Effects of Climate Change on the Future of Local Communities in Indianapolis: A Prototype Tool

Technical Documentation

Indiana University Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health

Project Authors: Jeremy D Prather Jeremy Chesher JeffreyAshby Kali Frost Martha Henn RobertSkoglund Jocelyn Hospital Caitlin Briere StevenELacey EmilyAhonen YiWang* *CorrespondingAuthor AssistantProfessor,DepartmentofEnvironmentalHealth IndianaUniversityRichardM.FairbanksSchoolofPublicHealth 1050WishardBlvd,RG6084 Indianapolis,IN46202-2872 Phone:(317)274-2918;(317)274-3443(Fax)

Project Partners: NearWestsideCommunityOrganization IUPUIPolisCenter IndianaDepartmentofEnvironmentalManagment UnitedStatesEnvironmentalProtectionAgency

Acknowledgements: NationalInsititueofEnvironmentalHealthSciences TheSocietyforChemicalHazardCommunication UnitedStatesEnvironmentalProtectionAgency IUPUICenterforServiceandLearning

Suggested Citation (tentative until published)

JeremyDPrather,JeremyChesher,JeffreyAshby,KaliFrost,MS,MarthaHenn,RobertSkoglund,Ph.D.,DABT,CIH,JocelynHospital,PHD.,StevenELacey,EmilyAhonen,andYiWang,PHD.Ef-fectsofClimateChangeontheFutureofLocalCommunitiesinIndianapolis:APrototype. Availableathttps://sites.google.com/site/iumdcat/homeDateaccessed:[monthday,year]

Effects of Climate Change on the Future of Local Communities in Indianapolis: A Prototype

Abstract

SupportedbytheEPAToxicsReleaseInventory(TRI)ProgramandtheSocietyforChemicalHazardCommunication(SCHC),wecreatedthisprototypethatreceivedfirstprizeinthecategoryof“LocalandRegionalCommunity”inthe2015NIH/NIEHSClimateChangeandEnvironmentalExposuresDataVisualizationChallenge.YoucouldfindthistoolinthecollectionoftheUSClimateResilienceToolkit(https://toolkit.climate.gov/).WeleverageddatafromtheTRIandotherEPAprograms,Indianahealthandenvironmentalagencies,andNOAAandLandsatsatellitestodevelopaninter-activewebportaltodisplayandcommunicatepotentialhealthandenvironmentaleffectsofclimatechangeonalow-income,disadvantagedIndianapolisneighborhood:theNearWestNeighborhood.WehavecreatedvisualizationsfortheNeighborhoodandthegreaterIndianapolisareatoidentify:1)locationsatincreasedriskoffloodingandassociatedvulnerabilitieswithrespecttohousingstructures(mold),othercriticalinfrastructure(includinghospitalsandschools),andcontaminatedsitesandre-positoriesforwaste;2)areaswithanincreasedlevelofozoneformationfrommobileandnon-mobilesourcesofVOCsastheyrelatetoincreasesinoverallambienttemperatureandlocalizedurbanheatislandeffects;and3)hotspotswhereresidentsaremorevulnerabletoacutecardiovascularemergencycall(strokeandcardiacarrest)andhospitalization(heartattack)asaresultofurbanheatislandef-fects.Thesevisualizationsmayaiddecision-makersinidentifyingtargetedareasand/orat-riskpopu-lationsfordisasterprevention,preparation,andresponseasaresultofclimatechangeandprovidesacost-effectivewaytomitigatepotentialimpactsofclimatechange.WecurrentlyplantousetheNIH/NIEHSawardtofurtherdevelopthisprototypetoservetheresidentsoftheNeighborhoodandthegreaterIndianapolisarea.Givenalldatausedinthecreationofthetoolarepubliclyavailable,thetoolcanbereplicatedforothercommunities,countiesandstatesinthefuturewithsufficientsupport.

12015-16TRIUniversityChallengeAcademicPartnersAnnounced.Accessedathttp://www.epa.gov/toxics-release-inventory-tri-program/2015-2016-tri-university-challenge-academic-partners

2Spring2016-ScoietyofChemicalHazardCommunication(SCHC)AnnualConferenceinFt.Lauderdale,FL.Accessedathttp://www.schc.org/index.php?option=com_jevents&task=icalrepeat.detail&evid=6&Itemid=172&year=2016&month=04&day=16&title=spring-2016&uid=b212c6e9ba2f1ecbe18b9e922efe8865

3GreatPlace2020.[cited2016Feburary1];Availablefrom:http://greatplaces2020.org/where-are-great-places/

Detailed Methods

Flooding ClimatechangewillincreaseprecipitationinmanypartsoftheUS.InIndianapolis,theamountofprecipitationwithina24-hourperiodcouldrisebyabout30percentbytheendofthiscentury[1].Increasedprecipitationmayincreasefloodingandrunoff,creatingopportunityforvector-bornediseaseandmoldgrowth.Floodingcouldalsodisruptservicefromcriticalfacilitiesandincreasethechanceofexposinghazardouswastematerialstothegeneralpopulation.[2]Areasoflowsoilpermeabilitypotentiallyaggravatestheeffectsofflooding.

