PROLOGUE

Currently the Visual Arts have taken great boom in all civilized countries within

the school has seen the importance and adopted as an effective aid for teaching all other

subjects, especially thosewho have great difficulty of compression.

On the human individual provides an invaluable aid to pourthrough them and capture on

canvas, stone, etc.. all a feeling, a range of emotions, which translate into creative

expression.

Our interest is to provide collaborative publishing these bookletsas text tight to the

requirements of the program and taking intoaccount the findings of the

first American Arts Seminar held in the capital city of Guatemala from 2 to November

16, 1966.

INDEX

PAGE

1. - PROLOGUE

2.-MANAGEMENT INSTRUMENTS 2

3 .- LINE 5

4 .- PERSPECTIVE 32

5.-TEXTURE 41

6.-COLOR 43

7.-CHIAROSCURO 52

8.-AREA 55

9.-VOLUME 68

BIBLIOGRAPHY

OUTLINE

Art:

Is the expression of feelings through shape, sound, rhythm, color, space, etc..

Plastic:

It is the way to obtain forms through modeling material to suit theartist.

Arts:

Taking the above concepts, expresses feelings through the modeling of different

materials in order to create shapes, colors, volumes, etc..

The Fine Arts are divided into three main branches:

painting

sculpture

architecture

Painting:

Is the technique that is expressed through pigments. There are different classes

as abstract painting, representative, collage,etc..

Sculpture: Another technique of art that is expressed by the form.Among these is

included the stem, engineering, imaging, statuaryand crafts.

Architecture:

It is another branch of art that is expressed by the management ofspaces. The

architecture has different names depending on the time he took out the construction of

buildings, which has a certain style.

MANAGEMENT TOOLS

THE BRACKETS

Horizontal line drawing:

The stroke of horizontal lines using squares, offers no difficulty, simple observation of

the figure is enough to get an idea of howthe brackets are placed. With two or three

fingers holding thenumbered with (1), pushing against the paper and the other

fingers slide is marked with the number (2).

Stroke vertical and inclined lines:

The procedure used for the stroke vertical and inclined lines withsquares is similar

to the examples described for horizontal.

Pen:

It is one of the most used tool to draw with ink.

It consists of a handle of wood or metal on one end has applied what is called

the chalk. This consists of two sheets of steelelongated, parallel, completed

its concave shaped sharp tip. In its middle part has a small threaded insert that serves to

open or close at will chalk tip.

To use the sheets must be cleared in advance with a wet genre, then to load

it tempts should be made by placing the ink between their sheets with the tube

that holds the ink of purposely, should never enter the tip into the ink bottle because

it would fill too andstain the paper.

Once the work must be washed and dried to keep it clean.

It is important to remember that its management should maintain an upright position.

LINE

It is always necessary to make a reminder of the concept of line.Line is a succession of

points, there are other concepts or definitions.

All bodies have two dimensions, but the line has only one: lengthor length.

For our study we will divide the line into two classes:

1 .- LINE TECHNIQUE:

That is one whose stroke is a single thickness, achieved or database tools

(squares, compasses, rulers, etc..) Commonly used in the line drawing, technical

drawing.

2 .- artistic line:

Plastic is one par excellence and that we expressed in its largermovement, softness,

light etc. and in the course of its strokepresents different thicknesses.

THE LINE TECHNIQUE

Within this class we may mention multiple lines, such as contour, projection, center or

axis, dotted or invisible, cutting, etc..

Both in its technical and artistic of line can be split:

1 .- On the structure: straight and curved.

2.-For its position in space: Vertical, Horizontal

3 .- In relation to each other: Parallel, Diverging, perpendicular,and oblique convergent.

4.-Because of its relationship with the circumference, tangent,diameter, radius, secant,

chord and sagitta.

Recall that circle is a closed curved line, in which all pointsequidistant from another

call center.

5.-By the way you combine: a) Mixed b) Quebrada, c) Wavy d)spirals.

The artistic

So we've already dealt with the functions of the plastic line, whichwill see you again.

1 .- To transmit its own beauty.

2.-Split or limit an area or space.

3.-Outline a thought or symbol.

4.-define the way through the edge orboundary.

5 .- To attract the eye and directed by a given path.

6.-To produce a gray or tonal graduation:

a) The bulk of the line or more or less intensity of the stain.

b) Thick line indicates the distance, depth and expresses the way.

7 .- Create the layout or presentation.

