technical english, curs i, ii, iii.doc

7/29/2019 TECHNICAL ENGLISH, CURS I, II, III.doc

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TECHNICAL ENGLISH

2ND YEAR, 2ND SEMESTER

COURSE I

Rail transport

Read the following text which refers to rail transport and as you read it try to fill in the following missing words. Pay attention to the component parts of rails.

gauge carriages sleepers foundation friction buckling track pulls unpowered wheeled

Rail transport is the transport ofpassengers and goods by means of (1) .. vehicles especially designed to run along railways (sometimes known

as railroads). A typical railway/railroad (2) .. consists of two parallel steel (or in older networks, iron

) rails, generally anchored perpendicularto

beams

, termed (3) .. or ties, oftimber, concrete, orsteel to maintain a consistent distance apart, or (4) .. . The rails and

perpendicular beams are usually then placed on a (5) .. made of concrete or compressed earth and gravel in a bed ofballast to prevent the trackfrom (6) .. (bending out of its original configuration) as the ground settles over time beneath and under the weight of the vehiclespassing

above. The vehicles travelling on the rails are arranged in a train; a series of individual powered or (7) .. vehicles linked together, displaying

markers. These vehicles (referred to, in general, as cars, (8) .. or wagons

) move with much less (9) .. than do vehicles riding

on rubber tires on a paved road, and the locomotive that (10) .. the train tends to use energy far more efficiently as a result.

After reading the text, identify the component parts of the railway

the base of the railway ..

two parallel steel bars ..

the transversal wood or cement strengtheners ..

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_gaugehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucklinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_trackshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passengerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_(business)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_tracks#Railway_railhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perpendicularhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beam_(structure)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railroad_tiehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concretehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Track_ballasthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railroad_carhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railroad_carhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railroad_carhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locomotivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_gaugehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucklinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_trackshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passengerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_(business)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_tracks#Railway_railhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perpendicularhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beam_(structure)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railroad_tiehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concretehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Track_ballasthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railroad_carhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locomotive


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Read the following text which refers to rail transport and as you read it try to fill in the following missing words. Pay attention to the efficiency of the rail

transport in comparison to the road transport.

amount frontal peraxle freight distribute double-track bogies wagon wear smooth

Rail transport is an energy-efficient and capital-intensive means of mechanized land transport. Rails provide very (1) .. and hard surfaces on

which the wheels of the train may roll with a minimum offriction. As an example, a typical (2) .. can hold up to 125 tons of (3) ..

on two four-wheel (4) .. /trucks. Fully loaded, the contact between each wheel and the rail is the area of about one U.S. ten-cent piece. This can

save energy compared with other forms of transportation, such as road transport which depends on rubber tires on pavement. Trains also have a small (5)

.. area in relation to the load they are carrying, which cuts down on air resistance and thus energy usage. In all, under the right circumstances, a

train needs 50-70% less energy to transport a given tonnage of freight (or given number of passengers), than does road transport. Furthermore, the rails and

sleepers/ties (6) .. the weight of the train evenly, allowing significantly greater loads (7) .. / wheel than in road transport

,

leading to less (8) .. and tear on the permanent way.Rail transport makes highly efficient use of space: a (9) .. rail line can carry

more passengers or freight in a given (10) .. of time than a four-lane road.

Match the words on the left to their definitions on the right. All the words belong to the domain of railways.

1Gauge a)4 a wheeled vehicle, a railway passenger coach

2Rail b)10 the parallel rails of a railroad

3Sleeper c)7 goods to be shipped

4Carriage d)3 a piece of timber, stone, or steel on or near the ground to support a superstructure, keep railroad rails in place, or receive floor joists

5Bogie e) 2 a bar of rolled steel forming a track for wheeled vehicles

6Wear and tear f)8 a relatively narrow way or track

7Freight g)9 a pin or shaft on or with which a wheel or pair of wheels revolves

8Lane h)1 the distance between the rails of a railroad

9Axle i)6 the loss, injury, or stress to which something is subjected by

10Track j)5 the driving-wheel assembly consisting of the rear four wheels of a 6-wheel automotive truck

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_efficiencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_intensivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frictionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogiehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_resistancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_efficiencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_intensivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frictionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogiehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_resistancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_transport


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Topics for discussion

Whats your opinion on the efficiency of the railway transport in comparison to the road transport?

What is the Romanian situation? What do you think of it?

What were the causes that influenced road transport to be more prominent than rail transport?

Whats your opinion on the current state of the Romanian railroads? Carriages?Have you considering working in this field?

Answer the following questions

What is the roadbed?

How is the roadbed formed?

What materials are used in the building of roadbeds?

