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TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 125
SACLANT ASW RESEARCH CENTRE
Viale San Bartolomeo 400
I 19026 - La Spezia, Italy
METEOROLOGICAL DATA OF THE MILOC-BALTIC 1967 CRUISE
By
R. Pesaresi
15 October 1968
APPROVED FOR DISTRIBUTION
Ir. M.W. van Batenburg Director
Manuscript Completed:
12 August 1968
TABLE Of CONTENTS
Page
ABSTRACT 1
INTRODUCTION 2
1. DISPOSITION AND ACCURACIES OF THE SENSORS 5
1 . 1 Disposition 5 1.2 Instrument Accuracy 5
2. DATA REDUCTION AND PRESENTATION 10
3. METEOROLOGICAL PROFILES 12
4- FLUX CALCULATIONS 16
REFERENCES 20
APPENDIX A PROCESSED DATA? Plots and example of printout 21
APPENDIX B CALCULATED FLUXES: Data and plots 3 5
List of Figures
1. Location of measurements 3
2. Location of sensors on the ship and on the buoy 6
3. Shift in the calibration of the ship thermometers 8
4- Frequency response of the low-pass numerical filter 10
5. Profiles of potential temperature and wind speed measured at 2 m and 4 m on the buoy and at 8 m and 16 m on the ship 13
6. Heights at which the wind speed and the temperature sensed at 16 m on the ship, correspond to the profiles passing through the buoy measurement 15
7- Heights at which the wind speed and the temperature sensed at 8 m on the ship^ correspond to the profiles passing through the buoy measurement 15
METEOROLOGICAL DATA OF THE MILOC-BALTIC 1967 CRUISE
By
R„ Pesaresi
ABSTRACT
The meteorological observations taken during a multi-ship
oceanographic survey conducted in the Baltic Sea in June 1967
are reported. Derived calculations of the fluxes of momentum,
sensible and latent heat, and the solar radiation are also shown.
INTRODUCTION
In June 1967 a multi-ship oceanographic survey was held in the
Baltic Sea.
The SACLANTCEN Research Vessel MARIA PAOLINA G. took part in
this Survey. Routine oceanographic measurements were made,
together with meteorological observations from the ship and
from an automatic recording meteorological buoy designed and
constructed at SACLANTCEN.
The geographic positions during the three phases of the
cruise, together with the time schedule, are shown in Fig. 1.
During phases A and C the ship was anchored in the position
shown. During phase B she followed a drogue, keeping her bow
to the wind.
Four sets of meteorological observations were simultaneously
and continuously recorded, each set consisting of dry and wet
bulb temperatures and wind speed. To emphasize the sensitivity
and the precision of the measurements, the four heights at
which meteorological observations were taken were as usual
logarithmically spaced. These heights were chosen at 16 m and
8 m above sea level on the ship, and at 4 m and 2 m on the buoy.
At the same time the solar radiation, the net radiation, the
sea surface temperature, the sea temperature five metres below
the surface, the relative wind direction, the ship's heading, and
the radiation temperature of the sea surface were continuously
recorded on board the ship.
0 0 0 0 K O »o ^r iO >o »o w->
^^•^ ~-~^m ̂ ^=-' ^•^•j - •^•••W ^••••F ^H|: rpMMHf"- -^••••K fMH^ —— ?—•• -----
o: o 1 (/) I ° <N I (N CN ti
^"'•';
"*<ii: •
(0 CN
o U- 1 0 o I O CN n
O *-
Q
Z
CN
Z
1- S> O N [: 1' <
"~ A O c fV1 \ —1 L-^\ 0
tf O X (B IF.
O Q.
o r 1 0 00 1 CO
D Z <
>- - Z
o •
^V •, ^^V^L^ *<±>. ,'.«'* '• * * 1 f'**-
CO < "> <
2 1 0 o I a • •;••. oc - 2 z '•"'"•§2tr*
/*- £ v W
HI I'o 0 z
K
LU X? £ ^XajjlyJ'
i (/) W\ ° t
• • •
••^%
1 0
3! O
1 2 0 O 0
K 0 «o ^* 10 v-> 10 m
•O -O -o OOO
UJ UJ III z z z 3 33 —> —> -* o> <o o
•— CN I I I
< U a)
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< << z zz a. a. a.
z LU T:
S 5? < LU
o z o h- < u o
o Ll_
The primary aim of this complex set of observations was to
measure the meteorological elements relevant to the calculation
of the exchange of mechanical and thermal energy between the
atmosphere and the sea. These fluxes, together with the solar
radiation flux, directly influence the physical properties of
the sea water above the thermocline, and a knowledge of their
behaviour is essential to the study of that part of the ocean.