DESIGN

This item is included the 7 th. Function of the line. Design meansthe first strokes

that make any work. It is also called outline orsketch. There are three types of design:

Formal or symmetrical:

It is that which the central axis drawn match all points and anglesfrom one side to the

other.

INFORML or asymmetrical:

It is one who lacks symmetry axis, so that its sides and points do not match.

PERSPECTIVE:

Design is one which is used perspective.

Value expressed

We know that the line according to their position or structuresuggests or gives us an

idea of something. There are fourexpressive values of the line.

1 .- The vertical line: This line expresses strength, stability and security.

2 .- The sloping line: It implies instability, insecurity, tragedy, dramaand movement.

3.-The horizontal line: It suggests tranquility, peace and rest.

4 .- The curved line: We express beauty, movement, rhythm, graceand charm.

We always try to interpret not only in tables or figures, if not the very nature of their

position that suggest elements.

FUNDAMENTAL FORMS

We then study the geometric pattern that several figures with certain traits, they also

serve us to facilitate the acquisition of other figures, namely that of geometric figures

(as base) we can get more or less artistic figures provided; Based on the figures we give

the name of generating fundamental forms or figures.

Also as a basis the fundamental forms and serving as assistant principal line, we can

begin to develop sketches, sketches or diagrams, they are to obtain simple lines based

on the idea of the copied object does not include the color, chiaroscuro, and so on.

Calligraphic Line

Is the line drawn in rhythm, expressing beauty, used especially in writing and in the

decoration. We can divide:

1.-As a conventional sign, we have represented in all the signs used in writing, lettering,

numbering, etc..

2.-As a decorative element in this field is related, in corners, borders, friezes, ceiling

medallions, etc.., Thus obtaining different forms of striking and elegant decor

CORNER:

Figures are built in angles formed by lines that has a decorative frame corners, ceilings,

walls, etc..

Fringes:

Lines are artistically combined, contain spaces and are used for decoration or trim

frame.

Frieze:

Lines are linear or repeating figures used as decoration on the top of the walls.

ROSES:

Shapes are formed on the basis of curves that serve as ornaments in ceilings, walls,

floors, etc..

LINE: composite:

Trying to analyze what each line means, which suggests in combination with others of

similar or different species, are always an emotional reaction. The most common

combinations include: one straight, one curved or straight with curves, list the

following:

1 .- Angles: Agitation, confusion, shock, insecurity.

2 .- Vertical: Dignity, strength, stability.

3.-Horizontal: Review, peace, stillness, calm and tranquility.

4.-Radio: Elevation, glory, patriotism, duty, unity.

5.-Radiation: Shock, attention.

6.-Spiral: Movement, power, excitement.

7 .- Triangles: Permanency, safety.

8 .- Oblique: Combat, confusion, shock.

9.-Rhythm: Grace, movement, charm.

10 .- Forms Downs: Insecurity, Instability.

11 .- Boxes: Stability, strength, unity.

12 .- Circles: immensity, vastness, movement, equality, liberation.

13 .- Ovals: Femininity, capacity, sensuality, grace, perpetuation.

RHYTHM

J. BAMZ says: "The pace according to the most basic definition is a harmonic

succession of syllables, musical notes, linear elements and forms produced by

combining correctly, pauses, accents, intensities and chromium ordered repetition or by

a regular sequence of items organized major and minor. "Repetition abstract graphic of

a rhythm can be expressed if a curve in which an alternating convex and one concave

element, these are repeated in a number and the same cadence.

The forms are the result of the combination of linear rhythms that form a boundary. The

rhythms of nature are infinite but they can be broken down and reduced to a small

number of basic types.For example, we note that a single undulating rhythm in different

positions allows us to create a number of ways dissimilar to each other.

As we can see, a linear rate arises or results from the union of two, three or more linear

movements, but keep in mind that the term linear motion.

Linear Motion is change of direction of a line.

CLASSIFICATION OF RHYTHM

In response to that seen above we obtain the following classification:

a) Rectangular Rhythm: two straight linear movement in a different direction.

b) Rate Rectocurvado: two straight linear motions and a curved one in a different

direction.

c) Curved Rhythm: two curved linear movements in different directions, (Within this

class there are a number of them, with its own name based on the nature of his stroke).

RHYTHMIC LINEAR ASSOCIATION

It is produced by the union that is achieved in two or more linear rhythms.

