technical report no. 22 the plunket, by december,...
TRANSCRIPT
Technical Report No. 22
The Plunket,
A Shipboard Water Quality Monitoring System
by
Glen L. Hulse
December, 1975
Marine Sciences Research Center State University of New York Stony Brook, New York 11794
.. ,
TABLE OF CONTENTS
List of Tables
List of Figures
1. 0 Abs tract .
2.0 Introduction
2.1 PLUNKET System Design and Rationale
2.2 PLUNKET Construction
2.2.1 Sampling unit
2.2.2 The Wet Lab
2.2.3 The Instrumentation Module
2.2.4 Equipment Used in Constructing the PLUNKET
3.0 PLUNKET Construction ....•.
3.1 Submersible Pumping Assembly
3.2 Submersible Pump Attachments
3.2.1 Bridle
3.2.2 Ballast
3.2.3 Stabilizer
3.2.4 Pressure Transducer
3.2.5 Thermistor •..
3.2.6 Sonic Transducer
3.2.7 Cable Lacing ..
3.3 Through-Hull Seawater Intake Pumping System
3.4 Seawater Manifold .•
3.4.1 Manifold principle
3.4.2 Remote Salinity Sensor
3.5 Wet
3.5.1
Lab Arrangements
Optional Valve for Additional Flow-Through Equipment
3.5.2 Continuous Flow pH System
3.5.3 Continuous Flow Oxygen System
3.5.4 Bubble Separator ....
3.5.5 Fluorometric Measurement of ~ Vivo Chlorophyll ~
3.5.6 Fluorometric Measurement of Turbidity by Nephelometry
3.5.7 Seawater Taps
3.6 The Instrumentation Module
3.6.1 Sonic Transducer (Fathometer)
3.6.2 Pressure Transducer Assembly
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
3.6.3 Thermistor Bridge Circuit
3.6.4 pH System
3.6.5
3.6.6
3.6.7
Dissolved Oxygen System
Backup Salinometer • .
Thermosalinograph
3.6.7.1 Thermosalinograph Circuit Design (Plessey Environmental Systems, 1971)
3.6.8 4 pi Isotropic Underwater Photometer.
3.6.9 Multipoint Recorder • . . . • • • . •
3.6.9.1 Processing of Multipoint Recorder Data
3.6.10 Data
3.6.10.1
Acquisition System . • . • • . .
Field Operation and Procedures •
3.6.10.2 Processing of Hewlett-Packard Data Acquisition System Record
3.7 Auxiliary Shipboard Power ••••••
3.7.1 PLUNKET ac Electrical System ••
3.7.2 Voltage and Frequency Adjustment
3.7.3 Caution
4.0 PLUNKET Instrumentation Calibration and Reliability
4.1 Terminology •.
4.1.1 Accuracy.
4.1. 2 Precision
4.1. 3 Error
4.1.4 Calibration
,4.1. 5 Sensi tivi ty
4.2 Pressure Transducer
4.2.1 Calibration Procedure
4.2.2 Accuracy •••••.•
4.3 Calibrating the Thermistor Bridge Circuits
4.3.1 Special Equipment ••.••
4.3.2 Temperature Range Alignment in the Wheatstone Bridge Circuit . . • . . • . . . . •
4.3.3 Temperature Calibration Graphs
4.3.4 Accuracy. • • . • • • .
4.3.4.1 Circuit Accuracy
4.3.4.2 Thermistor Accuracy
4.3.4.3 Total Accuracy
4.3.5 Improvements in Design
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
4.4 pH
4.4.1
4.4.2
4.4.3
Field Calibration Procedure
Accuracy • • . . • • . • • .
possible Causes of Error while Operating at Sea
4.4.4 Improvements in the pH System
4.5 Dissolved Oxygen
4.5,1 Standardization
Field Calibration
Accuracy . • • • •
4.5.2
4.5.3
4.5.4 possible Causes of Error while Operatin~ at Sea
4.5.5 Improvements in the Dissolved Oxygen System
4.6 In vivo Chlorophyll ~ (Fluorometric Determination)
4.6.1 Methods .••••
4.6.2 Special Equipment
4.6.3 Two Methods of Fluorometer Blanking
4.6.3.1 Fluorometer Blanking (Method 1)
4.6.3.2 Fluorometer Blanking (Method 2)
4.6.4 Fluorometer Calibration Pro,cedure (Method 1)
4.6.5 Calibration Accuracy and Precision •••••
4.6.5.1 Plant Pigment Extraction •.•••••
4.6.5.2 Spectrophotometer Accuracy and Precision
4.6.5.3 Fluorometer Precision ..••••..
4.6.6 Causes of Error in the In Vivo Chlorophyll a Fluorescence Technique -.-.--.--.••..•.
4.6.7 Technique Accuracy ••••••••••.•
4.6.8 Fluorometer Calibration Procedure (Method 2)
4.6.8.1 Laboratory Procedure
4.6.8.2 . Procedures at Sea
4.6.9 Accuracy and Precision (Method 2)
4.6.9.1 Plant pigment Extraction
4.6.9.2 Spectrophotometer Accuracy and Precision
4.6.9.3 Fluorometer Accuracy
4.6.10 Technique Accuracy (Method 2)
4.6.11 Possible Causes of Error while Operating at Sea
4.7 Turbidity by Nephelometry Measurement
4.7.1 Method ••••••
4.7.2 Special Equipment
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
4.7.3 Fluorometer Blanking
4.7.4 Calibration
4.7~5 Accuracy •.
4.7.6 Technique Error
4.7.7 possible Causes of Error while Operating at Sea
4.8 G. K. Turner Filter Fluorometer Model 111 Output Modification •• . • • • • . • • . •
4.8.1 Fluorometer Output Modification
4.8.2 Correcting the G. K. Turner Fluorometer for Nonlinearity
4.8.3 ac Frequency.
4.9 Salinometer. . • .
4.9.1 Manufacturer's Performance Specifications for Salini ty . • • . • . • . • • . • . . . . • • •
4.9.2 Manufacturer's Performance Specifications for Temperature
4.10 Thermosalinograph
4.10.1 General Calibration Procedure
4.10.2 Thermosalinograph Accuracy . 4.10.3
4.10.4
Determining Thermosalinograph Error Fluctuations
possible Causes of Error while Operating at Sea for Salinometer and Thermosalinograph
4.11 4 pi
4.11.1
,4.11.2
Isotropic Underwater Photometer
Special Equipment • . • . •
Circuit Modifications ...
