technical presentation: child focused social protection/vac
TRANSCRIPT
Child-focused Social Protection as a Path to Inclusive Human Development and Equitable Economic Growth
Michael Samson, Economic Policy Research Institute ([email protected])
Overview Child-sensitive social protection represents one of African
governments’ most effective instruments in promoting inclusive human development and equitable economic growth.
Child-sensitive social protection reduces poverty and inequality while delivering children’s rights.
Interventions for young children in Africa Nutrition Cognitive development Health Education
Impacts on labour market and local economies. Positive impacts on national economies. Comprehensive and integrated approaches can maximise
developmental impacts for children while strengthening pro-poor and inclusive growth.
Problem Statement An African Union report quantifies how under-nutrition
represents not only a social challenge but also a substantial drain on constrained health budgets and a growing cost for Africa’s economic growth due to lost labour market engagement
Without social protection, children suffer developmental lags and are unable to realise their labour market potential, in part because of under-realised educational potential: a 51-country study found a 10% loss of wage potential for each year of schooling lost
This perpetuates in inter-generational transmission of poverty which traps households in a cycle in which one generation’s poverty is the legacy for the next
Social protection has grown rapidly in Africa to tackle this problem
2000 9 countries, 25 programs
2010 35 countries,
120 programs
2012 41 countries,
245 programs
2000 2012
SOURCE: Garcia and Moore (2012)
The roots of economic impact are cognitive
The root of social protection’s impact is cognitive
Brain Growth
Human Capital Rates of Return
Pre-school School Post-School
Pre-school Intervention
Schooling
Job Training
Age
Source: Samson (2008) based on Carneiro and Heckman, 2003 and Handa, 2007
Evidence on social and economic impact
Human capital Nutrition Cognitive development Health Education
Labour markets Risk management Effective labour supply Increased labour demand Recent MIT study documents consistent and robust impacts
Macro-economic impacts Social cohesion Economic stimulus Pro-poor economic reforms
Evidence on social protection’s economic impact
Every dollar equivalent spent reducing under-nutrition generates $15 in future income in Ethiopia
Improved nutrition and an elimination of anemia in working adults results in a 5 to 17 percent increase in adult productivity, increasing GDP by up to 2 percent for some countries
Recent work by UNICEF’s Transfer Project and FAO’s Protection to Production programme document: Across the African continent—in Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Zambia and
other countries—social protection produces vital impacts in terms of food security, nutrition, health, education and livelihoods engagement
the Africa-wide multipliers from effective social protection programmes, up to $2 in economic growth for every dollar invested
A recent (2015) MIT study of global social protection programmes (Africa, Asia, Latin America) finds no negative impact on labour markets or unproductive consumption
Evidence for Uganda A gold standard randomised control trial in Northern Uganda (Blattman et
al. 2015), cited by this MIT study, tested a cash transfer and training/mentoring package for women who had never run a business before: Hours worked rises by 10 hours per week Doubling of new non-farm enterprises Significant rise in incomes
The MIT study also cites the Blattman (2014) evaluation of the Youth Opportunities Program (YOP). A grant of $7,500 to youth groups (about $382 per group member), after four years, yielded: A 57% increase in productive assets 38% higher earnings 17% increase in hours worked
Ongoing work on Uganda’s SAGE social protection programme likewise finds positive labour market and economic impacts.
Social Protection and Employment
“Virtuous cycle”
Direct economic benefits
Heading of the Page Here
12
Who Can Explain the Mauritian Miracle?
Meade, Romer, Sachs or Rodrik?
Soci
al p
rote
ction
Early
chi
ldho
od
deve
lopm
ent
Soci
al c
are
serv
ices
Nut
rition
/Hea
lth
Educ
ation
/tra
inin
g
Live
lihoo
ds su
ppor
t
Policy instruments (Inputs)
Poverty reduction
Child protection
Child-se
nsitive
policy m
atrix
(input-o
utput)
Pro-poor growth
Policy objectives (Outputs)
Social inclusion
HIV-risk prevention
Improved nutrition
Human capital development
Soci
al p
rote
ction
Early
chi
ldho
od
deve
lopm
ent
Soci
al c
are
serv
ices
Nut
rition
/Hea
lth
Educ
ation
/tra
inin
g
Live
lihoo
ds su
ppor
t
Policy instruments (Inputs)
Poverty reduction
Child protection
Child-se
nsitive
policy m
atrix
(input-o
utput)
Pro-poor growth
Policy objectives (Outputs)
Social inclusion
HIV-risk prevention
Improved nutrition
Human capital development
Calculator Mode
Soci
al p
rote
ction
Early
chi
ldho
od
deve
