technical note - tn 004: 2017 st v2.0, 12/07/2017 · technical note - tn 004: 2017 . by t mu st...

Technical Note - TN 004: 2017 S

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Subject: Update to T MU RS 17001 ST Environmental Conditions for Rolling Stock – new ambient conditions standard

Technical Note - TN 004: 2017 Issued date: 29 March 2017

Effective date: 29 March 2017

For queries regarding this document [email protected]

www.asa.transport.nsw.gov.au

This technical note has been issued by the Asset Standards Authority (ASA) to notify that a new

standard T MU EN 00005 ST Ambient Environmental Conditions, version 1.0 has been issued

which provides additional and updated information on the NSW climate.

The standard T MU RS 17001 ST Environmental Conditions for Rolling Stock, version 1.0 should

be read in conjunction with T MU EN 00005 ST Ambient Environmental Conditions, version 1.0.

In due course, version 2.0 of the standard T MU RS 17001 ST Environmental Conditions for

Rolling Stock will be issued which will reference T MU EN 00005 ST Ambient Environmental

Conditions.

If there is any conflict or confusion between the data in the two standards, please notify the Asset

Standards Authority at [email protected].

Authorisation:

Technical content prepared by

Checked and approved by

Interdisciplinary coordination checked by

Authorised for release

Signature

Date

Name Harry Snaith Jakub Zawada Michael Uhlig Jagath Peiris

Position Principal Engineer Rolling Stock Mechanical Systems

A/Lead Rolling Stock Engineer

A/Chief Engineer A/Director Network Standards and Services

© State of NSW through Transport for NSW of 1

mailto:[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

http://www.asa.transport.nsw.gov.au/

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Environmental Conditions for Rolling Stock

Standard

T MU RS 17001 ST

Version 1.0

Issued date: 12 August 2015

Important Warning This document is one of a set of standards developed solely and specifically for use on public transport assets which are vested in or owned, managed, controlled, commissioned or funded by the NSW Government, a NSW Government agency or a Transport Agency (as defined in the Asset Standards Authority Charter). It is not suitable for any other purpose. You must not use or adapt it or rely upon it in any way unless you are authorised in writing to do so by a relevant NSW Government agency. If this document forms part of a contract with, or is a condition of approval by a NSW Government agency, use of the document is subject to the terms of the contract or approval. This document may not be current. Current standards are available for download from the Asset Standards Authority website at www.asa.transport.nsw.gov.au. © State of NSW through Transport for NSW

T MU RS 17001 ST Environmental Conditions for Rolling Stock

Version 1.0 Issued date: 12 August 2015

Standard governance

Owner: Lead Rolling Stock Engineer, Asset Standards Authority

Authoriser: Chief Engineer Rail, Asset Standards Authority

Approver: Director, Asset Standards Authority on behalf of the ASA Configuration Control Board

Document history

Version Summary of Changes

1.0 First issue

For queries regarding this document, please email the ASA at [email protected] or visit www.asa.transport.nsw.gov.au

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Preface The Asset Standards Authority (ASA) is an independent unit within Transport for NSW (TfNSW)

and is the network design and standards authority for defined NSW transport assets.

The ASA is responsible for developing engineering governance frameworks to support industry

delivery in the assurance of design, safety, integrity, construction, and commissioning of

transport assets for the whole asset life cycle. In order to achieve this, the ASA effectively

discharges obligations as the authority for various technical, process, and planning matters

across the asset life cycle.

The ASA collaborates with industry using stakeholder engagement activities to assist in

achieving its mission. These activities help align the ASA to broader government expectations

of making it clearer, simpler, and more attractive to do business within the NSW transport

industry, allowing the supply chain to deliver safe, efficient, and competent transport services.

The ASA develops, maintains, controls, and publishes a suite of standards and other

documentation for transport assets of TfNSW. Further, the ASA ensures that these standards

are performance-based to create opportunities for innovation and improve access to a broader

competitive supply chain.

This standard, T MU RS 17001 ST Environmental Conditions for Rolling Stock, is a first issue.

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Table of contents 1. Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. 5

2. Purpose .................................................................................................................................................... 52.1. Scope ..................................................................................................................................................... 52.2. Application ............................................................................................................................................. 6

3. Reference documents ............................................................................................................................. 6

4. Terms and definitions ............................................................................................................................. 6

5. Environmental conditions ...................................................................................................................... 75.1. Altitude ................................................................................................................................................... 75.2. Temperature .......................................................................................................................................... 75.3. Humidity and condensation ................................................................................................................... 95.4. Wind and air movement ....................................................................................................................... 125.5. Rain and flooding ................................................................................................................................. 135.6. Snow and hail ...................................................................................................................................... 145.7. Ice and frost ......................................................................................................................................... 155.8. Solar radiation ...................................................................................................................................... 165.9. Ultraviolet radiation .............................................................................................................................. 175.10. Lightning .......................................................................................................................................... 195.11. Air pollution ...................................................................................................................................... 205.12. Flora and fauna ................................................................................................................................ 235.13. Track ballast..................................................................................................................................... 245.14. Wheel rail interface contamination .................................................................................................. 255.15. Fires and smoke .............................................................................................................................. 25

6. Rail network features, geography, and local variations .................................................................... 25

7. Limits for normal and degraded operation ......................................................................................... 25

8. Cleaning, wash plant, and graffiti ........................................................................................................ 26

Appendix A ..................................................................................................................................................... 28A.1. Closed line altitudes ............................................................................................................................. 28A.2. Air temperature ranges for the Network .............................................................................................. 29A.3. Rainfall complete data ......................................................................................................................... 30A.4. Forest fire danger index and NSW vegetation map ............................................................................ 35A.5. Historical NSW major bushfire events ................................................................................................. 37A.6. Map of the Network .............................................................................................................................. 38

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1. Introduction Consideration of environmental conditions is important to ensure the safe and reliable operation

of rolling stock. This standard intends to define environmental conditions that prevail across

geographical areas of rail networks on which Transport for NSW (TfNSW) operates rolling stock.

