations from (i) Department of Environment as the main counterpart and Department of Industry, Bangladesh; (ii) National Environmental Commission and Ministry of Economic Affairs, Bhutan; and (iii) Ministry of Environment and Department of Industry, Commerce and Supply, Nepal . The counterparts from India were not able to attend the workshops due to unexpected assignments. The national consultants from Bhutan, Nepal, and India and the international consultant participated in the workshops. The national consultant from Bangladesh was not able to attend the midterm workshops due to force majeure.9

17. Following the midterm workshops the national consultants for Nepal were able to complete the inventory in November 2008 and the policy consultant was immediately recruited. The report on development of draft policy for Nepal was delivered in December 2008. The national consultants for Bhutan completed the inventory in February 2009; however, policy consultancy was delayed and draft policy framework report was delivered in July 2009. The national consultants for Bangladesh presented a final inventory report in January 2009, however policy consultancy was also delayed and a draft report was delivered in July 2009. The national consultant for India presented a draft final report on all phases of the work in July 2009.

8 Director of Waste Technical Services and Planning, Department of Industrial Works, Ministry of Industry, Royal Government of Thailand was instrumental in arranging field visits to three facilities. He also acted as a resource person as did the Senior Technical Advisor of the South East Asia Regional Secretariat of Basel Convention and the Deputy Team Leader of the ADB Regional TA for 3RKnowledge Hub (AIT Bangkok).

9 The details of the inception workshop have been disclosed on the ADB website.

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C. Implementation Arrangements

18. The implementation arrangements for the RETA remained essentially as anticipated at the inception stage although there have been some adjustments to both timetable and scope of works to suit the specific needs of each of the member countries. In order to achieve the anticipated outcomes (Appendix 1) the RETA anticipated six main outputs as (i) waste inventory reports for Bangladesh, Bhutan, and Nepal as a basis for the institutional framework to manage hazardous wastes; (ii) draft policy and rules to manage hazardous waste for Bangladesh, Bhutan, and Nepal; (iii) a report on India’s hazardous waste regulations, with recommendations on incorporating reuse and recycling principles that would also benefit other RETA member countries; (iv) training modules for managing hazardous wastes; (v) a mechanism to maintain network among member countries for future cooperation and knowledge sharing; and (vi) a report on potential involvement of private sector in managing hazardous wastes. Outputs (i) to (v) have been completed or substantially achieved. In order to facilitate completion of outputs (iii) and (iv) resources were diverted from output (vi) and subsequently reallocated within the other tasks comprising the scope of work for the Indian workstream. 19. The RETA design was based on several assumptions considered essential for successful implementation: (i) regional workshops for sharing knowledge between RETA member countries on handling hazardous wastes are carried out on time; (ii) each government consistently supports the inventory of wastes; (iii) each government consistently supports the formulation of guidelines/regulations that will reduce pollution associated with hazardous wastes; (iv) coordination among the departments/agencies with responsibility for sectors that contribute to generating hazardous wastes is established; and (v) relevant stakeholders actively participate. These assumptions have essentially been satisfied during the course of the RETA. D. Report Structure

20. Following this introduction this report contains a review of the progress on hazardous waste management (HWM) in each participating country in Chapters II, III, IV and V. Chapter VI presents a review of the RETA progress in comparison to the original anticipated outcomes and Chapter VII presents the suggested way forward based on the further developments identified in the reports from each country participating in the RETA.

II. HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT IN NEPAL

A. Nepal Overview

21. Urban areas have seen rapid increase in the generation of all wastes and in general there is a lack of awareness, well developed waste management facilities, compliance monitoring and coordination among the stakeholders for the management of waste. The consultant’s reports identify the traditional habits discarding waste for cleaning up by lower caste people as prevalent. There are over 3,500 registered industrial establishments but except for some large scale industries operating to the requirements of multinational companies, almost all other industries discharge wastes, effluents and emissions without any significant control. In many cases, solid wastes with residual value are sold for reuse but wastes without value are disposed of without any environmental control. Wastewater is generally directly discharged to drains that ultimately flow into surface waters, river or lakes. The health sector has expanded rapidly in recent years and there are large amounts of waste arising, particularly in the Kathmandu valley, but environmentally acceptable disposal facilities are too limited to cope. The

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automobile repair and maintenance facilities are also growing quickly and solid and oily liquid maintenance wastes as well as batteries are a growing problem. 22. There have been numerous initiatives and several significant programmes in the fields of cleaner production and there is significant policy and legislative support for HWM (Table 1). Ministry of Environment, [MOE (previously MOEST)10

] has promulgated effluent standards for nine important sectors of industry namely tannery, wool processing, fermentation, vegetable ghee, pulp and paper, dairy, sugar, cotton textile and soap but the monitoring and enforcement system has yet to be set up and the industries have not made any significant effort to comply with the standards. However none of these initiatives have progressed significantly in recent years and many have stalled due to the overriding priorities of the recent insurgency.

23. The large common wastewater treatment plant at the Hetauda Industrial District was constructed with assistance from Government of Denmark (GOD) but as GOD has reduced its contribution, the affected industries do not want to pay for the treatment charges as the industries outside the Hetauda Industrial District do not have to comply with the standards. 24. Some industries have installed air pollution control equipment but are not operating such equipment due to poor maintenance and improper operations. GON has implemented some programmes with the assistance of the donor organizations (e.g., Industrial Pollution Control Management (IPCM) Project, Environment Sector Programme Support (ESPS) had promoted Cleaner Production, Energy Efficiency and Environmental Management Systems) in more than 300 units of industries. However, the industries have not internalized these preventative approaches and there is no significant monitoring and enforcement of the environmental rules. 25. Overall the neglect of controls on waste management practices in general has resulted in gross land and water pollution and the deposition of solid wastes near to the banks of rivers. Effluents have seriously contaminated many rivers near urban and industrial development and air pollution is serious around the urban and industrial belts.

10 The counterpart at the commencement of the TA for Nepal was Ministry of Environment Science and Technology

(MOE). During the course of the TA but after the completion of the main studies MOEST was split into Ministry of Science of Technology and Ministry of Environment (MOE). MOE has since continued the role of counterpart. Therefore for purposes of this report MOE is used as the abbreviation for the counterpart for Nepal.

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Table 1. Summary of Some Relevant Legislation in Nepal Instrument Date Content Implication Interim Constitution of Nepal

2008 General provision for rights regarding Environment and Health. All shall have the right to live in clean environment. The state shall maintain a clean environment and prevent further damage by increasing the awareness of the general public about environmental cleanliness.

The state has responsibility to formulate and implement HWM.

Tenth Five Year Plan (2002–2007)

2002 Initiative will be made to modify National Policy, for waste management. Hazardous wastes generated from the industries and hospitals, will be managed by the institutions concerned without health consequences. Waste Management and Resource Mobilization Centre to facilitate. Increased private sector participation and promotion of public-private partnership in tasks relating to waste management

National Planning Commission recognised need for Development Programs including HWM.

Sustainable Development Agenda

2003 GON will create conditions to facilitate 3rs including recycling centres and establish hazardous waste management centres with costs paid for by producers of waste. Only non-recyclable waste is to be disposed in environmentally sound sanitary landfills.

National Planning Commission recognised 3Rs and polluter pays principle in HWM.

Nepal Environmental Policy and Action Plan (NEPAP)

2003 Objective 4 To mitigate the adverse environmental impacts of development projects and human actions. Proposes setting of standards and their enforcement through a carefully designed package of incentives and regulation, and the clear designation of responsible institutions for providing infrastructure and utility services.

Some principles of thorough HWM established in policy although not specified for HWM.

Environmental Protection Act (EPA) and Environmental Protection Rules (EPR)1997

1997 1. Development proposals with HW require EIA. 2. Disposal industrial wastes to follow standards. 3. Penalties available including suspension and prohibition 4. Environmental Inspectors (EI) duties were taken up by eight technical

officers in 2009.11

5. Inspectors have substantial and relevant powers

6. Laboratories to be created for back up 7. Punishment for activities without approval or in contrary to approved

proposal. (fines insignificant - NPR 100,000). 8. Provisions for delegated authorities to formulate guidelines /

directives / regulations on all relevant topics e.g. Management and transportation of waste.

9. Environment Protection Fund. and additional Incentives and Facilities for positive response to environment by industry.

Necessary mechanisms for HWM can be implemented under the existing legislation. No EIs yet (2009)

Solid Waste Management and Resource Mobilization Act, 1987

1989 Rules

Procedures for the management of solid waste including hazardous waste cannot be emitted, thrown, stored or disposed in any place other than place designated by the SWM&RMC. But no authority to fine violators. The act is being revised and the draft act has the definitions of harmful waste, medical waste, industrial Waste.

Industry, business, education, health facilities and labs, all responsible to manage their own waste to meet specified standards.

Industrial Enterprise Act, 1992

1992 Industries causing adverse effect on public health and environment (o conduct IEE or EIA as route to) permission to operate. Reduction in taxes as incentive for investment on process or equipment for controlling pollution. Manufacturing pollution control device is included in the list of

Industrial Promotion Board (IPB) oversees industries follow

11 Environmental Inspector duties were taken up after secretary level decision (2065/8/5 – 2009) that eight technical

officers of the ministry were appointed to work as Environmental Inspector under the provision in EPA 1997.

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Instrument Date Content Implication priority industries.

environmental pollution controls n EIA. Conflict with EI.

Solid Waste Management Act, 2064 – Draft (in Nepali)

2007 Municipality may impose service charge for solid waste management 145(2). Municipality can fine up to NPR 15,000/- on a person disposing waste at place other than designated plus the expenses for removal of such waste - 165(C)

Local Self Governance Act, 1999

Local authorities have roles and responsibility regarding the management of wastes... disposal of waste and to prepare a program on waste disposal [28(g)2]. But no resources other than can impose fine of up to NPR 100/- and expenses incurred in the cleaning for dumping waste at place other than designated area. Municipalities have the role of preserving and protecting rivers, lakes, ponds form pollution; managing collection, transportation and disposal of wastes under

Labour Act, 1991

This act regulates the labour and working environment. Chapter 5 of the act deals with occupational health and safety aspects. Clause 27(C) requires the removal and disposal of solid waste and sewage. It also provides for prevention of accumulation of dust, fume, vapour and other impure materials in the working room for safety and health consideration. Clause 29 provides for protection from chemical substances, provision of protective equipment and fire safety.