lopm
ent
Soci
al c
are
serv
ices
Nut
rition
/Hea
lth
Educ
ation
/tra
inin
g
Live
lihoo
ds su
ppor
t
Policy instruments (Inputs)
Poverty reduction
Child protection
Child-se
nsitive
policy m
atrix
(input-o
utput)
Pro-poor growth
Policy objectives (Outputs)
Social inclusion
HIV-risk prevention
Improved nutrition
Human capital development
Calculator Mode
+1
Soci
al p
rote
ction
Early
chi
ldho
od
deve
lopm
ent
Soci
al c
are
serv
ices
Nut
rition
/Hea
lth
Educ
ation
/tra
inin
g
Live
lihoo
ds su
ppor
t
Policy instruments (Inputs)
Poverty reduction
Child protection
Child-se
nsitive
policy m
atrix
(input-o
utput)
Pro-poor growth
Policy objectives (Outputs)
Social inclusion
HIV-risk prevention
Improved nutrition
Human capital development
Calculator Mode
+1 +1
Soci
al p
rote
ction
Early
chi
ldho
od
deve
lopm
ent
Soci
al c
are
serv
ices
Nut
rition
/Hea
lth
Educ
ation
/tra
inin
g
Live
lihoo
ds su
ppor
t
Policy instruments (Inputs)
Poverty reduction
Child protection
Child-se
nsitive
policy m
atrix
(input-o
utput)
Pro-poor growth
Policy objectives (Outputs)
Social inclusion
HIV-risk prevention
Improved nutrition
Human capital development
Calculator Mode
Soci
al p
rote
ction
Early
chi
ldho
od
deve
lopm
ent
Soci
al c
are
serv
ices
Nut
rition
/Hea
lth
Educ
ation
/tra
inin
g
Live
lihoo
ds su
ppor
t
Policy instruments (Inputs)
Poverty reduction
Child protection
Child-se
nsitive
policy m
atrix
(input-o
utput)
Pro-poor growth
Policy objectives (Outputs)
Social inclusion
HIV-risk prevention
Improved nutrition
Human capital development
Calculator Mode
+1
Soci
al p
rote
ction
Early
chi
ldho
od
deve
lopm
ent
Soci
al c
are
serv
ices
Nut
rition
/Hea
lth
Educ
ation
/tra
inin
g
Live
lihoo
ds su
ppor
t
Policy instruments (Inputs)
Poverty reduction
Child protection
Child-se
nsitive
policy m
atrix
(input-o
utput)
Pro-poor growth
Policy objectives (Outputs)
Social inclusion
HIV-risk prevention
Improved nutrition
Human capital development
Calculator Mode
+1
+1
Soci
al p
rote
ction
Early
chi
ldho
od
deve
lopm
ent
Soci
al c
are
serv
ices
Nut
rition
/Hea
lth
Educ
ation
/tra
inin
g
Live
lihoo
ds su
ppor
t
Policy instruments (Inputs)
Poverty reduction
Child protection
Child-se
nsitive
policy m
atrix
(input-o
utput)
Pro-poor growth
Policy objectives (Outputs)
Social inclusion
HIV-risk prevention
Improved nutrition
Human capital development
Calculator Mode
Soci
al p
rote
ction
Early
chi
ldho
od
deve
lopm
ent
Soci
al c
are
serv
ices
Nut
rition
/Hea
lth
Educ
ation
/tra
inin
g
Live
lihoo
ds su
ppor
t
Policy instruments (Inputs)
Poverty reduction
Child protection
Child-se
nsitive
policy m
atrix
(input-o
utput)
Pro-poor growth
Policy objectives (Outputs)
Social inclusion
HIV-risk prevention
Improved nutrition
Human capital development
Calculator Mode
+1+1
Soci
al p
rote
ction
Early
chi
ldho
od
deve
lopm
ent
Soci
al c
are
serv
ices
Nut
rition
/Hea
lth
Educ
ation
/tra
inin
g
Live
lihoo
ds su
ppor
t
Policy instruments (Inputs)
Poverty reduction
Child protection
Child-se
nsitive
policy m
atrix
(input-o
utput)
Pro-poor growth
Policy objectives (Outputs)
Social inclusion
HIV-risk prevention
Improved nutrition
Human capital development
Calculator Mode
+1+1
+4
+3
+1
+2
+6
Soci
al p
rote
ction
Early
chi
ldho
od
deve
lopm
ent
Soci
al c
are
serv
ices
Nut
rition
/Hea
lth
Educ
ation
/tra
inin
g
Live
lihoo
ds su
ppor
t
Policy instruments (Inputs)
Poverty reduction
Child protection
Child-se
nsitive
policy m
atrix
(input-o
utput)
Pro-poor growth
Policy objectives (Outputs)
Social inclusion
HIV-risk prevention
Improved nutrition
Human capital development
Calculator Mode
Soci
al p
rote
ction
Early
chi
ldho
od
deve
lopm
ent
Soci
al c
are
serv
ices
Nut
rition
/Hea
lth
Educ
ation
/tra
inin
g
Live
lihoo
ds su
ppor
t
Policy instruments (Inputs)
Poverty reduction
Child protection
Child-se
nsitive
policy m
atrix
(input-o
utput)
Pro-poor growth
Policy objectives (Outputs)
Social inclusion
HIV-risk prevention
Improved nutrition
Human capital development
Calculator Mode
+1+1 +1 +1 +1 +1
Soci
al p
rote
ction
Early
chi
ldho
od
deve
lopm
ent
Soci
al c
are
serv
ices
Nut
rition
/Hea
lth
Educ
ation
/tra
inin
g
Live
lihoo
ds su
ppor
t
Policy instruments (Inputs)
Poverty reduction
Child protection
Child-se
nsitive
policy m
atrix
(input-o
utput)
Pro-poor growth
Policy objectives (Outputs)
Social inclusion
HIV-risk prevention
Improved nutrition
Human capital development
Calculator Mode
+1+1 +1
+1+1
+1+3
+4
+2
+3
+2+9
+7
Policy implications and recommendations
Child-sensitive social protection is one of Africa’s most effective instruments for tackling poverty and reducing inequality while delivering children’s rights
These investments generate substantial social and economic returns through multiple transmission mechanisms, including human capital, risk management, labour market development, social cohesion, and macro growth effects
Comprehensive and integrated approaches maximise the equity and developmental impacts and build the foundation for inclusive human development and equitable economic growth.