There are two main reasons why it is important to measure
meteorological profiles at sea. First, because these profiles
allow the evaluation of fluxes by using only the measurements
made in the atmospheric boundary layer away from the interfering
effects of the sea surface, the influence of which is not yet
completely known. Second, they allow the study of the mechanical
and thermal properties of the thin boundary layer near the sea
surface that directly affect the energy transfer process
through the interface. This can be done by applying the theory
that relates the profiles to the fluxes, or better by measuring
the fluxes by an independent method, such as the eddy
correlation technique.
This report on the meteorological measurements taken during the
MILOC BALTIC 1967 cruise publishes the plots, in function of time,
of the elements measured, together with the results of the flux
calculations and their plots.
The flux calculations are derived from the bulk properties of
the atmosphere between the 16 m level and the sea surface. These
calculations do not take account of the profiles that can possibly
be reconstructed from the observations made at four heights,
as the data measured on the buoy and on the ship do not
completely agree. As explained in Chapter 3 this discrepancy may be
due to instrument errors on the buoy, to the physical effect of the
ship's presence on the air flow past the ship sensors, or to a
combination of these causes. It would be interesting to isolate
the two, in order to study the latter.
1. DISPOSITION AND ACCURACIES OF THE SENSORS
1.1 Disposition
Figure 2 shows the disposition of the sensors on the ship and
the buoy. Those on the buoy consist of two sets, each comprising
an aspirated thermistor psychrometer and a cup anemometer,
mounted 2 metres and 4 metres above sea level. The mountings
were at the ends of 1.5 m long arms extending from the buoy's
mast. The buoy was stabilized by a 400 kg weight rigidly
attached 8 m below it.
The ship carried two similar sets of instruments: one set at 8 m
above sea level being mounted at the end of an aluminium lattice
boom extending 17 m forward from the bow, and the other set
at 16 m above sea level being mounted on a boom 5 m forward of
the crow's nest on the foremast. The 8-m high installation also
included a radiation balance probe. A standard ship anemometer
of the propeller type, mounted on the foremast, sensed the
relative wind direction as well as the wind speed. A gimbal-
mounted Kipp solarimeter and a Barnes radiation thermometer
were mounted on top of the foremast. A small float towed from
the ship's bow boom supported two thermometers, one at the sea
surface and the other 5 m below.
1.2 Instrument Accuracy
The ship thermometers were calibrated before and after the cruise;
Fig. 3 shows the difference between these calibrations, over
>- s 00 LU
Q Z < Q.
s UJ X h- z o a: 8 z uu CO
U- O z o I-
6 o
u.
the range of temperatures encountered during the cruise. For
data reduction purposes the first calibration was used. During
the measurements reported the standard deviation of the readings
(referred to as twenty-minute average values) of a reference
channel on the recording system was calculated to be 0.001°C.
The accuracy of the recording system itself was estimated to
be within 0.019°C, both in the absolute and in the relative
measurements, not including the calibration shift.
As the buoy was lost at the end of the cruise, its thermometers
were only calibrated before the cruise. However, from past
experience they are estimated to be less stable than the
differences shown in Fig. 3, but generally by no more than a
factor of two; obviously individual sensors may shift much
more. During the tests on the recording and reading system
of the buoy, the standard deviation was calculated to be 0.007°C,
The accuracy of the temperature values reported cannot be firmly
assessed as the electronics and some standards within the buoy
could not be tested and checked after the cruise. However,
the accuracy can be estimated to be within 0.02°C for the
relative measurements, not including any calibration shift.
The anemometers were calibrated only before the cruise, as
those used on board the ship were damaged during removal, and
those on the buoy were lost. Their stability and accuracy are
estimated to be within 1% . The reading precision is, in both
cases, plus or minus one revolution of the anemometer shaft
in twenty minutes, that is 0.0014 m/s.
The radiation thermometer shows a difference between the two
calibrations of about 1°C, reflecting the poor quality of the
instrument. In view of this calibration shift its measurements
cr
h- < cr
UJ
5 O cr LLI x h-
LU X I- u_ o
< cr CO
_J < u UJ X
o u_
can be used only for short-term comparisons. During the data
reduction, the first calibration was used.
o The solarimeter was calibrated with a standard Angstrom
pyrheliometer before the cruise. The accuracy of its readings
is essentially determined by the contact potentials arising
in the junctions between the instrument and the recorder,
and was estimated to be within 0.01 cal/(cm2 . min), that is
0.6 cal/cm2 in the one-hour values of the fluxes.
The same considerations apply to the net radiation sensor,
but it must be remembered that the instrument was not always
horizontal and, moreover, its field of view was partly
obstructed by the ship.
2. DATA REDUCTION AND PRESENTATION (See Appendix A)
Data from both the ship and the buoy were recorded once a
minute. They were first edited for large deviations and
then filtered by a low-pass numerical filter, the frequency
response characteristics of which are shown in Fig. 4•
0.15 0.2
FREQUENCY: Cycles per minute
FIG. 4 FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF THE LOW-PASS NUMERICAL FILTER
After filtering, every tenth value was extracted and plotted to
give the graphical presentation shown in App. A. (The values
themselves are available on punched paper tape for those who
are interested.) Examples of the printout are given in App. A.