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LINE

We always try to observe and capture the edges of objects, so objects will notice that

there are sharp edges, precise, but there are also boundary gone, this is due to the shape

of the object, for example, a body that has in its flats surface contours are accurate, but

if it is concave or convex face contours are hazy. In the sculptures of rounded edges can

say there is a predominance of these contours and buildings seen in corner space,

dominates the precise contours and the vertical line.

For all types of work we do use different kinds of lines, there are wide and thin and use

them as the work is being done, for example, in a landscape wide notice that the lines

we use to give the feeling of closeness and thin or blend to give the impression of

remoteness.

GOTHIC ART

We know that Gothic art was born in France, its main exponent of architecture. Began

in the second half of the twelfth century. In this art, there is a predominance of the

vertical line, as this predisposes the mind to the spiritual elevation, which is why the

obelisks or monuments to great men choose this position. The cypress by its elongated

vertically and are widely used alongside the graves. The cypress by its elongated

vertically and are widely used alongside the graves. Of course, if within various vertical

center there is a more elevated than the other, the effect is heightened spirituality.

Within the Cathedrals Gothic buildings stand, which have a plant in a Latin cross, we

can mention the Cathedral of Chartres, Reims the, Amiens, Notre Dame in France, that

of Milan in Italy and St Gudula in Brussels, Belgium , that of St. Stephen in Vienna in

Austria, the Lincoln and Salisbury in England and Cologne, Ulm and Strasbourg in

Germany.

The main elements used in a Gothic cathedral are: The Arc of warheads is the most

salient feature, the ribbed vaults, rose windows, stained glass, masonry and

Traseria. The traserias is very important because through them you can determine the

evolution of the Gothic style. Thus we can establish a style of early Gothic style XII to

XIII century, is characterized by flat traserias.

The Gothic heating medium is the twelfth and fourteenth century, rosettes and rosettes

appear and finally the period of the florid Gothic of the fifteenth century to the sixteenth

in which appear the fan-shaped domes.

There are other elements such as the use of three gates which the center is dedicated to

Christ, one side for the virgin and the other to the patron saint of the place, directly onto

the street not having atrium.

COMPOSITION

It is the art of establishing the interdependence of the elements of a painting or work.

Or is the distribution of gradable elements of a work of art.

There are different kinds of composition

a) Axial Composition

b) Radial Composition

c) Free Composition

Axial composition:

It is one in which the design is made of axes (here you can include the Golden Rule,

which is to divide the artistic space sections).

Shaft: Place a dry tree, a plain, two mountains and a path.

Radial Composition:

Is this made from radios being in the center part that is considered important or

principal. They use much of stained glass with religious themes in the Middle Ages.

Free Composition:

It does not follow the stipulated fees, thus breaking with the traditional. They are as an

example of Picasso's works and some of Cezanne.

In this composition does not use the Golden Rule, no radios, placed the elements of the

picture on a whim.

The composition is a very important study in the plastic arts as it is a fundamental

element in the development of any project or activity, as well know for sure on what

basis we act.

PERSPECTIVE

Perspective is the representation of objects as they are not as they are. There are several

kind of perspective taking into account that greatly affects the color and shape.

Remember before entering the study of perspective that the genius who discovered the

rules of perspective Leonardo d Vinci was proceeding with his glass.

Here are the different words or phrases commonly used in the perspective:

TABLE:

Imagine a crystal is placed between the viewer and the object is represented.

POINT OF VIEW (V):

Assumed to be located is where the viewer's eyes.

MAIN POINT (P):

It is placed on the table opposite the point of view.

HORIZON LINE (LH):

It is a horizontal line is placed on the table right in front of the viewer's eyes.

Midline (M):

Is the vertical line that divides the frame into two equal parts through the main point

DISTANCE (D):

Is that mediates between the viewer and the painting.

POINT DISTANCE (D):

Is rebutted or taken away on the horizon from a main point right or left.

GROUND LINE (LT):

It's where the observer is located or the basis of Table

Optical angle:

There are two lines that radiate from the center of the eye of the observer toward the

edges of the picture. It is usually 45 °.

PLANO:

It is the graphical representation of a flat object, especially when viewed from above.

Or oblique conical perspective:

It is the object representing the side view with an edge on the land line, and which uses

two vanishing points.

Projection in a horizontal box seen in oblique perspective.

Projection of a painting seen in vertical oblique perspective.

Perspective of the circle in oblique perspective.