" 4.11.3 Range Adjustment Procedure
4.11.3.1 Photometer Trimpot Alignment Procedure
4.11.4 Calibration Procedure
4.11.5 Reliability
4.11.6 Possible Causes of Error at Sea
4.12 Multipoint Rotary Servo Stripchart Recorder
4.12.1 Description/Specifications (Esterline-Angus, 1970)
Calibration • • 4.12.2
4.12.3
4.13 Data
4.13.1
4.13.2
possible Causes of Error while Operating at Sea
Acquisition System
Field Calibration
Digital Voltmeter Accuracy (Hewlett-Packard, 1973)
4.13.3 Resolution
4.13.4 possible Causes of Error while Operating at Sea
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,w
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
5.0 PLUNKET Operation ....
5.1 Making a Hydrographic Station
5.1.1 Deck Operations
5.1.2 Shipboard Laboratory Operations
5.2 Continuous Sampling between Stations
5.2.1 Shipboard Laboratory Operations
6.0 Conclusion ..•
7.0 Acknowledgements
8.0 Appendix ....
8.1
8.2
Hydrographic Data Processing Program
Data Acquisition System Error Detection Program . . . . . • • . . . . . . . . •
and Correction
8.3 Data Acquisition System Data units Conversion Program
8.4 Data Plotting Program (CalCom~ •.••
8.5 PLUNKET Computer Output (examples) •...
8.6 Data Acquisiton System Computer Output (examples)
8.7 CalcomJil> Output (examples) .•.•.•...
8.8 Fenwal Thermistor Product Data Sheet No. D-7
8.9 Corning Glass Filter Transmission Curves
8.10 Specifications for the Beckman ACTAtm II UV-Visible Spectrophotometer . . . . . • . . . . • . . • . .
8.11 Major Equipment Used in PLUNKET Construction with Manufacturers . • . .
\8.12 Pl'UNKET Cost Analysis
8.13 Conversion Tables
9.0 References. . . . .
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Table
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LIST OF TABLES
Resistance-T~mperature Characteristics of the Fenwal 2K Iso-Curve~Thermistor GB32MM172 (Fenwal Electronics, Framingham, Mass.) •.•.•••.•.••.••
Examples of Resistance Values Used lO-k n 1 percent Trimpot Resistors Bridge Circuit •••••.•.••
when Aligning the in the Temperature
Actual Values of the Resistors in the Calibration Circuit (Fig. 8) Measured against a 1 n National Bureau of Standards Resistor • . • • . . . . • . . . . • . • .
Indicated and Actual Ohm Values of Some Fixed Resistors in the Calibration Circuit • • • . . . • . . . • . . . .
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Figure
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LIST OF FIGURES
Seawater Sampling Equipment, Transducers, and Remote Salinity Sensor
PLuNKET Wet Lab
Instrumentation Module
Viatran Pressure Transducer Circuit
Flow-Through Chambers Used in pH Measurement
Twin-Chambered, Continuous-Flow Oxygen Chamber
Bubble Separation Apparatus • •
Thermistor Bridge Circuit (schematic diagram)
4 pi Isotropic Underwater Photometer (schematic diagram, taken from Rich and Wetzel, 1969)
Coding Form Data Input Sheet
A Block Diagram Describing the Components and Electronic Systems which Comprise the Hewlett-Packard Data Acquisition System Model 2012-D • . • • • • • • •
Block Diagram Illustrating the Power Requirements for the Individual Components Comprising the PLUNKET Water Quality Monitoring System • • • . • • • • • •• •• • •
Relationship between Depth Indicated by the Viatran Model 218-28 Pressure Transducer Output (mV) and Actual Depth (m) Determined Using a Measured Sounding Cable Marked in 10 m Intervals • • • • • . • • • • • •
Resistance Values 4.8-k Q to S.9-k Q for the Temperature Range from -1 to +soC •
Temperature Calibration Graph
A 4 1 Nalgene Container Fitted with a 20 in Length of Tygon Tubing . • . • . • • •
The Relationship of polarographic Oxygen Values in ppm Measured with a YSI Oxygen Meter, Plotted against Oxygen Values Determined in the Same Water Using the Classical Winkler Titration • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • •
Relationship between Corrected Fluorometer Output Values Using 30X and lOX Aperture Diam~ters (sensitivities) and Extractable Chlorophyll ~ (mg/m ) • • • • • • • . • • • •
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LIST OF FIGURES (Continued)
Species Dependent Relationship between in vivo Fluorescence and Extractable Chlorophyll a for Several Species in Unialgal CuI ture • • • • • • • • • • :- • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
The Calibration Relationship between in situ Fluorescence and Extractable Chlorophyll a from Field Samples Collected on Several Survey Dates .:-. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Relationship between Corrected Fluorometer (nephelometer) Output Values Using the lX Aperture Diameter (sensitivity) and Suspended Solids Expressed as Milligrams/Liter (mg/l)
Relationship between G. K. Turner Fluorometer Model Dial Readings and mV Output Values Indicated on the Multipoint Stripchart Recorder and Data Acquisition System • • • • . • • • . • • • • . •
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Results of Performance Tests Conducted on the Plessey Model 6230 Portable Laboratory Salinometer by the
• J, • Nat:Lonal Oceanograph:Lc Instrumentat:Lon Center, Wash., D.C. . . . . . . . . . .. . ....
Relationship between the Spectral Response of a Clairex Model CL-702 Photoconductive Cell with Peak Sensitivity at 5150 ~ Plotted against percent Sensitivity • • •
A Curve that Relates the Number of Langleys Falling On the Clairex CL-702 Photocells Measured Using the Brookhaven National Laboratory Pyrheliometer to MUltipoint Recorder Values . . . • • . ..
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1.0 Abstract
This paper describes a semi-automated system of hydrographic sampling and data acquisition that permits high spatial resolution of the water properties of a water body through continuous measurements. In this way, horizontal or vertical water property gradients in the order of meters or less can be easily studied.
Water is pumped from known depths to the ship's deck, where it is conducted to instruments which measure salinity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, in vivo chlorophyll a, and turbidity. In situ sensors measure-pump depth, temperature, and submarine light transmission.
The data from the various analytical instruments are displayed in real time on stripchart analog recorders; and the same data are digitized on magnetic tape for subsequent computer analysis.
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2.0 Introduction
The Nansen bottle developed by the Norwegian oceanographer and Arctic explorer Fridtjof Nansen, in the late 1800's, and the reversing thermometer developed by the firm of Negretti and Zambra of London, in 1874, have been the traditional method of seawater collection and temperature measurement (U.S .. Hydrographic Office, 1968).
Needless to say, such conventional sampling devices have proven satisfactory for "blue water oceanography" because of the small and uniform variances of spatial and temporal distributions of the physical and chemical properties of the deep sea.
However, by contrast, the gradients of water properties in shallow water can be large and temporal, primarily caused by such coastal boundary effects as land drainage, mixing, cultural discharges, solar radiation, evaporation-precipitation, tides and currents. Therefore, sampling frequency must be increased to maintain the same degree of confidence in the data.
Sampling techniques in coastal waters which are dependent upon discrete water bottle samples suffer disadvantages which revolve about the time lag and the many stages of manual handling involved between collecting the sample at the station and its eventual conversion to significant data, often months later in a laboratory on shore. These disadvantages tend to preclude, on station, response to unexpected events.
A shipboard sampling, measuring, and high-speed data acquisition system called the PLUNKET Was designed and constructed which permits immediate analysis of major seawater properties providing an efficient and opportunistic field sampling capability by displaying, and simultaneously record~ng, all monitored variables on a permanent analog record and computer compatible magnetic tape.
The rapidity of data accumulation allows water property measurements to be made over large areas in minimal time, limited only by the ship's speed. This feature allows synoptic studies of large areas within the time frame of a tidal cycle.
The PLUNKET system, developed at the Marine Sciences Research Center, State University of New York at Stony Brook in 1969, is used to measure ?ccurately water property gradients while providing real-time data to marine scientists at rates previously impossible to obtain with conventional sampling and analytical techniques (Hardy, 1970; Hardy and Weyl, 1970; Hardy and Weyl, 1971; Bowman and Weyl, 1972; Gross, Davies, Lin, and Loeffler, 1972a, 1972b; Hardy, 1972a, 1972b; Baylor, 1973; Duedall, 1974; Duedall, O'Connors, Parker, Miloski, and Hulse, 1974).
The purpose of this report is to describe in detail the construction, calibration, and operation of the PLUNKET water sampling system.