Read the following text and see whether your assumptions referring to roadbeds were right. Discuss any new piece of information in the text

Railways are always built to stand above surrounding terrain to prevent track flooding, erosion of the bed and decay of the sleepers/ties. In hilly and

mountainous terrain, to avoid large slopes, the railway is at some places elevated, on an embankment, orbridge orviaduct

, and at some places in a cutting

(ditch ortrench

) ortunnel. The same are also used for non-level crossings. In the case of many crossings, such as in a city, a longer stretch may be elevated or

underground.

Any poor quality soil such as peat or mud is excavated to firm soil and the excavation filled in with appropriate material, usually stone rubble from cuts or

alluvial gravels.

Minor watercourses are led through pipes (culverts) before the grade is raised.

A bed of stone chips ("ballast") is laid over firm soil in order to ensure drainage around the ties and to distribute local pressure over a wider area. Unlike

rounded river rock and gravel, crushed stone will interlock to form a stable base. This crushed stone is firmly tamped to prevent further settling and to lock the

stones.

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embankmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viaducthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutting_(disambiguation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ditchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trenchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culverthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embankmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viaducthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutting_(disambiguation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ditchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trenchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culvert


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Study questions

What are the technical solutions for plain areas? What about the mountains?

What is the role of ballast?

What do you think that the word trackage might mean? What about ties, plates or spikes?

Read the following text which is the answer to the previous questions? Read carefully and try to understand what trackage is about.

1. Trackage, consisting ofsleepers/ties and rails, may be prefabricated or assembled in place. Rails may be composed of segments welded or bolted, and may be

of a length comparable to that of a railcar or two or may be many hundreds of feet long.

2. The base of the trackage consists of treated wood or concrete "ties", also known as "sleepers". These ensure the proper distance between the rails (known as

"gauge") and anchor the rail structure to the roadbed.

3. Plates that receive the rails are fitted atop the ties.

4. After placement of the rail atop the plate, spikes are driven through holes into the plate, entering the tie, where they are held by friction. The top of the spike

has a head that clamps the rail. Alternatively, through bolts may be used to retain clamps, preferred since these do not tend to loosen with age.

Answer the following questions:

Is maintainance necessary with railways?

What are the components that need it most?

What would be the measures that they may take?

Spikes in wooden ties can loosen over time. Split and rotten ties may be individually replaced. Should the rails settle owing to soil subsidence they may be

lifted by specialized machinery and additional ballast tamped down to form a new elevation. Periodically, ballast must be removed and replaced with clean

ballast to ensure drainage if wooden ties are used. Culverts and other passages for water must be kept clear lest an impoundment be created by the roadbed.

Where roadbeds are placed along rivers, additional protection is usually placed to prevent erosion during times of high water. Bridges are another important

item requiring inspection and maintenance.

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleepershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleepershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge


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Did you know that

In the United Kingdom and most otherCommonwealth of Nations countries, the term railway is used in preference to the United States term, railroad. In

Canadian speech, railway and railroadare interchangeable, although in law railway is the usual term.Railroadwas used in the United Kingdom concurrently

with railway until the 1850s when railway became the established term. Several American companies have railway in their names instead ofrailroad, the

BNSF Railway being the pre-eminent modern example.In the United Kingdom, the term railway often refers to the whole organization of tracks, trains, stations, signalling, timetables and the operating companies

that collectively make up a coordinated railway system, whilepermanent way orp/way refers to the tracks alone; however this terminology is generally not

commonplace outside of the railway industry or those who take a keen interest in it.

COURSE II

ROADS

Activity 1. Match the words on the left to their definition on the right

1. Aggregate a. An item of equipment used for compacting pavement material. Types include pneumatic (multi), static, steel or vibrating.

2. Asphalt b. The process of restoring a distressed pavement, e.g.. overlay, patching.

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BNSF_Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Train_stationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_signalinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timetablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanent_Wayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BNSF_Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Train_stationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_signalinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timetablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanent_Way


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3. Binder c. Refers to a pavement type generally consisting of large single size aggregate with a surface layer of smaller material with or

without binder to lock the surface together. Can be either a bitumen based or water based Macadam Pavement.

4. Bitumen d. A machine used to spread asphalt (or crushed rock) to uniform thickness and a level surface.

5. Bulk Density e. The portion of the road, excluding shoulders, placed above the design sub-grade level for the support of, and to form a running

surface for vehicular traffic.

6. Carriageway f. The deterioration of the pavement evidenced by visible surface defects.

7. Compaction g. Can refer to the density of the aggregate or the density of compacted asphalt. Typically Asphalt is 2.3 to 2.5 t/m.

8. Cracks h. A mixture of bitumen and aggregates (coarse and fine including sand). Produced as Hot Mix or Cold Mix. Referred to as BC

(Bituminous Concrete) or AC (Asphaltic Concrete).