First,wecreatedabluespotfloodingmapfortheNearWestNeighborhoodinIndianapolistoidentifyareaspronetofloodingduringaheavycloudburst,andthebuildingsthatwouldbeaffectedbytheflooding.ThebluespotmapswerefirstcreatedbytheDanishGovernmentaspartoftheirClimateChangeAdaptationtaskforceandconsistofmapsthatusefineresolutiontopographicdatatoidentifylow-lyingareas.Bluespotsarethosethatmayfillupandoverflowanddamagenearbybuildings.Tocreateourbluespotmap,wedownloadthelatest(2011)availableMarionCountyDigitalElevationModel(DEM)rasterfiles.TheDEMdataarederivedfromLiDARdataaspartofastatewidegeodatainitiativeandhaveaspatialresolutionof5feet.WealsodownloadedabuildingfootprintsvectorfilecontainingbuildingfootprintsforallofMarionCountyasof2004fromtheIndianaSpatialDataPortal(http://gis.iu.edu),suppliedtothestatebytheIndianapolisMappingandGeographicInfrastructureSystem(IMAGIS).Followingthetutorialsoutlinedin“FindAreasatRiskofFloodinginaCloudburst”blogpostontheESRIwebsite(https://blogs.esri.com/esri/arcgis/2015/10/13/find-areas-at-risk-of-flooding-in-a-cloudburst/),thebluespottools‘BluespotModels_US.tbx’and‘BluespotModels_US_NoBuildings.tbx’weremodifiedtorunthelocaldatasetstocompletethebluespotmappingforourareaofinterest.TheresultingmapwasclippedtotheNearWestNeighborhoodfordisplay.Areasthatwereconsideredtobesmallerandlowimpact,(suchasditchesalongroadways)wereremovedfromthemapandonlybluespotswithanareagreaterthan2000squarefeetwereselectedandexported.Thismapwasoverlaidwiththebuildingfootprintlayertodeterminewhichbuildingstouchedabluespotandarethereforeatpossibleriskofdamageduringahighcloudburstevent.Weincludedmapsoflocationsforcriticalinfrastructuresuchashospitalsandemergencymedicalservices,long-termcarefacilities,schools,policeandfirestations,whichwereobtainedfromtheIndianaDepartmentofEnvironmentalManagement(IDEM),OfficeofLandQuality.Buildinglocationsthatareadjacenttoorliewithinabluespotfloodingareamayhaveahigherlikelihoodofpoorsanitation,outgassingofwetbuildingmaterials,flooding-relateddamagessuchasspreadofwater-orvector-bornedisease,propertydamage,andchemicalhazardcontamination.[2]

Ofnote,oneoftheimportantconsequencesoffloodingisthegrowthofmoldandothermicrobialagents.[2]Moldsgrowinasshortaperiodas24-48hours.Increasedmoldpresenceinindoorenvironmentafterfloodingwillincreaserespiratoryproblems,particularlyinchildren,elderlypeopleandpregnantwomen.Toidentifythepotentialimpactoffloodingonmoldviolation,weshowlocationoftotalmoldcountycodeviolations(2007-2015fromtheMarionCountyPublicHealthDepartment).Weeliminateduplicatesthathavemultipleviolationsatthesameaddressonthesamedate.Thisshowspotentiallocationofmoldinterventionafterincreasedfrequencyofflooding.

Flooding Continued

Second,wehavealsocreatedaflood-pronesoilmap(yellow)toidentifyareas/locationsatriskofhazardouschemicalwastecontaminationorspreadafterflooding.Wedownloadthe2015SoilSurveyGeographic(SSURGO)Databasevectorshapefile,whichcontainscurrentsoilclassifications.TheGenesee(Ge),Sloan(Sn),UrbanBrookston(Ub),UrbanGenesee(Ug),andUrbanWestland(Uw)soiltypeswerethenselectedfortheir‘frequent’floodpotentialaslistedinTable12ofthe“SoilSurveyofMarionCounty,Indiana”whichispublishedbytheUSDA–SoilConservationService.Inthevisualization,weincludedlocationsofLeakingUndergroundStorageTanks(LUSTs)/Waste/RemediationobtainedfromIDEMOfficeofLandQuality(Seeattacheddescriptionofdatadetails)andoverlaidboththebluespotmapandflood-pronesoilmapontheseareas/locationsthatmayposehealththreatsfromhazardouschemicalsinafloodingevent.