2.1 PLUNKET System Design and Rationale
The PLUNKET system was designed to work in the coastal waters of the New York Bight, Long Island Sound, and adjacent embayments where it presently measures the following water properties: salinity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, in vivo chlorophyll ~, turbidity, and submarine light transmission depth.--
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Vertical profiles of a water column are obtained by lowering a submersible pump with the research vessel hove to on station and pumping large volumes of seawater from desired depths to analytical instruments aboard a research vessel.
The horizontal profiling of a study area is accomplished by pulling seawater from a hull intake while the ship moves at cruising speed.
Filtered and unfiltered samples can be drawn for later chemical analysis.
Data from the analytical instruments are recorded on an EsterlineAngus Multipoint Stripchart Recorder as hard-copy real-time data, and the same data are digitized on I.B.M. compatible magnetic tape using a Hewlett-Packard Data Acquisition System.
2.2 PLUNKET Construction Putting all of the sampling, measuring, 'and recording devices into a
single package was not practical. For the sake of portability, the system was divided into three packages: the sampling unit, the wet lab, and the instrumentation module.
2.2.1 Sampling Unit For the sampling portion of the PLUNKET system, a submersible
and centrifugal force pumping system was chosen. The submersible pump permits vertical sampling at any depth up to the maximum hose length (80 m), while a centrifugal pump samples through on a hull intake (Fig. 1).
2.2.2 The \'let Lab A semi-portable wet lab is constructed of plywood and Dexion
channel iron to house a dissolved oxygen chamber, a pH measuring chamber, a pI! temperature compensating chamber, and two flowthrough fluorometers. Spiggots on the wet lab permit filtered and unfiltered seawater samples to be drawn (Fig. 2).
2.2.3 The Instrumentation Module The instrumentation module consists of two relay racks which
contain the various electronic and readout instrumentation for the pH meter, dissolved oxygen meter, photometer bridge circuit, two thermistor bridge circuits, thermosalinograph, multipoint analog stripchart recorder, and a digital data acquisition system (Fig. 3).
2.2.4 Equipment Used in Constructing the PLUNKET The PLUNKET system is constructed of commercially available
scientific and supplemental equipment which have proven to be seaworthy over the five-year development period of the system. Certain gear was constructed at the Marine Sciences Research Center which include two thermistor bridge circuits and a 4 pi isotropic underwater photometer.
All major equipment used in the construction of the PLUNKE'I' system is listed in Appendix 8.11. A PLUNKET cost analysis including instrumentation equipment, miscellaneous accessories, calibration accessories, and labor is listed in Appendix 8.12.
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SUBMERSIBLE PUMPING SYSTEM CONTINUOUS FLOW PUMPING SYSTEM
Fig. 1. Seawater Sampling Equipment, Transducers, and Remote Salinity Sensor. A submersible pumping system is used to collect seawater samples at depths ranging between one and eighty meters. Transducers and sensors are located on the submersible pump assembly for in situ measurements. They include: fathometer transducer, pressure transducer, and thermistor.
A continuous flow pumping system, located below the water line in the ship's hull, permits the collection of seawater and temperature measurement while the ship is underway.
The seawater intake manifold determines which pumping system supplies water to the sensors, and regulates the flow rate to the remote salinity sensor, which measures salinity directly in parts-per-thousand (0/00) •
4
eH SENSOR OXYGEN SENSOR
,@ ~ : i :: !;
," ' '. :' " " '. :: :; :: :j OVERFLOW
HYDROSTATIC HEAD FOR OVERfLOW
SEAWATER TA~
~~~==i[~~~~~~~~==~~E1==~===C=O=U='="5N~'::===:~~~~~:2~.U~ .. '£ _____ ~ SEPARATOR
a~~~===~,,;iSCREW WATER HEATER
CLAMP
DO
Fig. 2. PLUNKET Wet Lab. The wet lab consists of a plumbed seawater system where various
flow-through chambers, sensors, and instruments are located and permit the measurement of certain seawater variables which include: pH, dissolved oxygen, in vivo chlorophyll, and turbidity. Spiggots located on the seawater discharge line permit samples to be drawn for further analysis.
Wet lab plumbing, flow-through chambers, sensors, and instruments are combined into a semi-portable module which permits easy shipboard removal for repairs or transportation to other vessels.
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CJ\
BISSETTE- BERMAN ® - PAPER TAPE PRINTOUT HEWLETT PACKARD .. THERMOSALINOGRAPH
• RECORDER DATA ACQUISITION
® PLESSEY ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEM ~ MAGNETIC TAPE PRINTOUT SYSTEMS INC.
~ ~ ESTERLINE ANGUS MULTI POINT ROTARY SERVO STRIP CHART RECORDER
j j
THERMISTOR DISSOLVED
BRIDGE FLUOROMETER
OXYGEN CIRCUIT IN-VIVO PHOTOMETER THERMISTOR LOCATED BRIDGE
METER PN SUBMERSIBLE PUMP CHLOROPHYLL CIRCUIT
THERMISTOR
pH BRIDGE FLUOROMETER PRESSURE
METER CIRCUIT
THERMISTOR LOCATED TURBIDITY TRANSDUCER
IN SHIP'S BRIDGE SEA-WATER INTAKE CIRCUIT
Fig. 3. Instrumentation Module. The instrumentation module consists of the Hewlett-Packard Data Acquisition System, Plessey Thermosalinograph Stripchart Recorder, Esterline-Angus Analog Stripchart Recorder, pressure transducer bridge circuit, 4 pi photometer bridge circuit, two thermistor bridge circuits, pH meter, and dissolved oxygen meter. All instrument output signals within the PLUNKET system (excluding the Plessey Thermosalinograph) are electrically connected to the Esterline-Angus Analog Stripchart Recorder and to the Hewlett-Packard Data Acquisition System in parallel. The thermosalinograph recorder can be interfaced to the Data Acquisition System using a retransmitting potentiometer.
3.0 PLUNKET Construction
3.1 Submersible pumping AsseIlibly The submersible pumping assembly (Fig. 1) consists either of a
1/2 horsepower, 115 V ac or 1 horsepower, 230 V ac (when using 230 V shipboard electrical service), single phase submersible well pump affixed to 80 m (262 ft) of 2.54 cm (1 in) I.D. noncollapsible reinforced rubber hose.
A continuous hose length is preferred over a mUltisectioned hose because hose couplings constrict the internal diameter and reduce flow rate. The flow rate of the system will vary with hose length: for example, using a 30 m (98 ft) hose length, the flow rate will range between 50 and 60 l/min (13 to 16 gal/min); however, using an 80 m (262 ft) hose, the flow rate can range between 20 and 30 l/min (5 to 8 gal/min) •
Waterproof PWC electrical cord (10/3 type STO-600 V) is used to supply electrical power to the submersible pump (Fig. 1). A female underwater electrical adaptor (Joy Manufactur-ing Co.) is spliced to the submersible pump electrical input. The splice is then cast in epoxy potting compound (Hysol Corp.) which reinforces the union and waterproofs the splice. To one end of the PWC power cord, a male underwater adaptor is spliced and reinforced by potting. (Electrical adaptors make it possible to disconnect the pump assembly from the PWC cord when repairs or maintenance are necessary.) The free end of the PWC cord attaches to a 115 V ac, 15 A maximum load ground fault circuit interruptor (Hubbell Circuit Guard, H. Hubbell, Inc.) located on board the research vessel. The circuit interruptor, by opening the circuit when shorts or ground leaks exceed 5 pA, minimizes the danger of accidental electrocution.
3.2 Submersible Pump Attachments
3.2.1 Bridle A bridle attaches the top of the submersible pump (Fig. 1) to
the hydrowire, thus reducing the strain on hose and electrical cables, while the pump is submerged.