'

U RESPECTIVE OBLIQUE CONE:

It is the object representing the side view with an edge on the land line, and which uses

two vanishing points.

Square-shaped projection in perspective oblique horizontal

Projection of a vertical square seen in oblique perspective

Projection of the circle in oblique perspective

Cube Projection Oblique perspective.

Isometric:

Is one that represents the object as it is, as far as the foreground in the second, does not

use vanishing point. It could also be included within the geometry.

PERSPECTIVE VIEW OF BIRD OR MILITARY

In this perspective, some writers also referred to as air, being one that represents the

objects seen from above, and which use three vanishing points.

Aerial perspective:

This is the color and perspective that this study suffers degradation due to distance,

using blue dye.

RULES

1 .- The objects undergo a progressive decrease while away.This decrease relates to the

shape, size and color.

2 .- The forms, details and contours of objects are deleted or vanish as they become

more distant.

3 - The colors retain their intensity for longer than dark colors.

TURNED TO PLANT PERSPECTIVE:

This is not really a prospect but a procedure that is still known plant, elevation and the

elevation of an object, you get to get it into perspective.

TEXTURE

There are several ways to define the texture, we will say that it is the visual and tactile

objects that we offer.

To study the texture of the divide in: Natural texture and texture artist.

NATURAL TEXTURE:

It is that which belongs to the body in its natural form, such as the texture of tree bark,

stones (smooth, porous, lamellar, etc.)..

Texture artist:

Is that through painting, sculpture, etc.., Can be represented, or that it involved the hand

of man. Example: any paint, especially the collage, any sculpture, etc..

DIVISION OF TEXTURE

There are several types of textures applied to all surfaces:

Smooth, rough

Opaque, bright

Soft, hard.

This, you see can be subdivided into classes, so it may belong to a type of texture or

several classes in one body also may be two or more types of texture, for example, a

polished wood line can give two types of hard and smooth texture. On the other almost

within each type there is a gradation, such as in the rough, there are fine, pepper, sandy,

and so on. Within the soft, fluffy, cotton, etc..

For example having the same object, of equal size, equal measures, a grainy texture and

a smooth texture, the first gives the illusion of greater volume and weight, the opposite

of the second gives the impression of being smaller and lighter.

In this case we use the natural texture and turning it into artistic texture to achieve

desired effects.

The color texture to appease various qualities becomes very different, so we have a

smooth, polished texture painted with cool colors like blue, green and violet more easily

reflect the light. In contrast, the dark colors like black, coffee, Pizarro, etc.. On thick and

rough textures absorb the light, such as rocks, clay, sand, etc..

High tones of colors on smooth and polished textures, give transparency rather low

tones rough textures tend to give opacity.

Within the natural and artistic classification was done there might be textures that can

be seen simply by the sense of sight or by touch and sight. In the first case we sample

the clouds that we see and the way they appear to do a trial but we can see the texture in

a tactile way. In the second case all objects can be seen and touched.

The texture has been used since time immemorial, we can cite for having obtained some

perfectly raw texture of the Flemish painter Peter Paul Rebens, (1577-1640). Born in

Cologne.Among his most famous works are: The Descent, The Three Graces, The Rape

of the Sabines, The forgiveness of love, etc..He excelled in historical and religious

issues.

In the same way in Guatemala we have painters who have achieved perfection in the

representation of textures, among them Alfredo Galvez Suarez, Humberto Garavito, and

so on.

COLOR

For our study we must consider first the light, since it is the source of color, without it

nothing is varied and color do not exist.

If in a dark room we pass a beam of white light through a triangular prism of glass, this

is broken down into six strips of different colors which are:

Red

Orange

Yellow

Green

Blue

Violet

This set of colors is known as spectrum. This can be seen with sunlight and raindrops in

its action as a result giving prismatic rainbow.

Currently, the spectrum is taken up by the six colors listed above, and not as previously

studied in seven (7) colors including indigo because this is taken as a variant of blue.

It is difficult to define what is the color, but we say it to the right of the body to absorb

certain light waves and reject others.

REFRACTION OF LIGHT BODIES

By the light bodies take on different aspects. Can be divided into transparent and

opaque.

TRANSPARENT:

Are those that allow the passage of light and can see through them, for example glass.

OPAQUE:

They are the bodies that do not allow the passage of light and can not see what it covers,

for example wood.