Ozone-VOCsControllingprecursoremissions,primarilyNOxandVOCs,isoneofthemostessentialelementsforlimitingground-levelozoneformation.VOCs,CH4,andCOreactwiththehydroxylradical(OH)toformintermediatespeciesthatinteractwithNOx,ultimatelyproducingground-levelozone.(MurazakiandHess2006).MobilefossilfuelcombustionintheurbanenvironmentgenerateslargeamountsofNOxand,withelevatedsurfacetemperaturesintheurbanenvironmentduetoclimatechange,VOCvolatilizationfromnaturalsourcesandanthropogenicactivitiesmaybeelevated,aswell.Additionally,locallyhighertemperaturesduetourbanheatislandcanleadtoshallowmixingheightsintheatmospherewhichhasbeenlinkedtoincreasedground-levelozoneformation.

First,wevisualizedthelocationandemissionsourcesofVOCsfrompointsourcefacilitiesintheIndianapolisareareportedintheTRIdatabase.EmissionsourcesareimportantbecausetheIndianapolisareais,undermostconditions,aVOClimitedregime.ThismeansthatVOCemissionsourcesshouldbeprioritizedbydecision-makersforozonemitigationstrategies.Therefore,wealsoincludedavisualizationof13ambientVOCconcentrationsbycensustract,whichincludesbothmobileandnon-mobilesources.Weprioritized13VOCsinthevisualizationbycreatinga“photochemicalreactivityweightedconcentration”,determinedbymultiplyingthemodeledtotalconcentrationofeachVOCspecies(inµg/m3;obtainedfromEPA’sNationalAirToxicsAssessment(2011),alarge-scalephotochemicalmodelingstudy,basedontheNationalEmissionsInventorydata)byeachchemical’sMaximumIncrementalReactivityscale(MIR)forozoneformation[3].Finally,wesummarizedtheozoneformationpotentialforeachcensustractbyaddingupallVOCs’“photochemicalreactivityweightedconcentration”.

Second,wecreatedamapoftheIndianapolisareaurbanheatislandatacensustractleveltovisualizethespatialdistributionofmaxlandsurfacetemperatureusinga30x30mresolutionLandsat8imagerydatadownloadedfromtheUSGSEarthExplorerwebsite(http://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/).UnliketheMODISproductswhichcaptureimagesdaily,butataworsespatialresolution(1km),theLandsatimageryiscapturedat30x30mresolutionevery16days.Thismapgivesusersagoodideaofthegeneral“hot”and“cool”tractinMarionCountyatahighspatialresolution.ThisisimportantforthespatialgranularityofurbanheatislandeffectsinacitylikeIndianapolis.Specifically,wedownloadedallLevel1GeoTIFFdataproductsforJune-Augustin2014fromspecificsatellitebands,whichcoverMarionCounty.Were-projectedtheseLandsatrasterimagesinArcMaptoconverttotheNAD1983StatePlaneIndianaEastFIPS1301Feetprojection.Usingamethodsimilartothat

describedintheMODISLandSurfaceTemperatureProductsCollection5Users’Guide,thesixrasterimagestakenduringthe3monthsfromband10wereusedtocreateacompositeofanearlycloud-freeimage.Werepeatedthesameprocessforthe6rasterimagesfromband11.Theresultingtwocloud-freerasterimageswerethencombinedusingasplit-windowalgorithmsimilartothatusedtocreatetheMODISlandsurfacetemperatureproduct.[4]Finally,weaggregatedtheimagepixelstocensustractpolygonsandoverlaidthismapwiththeVOCmapstoidentify1)specificnon-mobilesourcesofVOCswithinIndianaandMarionCounty2)areasofhighertotalVOCconcentrationsfromallsources.HighertotalVOCemissionsaremostlyindowntownandinurbanheatislandswithhightemperature,thustheseareasmayhavemoreintenseozoneformation.Asglobaltemperatureinurbanenvironmentarises,moreozonewillbeformedingeneral.