2. Purpose This standard defines environmental conditions that prevail across geographical areas of rail

networks on which TfNSW operates rolling stock. The standard supports the stakeholders

involved in rolling stock life cycle stages and activities including specifying, designing,

manufacturing, testing and commissioning, operating, maintaining, supporting, upgrading, and

modifying.

Section 5 provides information about the environmental conditions that will be encountered in

NSW and other relevant parts of Australia.

Section 7 and Section 8 provide requirements on the Purchaser and the Supplier of rolling

stock.

The environmental conditions defined in Section 5 can be expected to occur on a regular basis.

Extreme environmental events, with conditions exceeding those defined in Section 5 are likely

to occur on occasions.

The information in Section 5 consists of historical meteorological data, and current predictions

of how some of this data may be affected by climate change. This information is provided for

guidance only. It is at the discretion of the rolling stock Supplier to determine how to interpret

and use this data to ensure that the rolling stock is appropriately designed for the conditions

which may be encountered.

2.1. Scope This standard includes the definitions and ranges of the following:

• current and historical climate

• predicted climate

• geographical factors

• requirements for managing cleaning, wash-plant, and graffiti agents


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This standard excludes the following:

• electromagnetic radiation, magnetic and electric fields

• shock and vibration

• vandalism

2.2. Application The environmental conditions specified in this standard are applicable to the following railway

networks (hereafter referred to as 'the Network'):

• Sydney metropolitan rail networks

• NSW rural networks

• interstate networks between Sydney, Brisbane, and Melbourne

Refer to Figure 7, Figure 8, Figure 9, and Figure 10 in Appendix A.6 (the Network Maps).

This standard is applicable to the various types of rolling stock operating on the Network and is

mandatory for rolling stock assets owned or purchased by TfNSW.

3. Reference documents The following documents are cited in the text. For dated references, only the cited edition

applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document applies.

Australian standards

AS 4312 Atmospheric Corrosivity Zones in Australia

AS/NZS 1170.2 Structural design actions – Part 2: Wind actions

Transport for NSW standards

T HR CI 12105 ST Vegetation Hazard Management in the Rail Corridor

Other reference documents

Waratah Train Performance Specification

4. Terms and definitions The following terms and definitions apply in this document:

BoM Australian Bureau of Meteorology

EMC electromagnetic compatibility

GHI global horizontal irradiance

GSDM generalised short duration method © State of NSW through Transport for NSW Page 6 of 40 S

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IEC International Electrotechnical Commission

Maintainer the organisation contracted to maintain the rolling stock on behalf of the Operator or

Owner or both

NARCliM NSW and ACT Regional Climate Modelling

Network as defined in Section 2.2

Owner TfNSW (for third party assets, the owner of the rolling stock assets supplied)

PMP possible maximum precipitation

Purchaser the purchaser of rolling stock assets (generally TfNSW) under contract to the

Supplier

RISSB Rail Industry Safety and Standards Board

RS railway rolling stock vehicles

Supplier the supplier of rolling stock assets under contract to the Purchaser

5. Environmental conditions 5.1. Altitude

Table 1 gives the highest and lowest altitudes on the Network that all rolling stock and on board

equipment operate.

Table 1 – Altitude range for the Network

Line Altitude relative to sea level (m)

Location

Main North Line 1102 m Between Walcha Road and Wollun

Sydney Metro -32 m Second Harbour Crossing

Previously there have been train lines operated at higher altitudes that are now closed

(for further information on closed lines refer to Appendix A.1).

5.2. Temperature Considerations for temperature include the following:

• Air temperature

• Local temperature effects

5.2.1. Air temperature The air temperature range for the Network is shown in Table 2. The breakdown of air

temperature range by line is provided in Appendix A.2. © State of NSW through Transport for NSW Page 7 of 40 S

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http://www.nswrail.net/lines/show.php?name=NSW:main_north



The historical temperature data were taken from the Australian Bureau of Meteorology (BoM)

local weather stations.

Table 2 –Air Temperature range for the Network

Network Highest temperature (°C)

Mean annual days >35 (°C)


Lowest temperature (°C)

The Network 50 47 12 -11

The temperature range of the network is expected to change as a result of climate change.

Climate modelling predictions from NSW and ACT Regional Climate Modelling (NARCliM) are

shown in Table 3 and Table 4 below.