DIVISION OF COLORS

The spectrum colors formed by the six, three primary and three secondary or basic or

binary.

PRIMARY COLORS:

Are those that do not support any decomposition and are formed by any other

color. These also give rise to all existing colors in nature are: yellow, red and blue.

SECONDARY COLORS OR BINARY:

They result from mixing primary colors to each other, in equal proportions and are:

ORANGE (blend of yellow to red)

GREEN (mixture of yellow with blue)

VIOLET (mixture of red with blue)

We may also obtain another mixture with two each side and get the tertiary colors,

which are:

Yellow ocher (a mixture of orange to green)

CIENA BLUE (mixture of green, violet)

CIENA red (orange blend with violet)

INTERMEDIATE COLOURS:

Are those that are TONAR scale between a primary and a secondary and between

secondary and a tertiary.

COMPLEMENTARY COLORS

They are those who value each other and complement each other. They are

complementary:

a) The Yellow Violet

b) The Red Green

c) The Blue Orange

Explanation: The yellow note as we increase the intensity of violet, red intensity grows

with the green and blue to orange brightens with each other.

If we mix the colors complement each other, we can say that almost canceled and

destroyed because decrease in brightness, and color gets dirty and indefinable.

For his speech and looking at the effects of light and shadow colors can be divided into

warm and cool shade.

COLD COLOURS:

They have the predominance of blue and give us the feeling of cold.

Warm colors:

They have the highest quality red and give us the sensation of heat.

The green and violet can be cold or warm depending on the quality of having blue or

red.

WARM COLORS

COLD COLOURS

You can get light and dark colors, putting a base color, which if we want to clarify, add

white proportionately and if we want to get dark, we add in the same way black, with

this we get the tonal scales.

GEM OF TONES

Gradual scale is climbing or descending the different shades of one color; this range can

go from lightest to dark or vice versa.

There are also so-called gray colors are formed by adding black and white to any

color. These grays are marked with the name of the main color that contributed to its

formation.

For example: we have blue-gray, gray-green, and so on.

QUALITIES OF COLORS

We understand certain color quality attributes or characteristics of each color. The color

attributes are three:

a) Matiz

b) Value

c) Intensity

HUE

It is the quality by which we distinguish one color from another.For example, red,

green, blue, yellow, and so on.

VALUE

In this case, value means the degree of love and darkness of a color.

For example, we say light red, dark red, and so on. The value is also referred to as tone

wadi.

INTENSITY

It is the quality by which we see a strong color of a weak, according to their brightness

or opacity.

EFFECTS OF COLOR

The color depending on how we use achieve different effects, for example, to give the

impression of distance the colors used in order from smallest to largest are: Yellow,

Green, Blue and Violet.

And to achieve depth effects are, in order from smallest to largest: yellow, orange, red

and purple.

ABSONCION TABLE AND REFLECTIONS

As defined, color is the property that bodies have to absorb and reject certain light

waves, this can be checked with the table of absorption and reflection of the color is

below.

As the above example we can cite a tomato which has the property of absorbing the blue

and yellow and red to reflect on what we see of the latter color. The leaves of a tree

have the ability to absorb red and reflect blue and yellow, which are combined together

by which we see green, and so on.

INCOMING AND OUTGOING COLORS

We can classify the colors as well as incoming and outgoing calls, taking its name from

the impression that we produce for zooming.

Yellow is the most outgoing of all colors, to be the closest to white.

The other colors we can produce the impression of zooming in or out, depending on the

amount of red or blue that each contains.

For ease in the study of color have established several ways of naming the colors

through nomenclatures (initials or letters), we will take the following:

Red ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Rj

Yellow ... ... ... ... .. A

Green ... ... ... ... ... ... you

Orange ... ... ... Aj

Blue ... ... ... ... ... ... .... Z

Violet ... ... ... ... ... .. T

LOCAL COLOR

It is the color of an object itself. In nature it is difficult to find the local color and all

colors are affected by others around them. An example of this can be seen in the

following example in which a single yellow seems to be different to put on a white

background, black or color.

COLOR PSOCOLOGIA

The colors we suggest or imply something in the same way that the words, line, etc..

Warm colors we produce excitement as it approaches the red, while cool colors suggest

stillness, but they are too cold they become depressing.

RED:

We suggest blood, action forces, fire, color. Care must be taken in its use because tires

used on large areas quickly. It is an aggressive color, approximant. It seems that reduces

the size of the premises, cold climates, warmth and shelter in relation to outside

temperature.