Extreme HeatUrbanheatisland(UHI),formedduepartlytolargeimpervioussurfacesinhighdevelopmentareas,hasbeenshowntoleadtohighernumberof911emergencycallsorhospitalizationforcardiovasculardisease[5,6].Wecreatedvisualizationusingthreelayerstodemonstratetheseeffects.First,wecreatedamapofmaxsurfacetemperaturewithahighspatialresolutionof30mx30m,similarlydescribedasinsection“ozone-VOC”.Ingeneral,UHI,visualizedusinghighspatialresolutiondatainourmaps,doesnotchangeover10-20years[7,8]particularlyinurbancores.Second,weshowedhighdevelopmentareasincludinghigh-rises,mallcomplexes,industrialfactoriesandcommercialplazasfromthelandcoverlayerobtainedfromtheNationalLandCoverDatabase(NLCD2006)v1.0.Therestareasarepredominatelyresidentialneighborhoods.Third,wecreatedamapoftotalcountsof911callsforstrokeandcardiacarrestthatoccurredonthehottestdays(top5%daysforeachyearduringsummermonthsincludingJune,July,andAugust)ofeachyearfrom2009to2015,normalizedby2010populationineachcensustract.Wechosetodisplay911callsonthehottestforalltheseyearstogiveenoughdatapointspercensustractforvisualizingtheeffectofUHI.Werepeatedthesamemapforhospitalizationformyocardialinfarction(MI)occurredduringJune-August2014.Toidentifysubpopulationsatriskofeffects,wealsomappedtotalMIhospitalizationcountspercensustract(occurredJune-August2014),normalizedtototalpopulationof≥65yearsineachcensustract.Weobtainedthe911calldatafromtheIndianapolisDepartmentofPublicSafetyandstandardizedallcountsbycensustracttotalpopulation(USCensus2010).WeobtainedMIhospitalizationdatafromelectronicmedicalrecordbuiltbyRegenstriefInstituteatIndianaUniversity,oneofthemostadvancedandcomprehensiveelectronicmedicalrecordsystemsinthecountry.

Weshowthatingeneral,highercountsof911callorhospitalizationforcardiovasculardiseaseoccurredinthecensustractsthatarerelatively“hot”andhaveimpervioussurfacesinmostlyresidentialneighborhoods.Wealsoidentifiedcensustracthotspotswherehigh-riskolderresidentsmaybemorevulnerabletocardiovascularhealthimpactofhightemperature.Resourcesneedtobeallocatedinthosehotspotsduringextremeheateventasopposedtotheperipheralcoolerplaces.Withmorefrequentextremetemperatureevents,therewillbemorecardiovasculardiseaserelatedeventsinthoseimpervioussurfacerichareathataremostlyresidentialneighborhoodsandarehot.

References for Detailed Methods

1. Hayhoe,K.J.,VanDorn,V.Naik,WuebblesClimatechangeintheMidwestprojectionsoffuturetemperatureandprecipitation.2009.

2. IOM,ClimateChange,theIndoorEnvironment,andHealth.2011,TheNationalAcademiesPress:WashingtonDC.

3. Carter,W.P.L.,DevelopmentofOzoneReactivityScalesforVolatileOrganic-Compounds.JournaloftheAir&WasteManagementAssociation,1994.44(7):p.881-899.

4. Wan,Z.,Collection-5-MODISLandSurfaceTemperatureProductsUsers’Guide.Steptember2006.

5. Gronlund,C.J.,etal.,Heat,heatwaves,andhospitaladmissionsamongtheelderlyintheUnitedStates,1992-2006.EnvironHealthPerspect,2014.122(11):p.1187-92.

6. Johnson,D.P.andJ.S.Wilson,Thesocio-spatialdynamicsofextremeurbanheatevents:Thecaseofheat-relateddeathsinPhiladelphia.AppliedGeography,2009.29(3):p.419-434.

7. Jensen,J.R.,Remotesensingoftheenvironment:Anearthresourceperspective.2007,UpperSaddleRiver,NJ:PearsonPrenticeHall.

8. Stanforth,A.C.J.,D.P.,ComparingtheImpactofSpatialResoltuiononModelingExtremeHeatVulnerability.2015,AmericanMeteorologicalSociety.

Carter,W.P.L.(1994).DevelopmentofOzoneReactivityScalesforVolatileOrganic-Compounds. JournaloftheAir&WasteManagementAssociation,44(7),881-899.Gronlund,C.J.,Zanobetti,A.,Schwartz,J.D.,Wellenius,G.A.,&O’Neill,M.S.(2014).Heat,heat waves,andhospitaladmissionsamongtheelderlyintheUnitedStates,1992-2006.Environ HealthPerspect,122(11),1187-1192.doi:10.1289/ehp.1206132Hayhoe,K.J.,VanDorn,V.Naik,Wuebbles.(2009).ClimatechangeintheMidwestprojectionsof futuretemperatureandprecipitation.RetrievedfromCambridge,MA,UnionoftheConcerned Scientistswebsite:http://www.ucsusa.org/assets/documents/global_warming/midwest-cli mate-impacts.pdfIOM.(2011).ClimateChange,theIndoorEnvironment,andHealth.Jensen,J.R.(2007).Remotesensingoftheenvironment:Anearthresourceperspective.Upper SaddleRiver,NJ:PearsonPrenticeHall.Johnson,D.P.,&Wilson,J.S.(2009).Thesocio-spatialdynamicsofextremeurbanheatevents: Thecaseofheat-relateddeathsinPhiladelphia.AppliedGeography,29(3),419-434.doi: 10.1016/j.apgeog.2008.11.004Stanforth,A.C.J.,D.P.(2015).ComparingtheImpactofSpatialResoltuiononModelingExtreme HeatVulnerability(RecordedPresentation).RetrievedFeburary1,2016,fromAmerican MeteorologicalSocietyWan,Z.(Steptember2006).Collection-5-MODISLandSurfaceTemperatureProductsUsers’Guide.