~1 0.25
The temperatures plotted are approximate potential temperatures,
which have been obtained by adding the dry adiabatic lapse
rate of 0.0098°C/m to the actual temperature measured.
10
3. METEOROLOGICAL PROFILES
Figure 5 shows a typical example (8 June 1967, 0120. See
printout in App. A) of actual values of potential temperature
and wind speed, measured at 2 m and 4 m on the buoy and
at 8 m and 16 m on the ship. The solid lines represent the
profiles of potential temperature and wind speed calculated
according to the aerodynamic theory of the turbulent transfer
of energy in the atmospheric boundary layer ("profile theory").
The dashed lines show, for comparison, the potential temperature
and wind speed profiles calculated according to the bulk
aerodynamic theory (with constant roughness parameter), using
the 16 m and sea-surface observations.("bulk theory").
It can be clearly seen that the profiles obtained from the meas-
urements from the ship and from the buoy do not completely
coincide. Even though the difference is not large, it is
larger than the measurement tolerance and appears consistently
over all the profiles. There may be two explanations for this
systematic difference. It could be caused by the instruments,
due to a shift in the calibration of all the buoy probes, or
to the electronics and the automatic recording system of the
buoy itself. (As the buoy was lost it was not possible to check
the calibration of the sensors and the electronics after the
cruise.) The second possible explanation is that the ship
disturbs and distorts the air flow passing above it. Therefore,
the ship sensors would be measuring in air that had been carried
to a height above its normal level.
12
9.5 10 I
10.5 I
16—,
8 —
CO
LU
en
X
o LU
X
2—I
SHIP BUOY
PROFILE THEORY
BULK THEORY
O MEASURED VALUE
X EQUIVALENT HEIGHT ON BUOY PROFILE
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
9.5 10 10.5 POTENTIAL TEMPERATURE °C
i—16
6 i 5 6 7
WIND SPEED
I I 8 9
m/s
FIG. 5 PROFILES OF POTENTIAL TEMPERATURE AND WIND SPEED MEASURED AT 2 m AND 4 m ON THE BUOY AND AT 8 m AND 16 m ON THE SHIP. (8 JUNE 1967 0120)
13
The lack of coincidence between ship and buoy measurements is
further illustrated in Figs. 6 and 7« These figures show, for
a 24 hour period (8 June), the heights at which the values
recorded on the ship,at 16 m and 8 m respectively, occur on
the profiles calculated from the buoy measurements. (An
example of these equivalent heights is given on Fig. 5 •) The
solid lines indicate the equivalent heights of the wind speed
values, the dashed lines those of the potential temperature.
Gaps are either because of missing data or because the
equivalent height is less than 2 m.
The wind speed curves on both Figs. 6 and 7 indicate that the
speeds recorded on the ship consistently occur at much lower
heights on the buoy data profile. This suggests that the
differences may be due entirely to the disturbance of the
ship.
The temperature curves on both Figs. 6 and 7 also show that
the temperatures recorded on the ship consistently occur
at lower heights on the buoy data profile. This could again
be explained by ship disturbance, but as the equivalent
heights for the temperatures are much lower than the
corresponding equivalent heights for the wind speeds —
especially in Fig. 6 — these differences could be due to
instrumental shifts and also, to a minor extent, to an inadequacy
of the profile theory in stable air. It might be possible to
isolate these effects by a careful analysis of the values
involved.
14
10- 8
6 —
2 —
WIND SPEED
V».'.
^
rx ,'\'
•A Ws/
IV. i»> • /»»
POT. TEMP.
10 8
6
4
\—2
i—r "i r "i—i—r i r n r
12 18 24
FIG. 6 HEIGHTS AT WHICH THE WIND SPEED AND THE TEMPERATURE SENSED AT 16 m ON THE SHIP, CORRESPOND TO THE PROFILES PASSING THROUGH THE BUOY MEASUREMENT
10^ 8-
6 —
4 —
2 —
WIND SPEED
^fVyy^JW *t
10 -8
— 6
— 4
POT. TEMP.
i—i r i—r "i—i—r "i—r i—i—(—i—r
12 18 24
FIG. 7 HEIGHTS AT WHICH THE WIND SPEED AND THE TEMPERATURE SENSED AT 8 m ON THE SHIP, CORRESPOND TO THE PROFILES PASSING THROUGH THE BUOY MEASUREMENT
15
4. FLUX CALCULATIONS (See Appendix B)
Since the measurements taken from the ship and those taken
from the buoy do not completely agree, as was explained in
Ch. 3j the meteorological profiles cannot be reconstructed
reliably. Therefore, the flux calculations reported here are
not derived by the profile method but by the bulk method,
that is by using the meteorological observations at 16 m
on the ship and the sea surface temperature.