Table 3 – NARCliM near future temperature projections

Time range Region Extra annual days >35 (°C)

Present (2015) average maximum summer temperature (°C)

Increase in average maximum summer temperature (°C)

2020 to 2039 Metropolitan Sydney 4 28°C to 30°C 0.9°C

2020 to 2039 Illawarra 2 26°C to 28°C 0.9°C

2020 to 2039 Central Coast 3 26°C to 28°C 0.9°C

2020 to 2039 Hunter 5 30°C to 32°C 0.9°C

2020 to 2039 Central West and Orana 9 34°C 0.9°C

2020 to 2039 South East and Tablelands 3 30°C 0.9°C

Table 4 – NARCliM far future temperature projections

Time range Region Extra annual days >35 (°C)

Present (2015) average maximum summer temperature (°C)

Increase in average maximum summer temperature (°C)

2060 to 2079 Metropolitan Sydney 11 28°C to 30°C 2.6°C

2060 to 2079 Illawarra 5 26°C to 28°C 2.6°C

2060 to 2079 Central Coast 7 26°C to 28°C 2.6°C

2060 to 2079 Hunter 14 30°C to 32°C 2.6°C

2060 to 2079 Central West and Orana 27 34°C 2.6°C

2060 to 2079 South East and Tablelands 8 30°C 2.6°C

Note: The NARCliM projections have been developed by the NSW Office of

Environment and Heritage. NARCliM provided future projections only for the two time

ranges given in Table 3 and Table 4 without projections in between.


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5.2.2. Local temperature effects

Proximity to local features such as adjacent trains, trackside equipment, infrastructure, reflective

or radiant surfaces, exhausts, ventilation, and so forth may affect the local temperature.

5.3. Humidity and condensation Considerations for humidity and condensation include the following:

• Humidity

• Condensation

5.3.1. Humidity Data taken over 12 months (May 2014 to April 2015) from Sydney CBD showed that the

following occurred at 9 am:

• the average relative humidity was less than 70%

• the maximum relative humidity was 98%

• the highest number of sequential days with relative humidity greater than 65% was18

• the highest number of sequential days with relative humidity greater than 75% was 10

• there were 141 days with relative humidity greater than 75%

• there were 27 days with relative humidity greater than 90%

Figure 1 has plotted the recent daytime (9am and 3pm) and night time (9pm and 3am) data for

air temperature and relative humidity. The data was taken for 14 months between April 2014

and May 2015 for the Sydney CBD only.


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Figure 1 - Recent Sydney CBD conditions

Figure 1 only shows 4 readings per 24 hour period over the 14 months and represents a limited

data sample from Sydney Observatory Hill Weather Station. The data does not cover the full

range for the Network and further data is pending. The temperature range for the Network is

shown by the vertical lines.


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5.3.2. Condensation

Condensation is a result of humid air coming into contact with a cooler surface, causing the

release of water from vapour onto the surface. Condensation will often occur in conditions

where the dew point is close to the air temperature (an equal value of dew point and

temperature would indicate saturated air). These conditions will typically occur when there is

low temperature with a high relative humidity and high dew point. Sudden fluctuations in

temperature such as entering a tunnel are the primary trigger of condensation on parts of the

rolling stock equipment. Condensation may occur when rolling stock is stabled at daytime

temperature and humidity and then cools overnight. Surfaces of materials having high thermal

conductivity are prone to condensation.

Figure 2 and Figure 3 below show the 3pm and 9am monthly average temperatures and

humidity in the Sydney CBD region.


Figure 2 – 3pm monthly average condensation parameters for Sydney CBD – mean 3pm

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Figure 3 – 9am monthly average condensation parameters for Sydney CBD – mean 9am

Sourced data from Sydney Observatory Hill Weather Station, accessed through the

Bureau of Meteorology (1955 to 2010).

5.4. Wind and air movement The maximum wind gust recorded in Sydney by the Bureau of Meteorology was 42.2 m/s at the

Observatory Hill Weather Station. Table 5 and Table 6 give the maximum wind gusts for

weather stations near the NSW Trains and Sydney Trains rail networks. The data for each line

was taken from the weather stations that gave the maximum wind gust.

Table 5 - Wind speeds for NSW Trains lines

Line Max wind gust (m/s) (3 sec average)

Southern Highlands 33

South Coast 34.4

Blue Mountains 34.5

Hunter 32.5

Central Coast and Newcastle 47.5


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Table 6 – Wind speeds for Sydney Trains lines

Line Max wind gust (m/s) (3 sec average)

T1 North Shore, North and West 29.7

T2 Airport, Inner West and South 42.2

T3 Bankstown 37.2

T4 Eastern Suburbs and Illawarra 39.2

T5 Cumberland line N/A

T6 Carlingford line N/A

T7 Olympic Park line N/A

The frequency of severe wind gusts is shown in Table 7.

Table 7 – Occurrence of severe wind gusts

Stations near the network Wind gusts ≥ 35 m/s (126 km/h) Reporting period

Bankstown Airport AWS 1 1968 – 2015

Bellambi AWS 2 2003 – 2015

Newcastle Nobbys Signal Station AWS 38 1960 – 2015

Sydney (Observatory Hill) 4 1955 – 1992

Sydney Airport AMO 8 1939 – 2015

Wind loads for stationary structures can be determined from Australian Standard

AS/NZS 1170.2 Structural design actions – Part 2 Wind actions.