Data Sources Details

Underground Storage Tanks,20150225-Showsregulatedundergroundstoragetanklocations,includingleakingundergroundstoragetanks.Regulatedundergroundstoragetanksarethosethathave10percentormoreofthetankandpipingburiedbeneaththegroundandcontainaregulatedsubstance.Thisdatasetgenerallycontainsthelocationofaccesspointstomanagedsites,alongwithauniqueidentifierforeachlocation.ProvidedbypersonnelofIndianaDepartmentofEnvironmentalManagement,OfficeofLandQuality.DataarecurrentasofFebruary25,2015.

Brownfields,20150225-Abrownfieldsiteisaparcelofrealestatethatisabandonedorinactive,ormaynotbeoperatedatitsappropriateuse,andonwhichexpansion,redevelopment,orreuseiscomplicatedbecauseofthepresenceorpotentialpresenceofahazardoussubstance,acontaminant,petroleum,orapetroleumproductthatposesarisktohumanhealthandtheenvironment.ProvidedbypersonneloftheIndianaDepartmentofEnvironmentalManagement,OfficeofLandQuality.DataarecurrentasofFebruary25,2015.

State Cleanup Sites,20150225-ShowsStateCleanupsitesthatareontheCommissioner’sBulletinorreferredremedialresponselocationsorotherIDEMprogramsthatrequiremitigationofrisktohumanhealthandtheenvironmentthroughinvestigation,remediationorinstitutionalcontrols.ProvidedbypersonnelofIndianaDepartmentofEnvironmentalManagement,OfficeofLandQuality.DataarecurrentasofFebruary25,2015.

Corrective Action Sites,2010-ShowsfacilitiesthataresubjecttoRCRACorrectiveActioniftheymeetanyofthefollowingconditions:operatingunderahazardouswastepermits(AorB)oraninter-imstatusfacilityandlawsuitagainstanyhandler.ProvidedbypersonneloftheIndianaDepartmentofEnvironmentalManagement,OfficeofLandQuality.DataarecurrentasofApril16,2010.

Institutional Control Sites,20150225-ShowsInstitutionalControl(IC)sitelocationsinIndiana.Whenanyamountofcontaminationabovearesidentialclosurelevelisleftonaproperty,alegalmeasurecalledanInstitutionalControl(IC)maybeneeded.AnICprotectshumanhealthandtheenvironmentbyrestrictingpropertyactivity,use,oraccess.InstitutionalControl(IC)polygonswerecreatedfromrecordedEnvironmentalRestrictiveCovenants(ERCs)andotherInstitutionalControls(ICs)mandatedbyIDEM.Attributesincludefacilitynamesandaddresses,thetype(s)ofuse-restric-tionsandIC’s,andaURLthatlinksdirectlytoadigitalcopyoftheICdocument.Providedbyperson-nelofIndianaDepartmentofEnvironmentalManagement,OfficeofLandQuality(IDEM,OLQ)asofFebruary25,2015.

Manufactured Gas Plants,2010-MGPsproducedgasforlighting,heating,andcookingfromthe1850’stothe1940’s.Inadditiontoproducingthedesiredproduct,gas,numeroustoxicby-products(suchastarsandpurifierwastes)wereoftenstoredinsubsurfacestructuresordisposedofinthedumpareasatthesite.Significantamountsofcontaminationusuallyoccurredatthesesitesduetothenatureofgasproductionandpoorhousekeeping.MGPsproductionsdecreasedandwerephasedoutinthe1940’sduetotheincreasenetworkofnaturalgaspipelinesacrossthecountry.Theseplantsweredecommissionedbyrazingthebuildingbutleavingsubsurfacestructuresandwastesinplace.Thereareatleast74knownformerMGPsinIndiana.ProvidedbypersonnelofIndianaDepartmentofEnvironmentalManagement,OfficeofLandQuality.DataarecurrentasofApril16,2010.

Data Sources Details Continued

Superfund Program Facilities,20150225-ShowsGPS-locatedSuperfundProgramfacilities.Thelayergenerallyshowsthelocationsofaccesspointstomanagedsites.Attributesincludefacilityidentifications,federalidentificationnumbers,andaddresses.ProvidedbypersonneloftheIndianaDepartmentofEnvironmentalManagement,OfficeofLandQuality.DataarecurrentasofFebruary25,2015.