The use of the bulk method implies a knowledge of the
thermal and mechanical properties of the boundary layers
adjacent to the sea surface, or, in a more simplified
formulation, of the roughness parameter (z0) °f tne sea
surface itself.
As some of the problems of the influence of the meteorological
and oceanographic parameters on the physical properties of
the sea surface still remain unsolved, the fluxes were
calculated by taking a constant roughness parameter, the
value of which was derived from the work of Brocks in the
Baltic Sea [Ref. l].
The only correction made to the standard bulk method was to
take into account the stability of the air. This was done
according to a working model based on the most recent published
experimental work on the influence of atmospheric stability
16
on the transfer coefficients. Similar models are described by
Deardorff[Ref. 2] and Paulson [Ref. 3].
The three formulae used for calculating the momentum flux
(or shear stress) j, the sensible heat flux H, and the
latent heat flux due to evaporation E, according to the bulk
aerodynamic theory with constant roughness parameter (z0),
are respectively as follows:
pv K u2 H ' m z
H - PCD V\ (6Z - 9o) U;
= o L (p) K. (e - ej u p v\Be/hvz 0' ;
where
P
V
-3 1 : density of the air = 1.26 x 10 g/cm^
_3 : drag coefficient = 1.65 X 10
The drag coefficient is expressed as
where
k
z
z«
k/(lc)g~ z/:
Von Karman constant = 0.41
height of the observations = 8 X 10s cm
roughness parameter = 3-3 X 10 -2
cm
17
c : specific heat of the air at constant P
pressure = 0.24 cal/(g • °C)
L : latent heat of vaporization of water =591-7 cal/g
(jSJ : rate of change of specific humidity with vapour p pressure at constant pressure = 6.12 x 10 (g/g)/mb
u : wind speed in m/s
9 '• potential temperature in °C
e : water vapour pressure in mb
Suffixes z and o refer respectively to the heights
of observation z and the sea surface.
K and K, are correction coefficients, dependent on m h ' r
stability parameters and calculated according to the
bulk aerodynamic theory.
The constants were calculated at 10°C mean air temperature,
102 5 mb mean air pressure.
Using the above-listed values for the constants, the bulk
formulae become:
Momentum Flux: T = 2.074 X 10~ K u2 dyn/cm2 m z
Sensible Heat Flux: H = 2.987 X 10~3 K, (6 - Q.) u cal/(cm3-min) n z u z
Latent Heat Flux: E = 4 . 507 X 10~3 Kh( e^ - eQ) \x^ cal/( cm2-min)
IS
The Solar Radiation Flux (S) was measured directly. The fluxes
are taken to be positive when the flow of energy is towards
the sea surface.
Fluxes were calculated from the filtered values recorded on
the ship every tenth minute. The six values per hour were
totalled to give the hourly flux per square centimetre,
which are then expressed in g/(cm°s) for the flux of momentum
and in cal/cm2 for the other fluxes. These hourly fluxes
are presented in tables and graphs in App. B.
The accuracy of these calculations depends entirely on the
accuracy of the value of roughness length that is used. More
precisely it depends on how validly the empirical theory
from which the roughness length is derived represents the
physical processes involved in the transfer of energy at the
air-sea interface. This subject is still highly controversial
[Refs. 4? 5} 6, 7 and 8] and reported values of the roughness
length vary by several orders of magnitude. For these
reasons the calculated fluxes may be inaccurate by more than
a factor of two.
This inaccuracy, implicit in the "bulk" aerodynamic method,
with its constant roughness length, supports the efforts spent
in endeavouring to measure the meteorological profiles, which
can give much more accurate values of the fluxes.
l'»
REFERENCES
1. K. Brocks, Probleme der Maritimen Greuzschicht der
Atmosphare Deutscher Wetterdienst Berichte, Vol. 12
No. 91, 1963, pp.34-46.
2. J.W. Deardorff,Dependence of Air-sea Transfer
Coefficients on Bulk Stability. J. Geophysical Res.,
Vol. 73, 1968, pp.2549-57-
3. C.A. Paulson, Profiles of Wind Speed, Temperature and
Humidity over the Sea. Sci. Rept. N.S.F., G.P. 2418,
Dept. of Atm. Sci. Univ. of Washington, 1967.
4. S.A. Kitaigorodsky and YU. A. Volkov, On the Roughness
Parameter of the Sea Surface, and the Calculation of
Momentum Flux in the Near Water Layer of the Atmosphere.
Izv. Acad. Sci. USSR,Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics.
(English Transl.) Vol. 1, 1965, pp.566-574-
5. S.A. Kitaigorodsky and YU. A. Volkov, Calculation of
Turbulent Heat and Humidity Fluxes in an Atmospheric
Layer Near a Water Surface. Izv, Acad. Sci. USSR,
Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, (English Transl.)
Vol. 1, 1965, pp.774-783.