EPA = Environmental Protection Act, EPR = Environmental Protection Rules, Source: Extracted from Final Report on Policy Study Policy Specialist National Consultant Nepal (Dec 2008) B. Inventory of Hazardous Waste in Nepal

26. The inventory study focused on HW generated by industrial factories, biomedical HW and wastes generated from automobile workshops. The inventory report for Nepal is presented as Supplementary Appendix A. 27. As a priority a steering group was organized and 12 industrial sectors were identified for the first stage inventory. These were based on waste generation and production capacity. The selected industrial factories were dry cell batteries, pharmaceuticals, polyurethane foam, soap, galvanizing, tanneries, paint, textile dyeing, paper and pulp, vegetable oil, pesticides and wool dyeing. The surveys sampled industrial enterprises from a broad selection of important industrial areas throughout Nepal. Liquid wastes from all the industrial sectors were found to be increasing for the projected periods except for the wool dyeing sector and the full results were published by MOE in 2008. 28. The total amount of hazardous solid waste from the 12 prioritized sectors was estimated at 5,051 tonnes per annum for the fiscal year 2006/07. The quantities of such waste after five and ten years were projected to be 5,732 tonnes and 6,589 tonnes per annum, respectively. The total amount of hazardous liquid waste from the same sectors was estimated to be 6,404,872m3; likely to increase to 7,088,305m3 and 7,879,080m3 after 5 and 10 years, respectively. However it should be remembered that the estimate of total amount of hazardous waste from the 12 prioritized sectors is estimated at 5,051 tonnes/a. This is based on process and hazardous chemicals that are used and the actual hazardous waste arising in the factories (industries). Therefore as there is no practice of segregation of hazardous waste from general waste thereby most/all waste may become hazardous waste as most waste is likely to be contaminated with hazardous waste to some degree. Therefore the total hazardous waste from

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the 12 prioritized sectors is actually much greater than 5,051 tonnes/a and will remain so until waste are effectively segregated. 29. The biomedical HW inventory was based on investigations made at sample hospitals mainly in the Kathmandu Valley and a review of previous hospital waste surveys and study reports, literature and related publications. Most health facilities do not keep systematic records for their waste. Eleven hospital facilities were surveyed using questionnaires and interviews with officials. The average bed occupancy rate was about 70% and the approximate Health Care Risk Waste (HCRW) arising was 0.47kg/patient/day. Consultations with official from ministry of health confirmed that these figures were not untypical. 30. Based on available beds and 70% occupancy the generation of HCRW in the country has been estimated to be 4,195 tonnes for 2006/07. The quantity of such wastes is increasing every year and has recently increased significantly in Kathmandu due to the influx of many new private hospitals. However (Ministry of Health) MOH indicated informally that recent increases in HCRW in Kathmandu will probably tail off as the MOH will in future prioritize further health facility development outside Kathmandu. Based on recent healthcare expansion HCRW would otherwise be expected to double in next ten years. 31. In order to estimate the HW generated from automobile workshops, a total of 22 automobile workshops were sampled covering all large, medium and small size workshops at different locations of Kathmandu valley. Solid and liquid wastes are increasing rapidly. 32. Solid HW from automobile workshops was estimated to be 3,465 tonnes/year (2006/07) expanding to 7,073 tonnes and 15,635 tonnes in five and ten years respectively. Total liquid HW from automobile workshops was estimated to be 157,757m3 per year (2006/07) projected to increase to 353,045 m3 and 790,683 m3 per year in 5 and 10 years time. These figures are generally dependent on projected increases in vehicle ownership. 33. Used batteries from automobiles were covered in the survey of the automobile workshops. However battery wastes also arise from used power storage inverters that have become very popular due to extensive load shedding and unexpected power black outs as well as developing use of solar energy systems. This sector is also an important and growing form of HW that is causing great concern in Nepal. A study12

estimated the scrap battery from solar systems and other stationary sources to be 20–30 tonnes in 1998 and projected such battery scrap to increase to 110–190 tonnes for 2008.

C. Development of Policy on Hazardous Waste Management in Nepal

34. The policy studies were prepared after interaction with government and private sector institutions (Supplementary Appendix B). The MOE steering committee formed during the inventory phase was retained by the Joint Secretary and Chief of the Environment Division of MOE for inputs and approval of the draft policy formulation. A draft policy consultation methodology identified stakeholders and the processes and workshops to be held; all circulated to MOE and members of the Steering Committee and ADB. The policy consultation process commenced in November 2008 with literature study, draft policy documents were prepared in the format of the Government of Nepal and focus group discussions were held with the MOE, experienced professionals in cleaner production and private sector industrial associations. Draft documents were circulated to the steering committee which met three times to discuss and provide feedback. The minutes of all meetings are presented in the Supplementary Appendix B 12 DANIDA/COWI, 2003. Study on environmentally benign handling, disposal and recycling of used lead-acid

batteries in Nepal. Nepal.

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with persons met and discussions held during the process of formulation of the draft policy. The final draft policy is also included with institutional arrangements and plans for capacity building. The last workshop of the policy phase was conducted on 21st December 2008 to obtain feedback and inputs from wider group of stakeholders relating to draft HWM policy (also presented in Supplementary Appendix B). 35. The results of the study also show that the generation of HW is steadily increasing. In this context, Government of Nepal would like to take steps for the proper management of HW and the policy has been promulgated to disseminate, implement and facilitate the implementation by all other stakeholders, the measures to manage HW and to eliminate or to minimize the adverse effects from HW on the public health and environment. 36. The vision of the policy is to improve the quality of life of Nepalese people through controlling generation, imports and exports of HW, and environmental sound disposal of HW through effective cooperation of all stakeholders. There are six objectives namely that are to: (i) prevent, minimize and control HW being generated; (ii) create an enforcement mechanism for HW management; (iii) ensure environmentally sound management and disposal of HW; (iv) control the imports of wastes and waste scrap; (v) facilitate the implementation of the provisions of the Basel Convention; and (vi) build capacity of stakeholders to deal with the HW. 37. The strategy for implementation of the policies has three facets to achieve the objectives: (i) massive promotion of cleaner production and sustainable consumption, to help eliminate and minimization of HW; (ii) dissemination of information and awareness raising with participation, support and pressure on the general public for proper management of HW; and (iii) strict registration of waste producers, formulation and enforcement of standards for solid waste, liquid effluents and gaseous emission control. The strategies require the promotion and adoption of principles of reduction at source preventive measures, adoption of standards, minimizing transboundary movements of HW, polluter pays principle, banning import of HW, and public participation. 38. The requirements for infrastructure development, research and development, incentive management, resource allocation and management, mobilization of resources and human resource development are also raised as a matter of policy. 39. The policy recognizes that facilities are needed for the proper disposal of HW including transfer stations, and that these will initially be promoted under public private partnership until private sector comes forward. Simultaneously, support services such as relevant analytical services, consultancy services, training, and information services will be promoted in the private sector. 40. The implementation of the policies will require a variety of measures such as command and control measures, information dissemination and use, voluntary approaches and economic instruments. In addition different but related approaches are proposed for different sectors such as industry, trade, service, healthcare, agriculture and transport sectors. 41. The institutional arrangements envisaged include a high level committee on HW formed to coordinate the implementation of the policy under the Chair of the Minister of Environment, Science and Technology (now MOE). The policy proposes a line agency or department with responsibility for all HW within two years under MOE with interim arrangements taken up by MOE [Environment Division of MOE and particularly the Environmental Standards and Monitoring (ESM) Section] strengthened with human and financial resources.

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42. A Technical Committee on HW is also proposed to work as an advisory body with representation from important stakeholders with a background in science and technology such as from ministries of Industry, Health and Population, Agriculture and Cooperatives, the Solid Waste Management & Resource Mobilization Center, engineering universities, Chemical Society and other technical experts nominated by MOE. Technical difficulties or problems will be brought to this committee for resolution. The Committee will be chaired by the Joint Secretary and Chief of Environment Division of MOE with coordination by the Chief, Environmental Standards & Monitoring (ESM) Section, MOE who would act as secretary.

Figure 1. Proposed Institutional Arrangements for Nepal

Source: Final Report on Policy Study Policy Specialist National Consultant Nepal (Dec 2008)

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D. Development of Guidelines for Hazardous Waste Management in Nepal

43. The further activities were carried out with the formulation of draft hazardous waste management guidelines with emphasis on industrial sectors. Consultation with MOE based on the hazardous waste inventory survey identified a long list of the most polluting sectors. The generation of solid hazardous waste (in tonnes) by sector is shown in Table 2. In addition automobile workshops generate around 3,500 tonnes/year of solid HW and biomedical facilities generate around 4,200 tonnes/year.

Table 2. Solid Waste Arising in Industrial Sectors (tonnes)

Source: Final Report on Policy Study Policy Specialist National Consultant Nepal (Dec 2008) PU = polyurethane. 44. The generation of liquid HW by sector is shown in Table 3.

Table 3. Liquid Waste Arising in Industrial Sectors('000 m3)

Source: Final Report on Policy Study Policy Specialist National Consultant Nepal (Dec 2008) PU = polyurethane.

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45. The potential sectors for formulation of hazardous waste management guidelines were paper and pulp, pharmaceuticals, polyurethane (PU) foam, tannery, vegetable oil and ghee, wool dyeing, automobile workshops and health care facilities. 46. MOE (formerly MOEST) decided to select PU foam and wool dyeing sectors for the formulation of hazardous waste management guidelines. Wool dyeing was selected because of the large volume of liquid waste arising. PU foam was chosen because of the use of toxic isocyanates. In addition both of these sectors have many factories located in the Kathmandu Valley areas which would facilitate liaison with the industries concerned and assist in the further iteration of the guidelines. In addition the work plan presented in the meeting was also approved. The draft guidelines are presented in Supplementary Appendix C. 47. The guidelines are presented in a consistent format and the content covers the issues typical for HW guidelines including, the rational and a summary of the HW arising in the industries. Guidance on the minimization of HW is in line with principles of 3Rs. The core guidelines on HW management include registration, segregation, storage, transportation, and disposal. Guidance on health and safety as well as responsibilities of HW producers and the authorities is also included, along with contact numbers. The format should provide a good pattern for guidelines covering other industrial sectors in future as HWM develops in Nepal.

III. HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT IN BHUTAN

A. Bhutan Overview

48. Industrial development is fairly new in Bhutan. Most of the existing industries were established since 1998. The total number of industries increased by 34% between 2001 and 2005. The contribution of the industrial sector to the national GDP remained at approximately 27% from 2001 to 2005. The industrial sector employs approximately 43,000 people or 17% of the total working population of the country.13

49. The Ministry of Economic Affairs broadly classifies industries into processing & manufacturing, service and contract industries. The largest sectors are wood processing and food processing. Under service industries automobile workshops are the largest sector followed consulting and electronic repair shops that generate e-waste. The industrial estates in the country are listed in Table 4 and details are presented in Supplementary Appendix D.

Table 4. Industrial Estates in Bhutan (2009) No. Name of Industrial Estate District 1. Jemina Industrial Estate Thimphu 2. Pasakha Industrial Estate (Singyegoan+Pasakha) Chhukha 3. Phuentsholing Industrial area Chhukha 4. Gelephu Industrial area Sarpang 5. Gomtu Industrial area Samtse 6. Samtse Industrial area Samtse 7. Bumthang Industrial area Bumthang 8. Samdrupjongkhar industrial area Samdrupjongkhar

Source: Managing Hazardous Wastes, RETA 6361 (REG) Inventory Report Bhutan, July 2009

13 Statistical Yearbook of Bhutan. Government of Bhutan 2006.

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50. Four more industrial estates are planned in south, central and northern Bhutan. Large industries, such as iron smelting and cement manufacturing, are located along the southern border of the country with easy access to markets and lower transportation costs. The Pasakha industrial estate is presently the biggest industrial estate which is currently operating at full capacity. It comprises mixture of cement, mineral, metal, beverages and food processing industries. 51. Middle Path (National Environment Strategy) is the overall environmental policy document developed by the National Environment Commission. Based on the policy document, government later developed Environmental Act 2000 and its Regulation for the Environmental clearance of Projects and Strategic Environment Assessment in 2002. This was followed by revision and development of related guidelines and emission discharge standards in 2004. The Environmental Assessment Act 2000 and its Regulations requires all development projects including industries to apply for an environmental clearance and to adopt environmentally sound methods. A code of practice on addressing hazardous waste was developed in 2002 by NEC. However, the codes mentioned in that document are very generic and do not address specific waste issues for specific industries. The rapidly growing industrial sector calls for the development of industry specific guidelines for environmental management. Further Bhutan is Party to the Basel Convention. Hence, the country is obliged to fulfil the requirements of the convention. 52. The following table presents a brief review of the existing polices and legislative documents that have bearing on hazardous waste management in Bhutan.

Table 5. Summary of Some Relevant Legislation in Bhutan Instrument Date Content Implication Policy National Environment Strategy (Middle Path)

1998 Key principles for sustainable development in hydropower, agriculture and industries established Establishment of information systems, institutional development, policies and legislation, training and education and monitoring, evaluation and enforcement.

Government, through National Environment Commission (NEC) to ensure integration of environmental concerns into economic development.

Laws National Environment Protection Act of Bhutan (NEPA), 2007, NEC

2007 Umbrella act advocating environmental conservation and protection. Precautionary principle, 3Rs and polluter pays principle for environmental protection are established in law including payment for environmental services. Act also requires proper handling and safe disposal of wastes, development of regulations, guidelines and codes for specific sectors creating waste, and requires provision of information by waste producers on waste management methods adopted.

Principles key to sound HWM are established.

Environment Assessment Act (EAA) 2000 Environment Assessment Regulations (EAR) 2002, NEC.

2002 For environmental assessment and clearance of projects that are main implications for HW. Project proponent to provide information on the potential environmental impacts including measures to minimize and manage wastes including hazardous wastes. Compliance monitoring by NEC of these projects are then carried out to ensure the implementation of the given terms and condition that will result from the project. Upon the initiation of the project specific projects are required to follow the terms and conditions provided along with the environmental clearance.

NEC to monitor waste disposal operations but no national facilities for waste management is yet installed.

Waste Prevention and Management Act of Bhutan (WPMA), 2009, NEC.

2009 Overarching law on waste management. Specific rules and regulations for waste minimization, including treatment and disposal of hazardous wastes. Bans import of HW and allows export of HW with consent from importing country. Proper collection, treatment and disposal of medical and electronic wastes also required.

First environmental law with direct statutory control of all wastes.

The Pesticides Act of 2000 Regulates the import, distribution and handling of pesticides in Bhutan, Clearer rules & regulations

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Instrument Date Content Implication Bhutan 2000, Min. of Agriculture

but does not cover agricultural chemicals such as fertilizers and veterinary / livestock related chemicals. Briefly mentions the need for submission of obsolete pesticides to relevant commission agent and then the pesticides board.

on handling & management of agricultural chemicals & associated chemical waste.

Medicines Act 2003, Ministry of Health

2003 The act includes provisions for safe storage and disposal of obsolete drugs.

Need for more clear rules and regulations.

Guidelines & COPs Guideline for Infection Control & Health Care Waste Management in Health Facilities, (3rd edition), Min. Health:

2006 These guidelines include definitions of different categories of HCW and detailed guidelines for disposal methods as well as treatment methods. (Contact Infection Control and Health Care Waste (HCW) Management Program, Department of Medical Services).

Detailed guidelines regulations on handling but need for more disposal facilities and supporting policy.

Environmental Codes of Practice (ECOPs) for HWM, 2002, NEC

2002 The ECOPs include identification, collection, storage, fractioning, transportation and treatment of hazardous wastes at a general level. ECOPS outline responsibilities of NEC for HWM and risks and exposure assessment. Emergency plans are required and directions provided on emergencies or accidents.

The ECOPs are very general and difficult to apply to specific cases such as a steel factory or a cement factory.

Thimphu Municipal Solid Waste Management Rules and Regulations 2007, Min. Works & Human Settlements.

2007 These rules specific to Thimphu Municipality state that disposal of hazardous waste that has not been treated is a Prohibited Act and is liable for a penalty of Nu.10,000 per incident.

Treatment and disposal facilities are required for the Municipality.

Environmental Codes of Practice (ECOPs) for Automobile Workshops, 2009, Environment Unit, Policy and Planning Division, Ministry of Economic Affairs

Cover all aspects of environmental management including waste management of both hazardous and non hazardous wastes. However HW not covered in detail. These ECOPs intended for use by operators of automobile workshops to serve as a guide for ensuring environmental sound operations including waste management.

Treatment and disposal facilities may be required for the sectors.

Draft ECOPs for Furniture Units, Fabrication units, Sawmills, Oil mills, Photo studios, Printing Presses, 2007, Environment Unit, Policy and Planning Division, Ministry of Economic Affairs:

2007 These draft ECOPs include all aspects of environmental friendly operation of the respective industry including waste management. However, the adequacy for the sections on hazardous waste management needs to be reviewed. These ECOPs are also intended for use by the operators of the various industries.

Treatment and disposal facilities may be required for the sectors.

Industrial Sectoral Guidelines, NEC:

2002 These include guidelines for cement processing, food processing, distilleries, textile industries, fibre-board manufacturing industries, calcium carbide and ferro-silicon manufacturing industries. Detailed information provided on processing steps including materials used. Recommendations for minimizing pollution and managing waste. These guidelines are intended for use by regulatory authorities such as NEC and the competent authorities of various line ministries.

Information provided here can be extracted for preparation of further guidelines.

Environmental Codes of Practice for Sewage & Sanitation Management in Urban Areas, NEC

2000 Guidelines on methods for sewage disposal, design of appropriate facilities, septic tanks, vacuum trucks and connections to main sewerage treatment plant. Guidelines for design of pit latrine and disposal of waste from pit latrine and also establishment of public toilets. Types of waste that are not allowed to be disposed into the urban sewerage treatment plant are also enlisted.

NEC to monitor sewage disposal and cross connections to surface water discharges.

ECOPs = Environmental Codes of Practice for HWM, 2002, NEC; NEC = National Environment Commission. Source: Extracted from Final Report on HW Policy Study, Policy Specialist, National Consultant, Bhutan, July 2009

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B. Inventory of Hazardous Waste in Bhutan

53. The inventory of hazardous waste for Bhutan covered three broad categories of wastes, namely industrial wastes, healthcare wastes and e-wastes. Other projects are carrying out studies on agrochemical wastes and domestic wastes and these were not included in the study. 54. Primary data collection was carried out on all industrial wastes from eight industrial categories: automobile workshops, food processing, wood processing, metal processing, mineral processing, polythene and textiles, gas and e-waste generating industries (printing firms, photo studios, private companies). Secondary data on e-wastes generated by government agencies was obtained from the Department of National Properties which is responsible for the management and disposal of all old equipment and appliances from government offices. Primary data on health care wastes was collected with support from the Department of Medical Services under the Ministry of Health for hospitals only. Poor response meant it was not possible to include data from the Basic Health Units (BHU) in the study. The following table summarizes key findings from the inventory. More details on the findings are given in Supplementary Appendix D.

Table 5. Types and Quantities of Hazardous Wastes Ref. Waste Category or

Industry type Waste types Quantities of Waste

generated (tones or 1000 liters per annum)

1. Health care wastes Pathological wastes 31.14 Infectious wastes 69.45 Chemical wastes 194.13 Sharps 13.24 Pharmaceutical wastes 2.88

2. E-waste Toner/cartridge 7,447 (nos. per annum) Batteries 130,313 (nos. per annum) ,

3. Food and Beverage Industries Broken Bottles 152.85 Oil residue 1672.40 Ash 10.00 Carbon hyflow cake 34.96

4. Wood Processing industries Dust/ash 0.68 Sludge 2.81

5. Metal Processing industries Sludge/slurry 7.54 Metal waste/scrap 4639.00 Metal dust 75.04

6. Mineral processing industries Metal scraps 179.00 Slag 28626.00 Textile 2.00

7. Automobile workshops Carbide dust 6.94 Chemical liquids 443.68 Metal waste 284.68 Rubber plastic 150.65

8. Textile and polythene industries Plastic dust and ribbons Used cartoon boxes Metal containers Waste cotton/wool

Source: Managing Hazardous Wastes, RETA 6361 (REG) Inventory Report Bhutan (July 2009)

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C. Development of Policy on Hazardous Waste Management in Bhutan

55. Rapid development over the past few decades means related environmental problems are increasing and waste management is one of the most significant, visible and pressing. The generation of HW is steadily increasing and the Government of Bhutan would therefore like to take steps towards proper management of hazardous waste in the form of a draft policy. Hence, Bhutan needs a policy framework that will provide an enabling environment for development of regulations, institutional set up and capacity for management of hazardous waste within the country. In doing so it will help to bring together all hazardous wastes issues under one umbrella and also strengthen the focus on the issue of hazardous wastes which are often undermined when dealing with the issue of wastes as a whole. 56. During discussions carried out in the stakeholder workshop in Paro on 23–24 July 2009, it was agreed that the overall objective of the policy framework must be to safeguard the public health and protect the environment through an efficient and effective HWM System. The specific policy objectives were agreed to be:

1) Minimized HW generation 2) Comprehensive HWM 3) Established monitoring system for HW 4) Compliance with Basel Convention 5) Strengthened capacity for HWM

57. The draft policy framework that was discussed and developed during the workshop is summarized in Figure 2 below (workshop agenda and details are provided in Supplementary Appendix E). This policy framework is in development but the key policy aspects have been established. The workshop stakeholders also recommended that steering committee be established for to guide all aspects of hazardous waste management policy, strategy andprovide technical advice.