Voluntary Remediation Program Sites,20150225-ShowsVoluntaryRemediationProgramsitelocations.Thelayergenerallyshowsthelocationofaccesspointstomanagedsites.Attributesincludefacilitynamesandfederalidentificationnumbers.ProvidedbypersonnelofIndianaDepartmentofEnvironmentalManagement,OfficeofLandQuality.DataarecurrentasofFebruary25,2015.

Coal Combustion Waste - Inspected Impoundments,IDEM20151113-Showscoalcombus-tionwaste(CCW)impoundmentsinIndianathathavebeeninspectedbytheU.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency(USEPA).AttributesincludeobservationsbyIDEMstaffandinformationfoundinUSEPAcontractedreportsaboutthestructuralintegretyandhazardpotentialsomeoftheimpound-mentdams.DatawereprovidedbypersonnelofIndianaDepartmentofEnvironmentalManagement,OfficeofLandQuality(IDEM,OLQ)asofNovember13,2015.CCWimpoundmentsweredigitizedbyIDEMstafffromaerialphoto-interpretation.ThiswasdoneinresponsetotheCCWimpound-mentfailureattheTVA/KingstoncoalburningelectricgeneratingfacilityduringDecemberof2008,andIDEM’srecognitionoftheneedtoknowthepreciselocationsofthesewastefeatures,andwhatimpactssimilarfailuresmayhaveontheIndianalandscape.Alsoinresponsetothisfailure,USEPAinitiatedanationwideprogramassessingthestructuralintegretyandsafetyofCCWimpoundments.USEPAcontractedforinspectionsofthesefacilities,andinformationfromthereportsofIndianafacilitiesareincludedintheIDEMdevelopedattributesofthesefeatures.Theattributes,informa-tionaboutthefeaturesintabularformat,werecompiledfrominformationtakenfromthepublishedreportsofimpoundmentinspectionsdonebyEPAcontractedfirms,andnotesfromIDEMfieldin-spections,aswellasobservationsmadebyIDEMGISstaffasthefeaturesweredigitallymapped.Thequalitativeandquantitativeattributesprovideinformationofimpoundmentsize,capacity,dike/damhazardpotential,typesofwasteplacedintheimpoundment,owner,facilityname,impoundmentuse,andfieldobservationsbyIDEMinspectorsandUSEPAcontratedspecialists.TheUSEPAcontract-ednationwidereportsarefoundhere:http://www3.epa.gov/epawaste/nonhaz/industrial/special/fossil/surveys2/index.htm#_ga=1.5580723.182041078.1443707387FromtheEPAreports:“ACCWmanagementunitisdefinedasasurfaceimpoundmentorsimilardikedorbermedmanagementunitormanagementunitsdesignatedaslandfillsthatreceiveliquidbornematerialandareusedforthestorageordisposalofresidualsorby-productsfromthecombustionofcoal,including,butnotlimitedto,flyash,bottomash,boilerslag,orflugasemissioncontrolresiduals.Managementunitsalsoin-cludeinactiveimpoundmentsthathavenotbeenformallyclosedincompliancewithapplicablefeder-alorstateclosure/reclamationregulations.”

Composting Facilities,2010-Showsleaf,limb,orgrasscollectionsiteswhereacompostprod-uctiscreated,asdefinedbyIC13-20-10oftheIndianaCode.ProvidedbypersonneloftheIndianaDepartmentofEnvironmentalManagement,OfficeofLandQuality.DataarecurrentasofApril16,2010.

Data Sources Details Continued

Waste Sites (Disposal, Storage, Handling),20150225-Showswastesitelocationsforthedispos-al,storage,andhandlingofsolidandhazardouswasteinIndiana.Itcontainsthelocationofaccesspointstomanagedsites,alongwithauniqueidentifierforeachlocation.Typesofwastesitesincludeconstructions/demolitionwaste,compostingofCFOwaste,cleanfill,municipal,non-municipal,opendumps,restrictedwaste,surfaceimpoundments,sanitarylandfills,incinerators,materialrecovery,medicalwaste,recycling,andwastetransferstations.DatawereprovidedbypersonnelofIndianaDepartmentofEnvironmentalManagement,OfficeofLandQuality(IDEM,OLQ)andiscurrentasofFebruary25,2015.

Industrial Waste Sites,20150225-Showsthelocationsofaccesspointstoindustrialwastesitelocations,alongwithuniqueidentifiersforeachlocation.GPSpointslocatetheentrancetofacilitiesthatgenerateand(or)managehazardouswaste,non-hazardousindustrialwaste,andsolidwaste.ProvidedbypersonnelofIndianaDepartmentofEnvironmentalManagement,OfficeofLandQuality.DataarecurrentasofFebruary25,2015.

Landfill Boundaries,20150408-Showsboundariesforopendumpsites,approvedlandfills,andpermittedlandfillsinIndiana.ProvidedbypersonnelofIndianaDepartmentofEnvironmentalManagement,OfficeofLandQuality.DataarecurrentasofApril8,2015.Thisdatasetisnotcom-plete,butcomprisesthewasteboundariesoflandfillsasaworkinprogress.IDEMwillperiodicallyupdatedandaddnewboundaries.