ORANGE:

We express joy, conspiracy, courage, pride, aggression, light, enthusiasm and

excitement, but when it is red and burning passion. Used in small amounts is nice, but in

large areas produces an aggressive reaction.

YELLOW:

After we expressed the highest white light. Gold symbolizes, strength, will, arrogance,

light, life, joy, animation, anger, etc.. In small areas is pleasant and cheerful, but in large

it can become irritating. It is widely used in the decor (cream, ivory, etc..), In places

with poor lighting.

GREEN:

Color is more balanced. Gives us an idea of vegetation health, jealousy, hope, charity,

youth, joy, rest. It is advisable for sore eyes and nervous diseases.

BLUE:

It is the ultimate cold color is the color or infinite, of dreams and wonder. Expresses

wisdom, faithfulness, immortality, intelligence, confidence. Suggests tranquility, calm,

repose. It is recommended as a means of healing in hot or excitable people.Changes

very little in the distance and can be used without eye fatigue over large areas.

VIOLET:

It symbolizes mysticism, mystery, sadness, silence, martyrdom and depth.

Perspective gives us the sense of distance. The color of the robe of Christ's Passion.

CHIAROSCURO

Is the phenomenon of light shadow tonal gradations that occur in a body.

This phenomenon can be represented through drawing and painting black and white

base, which can be applied to color, adding white to lighten and black to darken.

But the study of chiaroscuro divide it into two classes.

1 .- The Shadow Cuts consisting of abrupt changes from light to shade, it can be seen in

the bodies with edges such as the cube or hexahedron, tetrahedron, prism, etc.

2 .- The hazy shadow is where a change of light into the shadows leaving occurs

gradually, so to speak, in its path a gray rubber up to the dark or black. It must be

remembered that there is always a zone of reflections produced by the adjacent bodies.

In this chiaroscuro can cite four main areas are: Light shadow, darkness and reflection,

these areas are observable in the body, but out of the shadow projected or where the

body is projected onto the surface where it is placed to be lit.

AREA

It is an area bounded by lines designated perimeter.

Divide the area into two main groups: arithmetic, geometric area and area.

Geometric area:

It's like we said a surface limited by technical lines.

ARTISTIC AREA:

It's the same geometric surface area but artistically arranged or decorated.

ANGLES

This is the opening left by each departing or two lines converge at one point called the

vertex.

The angles of the lines that form can be divided into:

a) straight b) Curvilinear c) mixtilinear

RECTILINEAR: They are formed by two straight lines.

Curvy: They are formed by two curved lines.

Mixtilineal: They are formed by a straight line and a curve.

For their opening angles are right, acute, and obtuse. The angle measures 920, the acute

angle is less than 900 and finally the obtuse more than 900.

POLYGON

They are all plane figures that enclose a space of three or more sides.

A) TRIANGLE: a polygon formed by three sides.

l is divided by lines of:

ll On the sides are divided into:

lll In relation to the angles of triangles can be:

B) RING: Any figure formed by four sides, is divided into:

a) Parallelogram

b) No parallelograms

Parallelograms

Parallelograms which have their sides parallel pairs.Quadrilaterals are known as:

1 .- Square

2 .- Rombo

3 .- Rectangle or oblong

4 .- Rhomboid

5 .- Trapezium

6 .- Trapezoid

1 .- SQUARE:

Is regular parallelogram in every sense of meaning that has four equal sides and four

right angles.

2 .- DIAMOND:

Parallelogram is a quadrilateral has four sides are oblique angles forming two acute and

two obtuse.

3 .- RECTANGLE or oblong:

It is an oblong parallelogram that has two long and two short sides and form four right

angles.

4 .- Rhomboid:

Is a parallelogram which has its sides parallel pairs, two longer and two shorter, which

obtuse or acute angles.

5 .- TRAPEZE:

This ring has only two parallel sides of different lengths and two no. Within the

classification of the trapezoids are the following: Trapeze rectangle, scalene isosceles

trapezium and trapezoid.

6 .- TRAPEZOID:

No parallelogram is a quadrilateral, irregular stem form:

C) regular polygons:

Are those angles and equal sides, including the triangle and square seen before.

Pentagon

Hexagon

Eptagono

Octagon

Ebeagono

Decagon

Hendecagon

Dodecagon, etc..

PENTAGON:

Is a regular polygon having five equal sides.