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Figure 2. Draft Policy Framework for Bhutan

Source: Final Report on HW Policy Study, Policy Specialist, National Consultant, Bhutan (Jul 2009) 58. Discussions with relevant stakeholders and literature reviews revealed that rudimentary institutional arrangements for hazardous waste management did exist within the framework of waste management. In some cases mandates of waste management within the respective sector were being implemented but in some cases not due to lack of resources and unclear mandates. Figure 3 shows the existing organizational set up for hazardous waste management. The shaded cell (Steering Committee) does not exist at the moment but is recommended.

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Figure 3. Existing Organizational Arrangements for HWM in Bhutan

BHU = Basic Health Unit, DEO = District Environment Officer, DMS = Department of Medical Services, DRA = Drug Regulatory Authority, DUDS = Department of Urban Development Services, EU = Environment Unit, MOA = Ministry of Agriculture, MOEA = Ministry of Economic Affairs, MOH =: Ministry of Health, MOWHS = Ministry of Works and Human Settlements, NEC = National Environment Commission, NPPC = National Plant Protection Center, PCC = Phuentsholing City Corporation, TCC = Thimphu City Corporation. Source: Final Report on HW Policy Study, Policy Specialist, National Consultant, Bhutan ,Jul 2009 D. Development of Guidelines for Hazardous Waste Management in Bhutan

59. There are growing concerns about increasing vehicle ownwership in the country and with this in mind the formulation of draft hazardous waste management guidelines placed emphasis on the two sectors of lead acid batteries and waste oil. Activities in all the sectors giving rise to lead acid battery waste and oily waste are growing and are of considerable concern to NEC. Using the hazardous waste inventory survey as a basis a long list of the most polluting sectors was identified. These two areas were selected because of the large volume of liquid oily waste arising from automobile workshops and other industries and the rapidly growing informal battery recycling sector. Both areas are of particular concern to NEC. In addition both of these sectors have large numbers of units producing HW located in the Thimpu area which would facilitate further iteration of the guidelines through more convenient liaison with the stakeholders concerned. The generation of solid hazardous waste (in tonnes) by sector is shown in Table 5. 60. The draft guidelines are presented in Supplementary Appendix F. The guidelines are at an early stage of development but are presented in a consistent format and the content covers the issues typical for HW guidelines including, the rational and a summary of the HW arising in the industries. Guidance on the minimization of HW is in line with principles of 3Rs. The core guidelines on HW management include, registration, segregation, storage, transportation and disposal. Guidance on health and safety as well as responsibilities of HW producers and the

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authorities is also included, along with contact numbers. The format should provide a good pattern for guidelines covering other industrial sectors in future as HWM develops in Nepal.

IV. HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT IN BANGLADESH

A. Bangladesh Overview

61. The lack of regulatory control for HWM has led to unscientific disposal of hazardous waste throughout the country, posing serious risks to public health and the environment. Rapid industrialization and development mean HW from industrial process, medical waste, e-wastes and Bangladesh’s thriving scrap recycling industry are polluting the air, soils and water ways. 62. Bangladesh is a signatory of Basel Convention and Stockholm Convention but hazardous waste management remains a relatively unpublicized aspect of the industrial development of Bangladesh. Bangladesh joined the Basel convention on 1 April 1993 and it first banned import of all sorts of waste in the Import Policy Order. In 1996, Bangladesh prepared a regulatory framework but at the commencement of the RETA there was no significant direct legislative support focused on management of HW or the issues surrounding the GoB obligations under of Basel Convention. 63. However there is some established policy and legislation that can provide support for HWM and to meet the requirements of the Basel Convention. The main instruments are summarized in Table 6. At the commencement of the RETA it was recognized that the Environment Protection Act 1995 could potentially be used to enact HWM rules and these draft rules and draft policy have subsequently been developed (Supplementary Appendix H).

Table 6. Summary of Some Relevant Legislation in Bangladesh Instrument Date Content Implication Policy National Environmental Policy, 1992 (NEP) (MOEF, 1994).

1992 Protection and sustainable management of the environment. Objectives: Maintaining the ecological balance and overall development through protection and improvement of the environment; Identifying and regulate polluting and environmentally degrading activities; Ensuring environmentally sound development; Ensuring sustainable and environmentally sound use of all natural resources

MOEF to remain actively remain associated with all international environmental initiatives (e.g. Basel Convention).

National Environmental Management Plan, 1995

1995 Framework of programmes and interventions to manage resources, reduce environmental degradation, improve the natural and manmade environment, conserving habitats and biodiversity, promote sustainable development and improve quality of human life.

MOEF to implement NEP. Actions and interventions also for government, NGOs and wider civil society.

Laws Environmental Conservation Act (ECA)

1995 Important legislative control on industrial water pollution. Dedicated to the “conservation, improvement of quality standards, and control through mitigation of pollution of the environment”.

Environmental Conservation Rules (ECR)

1997 Rules under ECA 1995 provide additional guidance for specific components of the Act that is to be enforced by the DoE, which has responsibility for: 1. Coordinating with other authorities or agencies. 2. Adopting safety and abatement measures to prevent environmental

degradation. 3. Advising persons on environmentally sound use, storage,

transportation, import and export of hazardous material or its components.

4. Conducting research and assisting in conservation and improvement of the environment.

Standards set for liquid effluents and gaseous emissions with some legal authority and powers given to DOE. IEE/EIA studies have been made mandatory For new industries. Penalties for failure to comply with ECA rules and

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Instrument Date Content Implication 5. Investigating locations, equipment, processes, materials, to ensure

improvement of the environment, and control and mitigate pollution. 6. Collect, publish and disseminate environmental information on

pollution. 7. Advising Government on processes and materials that cause

pollution. 8. Ensuring potable water quality.

regulations. Essential powers for HWM in line with international requirements are in place

The Environmental Court Act 2000

2000 Supports ECA & ECR by establishment of environmental courts for offences relating to environmental pollution. Protocols for the establishment of court, defines the court’s jurisdiction, penalties, powers of search and entry, and procedures for investigation, trial and appeal.

Confirms powers for HWM and lines of enforcement in line with international requirements

Guidelines & COPs The EIA Guidelines for Industry

Despite title, EIA Guidelines for Industries cover water sector interventions, including flood control embankments, polder and dykes and roads and bridges. All these water sector interventions for under the ‘Red’ category of industrial units. These are required for project construction, re-construction & extension.

Other related legislations

a. The Dhaka Municipal Corporation Ordinance, 1983 b. Pesticide Ordinance, 1983 c. Pourashava Ordinance, 1977 d. Factory Act, 1965 e. The Explosive Substance Act, 1908 f. The Explosive Act, 1884 g. Lead Acid Battery Recycling and Management Rules, 2006 h. Draft National Solid Waste Management Handling Rules, 2005 i. Environment Policy, 1992

NEP = National Environmental Policy, ECA = Environmental Conservation Act Source : National consultant for Bangladesh’s report on policy and guidelines, Aug 2009 64. The lack of management of HW has recently gained significant attention particularly with regard to ship breaking and subsequently the the supreme court instructed DOE to frame rules for HWM.

B. Inventory of Hazardous Waste in Bangladesh

65. Secondary sources indicate that the number of manufacturing establishments in Bangladesh is approaching 30,000 factories and other facilities and that these use more than 40 different types of chemicals. The factories are mostly located in the large industrialized conurbations of Dhaka, Chittagong, Khulna, Rajshahi, Barisal and Sylhet. The industrial expansion in Bangladesh since 1994 has been very significant (Table 7). 66. Having estimated the overall numbers of hazardous waste generating industries the consultants in discussion with DOE identified seven highly active sectors for field level investigation and survey (Table 8). The methodology for the inventory study was developed in close consultation with the Department of Environment (DOE) officials and the results of the inventory are included in Supplementary Appendix G and summarized in Table 9.

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Table 7. Manufacturing sectors establishments in Bangladesh.

Table 8. Selected sectors for field investigation and inventory survey

Table 9. Summary of Inventory of Hazardous Waste in Bangladesh 2008 Waste Sector Solid Waste Liquid Waste Tonnes/year m3 x 106

Textile 113,720 99.75

Hospitals 12,271 N/A

Tannery 26,250 1.30

Fertilisers 277 7.80

Pesticides 357 10,920

Oil Refining 4 0.61

Source: National Consultant's inventory report Note: Pulp and paper were not included due to refusal of industries to release data.

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C. Development of Policy on Hazardous Waste Management in Bangladesh

67. The rapid increases in HW identified in Bangladesh in the years leading up to the 2008 inventory may not be repeated in the next few years due to economic market forces but HW generation is not likely to decline either so long as the industries maintain their market position. Government of Bangladesh faces very significant environmental problems including waste management and has therefore taken steps to manage hazardous wastes through the development of a draft policy. 68. During discussions carried out in the stakeholder workshops in Dhaka in March and May 2009, the strengths and weaknesses of various policy options and strategies for HWM were discussed and reviewed. Overall the strategy of pursuing public private partnership for the off site management of HW was preferred by the stakeholders. The Bangladesh policy will provide an enabling environment. Publicizing the policy will help to raise the awareness and bring together management of hazardous wastes issues. The draft policy is presented in Supplementary Appendix H. The objectives of the policy can be summarized as follows:

i) Create enabling legal environment to encourage cleaner production for HWM; ii) Collection, transportation, treatment and disposal (off-site management) of HWM; iii) Enable and facilitate public and private sector investment in HWM based on 3Rs; iv) Promote appropriate, efficient environmental technology for HWM; v) Provide training to facilitate cleaner production practices vi) Promote development of local technology in HWM; vii) Promote CDM/private sector investment in HWM.