6. E.B. Kraus, Aerodynamic Roughness Over the Sea Surface.
J. Atmospheric Sci., Vol. 23, 1966, pp.443-445.
7. E.B. Kraus, Wind Stress Along the Sea Surface. Advances
in Geophysics, Vol. 12, pp.213-255, Academic Press Inc. 1967
8. H.U. Roll, Physics of the Marine Atmosphere. Academic
Press Inc., 1965.
20
APPENDIX A
PROCESSED DATA
The plots of processed data for 6-9, 13-20 June record the
following:
Solar Radiation (solo)
Water Vapour Pressure (e) at 16 m, 8 m, 4 m, and 2 m
Potential Temperature (t) at 16 m, 8 m, 4 m, 2 m, 0 m, and -5 m
Radiation Temperature (rdt) at 0 m
Wind Speed (w) at 16 m, 8 m, 4 in, and 2 m
(the plot wL, is that of the propellor anenometer)
The plots of each set of data have been staggered to avoid overlaps.
The scale shown for each set refers to the lowest plot; reference
positions for the other plots are indicated alongside.
An example of the computer printout of the processed data
(0000 to 0550 on 8 June 1967) is given after the plots.
21
cal/cm per min
10-,
<
< O
.5
mb C/5 w LU
a. e»J
a; e$J
§10- *4J
cc UJ 1- "l < 5 5- L«o
15-i
10
< cc
°C 15
'KM >4 J
•t,»
"to
•t.
m/s 10-
J"4
O-'-Wj H 1 r— 00 02 04
6 June 1967
06 —i—
08 10 12
TIME
14 16 18 -+
22 24 GMT
22
c a l/cm2
per min 10n
<
< O
.5
oJ
"C 15-
5
toH <
5-1
m/s 10 n
o * 5 5
O1* 00
I 02 04 06 08 10
-r-
-ti.
7 June 1967
12 14
TIME
16 18 22 24 GMT
23
c a l/cm per min
10n
<
< O in
•5H
0J
mb
a: a. a. 310
I 5-l.o
«4J
'e,
^«4
«0
°c 15n
5
u>H Q < cr
5^
•c 15
a: 2
10
5-H
•4J "
JIn
00 02 04
8 June 1967
22 24GMT
TIME
24
c a l/cm per min
10n
<
a: < O to
.5
oJ
mb
a.
§10 <r LU
l5
«4J
°C 15-
a; 5
10 Q < a.
5^
lO-i
"i.J
0 ? 5-
J"4
0J L"J •( 1 I—
00 02 04
9 June 1967
06 08 10 12 14
TIME
16 18 —1 r- 22 24 GMT
25
cal/cnv1
per min 1.0n
<
< O in
mb
a. O.
§10
<r UJ (- I 5
°c 15-
5
ioH a <
5^
•c 15n W
CL 5
10
O Q- J'o *t0
m/s 10-
Q ? 31
O-Lw, +• —I— 02 00
13 June 1967
-i— 04 06
—i— 08 10 12
TIME
u 16 18 -+
22 24 GMT
26
c a l/cm per min
1.0 n
<
< O to
.5-
•C 15-1
10-
<
•t,«
•«4 r
m/t
101 w
o ? 5
'«, 0- L*j -I 1 r—
00 02 04
U June 1967
06 08 io 12
TIME
14 16 18 22 24 GMT
27
c a l/cm per min
l.On
<
< O 10
.5-
0J
r
mb
Q.
CC
§10-
UJ
I, •o
2*5=7^
°c 15n
a: 5
10-
<
5J
•c 15
a. 5
"10
o a.
V *4J
m/s 10-
o ? 5 5
s
r^
•\ 1 r— 00 02 04
15 June 1967
06 08 10 12
TIME
14 16 18 -r-
22 24 GMT
28
c a l/cm per min
l-O-i
< a:
< O
.5-
mb
0.
a: §10
< ? 5-l»o
"e2
°C 15n
a; 5
10-
< a:
5J
•c 15-,
a; 5
10
o a.
m/s 10-
? 5-
QJ-wj +•
A'\ , *•
-H
-«v 1.
00 02 04 06 08 10 12
16 June 1967
14
TIME
16 18 —i 1- Lw, 22 24 GMT
29
c a l/cm2
per min 10-.
< cr
EC
< O to
.5
mb
a.
a:
I 5-l.o
>«4
°c 15i
Q-
5
10 Q < a.
•c 15-,
10
Jto
>tM
-'.
m/s 10-
Q
I'1
"16-
"14 J
O1^ 00
—I— 02 04 06 08 10
17 June 1967
1 12
TIME
u 16 18 22 24 GMT
30
°c \5-
a: 5
10
<
cal/cm' per min
1.0
L<.
5^
m/s 10
o ? 5
"14 "
"16 J
|W,J
O-^Wj
00 02 04
18 June 1967
06 08 -i 1 r- 10 12 14
TIME
16 18 22 24 GMT
31
c a l/cm per min
l.On a < IT
< O
mb CO " LU oc e a.
a: •• § lO-
»4J
ci: UJ J e K < ? 5^ «o
m/s 101
"i«J
0 ? 5
J"4
0J L"J
00 02 o7 19 June 1967
06 08 10 -r- 12 14
TIME
16 18
"*i.