Exagon:

Is a regular polygon that has six sides equal.

EPTAGONO:

It is another figure who has seven equal sides.

OCTAGON:

Is a figure who has eight equal sides.

Enneagon:

As the above is another figure who has nine equal sides.

Decagon:

This figure shows ten sides equal.

ENDECOGONO:

It has eleven sides equal.

Dodecagon:

It is also a polygon with twelve sides equal.

The polygons are taking different names depending on the number of sides they have.

Comparison and observation of geometric shapes and curved surface.

As we have seen the sites we noticed that these in turn in conjunction with other similar

positions in other revolution figures we provide, such as a revolving triangle creates a

cone or curved surface figure, just as the union of six square gives results in hexahedral

or a flat surface. In conclusion the polygons polyhedra give rise to the surface or figures

and a curved surface.

BODIES OF FLAT

Polyhedra:

It is a solid bounded by flat faces.

AREA:

The area of a polygon is the resultant of the sum of the areas of all sides.

Based on their sides and angles that form polyhedra can be classified as regular or

irregular. There are only five regular.

1 .- Tetrahedron

2 .- hexahedron or cube

3 .- Ocaedro

4 .- Dodecahedron

5 .- Icosahedron

Other regular polyhedra which are formed by irregular polygons.

1 .- TETRAHEDRON:

Is the polyhedron formed by an equilateral triangular box.

Hexahedron or cube:

Is the polyhedron formed by six equal squares.

OCTAEDRO:

It is the eight-sided polyhedron formed by equilateral triangles.

Dodecahedron:

Is the polyhedron that is formed by twelve pentagonal faces.

Icosahedron:

Is the polyhedron formed by twenty equilateral triangles.

Irregular polygons

6 .- irregular pyramid:

It is the base which is an irregular polygon and whose axis is oblique to the base.

7 .- IRREGULAR PRISMA:

It is the base of which is irregular polygons or oblique to the axis bases.

Round body

S and given the name of the round bodies that are bounded by curved surfaces. It is also

called bodies of revolution. Among these are:

a) Cylinder

b) Cone

c) Area

a) CYLINDER:

It is the figure formed by revolving a rectangle about an axis, is limited by two parallel

circles and a convex surface that connects them.

b) CONE:

It's called the body cone's base is a circle that is based on a circle, and is bounded by a

surface that surrounds converxa and terminating in a point called the apex or vertex.

The site to put in revolution generates the cone is a triangle.

c) Sphere:

Round body is a convex curved surface, all points equidistant from another internal call

center. The field is generated by revolving a circle placed on the diameter. Example:

LABELING

It is the art of drawing letters in a pleasant way to express ideas or complete thoughts.

Within the labeling must know the different types of letters.

1 .- GOTHIC:

Are those letters that have a uniform thickness.

2 .- ROMAN:

They are the letters that are made from broad strokes and fine combined.

3 .- TEXT

They are formerly known by the name of Gothic, exist within this, the church, German

church, and so on.

4 .- ITALICA:

Also cursive calls are slightly inclined.

SCRIPT:

It is now widely used in the school by the facility that provides for writing, as it is a

mixture of the letter of the printed letter.

Some recommendations for good signage:

1 .- Maintain clean feathers

2 .- The surface of the table should be completely smooth.

3 .- Keep the entire forearm and wrist on the table.

4 .- Rest at the beginning and end of each stroke.

5 .- To enter the space letter and letter can be taken which occupies half of the letter

itself.

6 .- Hold the paper with his left hand.

7 .- Become strokes once.

8 .- Wet well cleaning the pen excess.

9 .- To make posters must be taken into account: Harmony, Balance and Rhythm.

Harmony is the relation nice colors, Balance is the balance of the elements of the

poster. Pace provides and placement of objects and letters.

SPACING

The Alphabet is divided into three main groups:

ROUND LETTERS

O Q C G D

Square letters

W M H U A N T X A

NARROW POINTS

B P R K L I F E J And S

OTHER CLASSIFICATIONS:

REGULAR

I M E N U

IRREGULAR

A F J K L P R T U W X Y Z

Should be taken into account the space visually homogeneous areas form the words.

It is known that there are several methods of labeling, the most simple and accessible to

all is the free hand without assistance or tools.

With normografo consisting of a crab which slides on a tablet on one end and the other

with ink marks the desired letter, widely used in the drawings, posters, etc.. In

cartography.