5.5. Rain and flooding Table 8 and Table 9 give the maximum rainfall rates for the Network.

Table 8 – Maximum NSW PMP values

Duration (hours) PMP rainfall depth (mm) for 1 km² Averaged PMP rainfall intensity (mm/min) for 1 km²

0.25 200 13.33

0.5 280 9.33

0.75 350 7.78

1 410 6.83


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Table 9 –Sydney metropolitan area PMP values

Duration (hours) PMP rainfall depth (mm) for 1 km² Average PMP rainfall in(mm/min) for 1 km²

0.25 170 11.33

0.5 250 8.33

0.75 310 6.89

1 360 6.00

ainfall and flooding data for NSW has been defined by short duration and small area po

aximum precipitation (PMP). The method used to estimate PMP data was the generalis

hort-duration method (GSDM). The GSDM is applicable anywhere in Australia for durati

o six hours and areas up 1000 km².

urther information on PMP values through NSW can be found in in Appendix A.3. PMP

stimates for NSW show the potential for rainfall intensities that could exceed 14 mm/min

xtreme events.

ote that previous NSW rolling stock Specifications required rolling stock to be capable o

raversing rail tracks flooded by up to 50mm above the rail head.

he Bureau of Meteorology defines large hail as 20 mm or greater in diameter. BoM repo

SW on average has 45 occurrences of large hail each year as shown in Table 10. Extre

ail events in NSW can be seen in Table 11.

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5.6. Snow and hail T rts that

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Table 10 – Large hail events in NSW (1990 – 2003)

Region No. of reports of hail ≥ 20 mm (1990 – 2003)

Northern Rivers 90

Mid-North coast 7

Hunter 99

Metropolitan 110

Illawarra 41

South Coast 15

Northern Tablelands 70

Central Tablelands 70

Southern Tablelands 29

Northwest Slopes 49

Northwest Plains 17

Central West Slopes 27

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Region No. of reports of hail ≥ 20 mm (1990 – 2003)

Central West Plains 6

Southwest Slopes 20

Riverina 9

Upper Western 5

Lower Western 2

Table 11 – NSW extreme hail event examples

Region Date Hailstone diameter (mm)

Sydney (Metropolitan) Apr-99 90

Sydney (Metropolitan) Nov-00 70

Casino (Northern Rivers) Jan-01 70

Dubbo (Central West Slopes) Jan-01 40

Kingscliff (Northern Rivers) Jan-02 70

Walcha (Northern Tablelands) Oct-02 60

now regularly falls in the elevated parts of the Network such as the Blue Mountains a

outhern Highlands. Data on snow was not available from the BoM at the time of publi

S nd the

S cation.

5.7. Ice and frost The occurrence of frost days is given in Table 12 for the NSW Trains network and Table 13 for

the Sydney Trains network.

Table 12 – Frost days for NSW Trains network

Line Mean annual days ≤ 0(°C)

Southern Highlands 65

South Coast 1

Blue Mountains 50

Hunter 23

Central Coast & Newcastle 2

Table 13 – Frost days for Sydney Trains network


T1 North Shore, North and West 16

T2 Airport, Inner West & South 18

T3 Bankstown 2


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T4 Eastern Suburbs & Illawarra 0

T5 Cumberland Line 4

T6 Carlingford Line 1

T7 Olympic Park Line 0

5.8. Solar radiation The solar radiation intensity for each hour during summer is defined in Table 14 and illustrated

in Figure 4 for the Sydney CBD. Solar radiation affects rolling stock temperatures by heat gain

through windows and other vehicle body surfaces. Solar radiation may affect the service life of

exposed materials including polymers and fabrics.

Table 14 – Summer hourly global horizontal irradiance

Location Sydney (CBD) Bathurst Scone Newcastle Goulburn Bomaderry

Coordinates 33.8650° S, 151.2094° E

33.4200° S, 149.5778° E

32.0833° S, 150.8500° E

32.9167° S, 151.7500° E

34.7547° S, 149.6186° E

34.8500° S, 150.6167° E

Measure

Global Horizontal Irradiance (W/m2)






Hour (24hr) 1/01/2015 1/01/2015 1/01/2015 1/01/2015 1/01/2015 1/01/2015

5:00:00 23.4 4 n/a n/a 38.3 41.6

6:00:00 633.6 624.7 610.4 619.4 638.4 639.3

7:00:00 873.6 871.1 866.9 869.5 875 875.3

8:00:00 995.7 995.1 994.1 994.7 996 996

9:00:00 1064 1064.1 1064.3 1064.2 1063.8 1063.8

10:00:00 1102.1 1102.6 1103.2 1102.8 1101.8 1101.8

11:00:00 1121.5 1122 1122.8 1122.4 1121.1 1121.1

12:00:00 1127.7 1128.3 1129.1 1128.6 1127.4 1127.3

13:00:00 1122.8 1123.3 1124.1 1123.6 1122.4 1122.3

14:00:00 1105 1105.5 1106.2 1105.8 1104.8 1104.7

15:00:00 1069.4 1069.6 1069.8 1069.7 1069.2 1069.2

16:00:00 1005.2 1004.8 1003.9 1004.5 1005.5 1005.5

17:00:00 891 888.8 885.1 887.4 892.1 892.4

18:00:00 670 662.3 649.9 657.7 674.1 675

19:00:00 116.9 84.7 37.3 66.2 134.3 137.7


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0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

0:00:00 4

GH

I (W

/m2 )

Syd

dneyDmme

dneyDnter

Figure 4 – Sydney CBD hourly global horizontal irradiance

Note: Global horizontal irradiance (GHI) is the sum of direct normal solar irradiance

and diffuse horizontal irradiance. GHI was calculated through PV Lighthouse which

provides simulations for solar statistics. It can be seen that all sites show a consistent

value in Table 14. PV Lighthouse is an online solar simulator developed by the

University of NSW and PV Lighthouse Australia.

ation may affect the service life of exposed materials including polymers and

llowing UV radiation data for Sydney, see Table 15, is taken directly from Pa

nd Build New Outer Suburban Cars Technical Specification, Volume 3.