—1 (-
22 24 GMT
32
c a l/cm par min
10n
<
a: < O 1/5
M
oJ
e0
°c 15T
Q-
5
ioH <
5^
*C 15
a; 2
ioH c a.
t.
-1
''a
•'4 r
16
•U
m/s 101
a
5
O-1"! •\ 1 1—
00 02 04
20 June 1967
06 08 10 12
TIME
14 16 18 —1 1- 22 24 GMT
33
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APPENDIX B
CALCULATED FLUXES
Time GMT
7/6/67
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
8/6/67
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
Sensible Latent Solar Momentum Heat Heat Radiation
Flux FluX Flux Flux
T H E S
g/(cm.s) cal/cm3 cal/cm2 cal/cm2
5380 4.3 2.9 35.4 6620 4.8 3.3 30.9 2630 2.0 1.3 25.2
1150 1.2 0.7 21.7
1460 1.2 0.6 12„0
1190 0.9 0.5 6.2
1350 0.8 0.6 1.2
2150 1.1 0.6 0.0
2980 1.4 0.5 0.0
4040 1.5 0.6 0.0
3420 1.4 0.5 0.0
3000 1.1 0.6 0.0
2970 1.0 0.5 0=0
2450 0.8 0. 1 0.8
2660 0.7 -0. 1 4.6
3580 0.8 -0.4 13-4
3820 0.9 -0.7 24.3
4330 0.8 -1.3 32.7
3950 0.8 -1.0 38.7
3770 1.0 -0.7 45-4
3940 1.1 -0.7 48.9
35
Sensible Latent Solar Time Momentum Heat Heat Radiation GMT Flux Flux Flux Flux
T H E S
• g/(cm.s) cal/cm2 cal/cm3 cal/cm2
8/6/67
10 5480 1.5 -0.9 47-6
11 6220 1.7 -1. 1 49-9
12 6660 1.9 -1.3 48.1
13 7330 2.3 -1.6 43.4
14 8350 2.6 -1.9 37.4
15 7300 2.4 -1.8 27.2
16 6550 2.2 -1.5 19.9
17 6390 2.5 -1.2 14-6
18 5730 2.3 -0.7 6.2
19 5710 2.2 -0.6 1. 1
20 4270 1.8 -0.4 0.0
21 4040 2.0 -0.7 0.0
22 3780 1-7 -0.5 0.0
23 3750 1.5 -0.6 0.0
9/6/67
00 3890 1.4 -0.7 0.0
01 4940 1.5 -0.6 0.0
02 5220 1.2 -0.9 1.8
03 4610 1.0 -0.8 7-1
04 4760 0.8 -0.9 16.3
05 4730 0.7 -0.9 24.8
06 3630 0.6 -0.8 32.5
07 3260 0.4 -1.2 39.6
08 3300 0.3 -1.6 42.0
09 3660 0.3 -1.9 46.6
10 4430 0.4 -2.5 50.9
11 3900 0.3 -3.0 50.7
12 4040 0.3 -2.6 48.2
13 4660 0.6 -2.3 43-3
14 5470 0.9 -2.6 37.7
15 7010 1.4 -3.0 32.3
36
Sensible Latent Solar Time Momentum Heat Heat Radiation GMT Flux Flux Flux Flux
T H E S
13/6/67 g/(cm•s) cal/cm2 cal/cm3 cal/cm3
06 1750 -0.2 -1.5 12.2
07 990 -0. 1 -1.2 17-8
08 610 -0. 1 -1.0 21.0
09 650 -0. 1 -1.0 32.7
10 450 -0.2 -0.8 27.4
11 430 -0. 1 -0.9 31.1
12 1340 -0.3 -1.2 27-9
13 1410 -0.4 -1.2 27. 1
H 980 -0.2 -0.9 21.4
15 1410 -0.3 -1. 1 16.3
16 1060 -0.2 -1. 1 9-1
17 750 -0. 1 -0.9 5.9
18 860 -0. 1 -1.0 3.6
19 810 -0. 1 -1.3 0.4
20 880 -0. 1 -1.6 0.2
21 1130 -0.2 -1.7 0.0
22 1290 -0.3 -1.8 0.0