3.2.2 Ballast A 45.4 kg (100 lb) lead weight is attached to the base of the
submersible pump (Fig. 1) to minimize large wire angles when sampling in areas of rapid tidal currents.
3.2.3 Stabilizer Pump rotation is minimized by the attachment of a stabilizer
fin to the submersible pum~ housing (Fig. 1). The surface of this fin is approximately 0.3 m and provides a surface for the attachment of transducers.
3.2.4 Pressure Transducer A pressure transducer manufactured by Viatran Corp.
(model 218-28) is attached to the pump stabilizer fin (Fig. 1) which continuously monitors the sampling depth. Power is supplied to the pressure transducer by a six-conductor 18 gauge neoprenecovered electrical cable, which is attached to a power supply located in the instrumentation module. This cable is also for signal transmission and shunt calibration (Fig. 4). Underwater electrical adaptors can be inserted for easy pressure transducer detachment for cleaning and calibration. .
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co
PRESSU RANSDU
(STRAIN GAUGE
TERMINAL BLOCK CONNECTORS .-
I
IE SHUNT CALIBRATE CIRCUIT f..- SHUNT CALIBRATE CIRCUIT
:ER 2 2
f..-3 3 REGULATED
TRANSDUCER INPUT VOLTAGE f-- 28 VOLT D.C. 4 4 POWER SUPPLY
f..-Ad *,,' 5 5 47000~% ;~OO' TRANSDUCER OUTPUT VOLTAGE
f..-(0-5 VOLTS)
6 6
'--+ DIGITAL +
INPUT VOLTAGE VOLT
(0-100 MILLIVOLTS)
METER
DIGIT AL VOLTMETER
ESTERLINE READS DEPTH IN METERS
ANGUS
RECORDER
HEWLETT PACKARD DATA ACQUISITION
SYSTEM
Fig. 4. Viatran Pressure Transducer Circuit. A strain gauge pressure transducer (Viatran model 218-28) is used
to measure submersible pump depth. A regulated 28 V dc power supply activates the pressure transducer
producing an output voltage (0 to 5 V dc) reduced to 0 to 100 mV which is compatible with the multipoint stripchart recorder and the data acquisition system.
A digital voltmeter wired in the output circuit provides a constant reference (depth in meters) when lowering or raising the submersible pump.
3.2.5 Thermistor A Fenwal 2 K Iso-Curv~ Thermistor (model GB32MM172) located
at the pump intake (Fig. 1) permits immediate in· situ temperature measurement while sampling. The thermistor is-attached to a thermistor bridge circuit, located in the instrumentation module by a two-conductor 18 gauge neoprene-covered electrical cable. Underwater electrical adaptors attached to the thermistor permit detachment from the circuit for cleaning or replacement.
3.2.6 Sonic Transducer While on station, drifting of the vessel into shallow water
can cause the pump to bury the intake into the sediment, which may destroy the pump rotors. It is therefore necessary to monitor the height of the pump above the seabed. A sonic transducer installed at the base of the stabilizer fin (Fig. 1) permits continuous monitoring of water depth beneath the pump when sampling near the seabed. An RG-59-U coaxial cable connects the sonic transducer to a readout device in the instrumentation module.
3.2.7 Cable Lacing For convenience's sake and prevention of tangling, the
electrical cables of the submersible pump, sonic transducer, thermistor, and pressure transducer are all attached to the hose leading to the submersible pump. These cables are bound together with electrical tape at l-m intervals.
3.3 Through-Hull Seawater Intake pumping System A seawater intake and pumping system installed in the ship's hull
permits the continuous monitoring of water properties while the research vessel cruises between hydrographic stations.
A 3-in valve (sea-cock) installed in the ship's hull 1 m below the water line provides a seawater intake source. Temperature of incoming water is measured by the installation of a thermistor in a 3 in x 1/2 in tee directly behind the seacock (Fig. 1). This thermistor connects to a thermistor bridge circuit located in the instrumentation module via twoconductor 18 gauge neoprene-covered electrical cable.
Seawater is moved through a reducing coupling which attaches to a 2.54 cm (1 in) I.D. polyvinyl chloride (PVC) tube (suitable rubber tubing may be sUbstituted) leading to the input of a noncavitating centrifugal force pump (Gorman Rupp series 120). The pump's electrical power cable (12/3 neoprene-covered wire) connects to a 115 volt A.C., 10 map ground fault circuit interruptor (Hubbell Circuit Guard).
3.4 Seawater Manifold The submersible pump and through-hull pump water discharge outlets
are controlled by a manifold system (Fig. 1) which has a two-fold purpose: determining which seawater supply (i.e. submersible or hull) will flow to the various shipboard sensors, and regulating the flow rate.
3.4.1 Manifold Principle Solenoid valves (Magnatrol Valve Corp.) are installed on the
discharge lines of the two pumping systems (Fig. 1). Appropriately sized bushings and adaptors (1 1/4 in x 1 in bushings, and 1 in adaptors) are used to connect each seawater line to its appropriate solenoid valve, and each valve is securely fastened to the manifold.
A normally closed solenoid valve is plumbed into the submersible pump discharge line while a normally open solenoid valve is plumbed into the hull pump discharge line.
9
lihile the vessel cruises between hydrographic stations, the solenoid valves are not activated; therefore, the hull pump operates with its respective solenoid valve open and the the submersible pump solenoid valve closed. I1hen using the submersible pump on station, the hull pump is shut down and both solenoid valves are activated, thereby opening the submersible pump valve and closing the hull pump valve. Seawater flowing through the solenoid valves divides by passing through a manifold with a 1 1/4 in x 3/4 in reduction. Gate valves (3/4 in I.D.) are installed in the upper and lower legs of the manifold system in order to regulate flow to the various lab sensors, and the remote salinity sensor.
3.4.2 Remote Salinity Sensor Seawater discharged from one leg of the manifold feeds a
bubble separator/flow regulator via 3/4 in I.D. PVC tubing. Seawater drains from the separator/regulator through a remote salinity sensor (Plessey Environmental Systems) at a rate of 19 l/min ± 3.8 l/min (5 gal/min ± 1 gal/min). An analog therrnosalinograph recorder (Plessey Environmental Systems, model 6600T) located in the instrumentation module accepts signals from the remote salinity sensor, thereby recording salinity directly in parts-per-thousand (0/00) on chart paper. (Salinity output can be coupled to the Hewlett-Packard Data Acquisition System as shown in Fig. 3 and Section 3.6.7.1.)
3.5 viet Lab Arrangements The wet lab (Fig. 2) consists of a module approximately 24 in wide
by 38 in long on which plumbing fixtures· and sensors are located; the second leg of the seawater manifold feeds this system. In this section we have attempted to explain in detail, actual construction practices in constructing such a unit.
3.5.1 Optional Valve for Additional Flow-Through Equipment The first outlet on the wet lab (Fig. 2) provides seawater for
temporary sensors or additional equipment, a laboratory salinometer, for example (Plessey Environmental Systems, model 6230). A laboratory salinometer functions in two ways: It provides a backup and is used for calculating salinity errors in the thermosalinograph system. Future modifications may include the addition of a Technicon Auto Analyzet@ II (Technicon Industrial Systems, Tarrytown, New York) for nutrient analyses, and a flowthrough transmissometer.
3.5.2 Continuous Flow pH System PVC tubing is plumbed from a 3/4 in x 1/2 in tee on the main
seawater line to a 1/2 in I.D. ball valve, which acts as the primary "flow-rate adjustment" and "shut-off" to the pH sensing unit (Figs. 2 and 5). A 1/2 in x 1/4 in adaptor attached to the ball valve accepts 1/4 in I.D.Tygon@ tubing, which is used in the plumbing from this point on, due to its strength, small diameter, flexibility, and t~ansparency. A short length of tubing plumbed from the ball valve to the temperature compensating chamber contains a Nalgene@quick-disconnect, thus permitting drainage of the temperature compensating chamber for cleaning purposes.