5.9. Ultraviolet radiation Ultraviolet radi

fabrics. The fo rt D

of the Design a

Table 15 – Typical annual worst case UV radiation

Wavelength (nm) Spectral irradiance (W/m²/nm)

280 0.00000204

285 0.00000908

290 0.000078

295 0.000138

300 0.0014

305 0.079

310 0.177

:00:00 8:00:00 12:00:00 16:00:00 20:00:00Time (24hr)

ney CBD Hourly Global Horizontal Irradiance (W/m2)

SyCBSur

SyCBWi


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Wavelength (nm) Spectral irradiance (W/m²/nm)

315 0.29

320 0.386

325 0.509

330 0.648

335 0.62

340 0.695

345 0.67

350 0.713

355 0.765

360 0.694

365 0.874

370 0.902

375 0.803

380 0.929

385 0.714

390 0.924

395 0.714

400 1.215

Table 16 – Solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) and UV–B levels for the 15th day of each month for Sydney

Month UVR (kJ/m²)

UV-B (kJ/m²)

January 1977.7 49.9

February 1773.3 44.7

March 1468.8 33.1

April 1089.8 20.5

May 793.5 11.6

June 648.4 7.1

July 699.9 7.8

August 935.9 12.3

September 1284.1 20.2

October 1633.5 31.6

November 1893 40

December 2013 48.7


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5.10. Lightning Lightning frequency and intensity affects the required surge arrestor ratings. The data below is

taken from Part D of the Design and Build New Outer Suburban Cars Technical Specification,

Volume 4. The lightning statistics were taken in a 150 square kilometre area within the Sydney

Metropolitan Area from January 1992 to February 1997. The area enclosed is bordered by

Bondi Junction, Springwood, Wyong, and Port Kembla. Table 17 below displays the number of

positive and negative lightning strikes for a specific peak current range (kA).

Table 17 – Lightning amplitude frequency - Strikes (1992 – 1997)

Peak current (kA)

Negative first

Negative subsequent Positive first Positive

subsequent

1000 n/a n/a n/a n/a




2600 7 n/a n/a n/a


4000 676 374 1,047 157

5000 959 742 1,945 320

6300 1,241 1,273 2,726 389

8000 3,777 4,245 7,259 1,031

10000 9,592 11,107 9,509 1,295

12600 10,610 12,621 5,189 657

15900 12,317 14,106 3,051 409

20000 13,905 15,588 1,659 212

25100 9,437 9,582 753 96

31600 8,067 6,919 604 51

39900 6,072 4,098 562 50

50200 3,403 1,716 387 35

63100 1,806 615 341 33

79400 847 187 249 20

100000 286 56 116 13

125900 78 8 67 6

158500 29 8 17 n/a

199500 12 1 8 n/a

Totals 83,121 83,246 35,489 4,774


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5.11. Air pollution Considerations for air pollution include the following:

• Ozone

• Dust

• Chemical pollutants

• Salt laden air (coastal)

5.11.1. Ozone

The data shown in Table 18 gives ozone concentrations in air in parts per hundred million

(pphm) for NSW from 2000 to 2014 as provided by the NSW Environmental Protection Authority

(EPA).

Table 18 – Air quality: Ozone concentrations (2000 – 2014)

Region Annual maximum ozone (pphm) (1 hour average)

Annual average ozone (pphm) (1 hour average)

Sydney Central-East 16.1 1.6

Sydney North-West 15.8 1.7

Sydney South-West 17.5 1.9

Illawarra 12.6 1.9

Lower Hunter 11.2 1.7

Central Coast 7.9 1.8

Central Table Lands 9.2 1.9

Source: NSW Environmental Protection Authority (EPA).

5.11.2. Dust Table 19 and Table 20 give the airborne dust concentration for two sizes of particles (PM10 and

PM2.5).

EPA air quality data gives airborne dust concentration for particles less than 10 micrometres per

cubic metre (PM10), and particles less than 2.5 micrometres per cubic metre (PM2.5) from 2000

to 2014.

In 2009 there was an extreme dust storm that far exceeded any other recorded NSW event.


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Table 19 – Air quality: PM10 concentrations (2000 – 2014)

Region Annual maximum PM10 concentration1 (µg/m³)

2009 Eastern Australian dust storm PM10 (µg/m³) (24 hour average)

Annual average PM10 (µg/m³) (1 hour average)

Sydney Central-East 213.7 1735.6 19.0

Sydney North-West 211.8 1698.9 17.3

Sydney South-West 283.3 1683.9 16.3

Illawarra 280.5 1359.6 17.9

Lower Hunter2 165.6 2426.8 20.2

Central Coast 70.2 N/A 15.8

Central Table Lands 622.3 2114.4 15.9

Upper Hunter2 104.8 N/A 23.3

North-West Slopes 241.6 1791.4 17.2

South-West Slopes 970.0 N/A 21.9 1 The maximum of 24 hour average concentration excluding the Eastern Australian

2009 dust storm.

2 Coal dust is frequently present in the Hunter Region.

Table 20 – Air quality: PM2.5 concentrations (2000 – 2014)

Region Annual maximum PM2.5 concentration1(µg/m³)

2009 Eastern Australian dust storm PM2.5 (µg/m³) (24 hour average)

Annual average PM2.5 (µg/m³) (1 hour average)

Sydney Central-East 76.4 186.7 7.1

Sydney North-West 116.7 148.9 6.1

Sydney South-West 112.3 268.1 7.3

Illawarra 106.1 241.0 6.3

Lower Hunter2 47.0 230.8 7.2

Central Coast N/A N/A 6.1

Central Table Lands N/A N/A N/A

Upper Hunter2 36.6 N/A 8.4

North-West Slopes N/A N/A N/A

South-West Slopes 29.9 N/A 8.0 1 The maximum of 24 hour average concentration excluding the Eastern Australian

2009 dust storm.