69. The development of regulations in the form of rules and institutional framework is dealt with in the following section. 70. The institutional arrangements envisaged include a high level committee on HW formed to coordinate the implementation of the policy and to provide technical guidance for a Hazardous Waste Management Cell (HWMC) to be established in the Department of Environment, as a focal point for HWM and promotion of cleaner production practices. HWMC will be guided by an inter-ministerial committee comprising of representatives of government, financial business community, academics and civil society. The HWMC responsibilities will include but not necessarily be limited to:

i) Identifying hazardous wastes and recording wastes governed by the Rules; ii) Coordinating HWM with action plans including a National 3R Strategy; iii) Auditing HW waste generation and illegal imports; iv) Enabling systematic development of and creating opportunities for all aspects of HWM v) Developing mechanisms for public and private sector investments of HWM vi) Supporting research and development of HWM technology and cleaner production: vii) Building capacity for HWM based on 3R and related principles; and viii) Implementing policies to reduce and control pollution from re-use of hazardous waste.

71. The policy envisages that Ministry of Environment and Forests will facilitate the development of HWMC under the DOE. Until the HWMC is created, Director (Technical), DOE will monitor all activity relating to hazardous waste management. The overall policy formulation and development functions of HWMC shall lie with the Ministry of Environment and Forests. HWMC in conjunction with the Ministry of Environment and Forests shall be responsible for determining the priorities for HWM and program implementation.

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72. Investment and fiscal incentives are envisaged including customs and VAT exemptions for import and manufacture of HW collection, treatment and recycling equipment, and credit support systems for rural and remote areas for HW treatment technologies for small enterprises. The implementation arrangements are in development. D. Development of Rules for Hazardous Waste Management in Bangladesh

73. In early 2009 the gross lack of management of HW gained significant attention and the Supreme Court instructed the DoE to frame rules for HWM. The draft rules are included at Supplementary Appendix H. The draft rules include but are not limited to:

i) Transboundary import and export of hazardous materials; ii) Prior informed consent and clearance from department of environment; iii) Freely importable materials for recycling; iv) Procedures for handling hazardous materials; v) Procedure and standards for recycling of hazardous materials; vi) Conditions for sale or transfer of hazardous materials for recycling; vii) Guidelines from the Department of Environment; viii) Treatment, storage and disposal facilities for hazardous wastes; ix) Packaging labeling and storage of hazardous materials; x) Transportation of hazardous materials and manifest systems; xi) Reporting, keeping records and returns; xii) Legal liabilities, legal provisions and appeals; and xiii) Schedules of HW and HM forms for registration etc.

V. HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT IN INDIA

A. India Overview

74. A detailed regulatory and institutional framework and technical guidelines for HWM have been available in India for some time. However, burgeoning industrial activities face significant challenges in HWM and more sophisticated facilities are required for HWM as well as recycling, reprocessing and recovery, particularly in the smaller States and Union Territories (UTs). Improvement is also required in the enforcement of HW rules, identification & assessment of dump sites by the Central and State Pollution Control Boards and procedures for the periodic updating of the inventories. 75. It is clear that officials from enforcing authorities need to be trained, particularly for inventory of hazardous wastes and in appropriate techniques for recovery, reuse, recycling and for disposal of non-recyclable wastes. The Government of India’s Ministry of Environment & Forests (MOEF) is coordinating the activities of State and UT State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs and PCCs). The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) is developing guidelines and conducting training for enforcement agencies in each SPCB and PCC. 76. The Hazardous Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 1989 (Rules) were amended in 2003. In 2007 the Rules were recast with emphasis on HW recycling, recovery and reuse of HW. During 2007 and 2008 the RETA has subsequently supported the further consolidation of the Rules and broad consultation has taken place by Government with industrial and other stakeholders through several workshops in India. A public consultation draft notification was issued in 28 September 2008 called Hazardous Materials (Management, Handling & Transboundary Movement) Rules, 2007 seeking public opinion from all including all

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stakeholders. Comments were received on the draft notification and MOEF has progressed the revision of regulations. With the assistance of an Expert Committee, MOEF has examined the comments on the draft HW Rules, 2007 and published the Hazardous Waste (Management Handling and Transboundary Movement) Rules, 2008 on 24 September 2008. B. Inventories of Hazardous Waste in India

77. Since 2003 the SPCBs and PCCs have revised earlier inventories and these were checked by CPCB in 2005-2006. The latest inventory indicates there are over 36,000 industrial establishments generating total of 6,232,507 tonnes of HW/year (Tables 10 and 11).

Table 10. Hazardous Waste Generating Industries

Ref. Name of State/UT Industrial Estates Number of Industries HW Generating units 1 Andhra Pradesh INA INA 1,739 2 Assam 17 52,311 55 3 Bihar 34 5,092 41 4 Chhattisgarh 25 INP 174 5 Delhi (unverified data) 35 25,000 1,995 6 Gujarat 257 300,000 7,751 7 Goa 18 3,503 630 8 Haryana INP INP 1,419 9 H.P. INP INP 1,331 10 J.& K. 291 INP INP 11 Jharkhand INP 3,384 435 12 Karnataka INP INP 2,076 13 Kerala 137 INP 524 14 Madhya Pradesh 119 INP 1,093 15 Maharashtra 225 61,792 4,909 16 Manipur INP INP 264 17 Meghalaya 8 222 43 18 Mizorum 1 2,718 44 19 Nagaland 1 2,037 3 20 Orissa INP 2,754 335 21 Punjab INP INP 3,023 22 Rajasthan INP INP 442 23 Tripura 2,520 135 24 Tamil Nadu INP INP 2,532 25 Uttar Pradesh 138 6,731 1,915 26 Uttaranchal INP INP 70 27 West Bengal INP 13,645 609

U.T. 1 Daman & Diu 1,937 1,937 Dadra &Nagar Haveli INP INP INP 2 Pondicherry 9 2,080 90 3 Chandigarh INP 1,180 260 TOTAL >36,165

Source: National Consultant India Final Report Note: INP means Information Not Provided by the SPCB/PCC. INA = Information Not Available, UT = Union Territories.

26

Table 11. Status of Hazardous Waste Generation in the States

Ref. Name Of State/UTs Quantity of Hazardous Waste generated (tones/year) Landfillable Incinerable Recyclable Total

STATES 1 Andhra Pradesh 211,442 31,660 313,217 556,319 2 Assam 3,252 7480 10732 10,732 3 Bihar 3,357 9 73 3439 4 Chhattisgarh 5,277 46,897 283,213 295,387 5 Delhi (unverified) 3,338 1,740 203 5,281 6 Gujarat 1,107,128 108,622 577,037 1,792,787 7 Goa 10,763 8,271 7,614 26,648 8 Haryana 30,452 1,429 4,919 36,800 9 H.P. 35519s 2,248 4,380 42,147 10 J.& K. 9,946 141 6,867 16,954 11 Jharkhand 23,135 9,813 204,236 237,184 12 Karnataka 18,366 3,713 54,490 76,569 13 Kerala * 59,591* 223 23,085 82,899* 14 Madhya Pradesh 34,945 5,036 127,909 167,890 15 Maharashtra 568,135 152,791 847,442 1,568,368 16 Manipur 115 137 252 17 Meghalaya 19 697 6443 7159 18 Mizorum 90 Nil 12 102 19 Nagaland 61 Nil 11 72 20 Orissa 74,351 4,052 18,427 96,830 21 Punjab 13,601 14,831 89,481 117,913 22 Rajasthan 165,107 23,025 84,739 272,871 23 Tripura 0 30 237 267 24 Tamil Nadu 157,909 11,145 89,593 258,647 25 Uttar Pradesh 36,370 15,697 117,227 169,294 26 Uttaranchal 17,991 580 11 18,582 27 West Bengal 120,598 12,583 126,597 259,777

A U.T.

Daman, Diu, Dadra & NH 17,219 421 56,350 73,990 B Pondicherry 132 25 36,235 36,392 C Chandigarh 232 723 955 Grand Total 2,728,326 415,794 3,088,387 6,232,507

Source: National Consultant India Final Report *This figure of Kerala includes other wastes.

78. The inventories have also estimated the proportions of HW that are recyclable, landfillable and incinerable HW (Table 12).

Table 12. Estimated Proportions of Recyclable, Landfillable and Incinerable HW

Type of Hazardous Waste Quantity in tonnes/year Recyclable 3,088,387 Landfillable 2,728,326 Incinerable 415,794

Source: National Consultant India Final Report 79. Further updates are required as the inventory is a dynamic process and the revised Rules (2008) require further details to be gathered by trained persons using a prescribed methodology. The updated inventory will estimate the quantum of potentially recyclable wastes and wastes destined for disposal with greater precision in order to developing further treatment and disposal facilities. Training is therefore necessary.

27

C. Current Practices for Recovery, Reuse, Recycling and Disposal

1. Recycling 80. A significant quantity of hazardous waste is already being recycled and reused in other industries or for building materials (e.g., gypsum generated from producing dye intermediates) is used in cement kilns. There is a system of registration of recyclers of wastes listed in Schedule IV of the revised Rules. Table 13 presents the industries registered for reprocessing/re-refining in the sectors of used oil/ waste oil and non-ferrous metal wastes as of December 2006.

Table 13. Industries Registered for Reprocessing/Re-refining in India Ref. Waste Material No. of Units 1 Non ferrous metal (zinc & copper)

waste reprocessing 390

2 Lead waste reprocessing 209 3 Waste Oil/ Used Oil re-refining 274

Source: National Consultant India Final Report, 2009. 81. Registration of e-waste recycling units has been included in revised Rules. E-waste units have started applying for registration. There are four e-waste recycling facilities registered with CPCB as on 9 July 2009 in the States of Andhra Pradesh, Haryana, Maharashtra, and Uttarakhand. The guidelines for environmentally sound management of e-waste have been prepared by MOEF.