A Corning automatic temperature compensator, model 476092, acceptable to the Corning Model 12 Expanded Scale pll meter was epoxied (top of probe only) in a threaded 3/4 in I.D. PVC adaptor.
10
1"-1.--2112':.-' -->I"
TOP VIEW 0 , , , ,
r-I"~ I
, , , , 0······· '" , I' TOP
- ~' VIEW .... - I I ! .I ........... ~ ~_- J
, I
~" ~!I~ ,
I , , !!! ,
~ ,
, s: ' I ~ '" J ~"",J
1 "'t
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SIDE -", //////
VIEW
SIDE '",
VIEW
j /,///
f/i~ IB a>
~::I " , N ,:::,
:'-'-2 1/2" , ,
~j , , , , ,
, , BOTTOM d BOTTOM
VIEW VIEW
AUTOMATIC TEMPERATURE COMPENSATOR CHAMBER CHAMBER FOR INDUSTRIAL pH ELECTRODE
Fig. 5. Flow-Through Chambers Used in pH Measurement. A flow-through chamber was constructed for the automatic temperature
compensating probe (Corning model 476092) to permit continuous temperature compensation in pH measurements.
A second flow-through chamber was constructed to house the industrial pH electrode (Thomas model 4l02-ElO) for continuous pH measurement.
Both chambers were constructed using plexiglass rod machined to the dimensions illustrated in the figure.
11
I
The temperature compensator chamber opening (top) was threaded with 3/4 in NPT in order to aCCept the epoxied adaptor. By using a threadea fitting, removal of the automatic temperature compensator from the chamber is simplified when probe and chamber cleaning are necessary. The automatic temperature probe output connects to the pH meter.
The seawater line connecting the temperature compensating chamber and the continuous flow pH chamber is composed of both Tygon@ and rubber tubing.Tygon@ tubing leading from the temperature compensating chamber is attached to rubber tubing via a quickdisconnect. The rubber tubing can be clamped off with a screw clamp shown in Figure 2, so that the pH chamber will hold deionized distilled water for rinsing, and buffer solution when calibrating.
The diameter of the pH chamber overflm" (3/8 in I. D.) helps to minimize water pressure within the chamber.
The pH chamber opening (top) was threaded with 3/4 in NPT to fit a Thomas Industrial pH electrode, model 4102-EIO. The pH electrode is pressurized at 0.10 to 0.21 bars (1.5 to 3.0 psi) above ambient in order to maintain an outward diffusion of KC1.
A small Teflon~coated magnet placed in the pH chamber with a magnetic stirrer located under the pH chamber circulates the buffer during calibration. The chamber was machined out of plexiglass and has a volume of 40 cm3 .
3.5.3 Continuous Flow Oxygen System
3.5.4
The double-chambered plexiglass flow-through cell designed for this system permits calibration of the oxygen meter at essentially in situ temperatures and provides cont®nuous oxygen data while sampling vertically or cruising between stations.
PVC tubing is plumbed from two 3/4 in x 1/2 in tees on the main seawater line to two 1/2 in I.D. ball valves, which act as the primary lIflow-rate adjustmen·ts" and "shut-off" to the dissolved oxygen temperature stabilizer and sampling chambers (Figs. 2 and 6). Two 1/2 in x 1/4 in adaptors attached to both 1/2 in I.D. ball valves accept 1/4 in I.D.'rygon@ tubing, which is used in the plumbing from this point on.
An 18 in length of 1/4 in I.D.Tygon@ tubing connects one ball valve to the outer tempera·ture stabilizer chamber with a guickdisconnect positioned mid-way in the line. A second length of tubing connects the second ball valve to the inner sample chamber. 1'. guick-disconnect is positioned directly under the sampling chamber, permitting the insertion of the stem of a rubber bulb hand air pump, which is used to remove water droplets from the probe membrane prior to calibration or recalibration.
A threaded fitting (3/4 in x 27) adjacent to the sample ch~nber overflow ana acceptable to the dissolved o~Jgen probe permits easy removal of the probe for membrane replacement.
The dissolved oxygen probe is connected to a Yellow Springs Oxygen Meter Model 54, located in the instrumentation module.
Bubble Separator PVC tubing (1/2 in I.D.) is formed into two loops having an
18 in diameter and is then permanently secured in position (Figs. 2, 7a, 7b, and 7c). At the bottom of the first loop, a bubble separator is installed (Fig. 7) which removes "bubble free" seawater from the main seawater line, while the second loop continues on to the seawater taps. Note: Both pumping systems are basically bubble free When operational. It is imperative that seawater entering the fluorometers contain no bubbles. Therefore, an extra precaution, the bubble separator, is used.
12
TOP
VIEW
SIDE
VIEW
BOTTOM VIEW
10-1.---'---- 3 3/4 "'---->10' , , I
~2'-'--~»1. , , , I
000 It! t ttl
It: :: I I I Itt I I I I I I t I I ' 11 ,
, , I 1(0 I ,
C:;:::=til
- H I ~:;' U :::,
OXYGEN
2':"" --->I
d
, I .,
Fig. 6. Twin-Chambered, Continuous-Flow Oxygen Chamber. A twin-chambered, contitlUous-flow oxygen chamber is constructed
using plexiglass tube and sheet. The circular top and bottom sections are cut from plexiglass sheet using an adjustable hole saw. Circular grooves are machined into both the top and bottom sections permitting the insertion of two plexiglass tubes which act as the inner and outer chamber walls. Holes are then drilled and tapped in the circular top and bottom sections which permits the attachment of hose adaptors and the oxygen probe (Yellow Springs model 5418). The unit is then sealed Using plexiglass cement.
13
I' ( ,I'"
1m ,tl' ,
STRAIGHT LINE OR RUN
PVC REED .. PVC REED
~~
A SIDE
B SIDE
SIDE VIEW END VIEW
c SIDE
POSITION AFTER HEATING
SlOE VIEW
Fig. 7a, b, c. Bubble Separation Apparatus. . A bubble separator was constructed from a PVC tee and a PVC reed to
provide the fluorometers with bubble-free seawater. A 1/2 in PVC tee is cut longitudinally such that a 2 1/4 in x 1/2 in x 1/16 in PVC reed can be inserted (Sa, b). The PVC tee and reed are then heated until flexible and bent to a position shown in Sc. The PVC reed is secured in place using PVC cement.
14
A 1/2 in x 1/2 in x 1/2 in PVC tee is cut longitudinally, and a PVC reed (2 1/4 in x 1/2 in x 1/16 in) is epoxied in the "run or straight line" of the tee (Figs. 7a and 7b). The PVC tee is then heated until flexible and bent to a position shown in Figure 7c.
As seawater spins through the loops, the centrifugal force exerted on the water within the loops forces water devoid of air bubbles to the outside, thus passing bubble-free water out through the side of the tee (Figs. 2 and 7c). If air bubbles are present in the seawater, they pass over the top of the PVC reed (Fig 7c) in the bubble separator and continue out the main seawater line.
Water passing out the side of the tee flows to a 1/2 in I.D. ball valve (through 1/2 in I.D. PVC tubing), which acts as the main "shut-off" for the fluorometer flow-through system.