2 Coal dust is frequently present in the Hunter Region.


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5.11.3. Chemical pollutants

Air pollution caused by sulphur dioxide is defined in Table 21.

Table 21 – Air quality: sulphur dioxide concentrations (2000 – 2014)

Region SO2 annual maximum (pphm) (1 hour average)

SO2 annual average (pphm) (1 hour average)




Illawarra 5.3 0.09



Central Table Lands N/A N/A

Upper Hunter 19.0 0.17

North-West Slopes N/A N/A

South-West Slopes N/A N/A

Air pollution caused by nitrogen dioxide is defined in Table 22.

Table 22 - Air quality: nitrogen dioxide concentrations (2000 – 2014)

Region NO2 annual maximum (pphm) (1 hour average)

NO2 annual average (pphm) (1 hour average)




Illawarra 7.1 0.60



Central Table Lands N/A N/A

Upper Hunter 4.4 0.92

North-West Slopes N/A N/A

South-West Slopes N/A N/A

5.11.4. Salt laden air (coastal) The concentration of airborne chlorides from sea spray is a leading source of atmospheric

corrosion. This may cause localised pitting corrosion in coastal areas of the Network. To

determine the corrosivity of the environment refer to Figure 4.1 in AS 4312 Atmospheric

Corrosivity Zones in Australia. Figures A2 and A4 from the standard give a spatial © State of NSW through Transport for NSW Page 22 of 40 S

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representation of highly corrosive zones for Newcastle and Sydney respectively. How far the

category extends is dependent on winds, topography, and waves and surf.

5.12. Flora and fauna Considerations for flora and fauna include the following:

• Large animals

• Vermin and small animals

• Insects

• Plants and biological agents

5.12.1. Large animals In certain areas of the Network, there is the possibility of free ranging large animals being

present. Animal strikes are a common occurrence in inter-urban areas. Underframe mounted

equipment is particularly susceptible to damage due to animal strikes and should be suitably

protected.

Table 23 gives the weight of some of the animals that could potentially enter the rail corridor.

Table 23 - Large animals

Large animals

Average weight (kg) (adult) Comment Source

Eastern Grey Kangaroo (male) 70 n/a www.australianwildlife.com.au/kangaroo.htm

Common Wombat 36

Wombats are of particular risk to rolling stock due to their high density and small size.

www.environment.nsw.gov.au/animals/Wombats.htm

Cow 750 n/a

www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/agriculture/livestock/beef/breeding/breeds/gelbvieh#Breed-characteristics

Bull 1000 n/a www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/agriculture/livestock/beef/breeding/breeds/gelbvieh#Breed-characteristics

Sheep (Merino Ewe) 90 n/a

www.education.vic.gov.au/Documents/school/.../speciesnotes-sheep.doc

Sheep (Merino Ram) 150 n/a

www.education.vic.gov.au/Documents/school/.../speciesnotes-sheep.doc


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http://www.australianwildlife.com.au/kangaroo.htm

http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/animals/Wombats.htm

http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/animals/Wombats.htm

http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/agriculture/livestock/beef/breeding/breeds/gelbvieh%23Breed-characteristics




http://www.education.vic.gov.au/Documents/school/.../speciesnotes-sheep.doc






5.12.2. Vermin and small animals

Consideration should be given to the presence of rodents and the possibility of damage to

unprotected materials such as electrical cabling.

The rolling stock should accommodate for bird strikes when travelling at any speed up to the

maximum operational speed.

5.12.3. Insects NSW has many species of insect. Table 24 gives details of a number of insects that have been

found to be problematic to rolling stock in the past.

Table 24 – Risk insects

Insect species Risk Source

Locust

Locusts may be lodged in equipment as a result of the rolling stock travelling through a swarm.

http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/agriculture/pests-weeds/insects/locusts

Millipede

Millipedes are an oily insect that in large enough numbers on the track can act as friction modifiers.

http://australianmuseum.net.au/centipedes-and-millipedes

Mud wasp This species of wasp creates their nest from mud which can cause blockages.

http://australianmuseum.net.au/mud-dauber-wasp

5.12.4. Plants and biological agents Biological agents that should be considered include the following:

• mould and fungus

• dust mites

• animal waste and dander

• deceased animals

Vegetation hazard management in the rail corridor is specified in the TfNSW standard

T HR CI 12105 ST Vegetation Hazard Management in the Rail Corridor.

5.13. Track ballast Track ballast up to 75 mm in diameter can be expected on the Network.


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5.14. Wheel rail interface contamination Contaminants of the interface between the wheel and rail include but are not limited to the

following:

• sand (traction)

• diesel

• brake fluid

• lubricants

• friction modifiers

• biological contaminants

5.15. Fires and smoke Due to the high frequency of bushfires in the danger period, it is expected that the rolling stock

will operate in conditions where bushfire smoke is present in the atmosphere. Trackside grass

fires may affect underframe equipment.

Geoscience Australia has stated that bushfires are an “intrinsic part” of Australia's environment.

Bushfires are rapidly moving forest fires that are common in the warmer NSW months. The

NSW Rural Fire Service has declared that the 'bushfire danger period' occurs between the start

of October and the end of March. The types of vegetation in NSW can be seen in Figure 6 in

Appendix A.4. Figure 6 shows the large concentrations of dry bushfire prone land where the

Network operates.