Septage Waste Sites,2013-Showsseptagewastesitelocations.SeptageSitesarepermittedseptage(septictankwaste)siteswherethewasteislandapplied,asdefinedby327IAC7,327IAC7-6,and327IAC7-7oftheIndianaAdministrativeCode.Thelayergenerallyshowsthelocationsofaccesspointstomanagedsites,alongwithauniqueidentifierforeachlocation.Inafewinstancesotherfea-tureswereusedasareferenceforthelocationofthemanagedsites.ProvidedbypersonnelofIndianaDepartmentofEnvironmentalManagement,OfficeofLandQuality.DataarecurrentasofJune25,2013.

Waste Tire Sites,20150225-Showswastetiresitelocations.TireSitescontaintireseitherforpro-cessing,forstorage,ortransport,aswellassomeillegaltiredumps,asdefinedbyIC13-11-2-251,IC13-11-2-252,andIC13-11-250.5oftheIndianaCode.Thelayergenerallyshowsthelocationsofaccesspointstomanagedsites,alongwithauniqueidentifierforeachlocation.ProvidedbypersonnelofIndianaDepartmentofEnvironmentalManagement,OfficeofLandQuality.DataarecurrentasofFebruary25,2015.

Treatment, Storage, and Disposal Sites,2010-Showstreatment,storage,anddisposal(TSD)sitelocations.TreatmentStorageandDisposalFacilitiesarefacilitiesthatmaytreat,store,and(or)disposehazardouswaste.Suchfacilitiesareusuallyalsogeneratorsofhazardouswaste.Thelayergenerallyshowsthelocationsofaccesspointstomanagedsites,alongwithauniqueidentifierforeachlocation.ProvidedbypersonnelofIndianaDepartmentofEnvironmentalManagement,OfficeofLandQuality.DataarecurrentasofApril16,2010.

Data Sources Details Continued

Facilities - National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System,2013-Showsstate-permit-tedwastewaterfacilitiesandprovidesassociatedinformationsuchasthenameofthefacility,con-tacts,andavarietyofmailingaddresses.ExtractedfromthenationalEPAIntegratedComplianceInformationSystem(ICIS)database,thislayerincludesallavailablerecordslistedinIndianaasso-ciatedwithactivesurface-waterdischargefacilities.Thereare1792facilitiesinthisdatalayer,butonly1441recordshavelocationalinformationasUTMvaluesandarespatiallydisplayed.ProvidedbypersonneloftheIndianaDepartmentofEnvironmentalManagement(IDEM),OfficeofWaterQualityonOctober8,2013.

Pipe Locations - National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System,2013-ShowsNationalPollutantDischargeEliminationSystem(NPDES)Programpipelocations.Extractedfromthena-tionalEPAIntegratedComplianceInformationSystem(ICIS)database,thislayerfocusesonactivestate-regulatedwastewaterfacilitypermitdischargepointsdischargingintosurfacewaterbodiesinIndiana.Thereareatotalof10,187recordsinthisdatalayer,butonly4,999recordsarespatiallydisplayed,andforwhichlocationalinformationexistsasUTMvalues.ProvidedbypersonneloftheIndianaDepartmentofEnvironmentalManagement(IDEM),OfficeofWaterQualityonOctober8,2013.

Fire Station Facilities in Indiana (MHMP),2011-ShowslocationsoffirestationfacilitiesinIndiana,derivedbyThePolisCenteraspartofseveral‘DMA2000Multi-HazardMitigationPlanning’(MHMP)projects,fromdataofthe‘HazardsU.S.Multi-Hazards’(Hazus-MHMR1,v1.1)program(datafrom2003)developedbytheFederalEmergencyManagementAgency(FEMA).ThisdatasetismorecompleteinmanycountiesinIndianathanthedatasetforessentialfacilitiesprovidedbyFEMAwiththeHazus-MHsoftware.Attributesincludethename,address,andcontactinformationforeachfacility.TheFederalEmergencyManagementAgencyawardedMulti-HazardMitigationPlanning(MHMP)Grantsin2003,2005,and2007totheIndianaDepartmentofHomelandSecurity.Atotalof67countiesparticipatedintheMHMPprocess.TheDisasterMitigationActof2000(DMA2000)requireseveryjurisdictionintheUnitedStatestoperformanaturalhazardriskanalysisandidentifymitigationstrategiestoreducethelossesfromfuturedisasters.Bycompletingaplan,thejurisdictionsareeligibleforfundingtohelpimplementmitigationprojects.