2. Current disposal practices 82. Various States have common treatment, storage and disposal facilities (TSDF). There are many smaller States and UTs with industries that require facilities although the waste quantity generated are not sufficient to justify common facilities. Therefore disposal of HW in a facility of an adjacent State or to have a common facility for a few States e.g. the northeastern States have been put forward as possibly feasible options. Some of the larger factories, particularly those generating large quantities of waste, also have some on-site disposal facilities. 83. Currently, there are 25 common treatment, storage and disposal facilities (TSDFs) operating in 12 States (Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal) in the Country. There are also nine common TSDFs which are under construction in seven States/UT (Goa, Haryana, Maharashtra, Orrisa, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu and Pondichery). There is no common TSDFs either operative or under construction in 18 States/UT; although out of these, six States/UT (Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Delhi, Tripura, Uttarakhand, and Pondichery) have already identified the sites for common TSDF. The status of TSDF in the States is given in Appendix 2. D. Policy and Strategy on Hazardous Waste Management in India

84. The recent National Environment Policy, 2006 (NEP) seeks to extend the coverage of several earlier policies covering environmental issues. The NEP includes several action plans to control the environmental effects of toxic and hazardous wastes. However the need for a national strategy for HWM was identified during the consultancy and workshops. The National Hazardous Waste Management Strategy is wide ranging and covers all relevant components for effective management of hazardous wastes with emphasis on minimization of hazardous waste generation from industries and to maximize its recycle/reuse, taking in to account economic

28

aspects, and proper disposal of residual wastes. In addition, it also deals with wastes arising from used consumer products having hazardous constituents, such as used lead acid batteries, electronic waste, etc. and to recycling and recovery of the useful material from such used products. E. Revised Regulation for Hazardous Waste Management in India

85. During the course of the RETA India has revised the Rules with emphasis on recycling, reuse and recovery. The main salient features of the Hazardous Waste (Management, Handling and Transboundary Movement) Rules, 2008 (HWM rules 2008) are as follows:

i) Authorization by SPCB or PCC of all stages of HWM “cradle to grave”. ii) Registration of environmentally sound technologies for recycling and reprocessing. iii) Import & export procedures for hazardous wastes. iv) Import only allowed for recycling, recovery and reuse, not for disposal purpose. v) Establishing disposal facilities using CPCB guidelines with approval from SPCB/PCC. vi) Transportation registered under laws with manifests as per SPCB/PCC authorization. vii) Records & filing of returns are required for SPCB/PCC to update inventory. viii) Reporting of accidents & liabilities by operator and transporter as per Rules. ix) Liabilities/penalties for environment or third party damage due to improper handling.

86. The details of the revised guidelines and strategy are presented in Supplementary Appendix 9. F. Workshops for Disseminating Revised Regulations

87. MOEF conducted a dissemination workshop on the revised regulation for effective implementation of Rules though the Federation of Indian Chamber Of Commerce and Industry (FICCI). The objective of workshop was to create awareness & update industries & SPCB on the revised regulations. 88. The workshop enhanced knowledge on the Hazardous Waste (Management, Handling and Transboundary Movement) Rules, 2008, and provided clarification on the important provisions related to identification, segregation, handling, storage, transportation recycling, reprocessing, recovery, reuse, export and import of hazardous waste. The senior officials of MOEF and CPCB provided clarifications on the queries raised by the participants. The main issues raised by the participants included:

i) Clarification of the new amendments in the revised regulations; ii) Steps industries should take to meet the new requirements on MHW rules 2008; iii) Wastes banned for import & export to and from India; iv) Treatment storage and disposal facilities (TSDFs) being set-up in India; v) Types of hazardous waste can be accepted by TSDF14

vi) Procedure for import and export of hazardous waste. ; and

89. The program was considered by MOEF to have enhanced industrial competence to manage industry specific hazardous waste as per the revised regulation by discussing & clarifying above mentioned issues.

14 Utilization of hazardous waste as a supplementary resource or for energy recovery, or after processing shall be

carried out by the units only after obtaining approval from the Central Pollution Control Board.

29

G. Training Modules and Manual for Updating Inventories for HW in India

90. The training module was developed for release through 3-day residential programs for the officials of the CPCB and SPCBs and participant industries. The main components for two days were:

i) Regulatory requirements for inventory of HW; ii) Types of hazardous wastes, sources and hazardous characteristics; iii) Analytical parameters for identification of HW and recyclable potential; iv) Suitable method of disposal for hazardous wastes residuals; v) Identification of recyclable and non-recyclable HW in various industries; vi) Procedure for inventories of industrial, non-industrial HW and e-wastes; vii) Procedure for inventory of e-wastes (Ashwini Kumar, School of Planning , Ahmedabad); viii) Verification of inventories in States/UTs by SPCBs/PCCs and random checks by CPCB; ix) Beneficial effects of waste minimization HWM; x) Industry sector management of hazardous wastes (including petrochemicals, paints,

pesticides, dyes, pharmaceuticals); and xi) Use of software tools in compilation of inventory to meet regulatory requirements.

91. The third day was kept for field visit to a treatment, storage and disposal facility which could not be taken up due to budget constrains. Participants requested more training sessions should be conducted at different locations in India so that more officials from SPCBs could participate, particularly from Regional Offices. 92. The training module included preparation of a manual on inventory of hazardous waste to be used by the participants when involved in planning and conducting inventories. The training manual will be a useful resource for the other state SPCBs, PCCs and other RETA countries in further developing their own inventories of HW15

.

93. The manual contains aspects of identification and characterization of hazardous waste, questionnaire to be used during inventory and collection of information; procedure for estimation of waste generation factor; compilation of inventory data; information on recyclable, reusable waste; and high volume and low toxic waste. It also covers information on industry sector-wise waste stream identification and quantification of hazardous wastes in pesticides industries, dye and dye intermediates industries, petrochemical industries and bulk drugs industries.

VI. OUTCOMES OF THE TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE

A. Outcome in Response to Design Framework Outputs

94. The RETA design and management framework is presented in Appendix 1. The main outputs of the RETA are discussed in response to the designed outputs and activities identified at the inception stage. 95. Output 1: Waste inventory reports for Bangladesh, Bhutan, and Nepal. Inventories of hazardous wastes have been completed for Bhutan, Bangladesh, and Nepal. The types and quantities of hazardous wastes in Nepal and Bangladesh have been recorded for selected sectors of industry. In Bhutan almost all the sectors have been covered. The field surveys for inventories were conducted and included information on the processes giving rise to the waste,

15 Appendix to the Final Report for India (Supplementary Appendix J).

30

the existing waste generation sources. Local workshops were held with stakeholders. The gaps and needs for improving management of hazardous wastes were identified and the institutional framework to manage hazardous wastes has been developed in all three countries 96. Output 2: Draft policy and rules to manage hazardous waste for Bangladesh, Bhutan, and Nepal. Nepal and Bangladesh have formulated draft policy. Bhutan has formulated a draft policy framework. Nepal, Bhutan and Bangladesh have all used the information from the inventories as a basis for (i) identifying the scope of HWM procedures for collecting, storing, transporting, treating and disposing of HW; (ii) identifying wastes that will be subject to regulation; and (iii) identifying and developing an appropriate institutional framework to manage hazardous wastes. The policies and rules of other countries have been studied and local workshops have been held to allow stakeholders to voice their opinions on the policy issues. 97. Output 3: Report on India’s hazardous waste regulations, with recommendations on incorporating reuse and recycling principles. The final report from India presents an in-depth review of India’s regulations and technical guidelines. Workshops involving representatives from waste generators have been held with suggestions made on practical and economical ways to reuse and recycle waste. The other RETA member countries will also be able to benefit from the knowledge about India’s hazardous wastes that can be reused or recycled. 98. Output 4. Report on potential involvement of private sector in managing hazardous wastes. The potential involvement of the private sector in managing hazardous wastes was excluded from the study in August 2008 and the MOEF in India decided not to engage PPP consultant and to utilize resources instead for the more pressing issue of conducting training based on the training module and to conduct dissemination workshop on revised Rules for hazardous waste management. However the review of PPP in HWM has been retained and recommended as a next step in the final report for India, and the proposed activities are expected to be used as a basis to develop a business proposal for private sector involvement in handling hazardous wastes. 99. Output 5: Training modules for managing hazardous wastes. Training modules providing instruction on preparing inventories and developing technical and procedural guidelines for hazardous waste treatment, storage, and disposal facilities have been developed and are presented in the final report for India. 100. Output 6: Mechanism to maintain network among member countries. It was also expected that the RETA would enable these four countries to establish a hazardous waste network that could be maintained for future cooperation and knowledge sharing. Whereas a fully functioning network has not yet matured the studies carried out during the RETA and the two workshops have laid the foundations for further developments in this context and all RETA counterpart IAs were in support of ADB setting up a website for HWM in line with ADB’s efforts in developing knowledge hubs under ADB’s RETA on Establishment of Regional Knowledge Hubs16

16 RETA 6295 ADB. 2005. Technical Assistance for the Establishment of Regional Knowledge Hubs.

.

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VII. RECOMMENDATIONS AND NEXT STEPS

A. Bangladesh

101. The final report from Bangladesh recommended that the daft policy is backed by strong enforcement of the newly drafted Hazardous Wastes and Hazardous Materials (Management, Handling and Transboundary Movement) Rules 2009 (HWHM Rules) prepared by GOB. 102. The final report also recommends public partnership as a way forward to establish hazardous waste management, treatment and disposal facilities. 103. The draft rules have placed several key functions under MOEF and Department of Environment as the nodal organization of the government to deal with both the local and transboundary movement of all hazardous materials. These responsibilities will be wide ranging and the DOE is required to develop a specialist HWM cell and seek approval from the proposed National Committee of the Hazardous Wastes and Materials. The Government and MOEF will need to identify significant human and financial resources to support these new requirements and select the priority technical issues for the implementation of the HWM Rules 2008. 104. A workshop and publicity campaign to further disseminate the final HWM policy and rules should be considered. The results of the inventory and policy studies on HW should be published to assist greater public awareness of the problems and the publicity materials could be released through the Government website as a first step. B. Bhutan

105. Waste management is one of the most significant, visible and pressing problems in Bhutan. Based on the inventory report, it is known that contamination from hazardous waste is taking place even though it is overshadowed by the government priority on solid waste management. Hazardous waste management therefore needs to be taken up as a component of solid waste management, overall. 106. There are limited policies and rules on the management of hazardous waste which need to be developed. Thus more systematic and stringent policies and rules are required. In addition, there is a need to establish an institutional network in the form of a steering committee that will ensure progress on hazardous waste management in an organized manner. The composition of the steering committee has been recommended. 107. Further national workshops should be undertaken to form the technical steering committee and to establish the terms of reference for finalizing the draft policy and to further assist in the dissemination of the inventory, guidelines and policy findings. The inventory report should also be published and target industries identified for follow up technical guidelines. C. Nepal