6. Rail network features, geography, and local variations Environmental conditions within the rail corridor may vary from the conditions prevailing in the

surrounding area or region and may be affected by the following local factors:

• rail corridor geographic features such as cuttings, bridges, tunnels, railway infrastructure,

reflective surfaces, and so on

• other rolling stock

• rolling stock design such as position and surfaces, adjacent equipment, ventilation and

exhaust grilles, equipment heat load, and so on

7. Limits for normal and degraded operation With reference to the environmental conditions specified in this standard, the Purchaser shall

define the required performance capability of the rolling stock in the Contractual Specification. © State of NSW through Transport for NSW Page 25 of 40 S

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The performance requirements should include reliability, availability, maintainability, and safety

(RAMS) of the rolling stock in all operating conditions for the whole-of-asset-life (all life stages

and associated activities).

The rolling stock shall be designed to prevent hazardous conditions for passengers, crew, and

rail staff working in, on, or around, the rolling stock resulting from environmental conditions

experienced in service under normal and degraded operation throughout its service life.

The following definitions of operating states are provided for guidance:

a) normal operation

The rolling stock is capable of continuous operation without degrading its life expectancy,

suffering permanent damage, or degrading its ability to achieve the performance

requirements.

b) degraded operation

The rolling stock is capable of operation with some degradation of performance, but without

degrading its life expectancy or suffering permanent damage.

c) extreme events

The rolling stock is not expected to operate and may undergo temporary or permanent

degradation or damage.

8. Cleaning, wash plant, and graffiti The Purchaser shall provide full details of cleaning, wash plant, and graffiti maintenance agents

and chemicals, processes and facilities, as well as any future plans or changes that may be

envisaged.

The Supplier shall ensure that materials used in the rolling stock are fully compatible with the

Purchaser’s cleaning, wash plant, and graffiti maintenance agents and chemicals, as specified

for the whole of service life, including allowance for future changes that may be envisaged.

The Supplier shall provide the Purchaser with a complete schedule and associated technical

information of materials used in the design and construction of the rolling stock to enable the

Purchaser or their appointed contractors to conduct cleaning, washing, and graffiti maintenance

activities for the whole of asset service life, without causing damage or premature degradation.

The information supplied shall be sufficiently detailed to enable the Maintainer to determine the

suitability and compatibility of both existing cleaning agents and alternative cleaning agents that

may be proposed at later stages in the service life.

The Supplier may propose alternative construction materials or recommend alternative cleaning

agents or processes, or do both, for acceptance by the Purchaser.


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The Owner (or Operator) including maintenance contractors, shall ensure that an appropriate

change management procedure is implemented before making changes to maintenance

procedures (materials, agents, facilities, and processes) related to cleaning, wash plant, and

graffiti management, to ensure continued compatibility with the construction materials for the

whole of service life.


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Appendix A

A.1. Closed line altitudes The altitude range for closed lines is defined in Table 25.

Table 25 - Altitude range for closed lines

Line (closed) Altitude relative to sea level (m) Location

Main North Line 1377 m Between Llangothlin and Ben Lomond

Main North Line 1363 m Ben Lomond

Oberon Branch 1104 m Oberon


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http://www.nswrail.net/locations/show.php?name=NSW:Ben+Lomond

http://www.nswrail.net/lines/show.php?name=NSW:oberon

http://www.nswrail.net/locations/show.php?name=NSW:Oberon



A.2. Air temperature ranges for the Network Temperature ranges for the Network are shown in Table 26.

Table 26 - Temperature ranges for the lines within the Network

Network Line/location Highest temperature (°C)



Lowest temperature (°C)

NSW Trains T1 North Shore, North and West 47 20 4 0

NSW Trains T2 Airport, Inner West & South 47 14 3 0

NSW Trains T3 Bankstown 47 9 2 -4

NSW Trains T4 Eastern Suburbs & Illawarra 46 6 1 -1

NSW Trains T5 Cumberland Line 46 13 2 -4

NSW Trains T6 Carlingford Line 46 11 2 -1

NSW Trains T7 Olympic Park Line 46 11 2 1

Sydney Trains Southern Highlands Line 46 6 1 -11

Sydney Trains South Coast Line 46 6 2 -1

Sydney Trains Blue Mountains Line 47 20 4 -8

Sydney Trains Hunter Line 46 21 3 -5

Sydney Trains Central Coast & Newcastle Line 46 10 1 -2

Interstate Trains Brisbane 41.7 3.7 1 2.5

Interstate Trains Melbourne 46.4 10 2 -3

Regional Network serviced by TfNSW Broken Hill Line 49.7 46.5 12 -3.5


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A.3. Rainfall complete data The generalised short duration method (GSDM) was calculated following the procedures in The Estimation of Probable Precipitation in Australia: Generalised Short–

Duration Method (BoM, 2003). The GSDM method adjusts regionally based on terrain type (smooth or rough), elevation, and moisture adjustment factor (MAF)

(perceptible water). Values calculated ignored elevation and terrain adjustments due to both the Sydney Trains network and NSW Trains network having a mean

elevation below 1500 m and the duration calculated being equal or less than one hour duration. The possible maximum precipitation (PMP) values were calculated

based on the MAF and depth–duration area curves (developed from highest US and Australian rainfall depths).For NSW the MAF ranges from 0.60 to 0.80. For the

Sydney Trains network and NSW Trains network the MAF ranges from 0.65 in the south to 0.75 in the north of the state. Sydney’s MAF value is 0.7. Figure 5

illustrates the regional MAF values across Australia.