23 1190 -0.3 -1.4 0.0
14/6/67
00 1120 -0.4 -1.3 0.0
01 710 -0.4 -1.0 0.0
02 580 -0.3 -0.8 0.6
03 630 -0.3 -0.7 3-7
04 970 -0.3 -0.8 11.7
05 870 -0.2 -1.0 22.6
06 730 -0.3 -1.0 27.4
07 710 -0.5 -1.3 35.7
08 1010 -0.6 -1-7 45-7
09 600 -0.6 -1.4 47-0
10 790 -0.8 -1.9 43.1
37
Time GMT
U/6/67
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
15/6/67
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
Sensible Latent Solar Momentum Heat Heat Radiation
Flux Flux Flux Flux
T H E S
g/(cm-s) cal/cm3 cal/cm2 cal/cm8
2470 -1.3 -1.8 19.7
2780 -0.4 -1.3 14.2
3080 -0.3 -1.3 5.7
3450 -0.3 -2.0 0.0
3320 -0.2 -2.8 0.0
3720 -0.3 -3.1 0.0
3400 -0.4 -3.0 0.0
3380 -0.4 -3.1 0.0
4200 -0.8 -2.8 0.0
4960 -0.9 -3.2 0.0
5740 -1.1 -3.6 0.9
4700 -0.9 -3.6 2.9
5260 -0.8 -3.3 6.0
(8980) (-1-1) (-3.9) (30.5)*
(5030) (-0.8) (-2.9) (36.3)*
Doubtful values
38
Time GMT
Momentum Flux
Sensible Heat Flux
Latent Heat Flux
Solar Radiation Flux
T H E S
15/6/67 g/(cm-s) cal/cm3 cal/cm8 cal/cm8
13 2930 -0.5 -2. 1 54.5
14 3200 -0.4 -2.0 43.2
15 4310 -0.5 -2.2 33.7
16 3560 -0.2 -1.9 23-5
17 3760 0.1 -1.8 16.8
18 4000 0.5 -1.7 4.2
19 3140 0.4 -1.2 0.3
20 1920 0.3 -0.6 0.2
21 2190 0.5 -0.5 0-0
22 1830 0.6 -0.4 0.0
23 2090 0.6 -0.4 0.0
16/6/67
00 2000 0.6 -0.4 0.0
01 1580 0.5 -0.3 0.1
02 1750 0.6 -0.2 1.8
03 2050 0.8 -0. 1 7.6
04 1870 0.6 -0.2 16.9
05 1710 0.5 -0.2 28.2
06 1990 0.5 -0.4 40.2
07 2140 0.5 -0.5 44-0
08 1920 0.6 -0.8 53.7
09 2260 0.6 -1. 1 58.2
10 1890 0.4 -1.1 60. 1
11 1610 0.3 -1.1 59.2
12 1920 0.4 -1.2 56.2
13 1760 0.5 -1.3 50.5
14 1900 0.5 -1.4 45-2
39
Time GMT
17/6/67
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
18/6/67
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
Sensible Latent Solar Momentum Heat Heat Radiation
Flux Flux Flux Flux
T H E S
g/(cm.s) cal/cm3 cal/cm2 cal/cm2
820 0.5 -0.7 28.7
1280 0.9 -0.6 48.2
1220 1.0 -0.9 53.7
1140 0.9 -0.7 53-5
1180 0.9 -0.4 56.3
1210 1.3 -0.2 40.8
1890 1.4 -0.4 35.5
1400 1. 1 -0. 1 28.9
1330 1. 1 -0.2 18.1
1930 1.6 -0. 1 11.1
I960 1.6 -0.2 6.6
1920 1.3 0.0 3.0
1930 0.8 0.0 0.7
1340 0.4 -0.2 0. 1
1040 0.1 -0.4 0.0
1160 0.0 -0.6 0.0
1030 0.0 -0.5 0.0
930 -0.4 -0.8 0.0
1740 -0.6 -0.6 0.0
2300 -0.8 -0.3 0.4
2180 -0.9 0.2 1.4
(5200) (0.3) (-2.7) (33.1)'!