Medical Care Facilities in Indiana (MHMP),2011-ShowslocationsofmedicalcarefacilitiesinIndiana,derivedbyThePolisCenteraspartofseveral‘DMA2000Multi-HazardMitigationPlanning’(MHMP)projects,fromdataofthe‘HazardsU.S.Multi-Hazards’(Hazus-MHMR1,v1.1)program(datafrom2003)developedbytheFederalEmergencyManagementAgency(FEMA).ThisdatasetismorecompleteinmanycountiesinIndianathanthedatasetforessentialfacilitiesprovidedbyFEMAwiththeHazus-MHsoftware.Attributesincludethename,address,andcontactinformationforeachfacility.TheFederalEmergencyManagementAgencyawardedMulti-HazardMitigationPlanning(MHMP)Grantsin2003,2005,and2007totheIndianaDepartmentofHomelandSecurity.Atotalof67countiesparticipatedintheMHMPprocess.TheDisasterMitigationActof2000(DMA2000)requireseveryjurisdictionintheUnitedStatestoperformanaturalhazardriskanalysisandidentifymitigationstrategiestoreducethelossesfromfuturedisasters.Bycompletingaplan,thejurisdictionsareeligibleforfundingtohelpimplementmitigationprojects.

Data Sources Details Continued

Police Station Facilities in Indiana (MHMP),2011-ShowslocationsofpolicestationfacilitiesinIndiana,derivedbyThePolisCenteraspartofseveral‘DMA2000Multi-HazardMitigationPlanning’(MHMP)projects,fromdataofthe‘HazardsU.S.Multi-Hazards’(Hazus-MHMR1,v1.1)program(datafrom2003)developedbytheFederalEmergencyManagementAgency(FEMA).ThisdatasetismorecompleteinmanycountiesinIndianathanthedatasetforessentialfacilitiesprovidedbyFEMAwiththeHazus-MHsoftware.Attributesincludethename,address,andcontactinformationforeachfacility.TheFederalEmergencyManagementAgencyawardedMulti-HazardMitigationPlanning(MHMP)Grantsin2003,2005,and2007totheIndianaDepartmentofHomelandSecurity.Atotalof67countiesparticipatedintheMHMPprocess.TheDisasterMitigationActof2000(DMA2000)requireseveryjurisdictionintheUnitedStatestoperformanaturalhazardriskanalysisandidentifymitigationstrategiestoreducethelossesfromfuturedisasters.Bycompletingaplan,thejurisdictionsareeligibleforfundingtohelpimplementmitigationprojects.

EMS Stations (IDHS),2009-Showsanylocationwhereemergencymedicalservices(EMS)person-nelarestationedorbasedoutof,orwhereequipmentthatsuchpersonneluseincarryingouttheirjobsisstoredforreadyuse.Ambulanceservicesareincludedeveniftheyonlyprovidetransportationservices,butnotiftheyarelocatedat,andoperatedby,ahospital.Ifanindependentambulanceser-viceorEMSproviderhappenstobecollocatedwithahospital,itwillbeincludedinthisdataset.Thedatasetincludesbothprivateandgovernmentalentities.ThesedataweredevelopedfortheHomelandSecurityInfrastructureProgram(HSIP).ThedatawereprovidedbypersonnelofIndianaDepartmentofHomelandSecurity(IDHS)onJune29,2009.

Hospitals (IDHS),2009-ShowsallgeneralmedicalorsurgicalhospitalsinIndiana.OthertypesofhospitalsareincludediftheywererepresentedindatasetsprovidedbyIDHS.Therefore,notallofthespecialtyhospitalsinIndianaarerepresented.DevelopedfortheHomelandSecurityInfrastructureProgram(HSIP).ThedatawereprovidedbypersonnelofIndianaDepartmentofHomelandSecurity(IDHS)onJune29,2009.

Residential Care Facilities, Nursing Homes, and Hospices,2007-Showsthelocationsof86residentialcarefacilities,525long-termcarefacilities(nursinghomes),and81hospicesincludedinvariousdirectoriesthatappearonWebpagesoftheIndianaStateDepartmentofHealth(ISDH).Locationswere‘geocoded’bypersonneloftheIndianaGeologicalSurveyusingtheinESRIArcMap9.2,usingstreetinformationlicensedfromTeleAtlas,Dynamap2000(v.17.0).Addresseswereob-tainedfromthefollowingWebpagesoftheISDH

Schools in Indiana (IDOE),2010-Showslocationsforpublicandnon-publicschoolsinIndiana.PersonnelofThePolisCenterusedageolocatoronschooladdressdirectoriesprovidedbytheIndianaDepartmentofEducation(IDOE).Schoolsthatareincludedarehighschools,middleschools,elemen-taryschools,primaryschools,juniorhighschools,youthcenters,andcorrectionalfacilities.AttributesincludeschoolID,name,address,contactinformation,numberofstudents,district,andotherinformation.

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