Immediately after the ball valve, a 1/2 in x 1/4 in adaptor is introduced, perraitting the attachment of 1/4 in I.D. Tygon® tubing to a copper coil heat exchanger. Moisture condenses on the opti.cal surfaces of the fluorometer cuvettes when cold seawater is pumped through the system. To avoid this problem, we have installed a copper coil heat exchanger which is completely immersed in a Thelco hot water bath in order to warm the seawater.
Seawater flowing through the heat exchanger divides in a 1/4 in PVC tee. Both branches feed into flowmeters which, in turn, feed fluorometers, one measuring in vivo chlorophyll a, the other measuring turbidity. Quick-disconnects are inserted in the seawater line between the flowmeters and fluorometers to permit drainage of the cuvettes for cleaning, blanking and calibration purposes. Screw clamps are placed on the seawater discharge lines in order to control the flow rate (Fig. 2). Fluorometer outputs are connected to the mUltipoint stripchart recorder and data acquisition system located in the instrumentation module.
3.5.5 Fluorometric Measurement of III Vivo Chlorophyll a The fluorescence of chlorophyll is excited by the blue-violet
spectral band emitted from a blue fluorescent lamp (General Electric model F4T5) filtered through a Corning CSS-60 glass filter, maximum transmission 430 nm. The emitted fluorescence is transmitted through a Corning CS2-64 having a maximum transmission at 650 nm. The fluorescence wavelengths are measured by a redsensitive photomultiplier (RCA R-136) for in vivo chlorophyll a determinations. Fluorometer modifications-and calibration methods are discussed in Sections 4.6 and 4.8.
3.5.6 Fluorometric Measurement of Turbidity by Nephelometr¥ Suspended particles in seawater are detected us~ng a
nephelometer, which measureS the amount of light scattered at right angles to an incident beam.
An incident beam is excited by the blue-violet spectral band emitted from a blue fluorescent lamp (General Electric model F4TS) filtered through a Corning CS7-60 glass filter, maximum transmission 380 nm. The scattered light is transmitted through a Corning CS5-60 glass filter, maximum transmission at 430 nm, and measured by a photo tube (RCA 931-A).
3.5.7 Seawater Taps As shown in Figure 2, the two 1/2 in x 1/2 in tees, located on
the discharge side of the bubble separation loop, connect to two 1/2 in 1.0. ball valves through 1/2 in I.D. PVC tubing. A spiggot attached to one valve delivers unfiltered seawater while a
15
I'P"
'I: I : .. ,,' \ IW::
"", ,,,
Hhatman® Gamma-12 High Performance In-Line Filter Unit (using 8 micron filters) attached to a second valve delivers filtered seawaterG
The main seawater line then continues to a standpipe or hydrostatic head pipe (approximately 1 meter above the wet lab) that maintains adequate back pressure on the wet lab system.
3.6 The Instrumentation Module This section describes the individual components comprising the
instrumentation module (Fig. 3). The instrumentation system includes the analytical instruments that
measure the different variables as well as the analog recorders that exhibit all data in real time to the investigator. Additionally, the instrumentation module records all horizontal and vertical transect data on I.B.M. compatible magnetic tape.
3.6.1 Sonic Transducer (Fathometer) The sonic transducer loca-ted on the submersible pump
stabilizer fin is connected to an Apelco model MR-20l-B fathometer/ recorder located in the instrumentation module. Thus, the height of the submersible pump above the seabed is visible at all times in the laboratory, and thereby accidental contact with the seabed can be avoided.
3.6.2 Pressure Transducer Assembly A Viatran pressure transducer (model 218-28) located on the
submersible pump connects to a bridge circuit in the instrumentation module (Figs. 3 and 4) •
The pressure transducer when supplied with 28 V dc gives a 0 to 5 V dc output signal which is reduced to a 0 to 100 mV signal by a voltage divider for input to the multipoint stripchart recorder and the data acquisition system.
A separate digital voltmeter is connected in parallel in the transducer output circuit (Fig. 4) to permit accurate field calibration where transducer output call be read out as depth in meters. Calibration procedures are discussed in Section 4.2.
3.6.3 Thermistor Bridge Circuit Two thermistor bridge circuits are located in the
instrumentation module (Figs. 3 and 8). One of these is designed to measure in situ temperature (thermistor placed directly over the seawater intake on the submersible pump). The other is designed to measure temperature of seawater while the vessel cruises between stations (thermistor located in the h£.ll pump intake).
Thermistors, Fenwal 2K Iso-Curv~model GB32MM172, are each connected to Wheatstone Bridge circuits (Fig. 8) measuring in situ and hull temperatures, respectively. -- ----
The entire dynamic range of 40 0 C (_50 to +35 0 C) is divided into eight ranges of 60 C each to give the temperature required and to avoid exceeding the scale range of the multipoint stripchart recorder and the digital voltmeter in the data acquisition system.
Thermistor and circuit calibration procedures are discussed in Section 4.3.
3.6.4 pH System A Corning model 12 Expanded Scale pH Meter (0 to 100 mV
output) located in the instrumentation module is included in the system because this pH system can provide resolution of ± 0.001 pH units in the expanded scale position. A 1 pH unit deflection on
16
>-' --1
CONSTANT I VOLTAGE
POWER SUPPLY
1.4 I\l.D.c.
RI
R2
ESTERLINE ANGUS
RECORDER AND
DATA ACQUISITION
SYSTEM
RIO
R3- RIS RESISTORS USED FOR TEMPERATURE CALIBRATION
R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 RS R9
MULT/POINT SWITCH
RII RI2 R 13 RI4
DOUBLE POLE
DOUBLE THROW
FUNCTION SWITCH
CALIBRATE POSiTION
R 15 RI6 RI7 RI8
:CD THERMISTOR POSITION
FENWAL THERMISTOR
MODEL G832 MM 172
TEMPERATURE
RANGE
CIRCUIT
(IOKO 1% TRIM
POTS, 10.3K 0
• .. " .. .. • '* '* ~ I % RESISTORS) ;0 ;0 Q RI, R2: 2.0K (} 10/ 0 RESISTORS
R3- R9: I K Q I % RESISTORS
RtO- RIS: 0.1 K 01 % RESISTORS
0; ,
" ~ '" , '" '"
) 10 010:;:-~" f -;- + , , , '" v ~ v r'
0 ,. -~
TEMPERATURE RANGES (OC)
Fig. B. Thermistor Bridge Circuit (schematic diagram). The Wheatstone Bridge temperature measuring circuit consists of Rl' R2' the thermistor and B range adjusting resistors. The multipoint stripchart recorder and data acquisition system read-out devices are connected between Rl and R2 and between the thermistor and range switching circuit. A double-pole double-throw (DPDT) function switch permits either the thermistor or the temperature calibration resistors (R3 through RIB) to function in the bridge circuit. Two multipoint switches permit the fixed resistors ranging between l-k Q to 7.9-k Q to be shunted into the circuit in O.l-k Q intervals for calibration purposes.
I'''''' 'j: ! ::':::
,:k. ",,, .,,,
,"
the expanded scale will register a 0 to 100 mV span on the multipoint stripchart recorder and the data acquisition system.
The temperature compensating electrode (Corning model 476092) and combination industrial pH electrode (Thomas model 4102-EIO) are located on the wet lab and connect to the pH meter assembly.
pH calibration procedures are discussed in Section 4.4.
3.6.5 Dissolved Uxygen System A Yellow Springs Oxygen Meter (model 54) located in the
instrumentation module is used to provide continuous measurement of dissolved oxygen expressed in ppm (Figs. 2 and 3) .
A Yellow Springs Polarographic Probe (model 5418) located in the dissolved oxygen chamber on the wet lab attaches to the oxygen meter.