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Figure 5 – Moisture adjustment factor

Figure sourced from: The Estimation of Probable Precipitation in Australia: Generalised Short-Duration Method (BoM, 2003), page 9.

Table 27 to Table 31 display the PMP GSDM ranges found in NSW. A general trend in NSW can be viewed as an increase in MAF and therefore PMP travelling

from south to north. Refer to Figure 5 to determine what PMP values in Table 27 to Table 31 correspond to a specific region in NSW.


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Table 27 – PMP values for 0.80 MAF

Duration (hours) GSDM PMP estimate (mm) for 1 km²

0.25 200

0.5 280

0.75 350

1 410



0.25 180

0.5 260

0.75 330

1 380



0.25 170

0.5 250

0.75 310

1 360


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0.25 160

0.5 230

0.75 290

1 330

Table 31 – PMP Values for 0.60 MAF


0.25 150

0.5 210

0.75 260

1 310

Table 32 – Historical major NSW point rainfall events

Location Date Duration (min) Rainfall (mm)

Warawarralong 25/01/1904 3 27

Eastwood 19/01/1958 5 20

Jimenbuen 16 Mar 1895 5 25

Fox Valley 21/01/1991 6 38


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Location Date Duration (min) Rainfall (mm)

Toorooka 8/03/1964 6 51

Fox Valley 21/01/1991 10 58

Wandoona 17/02/1983 10 86

Toorooka 8/03/1964 12 78

Moree 17/11/1959 20 113

Lake Eucumbene 30/12/1982 30 120

Bundarra 1/02/1908 30 152

Goonoo Goonoo 11/02/1992 30 175

Bonshaw 11/11/1969 40 174

Huntley 18/02/1984 300 411

Huntley 18/02/1984 360 467

Wongawilli 18/02/1984 360 515

Wongawilli 18/02/1984 540 653

Wongawilli 18/02/1984 720 717


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A.4. Forest fire danger index and NSW vegetation map The forest fire danger index (FFDI) presents a measure of risk of fire in Australian forests. The

variables that FFDI takes into account are the following:

• rainfall

• evaporation

• wind speed

• temperature

• humidity

Table 33 and Table 34 show FDDI information. Figure 6 shows a NSW vegetation map.

Table 33 – FFDI scale

Category Forest fire danger index

Catastrophic 100 +

Extreme 75 – 99

Severe 50 – 74

Very High 25 – 49

High 12 – 24

Low–Moderate 0 – 11

Table 34 – FFDI current annual statistics

Region Station Annual mean FFDI Annual mean number of severe fire weather days (FFDI >50)

Metropolitan Sydney Sydney Airport 5.5 1.4

Illawarra Nowra 5.2 1.1

Central Coast Williamtown 5.4 1.4

Hunter Williamtown 5.4 1.4

Central West and Orana Dubbo 10.3 3.1

South East and Tablelands Canberra 6.9 1.1


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Figure 6 – Vegetation types in NSW (2005)

Map sourced from NSW Government Land and Property Information.


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A.5. Historical NSW major bushfire events Table 35 lists major firestorm events that have occurred in NSW. The historical bushfire data

was accessed through the Australian Emergency Management Knowledge Hub.

Table 35 – Major bushfire events in NSW

Date Areas affected Comments

1/10/1926 NSW Central West n/a

13/01/1939 Sydney and Southern NSW n/a

13/01/1939 Southern NSW 'Black Friday' Victorian bushfire

26/10/1951 South West NSW Approximately 970,000 ha in NSW were burnt

30/11/1957 Blue Mountains and Sydney n/a

15/10/1968 Blue Mountains and Illawarra Approximately 1,500,000 ha in NSW were burnt

1/12/1974 Throughout NSW Approximately 15% of Australia's land mass sustained extensive fire damage. This is approximately 117 million ha.

1/12/1979 Sydney Region More than a million hectares of land were burnt

3/11/1980 Waterfall n/a

1/01/1983 Sydney and Southern NSW 60,000 ha burnt

1/09/1984 NSW North West 500,000 ha burnt

17/01/1987 South West NSW 19,000 ha were burnt

16/10/1991 Kenthurst, Hunter, Shoalhaven, Baulkham Hills, Gosford, Wyong Shire, Lake Macquarie, and Cooma n/a

27/12/1993 North Coast , Hunter ,Blue Mountains and Sydney Over 800,000 ha were burnt

20/11/1997 Burragorang, Pilliga, Hawkesbury, Hunter, Shoalhaven, Central Coast and South Sydney

500,000 ha burnt

8/06/2000 Mount Kuring-Gai n/a

24/12/2001 Illawarra, Sydney, Blue Mountains, Penrith and Cessnock Approximately 750,000 ha in NSW were burnt

9/10/2002 Sydney n/a

7/01/2013 Coonabarabran and Illawarra 131,000 ha were burnt across NSW

13/10/2013 Eastern NSW especially Blue Mountains 118,000 ha were burnt across the state


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A.6. Map of the Network Figure 7, Figure 8, Figure 9, and Figure 10 illustrate the Network as described in Section 2.2.

Figure 7 - The Network - shown on map of Australia


Figure 8 - The Network - shown on interstate map

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Figure 9 - Sydney metropolitan rail network map


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Figure 10 - Sydney metropolitan network diagram


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