Doubtful values
40
Sensible Latent Solar Time Momentum Heat Heat Radiation GMT Flux Flux Flux Flux
T H E S
18/6/67 g/(cm-s) cal/cm2 cal/cm3 cal/cm2
07
08 3780 -0. 1 1.0 53.1
09 4060 -0. 1 -2.6 56.0
10 3460 -0. 1 -3.9 59-0
11 2980 -0. 1 -3-9 59-1
12 2470 -0.3 -3.7 56.4
13 1830 -0. 1 -2.8 51.9
14 2130 -0.9 -4-5 44.9
15 2190 -1. 1 -4.5 36.4
16 2180 -1.4 -4.6 26.7
17 1280 -1.3 -4.3 16.6
18 920 -0.4 -2. 1 8.0
19 760 0.0 -1.4 1.6
20 660 0.3 -1.0 0.2
21 2600 0.5 -1.9 0-0
22 970 0.3 -0.9 0.0
23 1040 0.3 -1.0 0.0
19/6/67
00 420 0.2 -0.6 0.0
01 360 0.2 -0.5 0.0
02 580 0. 1 -0.5 1.2
03 1110 -0.3 -2.2 7-0
04 1000 -1.0 -3.9 16.2
05 750 -1.3 -4.7 26.4
06 720 -1.4 -4.8 36.4
07 920 -1.7 -6.0 45-5
08 560 -0.3 -2.6 52.9
09 840 0.2 -2.8 58.4
41
Sensible Latent Solar Time Momentum Heat Heat Radiation GMT Flux Flux Flux Flux
T H E S
19/6/67 g/(cm.s) cal/cm2 cal/cm3 cal/cm3
10 630 0.0 -2.7 60.5
11 490 0.0 -2.5 60. 1
12 390 0.0 -2.4 57.1
13 430 0.0 -2.2 54-1
14 400 -0.2 -2.7 43.4
15 230 -0.2 -2.3 35.6
16 290 -0.4 -2.7 25.6
17 300 -0.4 -2.6 15.5
18 330 -0.4 -2.7 6.5
19 360 -0.4 -2.7 0.5
20 450 -0.4 -3.1 0-0
21 490 -0.3 -3.1 0.0
22 680 -0.4 -3.1 0.0
23 790 -0.4 -3.1 0.0
20/6/67
00 850 -0.5 -2.4 0.0
01 720 -0.4 -l.fi 0.0
02 1080 -0.4 -1.6 0. 2
03 930 -0.2 -1.4 6.5
04 680 -0. 1 -1.6 15.6
05 720 -0.2 -1.7 25 = 7 06 670 -0. 1 -1.4 35.6
07 550 0.0 -1.0 44.6
08 780 -0.3 -2. 1 52.0
09 790 -0.4 -3.0 57.2
10 960 -0.4 -3.7 59.6
11 880 -0.2 -3.6 59.8
12 770 -0.3 -3.9 55.3
13 500 -0.2 -3.3 51.5
14 420 -0.2 -2.8 44.2
15 160 -0. 1 -1.4 35.1
16 110 -0. 1 -1 .2 25.7
4.2
SOLAR RADIATION FLUX (S)
10,000 g/(cm-s)
5000-
MOMENTUM FLUX (T)
-4
-6
cal/cm2
SENSIBLE HEAT FLUX (H)
LATENT HEAT FLUX (E)
-1 June 1967
0 4 8 12 16 20 0 4 8 12 '6 20 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 GMT
Time
43
60
40
20-
cal/c SOLAR RADIATION FLUX (S)
\ y
10,000
.5,000
g/(cms)
MOMENTUM FLUX (T)
6
2
-4
/<= cal/c
SENSIBLE HEAT FLUX (H)
LATENT HEAT FLUX (E)
13 14 15 16 June 1967 1 • ' 1 ' ' 1 ' • 1 ' ' 1 ' ' 1 ' ' 1 ' ' 1 ' ' 1 0 4 8 12 16 20 0 4 8 12 '6 20 0 4 8 12 '<* 20 0 * 8 12 16 20 24 GMT
Time
44
SOLAR RADIATION FLUX (S)
60 H
40
20-1
cal/cm2
10,000
5000
g/(cm-s)
MOMENTUM FLUX (T)
r^-^f
6- cal/cm2
4-
2-
^A . | SENSIBLE HEAT FLUX (H)
2-
V / . *-' i
'. A •
r » l
K "V^\ / \ j 4- \ \ ^
v^..
\\ LATENT HEAT FLUX (E) 6H
y
17 18 19 20 June 1967 -| 1 1 1 1 r 1 i 1 1 T 1 1 r 1 1 1 1 ! 1 1 1 i i [—
0 4 8 12 16 20 0 * 8 |2 I* 20 0 < 8 12 16 20 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 GMT
Time
45
DISTRIBUTION
MINISTRIES OF DEFENCE
Copies Copies
SCNR for SACLANTCEN
MOD Belgium 5 MOD Canada 10 MOD Denmark 10 MOD France 8 MOD Germany 13 MOD Greece 11 MOD Italy 10 MOD Netherlands 10 MOD Norway 10 MOD Portugal 5 MOD Turkey 3 MOD U.K. 20 SECDEF U.S. 71
SCNR Belgium SCNR Canada SCNR Denmark SCNR Germany SCNR Greece SCNR Italy SCNR Netherlands SCNR Norway SCNR Turkey SCNR U.K. SCNR U.S.
NATIONAL LIAISON OFFICERS
NATO AUTHORITIES
SECGEN NATO 3 NATO Military Committee 2 SACLANT 3 SACEUR 3 CINCHAN SACLANTREPEUR COMNAVSOUTH CINCWESTLANT COMSUBEASTLANT COMCANLANT COMOCEANLANT COMEDCENT COMSUBACLANT COMSUBMED CDR Task Force 442
(via COMSTRIKFORSOUTH) COMMARAIRMED
NLO Italy NLO Portugal NLO U.K. NLO U.S.
NLR to SACLANT
NLR Belgium NLR Canada NLR Denmark NLR Germany NLR Greece NLR Italy NLR Norway NLR Portugal NLR Turkey NLR U.K.