The normal output voltage of the oxygen meter ranges between 114 and 135 mV. A voltage divider wired into the output of the oxygen meter drops the voltage to 0 to 100 mV, permitting oxygen data recording on the multipoint stripchart recorder and the data acquisition system.
For specific operating instructions, consult the YSI instruction manual (Yellow Springs Instrument Co., 1971b) and Section 4.5 for calibration procedures.
3.6.6 Backup Salinometer A Plessey Environmental Systems Laboratory Induction
Salinometer (model 6230) augments the thermosalinograph system by serving as a backup, and by measuring salinity at ranges not covered by the thermosalinograph (i.e. less than 20 ppt or greater than 37.5 ppt).
Consult Section 4.9 for additional details and calibration procedures.
3.6.7 Thermosalinograph A Plessey Enviroruaental Systems Thermosalinograph (model 6600T)
located in the instrumentation module (Figs. 2 and 3) gives continuous salinity measurements of water pumped through it while operating on station or underway.
This instrument has a remote salinity sensor to which seav'ater flows from a bubble separator/flow regulator at a rate of 19 l/min ± 3.8 l/min (5 gal/min ± 1 gal/min) (see Section 3.4.2 and Fig. 1). ,
A multiconductor cable connects the remote salinity sensor to the control unit located in the instrumentation module. The control unit contains the salinity range selector network, range selector switch, power supply module, summation amplifier module, and stripchart recorder. (The stripchart recorder used is a modified Leeds and Northrup Speedomax WL, dual-pen recorder.)
3.6.7.1 Thermosalinograph Circuit Design' (Plessey Environmental Systems, 1971)
"Incoming analog signals from the remote salinity sensor activate a servo motor that drives both a slide wire potentiometer and the pen point indicator. The slide wire potentiometer taps off a voltage proportional to the incoming salinity analog signal. The tapped-off voltage is fed back to the servo input in opposite phase and magnitude to null the servo system with the pen pointer movement stopped at the
I! 18
correct salinity value without overshooting. A recorder sensitivity control permits adjustment of damping to eliminate pointer oscillation.
Another voltage tapped from the slide-wire potentiometer is fed into the salinity network to produce a bridge balancing output from the summation amplifier. The output from the amplifier causes the temperature compensated bridge in the sensor to return to the balanced conditicn until another salinity change is sensed."
A retransmitting potentiometer attached to the salinity slide-wire assembly permits salinity data recording on the data acquisition system.
3.6.8 4 pi Isotropic Underwater Photometer An underwater photometer (Fig. 9), similar to that of ,!<ich and
Wetzel (1969), was constructed. l'he electronics for the photon1eter are located in the
instrumentation n1odule. The basic circuitry is n10dified to accept 115 V ac and to produce a 0 .to 100 n1V output acceptable to the multipoint stripchart recorder.
Two Clairex CL-702 photocells were epoxied on each end of a 3 in brass sleeve as suggested by Rich and Wetzel (1969). In order to use the photometer at depths greater than 30 m, the styrofoam caps (light diffusors) suggested by Rich and Wetzel were replaced with two translucent plexiglass hemispheres which maintain shape at depth and produce a 4 pi isotropic light energy collector.
Both plexiglass hemispheres were eniliedded in a layer of black epoxy surrounding each pair of photocells, avoiding covering the photocell surface with the black epoxy in a manner that would block out the light.
Three-conductor electrical cable (16/3 neoprene-covered wire with waterproof connectors) connects the underwater photocell unit to the photocell bridge circuit in the instrun1entation module. The photocell unit is lowered into the water independently of the submersible pumping system from a separate winch.
The photocell unit was calibrated at the Marine Sciences Research Center and Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York. For calibration procedures, consult Section 4.11.
3.6.9 Multipoint Recorder An Esterline Angus model E-1124-E Strip Chart Recorder located
in the instrumentation module (Fig. 3) presents analog data continuously. The analog data serve three functions, namely, they assure the investigator that all of the necessary apparatus is functioning, they can serve as a backup source of information in the event that the Hewlett-Packard Data Acquisition System fails, and they provide real-time info=ation. Consult Section 4.12.1 for recorder description and specifications.
3.6.9.1 processing of Multipoint Recorder Data In the event that it becomes necessary to utilize the
analog record, the data are converted to actual values through the use of calibration equations and graphs.
Data are then key-punched from the coding fo= sheets (Fig. 10). Appendix 8.1 includes the hydrographic data processing program written in FORTRAN 4, which is compatible with the I.B.M. 370/155 computer software. Examples of computer output (listings) are included in Appendix 8.5.
19
ru o
2KO
'-'00'"1 CLAIREX CL7~
-. + TO MULTIPOINT RECORDER
1-SPAN ADJUST FOR MULTIPOINT RECOROER
0 I 6 I 0 I 0 I
.. OFF
22KO g 115 y'A.C.
f T,
LOMF I AMP
~2K ~2K ~500K 2K <rK CAL
FUNCTION SWITCH
CR 5 : ZENER DIODE (ZENER VOLTS - 90)
CR, -CR4 : SELENIUM RECTIFIERS
(I P4T) 50X lOX 1.0 XI 0.1 X OFF .. ,
RANGE Do SWITCH (2 P5T)
T, ' 115: 90 V.A.C. STEPDOWN TRANSFORMER
50K CAL.
Fig. 9. 4 pi Isotropic Underwater Photometer (schematic diagram, taken from Rich and Wetzel, 1969).
Modifications were made to the original schematic (Rich and Wetzel, 1969) which include replacing a 90 V dc battery with Tl' a 115:90 V stepdown transformer; adding selenium rectifiers CRI to CR4; and adding a 90 V zener diode CRS.
A 2-k n 1 percent trimpot is wired in the meter circuit which acts as a span-adjust for the multipoint stripchart recorder.
The lP4T function switch permits the operator to choose either an "off" position, a 2-k calibrate reference position, incident or reflective measuring positions.
The 2P5T range switch permits the operator to choose either an "off" position or four sensitivities (ranges) beginning with the O.lX (most sensitive) and attenuate down to the SOX (least sensitive) position.
.~
, , . • • /I 'I • $ J~ "lit' 14'~ lilT I.IPIO tl t~ nl~flI tI t7 a. UlO.1 II n u UUJfa.,. '" , •• .. U4r .. ".OCl81'. nun lIOn.
CRUISE STATION DATE
HFI. EST. POSITION WIND AIR TEMP. QC
SONIC MAX.SAMF!
MO. lOY. !rR. LATITUDE l.ONGITUOE Ot;PTH M DEpTH VELg7!TY ID'W. DRY I WET
I I I I I I I mn Til III 1.111 i ! 1.1 I 1.1 I 11.1 Ilf.ITTI 11·1 I 11·1
HUMIDITY OBSRVR. SE~ l~TATE SURF" SECCH! SR. P. ISS, WF:A.
~ REL. (''"/0) ~. FR. HEIGHT TEMP. °c DISK M MBS H E !j , T M
I I 1.1 I I I I I I I 1.1 I 1.1 ! I I I I I I -,-i I
SAMPLE TEMP. SALINITY O)(VGEN
DEPTH ·c %0 PPM
· • I · · I ·
· · · · · · · · I · · · · · ! · · , · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
LIGHT Ly/min
~~~1tE !NCIO. REFL. pH TURBDTY. eHLOR. a.o.o.