108. The final report envisages that the Standards and Monitoring Section of MOE will be the focal point on HWM and the prioritization of technical issues for the implementation of HWM. It will register and issue permissions as required. Hazardous Waste Units will be set up and report regularly. 109. In addition there will be a Technical Committee on Hazardous Waste formed to work as an advisory body with representation from ministries with responsibilities for science, industry

32

and health, universities, agriculture, Solid Waste Management Research Management Council (SWMRMC), scientists and MOE. A higher level committee on HW with a cross section of eminent ministers and scientists will also be formed to coordinate the implementation of the HWM policy under the Chair of the Minister of Environment. 110. The MOE will have a wide range of responsibilities and the development of the Hazardous Waste Units and the setting up of the institutional framework will require significant human and financial resources to support these new responsibilities. 111. The inventory has been available on the internet site of MOE for some time as a step to building awareness. Further national workshops and a publicity campaign will be required for dissemination of the results of the policy studies and to promulgate the use of the first two draft guidelines. Technical guidelines will need to be prepared for other selected sectors as resources become available. D. India

112. An area of significant importance is the e-waste inventory as no inventory of e-waste is available in India. Some major cities are planning to carry out e-waste inventory, in order to prepare a feasibility report for setting-up of recycling facilities.; as currently only broad estimates are available. This also a regional issue. 113. Further cooperation among SASEC countries through creation of a forum for hazardous waste management among SASEC countries has been suggested. 114. Preparation of further guidelines starting with the following sectors has also been proposed:

i) Recycling of hazardous wastes from zinc, lead, copper wastes industries. ii) Management of high volume-low effect wastes for their environmentally sound

disposal (e.g. phosphogypsum, fly ash, red mud, mining waste, etc.). 115. The feasibility of creating waste exchange banks for reuse and recycling of hazardous wastes and the need for hazardous waste facilities in India and for other SASEC countries can be taken up as a step towards enhancing recycling and reuse of hazardous wastes. 116. The creation of an ADB website on hazardous waste management was suggested at the mid term workshop for countries under RETA. Discussions with the 3R hub in AIT Bangkok would be a first useful step for either of the above suggestions. 117. The investment opportunities of hazardous waste facilities under Public Private Partnership modality have not yet been studied in detail. The preparation details for the study on the involvement of the private sector on HWM will be discussed in Delhi as soon as practicable. The scope of study for PPP consultant should include but not necessarily be limited to:

i) Prepare a brief overview of the legal business environment; ii) Assess the key impediments to private sector participation in managing HW; iii) Analyze the legal basis for private sector participation; iv) Undertake intensive stakeholder consultation to verify the accuracy of findings; v) Prepare several scenarios for PPP investment for HWM (e.g. national and foreign

investor participation) and;

33

vi) Prepare a report on possible private sector participation on HWM, with potential scenarios for business plans and guidelines on private sector participation.

118. The feasibility for creation of a hazardous waste disposal facility in the State of Assam for North-Eastern States of India was mentioned at the interim workshop and deserves further investigation. Initially it has been proposed by India that a workshop would be conducted in Assam to discuss options to develop a model facility. Due to the location this facility could also have importance in the region. E. Further Workshops and Training

1. Third workshop

119. At the midterm workshop the representatives for all participating countries were strongly in favour of having a final (third) workshop in Manila to facilitate the dialogue for follow-up actions on treatment facilities and any other matters with interested parties. However, the available funding under the RETA was insufficient. Therefore it is suggested that an alternative or a supplementary source of funding for a final workshop should be investigated. One possible route would be to seek advice on additional resources from the Basel Convention Regional Centre, South East Asia, Jakarta, Indonesia.

2. Training

120. Training is important to develop institutional capacity in the RETA countries. At the midterm workshop the other RETA counterparts suggested participation in the India training would be of great benefit to the RETA member countries. This has not been possible due to the resources of the RETA being exhausted but it is also suggested that ADB pursue this matter for training in RETA countries in the next steps. F. Regional Future Steps

121. The RETA has supported all four countries to formulate and rework draft rules and policies for HWM. A platform has been provided to enable the RETA countries to harmonize these rules and policies that will facilitate minimization of hazardous waste and incorporate internationally recognized standards for transboundary movement of HW. The next steps in the region must consolidate these significant advances. 122. Regionally the RETA has ensured an environmentally sustainable response from the participating countries, in line with the central theme of the RETA and it has promoted regional cooperation through the sharing of the development of governance for HWM, policy rules and guidelines. The development of HWM has proceeded at somewhat different paces and via slightly different routes in each RETA country, but overall there is a substantial degree of progress. Looking forward, the next steps will be to develop a more formal network to discuss the harmonization of HWM procedures in each RETA country and look for a means to facilitate the sharing of HW storage, treatment and disposal facilities for certain types of waste, where appropriate. 123. The policies and rules of all RETA countries have forbidden the import of hazardous waste solely for treatment and disposal. Therefore waste for disposal must be treated in the home country; in line with the principles of the Basel Convention that requires treatment of HW as near as possible to source. At first examination such policies may appear to reduce the opportunity for regional cooperation. However the rules for India and Bangladesh specifically

34

permit the import of waste for recycling, and the Basel Convention also provides for the transboundary movement of waste where there is a bilateral agreement between the producing and the receiving country. The RETA is already a sound basis to move forward and develop a regional focus for recycling hazardous wastes and identification and control of recyclable wastes for the next stages of regional cooperation. The next steps should include the creation of a central register for the location and monitoring of recyclable waste suppliers and treatment plants and the possible creation of recyclable waste banks. A workshop to discuss the possibility of developing a model facility in one of the north eastern states of India has been suggested as a next step. Such a workshop could be broader and also deal with cross border issues and controls. 124. The cooperation will eventually provide platform for the traceable exchange of recyclable wastes in future. The exchange of waste with residual value is already going on at some pace in the informal sector between several countries, but formal controlled exploitation of viable opportunities for co-disposal and treatment of HW can also be arranged and developed (as bilateral and regional arrangements are developed between one or other of the member countries) as statutory requirements permit. It will be possible (at least for India and Bangladesh) to import hazardous waste that has residual value and can be recycled or reused as a feed stock for any industry that has the appropriate facilities to treat and reuse HW in an environmentally acceptable manner. The requirement for environmental clearance of such facilities has been included in the rules for India and Bangladesh. The concept of developing a bilateral or multilateral accreditation system, mutually recognizing facilities in neighbouring countries, has potential for streamlining the transboundary movement of recyclable waste and facilitating controlled movement of HW for recycling; another regional aspect for further study. 125. The experience from India shows that PPP opportunities are developing. These will arise in the market for all RETA countries as the commercial development of various stages of HWM develops in tandem with the increasing demand for recyclable and other raw materials, as the international experience outside the region has clearly demonstrated in the past. The next steps will require the study of environmentally sound technology, applicable for the region. Clarification of the likely viable minimum scale of operations will facilitate identification of the first suitable clusters of industries likely to require such services. To enhance recycling and reuse of hazardous wastes the creation of an ADB website on hazardous waste management was suggested at the mid term workshop for countries under RETA. Discussions with the 3R hub in AIT Bangkok would be a first useful response to this suggestion. 126. In a regional context the waste treatment facility locations of most interest to Nepal, Bhutan and Banglsadesh would be those with least transport requirements such as any facilities in the states in the north and north east of India. (Table 15). However, as per the HW Rules, 2008 of India, no waste can be permitted for disposal, waste can be imported only for recycling, recovery or reuse. The report from India clearly identifies the limited disposal facilities in the northern states. There are only three operational facilities, which are landfill sites, and not directly relevant to the recycling opportunities permitted in the law and that will be needed in the long run. It would be very useful to study the locations of all the operational recycling facilities in northern India. Coupled with further development of the inventories for recyclable hazardous waste, such a study could be the first step towards a regional waste exchange programme; at least for recyclables. Therefore a focused study and workshop on the locations of operational recycling facilities in northern India, coupled with further inventories for recyclable hazardous waste would be a very useful tool for the region.

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Table 15. Proximity of India’s HWM Sites to Other Neighbouring RETA Countries

Ref. in Appendix

B

State RETA country adjacent

Sites identified

Sites notified

TSDF under construction

Operational Common

TSDFs

HW Generating

units

Remarks

3. Assam Bhutan, Bangladesh Nil Nil Nil Nil 55 Proposed site in

Central Assam 4. Bihar Nepal,

Bangladesh 1 1 Nil Nil 41 Proposed TSDF in Barauni

12. Jharkhand Bangladesh Nil Nil Nil Nil 435 - 18. Meghalaya Bangladesh Nil Nil Nil Nil 43 - 24. Sikkim Bhutan ,

Nepal Nil Nil Nil Nil N/A - 27. UP Nepal 5 3 - 3 (SLF) 1915 At Kanpur

(Rooma); Kanpur Dehat (Kumbi) and Banthar, Unnao operational and two proposed at Bulandshahar and Muzaffarnagar

29. West Bengal

Bangladesh 1 1 Nil 1 (SLF) 60 At Purba Srikrishnapur.

Total 7 5 0 4 2,550 TSDF = Treatment Storage and Disposal Facility. N/A = not available. Source: National Consultant's Final Report, India July 2009. 127. Some other dedicated studies are also suggested or are implied from a sysnthesis of the work from the individual resentations by the RETA countries;

i) Adoption of co-incineration of hazardous waste in cement kiln to utilize high calorific value of wastes;

ii) Adoption of rotary furnace & incorporation of air pollution control system for lead processing from lead acid batteries as well as to have mechanized breaking of bat; and

iii) Development of a health & safety manual for dismantling in e-waste processing. 128. In India it has been decided that in the next phase, if approved, the following activities would be taken up under the project:

i) E-waste inventory for at least 10 major cities. ii) Guidelines to be formulated for high volume low effect hazardous waste. iii) Need for conducting training programmes for Customs and State Board Officials for

import and export of hazardous waste. iv) More training programmes to be conducted for carrying out inventories of the hazardous

waste for the SPCBs/PCCs. 129. Some of the requirements of the individual RETA member countries’ commitments under the Basel Convention have been completed under the RETA. At a regional level, all the RETA countries are now much better informed and placed to respond to future demands for environmentally acceptable HWM. As their various industrial and social developments give rise to more HW the RETA governments will be better placed to deliver coordinated and efficient support for HWM that will be required in order to manage HW to internationally acceptable levels, both nationally and regionally. 130. The mechanisms and the degree of government intervention in HWM will be for the individual RETA countries to decide. However as a direct result of this RETA the participating

36

countries are much better advanced in and much better place to make a coordinated and concise response to the industrial, commercial, and public health requirements for coordinated response to HWM.