9. Macadam i. A granular material either natural or processed from deposits of sand, gravel, rock etc

10. Pavement j. A product of the oil refinery process. Bitumen is usually stored at approximately 150C to maintain it in a liquid form

11. Pavement Distress k. A material used to bind aggregates. Usually bitumen and bitumen blends.

12. Paver l. A process of increasing the density of the asphalt by rolling or using other vibrating compactors.13. Rehabilitation m. The portion of road used by vehicles. Includes the shoulders and auxiliary lanes.

14. Roller n. Break in the surface of the pavement. There are a number of factors that can cause cracking.

Activity 2. Read the following fragment which defines a road. First read without minding the gaps. Then, re-read trying to fill in the gaps with the following

words

maintenance function allow recognizable along smoothed

A road is an identifiable route, way or path between two or more places. Roads are typically (1) .. , paved, or otherwise prepared to

(2) .. easy travel; though they need not be, and historically many roads were simply (3) .. routes without any formal construction

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or (4) .. . In urban areas roads may pass (5) .. and be named as streets, serving a dual (6) .. as urban space and

route.

Activity 3. Pre-reading discussion questions

1. Are you aware of any previous actions to the actual building of the road?

2. If yes, which?

3. How many layers are necessary in the building of a road?

4. What materials are the layers from?

Activity 4. Read the following fragments which detail upon rebuilding measures, number of layers, and other technicalities. Pay attention to the underlined

words ad try to understand their meaning.

Firstly the longitudinal and vertical alignment of the road is set out by a surveyor. The alignment of the road will be marked with control pegs. The pegs will

have level markings as a control mechanism to ensure the road is constructed to the appropriate design levels.

Construction of the road commences with the stripping of the topsoil, within the road reserve. The topsoil is usually stockpiled nearby for rehabilitation of

newly constructed embankments along the road. The in-situ ground will be removed, using a heavy motorised grader to a level specified by the civil engineer.

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This is considered as the road-bed level. It will be compacted using a heavy vibratory road roller. Once the road-bed has been compacted to the required

density, the pavement layers can now be imported.

The first layer to be imported is the selected sub-grade. This is usually a gravel type material. Once placed the material is levelled off by a grader. It will be

compacted to a required density, using a road roller.

The next layer to be imported is the sub-base. The sub-base material is of a higher quality than the selected sub-grade. It is usually a gravel type material, with a

high California Bearing Ratio (CBR). While the material is worked by a grader, it is mixed with water to aid compaction. Once the sub-base layer has been

compacted to its required density, the importation of the final layer can commence.

The final layer of a road is the base course consisting of gravel or crushed stone. The base course will be leveled of and compacted. Sometimes Portland cement

will be added to it, to ensure adequate strength of this layer. On top of the base course is placed a surface course which typically consists of asphalt concrete or

a seal considering of a mixture similar sized small stones, bitumen and Portland cement. This surface course strengthens the pavement structure by spreading

out the vehicle loads applied to the subgrade. It also provides a smooth and high-friction surface for vehicles to drive on.

Activity 5. Shortly, these are the stages of road building. What steps do you think necessary for each stage?1. The longitudinal and vertical alignment

2. The stripping of the topsoil

The first layer is the selected sub-grade. This is usually a gravel type material.

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The next layer is the sub-base. It is usually a gravel type material

3. The final layer is the base course consisting of gravel or crushed stone.

Activity 6. Match the words on the left to their definition on the right

a. pegs 1. a machine, either self-powered or towed by a tractor, that levels earth, rubble, etc., as in road constructionb. embankments 2. a hardened cylinder of precision-ground steel that forms one of the rolling components of a roller bearing or of a linked driving

chain

c. grader 3. a small cylindrical pin or dowel, sometimes slightly tapered, used to join two parts together

d. roller 4. a slope of earth, stone that rises from either side of a road

Activity 7. Vocabulary enrichment

Match the words of the left to their translation o the right

Drift sablare

Vice mufa

Socket rebut

Non-ferrous pila

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Saw blade mandrina

File neferos

Refuse panza de fierastrau

Governing menghina

Sand-blast cleaning strujire

Cuttings reglare

Plumbing

COURSE III.

Warm-up activity

What are the fixtures?

Can you name a few fixtures?

..

Read the following text which presents different types of fixtures. Pay attention since there are some gaps in the text that you have to fill in.

sinks drains makers end-users washers disposers closets fountains devices

Plumbing fixtures are the (1) .. installed for the (2) ... Some examples of fixtures include water (3) ..

(toilets), urinals, bidets, showers,bathtubs, lavatories, utility and kitchen (4) .., drinking (5) .., ice (6) ..,

humidifiers, air (7) .., fountains, eyewashes, floor (8) .., garbage (9) .., and hosebibbs.

What do you think is the usual plumbing equipment that plumbers make use of?