VIII. CONCLUSIONS

131. The RETA has consolidated the awareness and developed the mechanisms for HW management in each individual country and provides a solid platform for future work. 132. Regionally, the study has fostered cooperation between the four countries in knowledge sharing on HW. The initiation of a mechanism for information sharing has provided a regional platform for discussions and the training manual from India can be adapted for use in Nepal, Bhutan, and Bangladesh. 133. As E-waste is seen as a growing concern, it is felt necessary to carry out inventory separately for E-waste and come up with appropriate management mechanism. 134. The RETA has accomplished several key steps in HWM based on the approach recommended by the Basel Convention secretariat. 135. The governments of Bangladesh, Bhutan, and Nepal have conducted inventories of hazardous wastes. 136. The Government of India has developed a systematic manual for updating inventories to act as training module for updating the inventory of hazardous wastes, and the manual can be adapted by other countries. 137. The Government of India has been assisted to review update and publicize hazardous waste regulations. 138. The RETA has supported governments in Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal to draft and progress the enactment of policies, rules, and technical guidelines to manage hazardous wastes based on the results of inventories. 139. The development of private HWM facilities in India and the overall involvement of private sector in managing hazardous wastes have been recognized and require further study. 140. The RETA has been the catalyst for the member countries to progress towards formulating harmonized rules and policies to enable them in the future to exchange recyclable wastes for treatment in one or other of the member countries. 141. The next steps in HWM for the region are open for discussion. This may be at a regional, bilateral or national level and participating countries have expressed keen interests in further workshops and meetings to share future developments and exchange experience on HWM.

Appendix 1

37

DESIGN AND MONITORING FRAMEWORK

Design Summary Performance Targets/Indicators Data Sources/Reporting Mechanisms Assumptions and Risks Target Achievement Impact Improvement of management of handling pollution especially related with hazardous wastes in this subregion

Reduced levels of hazardous waste disposed into the environment

Monitoring reports from the environment ministries

Achieved

Outcome The approach to manage hazardous wastes is institutionalized and the system to prevent pollution associated with hazardous wastes is improved Countries within the subregion share their knowledge on handling hazardous wastes

Institutional frameworks for managing hazardous wastes are established for Bhutan, Bangladesh, and Nepal Policy and rules for managing hazardous wastes are available in Bangladesh, Bhutan, and Nepal India adopts reuse and recycle principles to manage hazardous wastes and includes them in the regulatory framework Ways to involve the private sector in waste management are identified Hazardous waste network for BBIN is established

Consultant progress reports Consultant progress reports Consultant progress reports and reports from local workshops Consultant progress reports International consultant progress reports

Assumptions • Regional workshops for sharing

knowledge on handling hazardous wastes are carried out on time.

• Governments consistently support the inventory of waste.

• Governments consistently support the formulation of guidelines/rules as part of the effort to reduce pollution associated with hazardous wastes.

• Coordination among the departments that contribute to generating hazardous wastes is available.

• Waste generators actively participate.

• RETA member countries continue to

participate in the network/forum to exchange knowledge.

• ADB is willing to support the network/forum.

Achieved Achieved Achieved Private sector already active First steps taken

Outputs 1. Waste inventory reports for Bangladesh, Bhutan, and Nepal 2. Draft policy and rules for managing hazardous wastes in Bangladesh, Bhutan and Nepal 3. Report on India’s hazardous waste regulations, with recommendations on incorporating reuse, recycling, and recovery principles

Inventory reports are available by September 2007; each Government accepts the results. The draft policy and rules are available by October 2007; each Government endorses the proposed policy for further adoption by the country. Report is available by September 2007 and is accepted by the Government of India. The business proposal is prepared and endorsed by the Government of India by October 2007.

Consultant progress reports and reports from local workshops Consultant progress reports and reports from local workshops Consultant progress reports and reports from local workshops

Assumptions • Consultants recruited on time • Continued support from the

governments • Availability of counterpart staff • Active participation of waste

generators and other relevant stakeholders

• RETA member countries continue to

participate in the network/forum to exchange knowledge.

Achieved January 2009 Achieved March 2009 Achieved July 2009

38

38 38 A

ppendix 1

Design Summary Performance Targets/Indicators Data Sources/Reporting Mechanisms Assumptions and Risks Target Achievement 4. Report on potential involvement of private sector in managing hazardous wastes 5. Training modules for managing hazardous wastes 6. Mechanism to maintain the network

Training modules are available and endorsed by the governments by May 2007. Available [mechanism] after the first regional workshop in March 2007

Consultant progress reports and reports from local workshops Consultant progress reports and reports from local workshops Consultant progress reports

Not included at request of Government of India Achieved September 2008 First steps taken

Activities with Milestones 1. Obtain government concurrences for the RETA paper by December 2006. 2. Recruit consultants in February 2007. 3. Hold the first regional workshop and study tour of hazardous treatment facilities in Bangkok in March 2007. 4. Prepare and conduct inventories of hazardous wastes in Bangladesh, Bhutan, and Nepal from March to August 2007. 5. Review India’s rules and regulations from March to May 2007. 6. Prepare training modules from February to April 2007. 7. Conduct study to identify ways to involve the private sector in managing hazardous wastes (start in February 2007). 8. Hold final regional workshop in ADB Headquarters, Manila in November 2007.

Inputs ADB: $400,000 • International consultant

(4 person-months) and national consultants (30 person-months) - $247,000

• Equipment - $15,000 • Seminars and/or workshops -

$76,000 • Survey - $40,000 • Miscellaneous - $2,000 • Contingencies - $20,000 Governments: (in-kind) • Office accommodation -$12,000 • Counterpart staff - $6,000 • Other - $6,000

Achieved 1. December 2006. 2. August 2007. 3. October 2007. 4. November 2007 to

January 2009. 5. July 2008. 6. September 2007. 7. Omitted at request of

Gov. of India 8. To be confirmed.

Source: ADB. 2006. Technical Assistance Report for Managing Hazardous Wastes. Manila.

Appendix 2

39

Appendix 2 Status of India’s HWM sites for Treatment Storage & Disposal Facilities

Ref. State/UT Sites identified

Sites notified

TSDF under construction

Number of Common TSDFs in operation

Remarks

1. AP 02 02 Nil 02 at Dundigal & Visakhapatnam Both operational

2. Arunachal Pradesh Nil Nil Nil Nil -

3. Assam Nil Nil Nil Nil Proposed site in Central Assam 4. Bihar 01 01 Nil Nil Proposed TSDF in Barauni

5. Chattisgarh 02 Nil Nil Nil At Balco, Korba and one at Bhilai under execution.

6. Delhi 01 Nil Nil Nil Site at Gumenhera

7. Goa 01 01 01 Nil Dharbandora site notified & EC granted by MoEF. Under construction

8. Gujarat 08 08 Nil

8 (4 common & 4 SLF) Odhav, Ahmedabad; Vatva,

Ahmedabad; Nandesari, Vadodara; Ankaleshwar,

Bharuch; Surat; Vapi, Valsad District; Alang, Bhavanagar &

Juna Katariya).

Odhav, Ahmedabad; Vatva, Ahmedabad; Nandesari, Vadodara; Ankaleshwar, Bharuch;

Surat; Vapi, Valsad District; Alang, Bhavanagar; and at Juna Katariya.

9. Haryana 01 01 01 - Site at Pali, Faridabad notified and construction under progress.

10. Himachal Pradesh 01 01 - 01 Site at village Majra, Solan District operational

11. Jammu & Kashmir Nil Nil Nil Nil - 12. Jharkhand Nil Nil Nil Nil - 13. Karnataka 02 01 - 01 Site at Dabaspet 14. Kerala 01 01 - 01 Site at FACT, Ambalamughal, Kochi.

15. Madhya Pradesh 08 03 Nil 01 (SLF) at Pithampur One Operational at Pithampur. Sites Rajgarh, Jabalpur and Pithampur notified.

16. Maharashtra 06 04 02

04 (Taloja, Raigad; TTC, New Mumbai; Butibori, Nagpur and

Ranjangaon, Pune

Two common (Taloja, Raigad; TTC, New Mumbai) and two SLF (Nagpur and Pune). Two are also proposed at Shendra, Aurangabad and

Mahad 17. Manipur Nil Nil Nil Nil - 18. Meghalaya Nil Nil Nil Nil - 19. Mizoram Nil Nil Nil Nil - 20 Nagaland Nil Nil Nil Nil - 21. Orissa 01 01 01 - Site at Sukinda, District Jajpur.

40 A

ppendix 2

Ref. State/UT Sites identified

Sites notified

TSDF under construction

Number of Common TSDFs in operation

Remarks

22. Punjab 01 01 - 01 (SLF) at Nimbua Incinerator proposed in II Phase 23. Rajasthan 08 02 01 01 SLF at Gudli, Udaipur 24 . Sikkim Nil Nil Nil Nil -

25. Tamilnadu 08 03 02 01 at Gummadipoondi

Site at Nallur & Mathagiri also notified. Two sites located at Kancheepuram & Perundurai under

consideration. Theree more sites identified under scruitiny.

26. Tripura 01 Nil Nil Nil Proposed SLF at Nagicherra 27. UP 05 03 - 03 (SLF) At Kanpur (Rooma); Kanpur Dehat (Kumbi) and

Banthar, Unnao operational and two proposed at Bulandshahar and Muzaffarnagar

28. Uttarakhand 03 Nil Nil Nil Sites identified at Haridwar, Pant Nagar and Roorkee

29. West Bengal 01 01 Nil 01 (SLF) At Purba Srikrishnapur. 30. Andaman &

Nicobar Is. Nil Nil Nil Nil -

31. Chandigarh Nil Nil Nil Nil - 32. Daman, Diu,

Dadra & Nagar Haveli

01 01 01 Nil constructuion at Village Motarandha, Silvassa (DNH) completed

33. Lakshdweep Nil Nil Nil Nil - 34. Pondicherry 01 Nil Nil Nil -

Total 64 35 09 25 SLF = Secure Landfill Facility Source: National Consultant India Final Report July 2009