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plumbing_fixturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bathtubhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plumbing_fixturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bathtub


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This exercise introduces a few notions of the multitude of plumbing equipment existent, but in order top do this you have to match the words on the left to their

definitions on the right.

water meters a porous substance, such as paper or sand, that allows fluid to pass but retains suspended

solid particles used to clean fluids or collect solid particles

pumps any substance that lessens the hardness of water, usually by precipitating or absorbing calcium and magnesium ions or a tank, apparatus, or chemical

plant that is used to filter or treat water to remove chemicals that cause hardness

expansion tanks a device for measuring the quantity or rate of water flowing through a pipe

backflow preventers any device for compressing, driving, raising, or reducing the pressure of a fluid, esp. by

means of a piston or set of rotating impellers

filters devices which stop a continuous stream or discharge from returning

water softeners any device for supplying heat, convector.

water heaters a standard measurement, dimension, capacity, or quantity, any of various instruments for

measuring a quantity: a pressure gauge any of various devices used to check for conformity

with a standard measurement

Gauges a large container or reservoir for the storage of liquids or gases

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_heaterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_heater


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What are the major plumbing systems, in other words, what are the domains when plumbing is necessary?

..

..

..

..

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Here are the major plumbing systems tap=robinet

1. Potable cold and hot water supply

2. Traps, drains, and vents

3. Septic systems

4. Rainwater, surface, and subsurface water drainage

5. Fuel gas piping

Here is an enumeration of the most common fixtures

water closets (WC) (known as toilets in the USA, loos, flush toilets or lavatories in Britain)

urinals

lavatories (also called bathroom sinks)kitchen sinks

utility sinks

bathtubs

showers

bidets

drinking fountains

Hose bibbs (connections for water hoses)

Terminal valves for dishwashers

ice makers

humidifiers

Do you know what tapware means?Do you think it is related to taps?
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_water_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plumbing_drainage_ventinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septic_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drainagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toilethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flush_toilethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitchen_sinkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bathtubhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Showerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drinking_fountainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_water_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plumbing_drainage_ventinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septic_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drainagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toilethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flush_toilethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitchen_sinkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bathtubhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Showerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drinking_fountainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valve


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Here is the answer to the previous question. Try and find the meaning of the underlined words.

Tapware is an industry term for that sub-category of plumbing fixtures consisting of water taps (British English) orfaucets (American English)

and their accessories such as water spouts and showerheads .-=para de la dus tap=faucet=robinet water spout= teava de la bateria de

chiuveta

Read the following text which describes a bathtub drain.

Each of these plumbing fixtures has one or more waterinlets and a drain. In some cases, the drain has a device that can be manipulated to block

the drain to fill the basin of the fixture. Each fixture also has a flood rim, or level at which water will begin to overflow. Most fixtures also have

an overflow, which is a conduit for water to drain away, when the regular drain is plugged, before the water actually overflows at the flood rim

level. However, water closets and showers usually lack this feature because their drains normally cannot be stopped.

Each fixture usually has a characteristic means of connection. Normal plumbing practice is to install a valve on each water supply line before

the fixture, and this is most commonly termed a stop or "service valve". The water supply to some fixtures is cold water only. Most fixtures

also have a hot water supply. In some occasional cases, a sink may have both a potable (drinkable) and a non-potable water supply.

Lavatories and water closets normally connect to the water supply by means of a supply, which is a tube, which connects the water supply to

the fixture, sometimes through a flexible hose. For water closets, this tube usually ends in a flat neoprene washer that tightens against the

connection, while for lavatories, the supply usually ends in a conical neoprene washer. Kitchen sinks, tubs and showers usually have supply

tubes built onto their valves which then are soldered or 'fast jointed directly onto the water supply pipes.

fixture-obiect sanitar

flood rim- margine de inundare

washer- garnnitura

Study questions

1. What is a trap ?

2. Whats the function of a trap ?
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tap_(valve)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faucethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Showerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drainagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoprenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cone_(geometry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solderinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tap_(valve)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faucethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Showerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drainagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoprenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cone_(geometry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soldering


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All plumbing fixtures have traps in their drains; these traps are either internal or external to the fixtures. Traps are pipes which curve down then

back up; they 'trap' a small amount of water to create a water seal between the ambient air space and the inside of the drain system. This

prevents sewer gas from entering buildings.

Most water closets, bidets, and many urinals have the trap integral with the fixture itself. The visible water surface in a toilet is the top of the

trap's water seal.

Each fixture drain, with exceptions, must be vented so that negative air pressure in the drain cannot siphon the trap dry, to prevent positive air

pressure in the sewerfrom forcing gases past the water seal, and to prevent explosive sewer gasbuildup.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trap_(plumbing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plumbing_drainage_ventinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewer_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plumbing_drainage_ventinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trap_(plumbing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plumbing_drainage_ventinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewer_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plumbing_drainage_ventinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methane

technical english, curs i, ii, iii.doc

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