OECK · E E FLUC. UNIT Mg/m' PPM·O,
· E · E · · 1.1 I
· · E · E · · ! 8 \! •
· · E · E · · · -J. · · E · E · · · · · · E · E · · · · · E · E · · · · · · E · E · T · · · · · E · E · i · · ·
SAMPLE SS ORG-N NH~· N NOw· N NO.· H pop m;/1 ALKALINITY
DEPTH mllil mg!1 mg/l mll/i mllil TOTAL FILT. ",,11/1 TOTAL
· · · I. · · · · · ..
· · · +;1 · · · · · ..
· · · , · · · · · -
· · · · · · · · · ".
· · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ! · · · · · · · · · · · , • , • . , · , '" , , ,
I~ IT " " '" , " "" .. llun .. , ~7"" 404,.u 4' ... 4B .... .. UIIOIII "" •• II . " ••
Fig. 10. Coding Form Data Input Sheet. Hydrographic, meteorological, and chemical data are tr·anscribed
from the analog record to coding form data input sheets for subsequent use by key-puncn ~rators.
21
", H!
!l! !Ii
r I,"'''''' F ",.,,,,
1!1i:::: "_,,t' ",I' .""
:,',' ",
3.6.10 Data Acquisition System A Hewlett-Packard Data Acquisition Syste~, model 2012-D
(Fig. 11), located in the instrumentation module, accepts dc voltage inputs from forty different sources in sequence, recording the data from each source on computer compatible magnetic tape. For example, when we sample eight different variables at the maximum sampling rate, we sample each of the eight voltage sources 5 times per second, thereby affording high resolution of the spatial and temporal distribution of our eight oceanographic variables.
The Hewlett-Packard Data AcqUisition System consists of: a reed switch scanner that commutates through the sequence of dc voltage inputs, an integrating digital voltmeter, a coupler that directs and controls all operations, a digital clock, and a digital magnetic tape recorder.
The basic operation consists of converting dc analog voltage values from the various analytical monitoring instruments to binary coded decimal numbers that are recorded on magnetic tape. Consult Section 4.13 for data acquisition system specifications.
3.6.10.1 Field Operation and Procedures The following section outlines the basic procedure used
when preparing the data acquisition syste~ for operation at sea.
3.6.10.1.1 Program the switches that channel to the corresponding variables:
Channel 0 = Dissolved oxygen 1 = In situ temperature 2 = Hull temperature 3 = In vivo chlorophyll 4 = Turbidity 5 = pH 6 = Salinity 7 = Depth
3.6.10.1.2 Set skip/scan switches for those channels that are to be scanned and for those that are to be skipped.
3.6.10.1.3 Scan rate: Adjust scan rate to the number of measurements per second (one channel per second is normal scan rate) .
The scan rate sets the temporal resolution of the recorder observations. When underway, the time for one complete scan times boat speed in knots times 0.5 = spatial resolution in meters. E.g. assume scan time = 7 sec and boat speed = 5 knots; then 7 x 5 x 0.5 = 17.5 m horizontal resolution distance.
3.6.10.1.4 Adjust block size: One block of data consists of
3.6.10.1.5
48 twelve-character readings, such that 8 variables are scanned 6 times. Note: For example of a block of data, consult Appendix 8.6.
Set digital clock: of each record (see auxiliary generator (60 Hz) because the
22
Time of day is recorded at the end Appendix 8.6). !lote: The shipboard must maintain proper frequency timing circuit operating the digital
2912A
REED SCANNER + ENCODE
MODULES I PROGRAM A /8/ C / D /
f f f f UP TO 40
DC
DC VOLTAGES VOLTAGE
INPUT
2402A ~
INTEGRATING PARALLEL DIGITAL BCD DATA VOLTMETER
~
RECORD
SCAN ADVANCE 2547A
RECORD COUPLER
CHANNEL ID
SERIAL DATA
50508 1510 KENNEDY
DIGITAL INCREMENTAL
RECORDER MAGNETIC TAPE
Fig. 11. n Block Diagr~" Describing the Components and Electronic Systems which Comprise the Hewlett-Packard Data Acquisition System Nodel 2012-D.
23
I I'
'liI II!!
IIII ilil
il!1 I
clock uses 60 Hz as a reference. Consult Section 3.7.2 for frequency adjustment.
3.6.10.1.6 Install magnetic tape.
3.6.10.1.7 Set the data acquisition system for continuous recording by performing the following set of operations:
3.6.10.1.7.1 Set system control switch to "local."
3.6.10.1. 7 . 2 Set reset/start control switch to "manual."
3.6.10.1.7.3 Set mode function switch to manual position.
3.6.10.1.7.4 Set first and last address.
3.6.10.1.7.5 Set skip/scan switches.
3.6.10.1.7.6 Set buffer contrOl switch to "local."
3.6.10.1.7.7 Set buffer record switch to "off.1I
3.6.10.1.7.8 Push "manual control" reset button.
3.6.10.1. 7.9 Return buffer control switch to "remote."
3.6.10.1.7.10 Return buffer record switch to "on."
3.6.10.1.7.11 Set mode switch to. "continuous scan."
3.6.10.1.8 Thumbwheel settings: Thumbwheels are used to identify the ranges of the various measuring instruments (consult Section 3.6.10.2).
3.6.10.1.9 Zero thumbwheel settings: A computer program written for the data acquisition system (Appendix 8.2 and 8.3) disregards all data from channels exhibiting zero thumbwheel settings. Using the zero thumbwheel settings to turn off a channel eliminates changing block size as would happen if the skip/scan switches were used. (Changing block size while recording data on magnetic tape causes extreme difficulties in data processing.)
3.6.10.1.10 Record horizontal transect data:
3.6.10.1.10.1 Set all PLUNKET instruments to proper ranges.
3.6.10.1.10.2 Set thumbwheels to proper positions. [Channell (in situ temperature) and channel 7 (depth) are set "EC)"'"off" by placing their respective thumbwheels to zero.]
3.6.10.1. 10.3 Push" start" (Channel 0 should begin the sequence) and record.
3.6.10.1.10.4 To end data recording, complete a full block. that is, end on channel 7 after the sixth scan.
3.6.10.1.10.5 To end a tape, place all thumbwheels on 9. 24
3.6.10.1.10.6 Record one complete block with all thumbwheels on 9. (9 is a code that indicates to the computer that no more data are recorded on the tape.)
3.6.10.1.10.7 Enter one file gap.
3.6.10.1.10.8 Rewind tape.
3.6.10.1.11 Record hydrographic station data:
3.6.10.1.11.1 Set all PLUNKET instruments to proper ranges.
3.6.10.1.11.2 Set thumbwheels station number. turned "off" by to zero.]
to proper position, including [ Channel 2 (hull temperature) is
placing the respective thumbwheel
3.6.10.1.11.3 Begin sampling at the deepest point, using the submersible pump, and work towards the surface. (Consult Section 5.0 for PLUNKET operation.) Example: At 50 m, push "start" button (channel 0 beginning the sequence) and record one full block of data per depth, ending the block on channel 7 after six scans. At 40 m, the procedure is repeated, remembering that only one block of six scans per depth is recorded.
3.6.10.1.11.4 Hhen the data-recording at one me.ter is complete:
3.6.10.1.11. 4.1 Set station thumbwheels to zero.
3.6.10.1.11.4.2 Reset thumbwheels to positions used for recording data on a horizontal transect (consult section 3.6.10.1.10). Note: Each variable is scanned six times per depth. The computer program written for the data acquisition system averages data from each variable over the six scans and exhibits the average below the respective variable (see Appendix 8.6).
3.6.10.2 Processing of Hewlett-Packard Data Acquisition System Record Conversion factors used by data acquisition system's
computer program (Data Units Conversion Program) are included in Section 3.6.10.2.1 and Appendix 8.3. Note: Conversion factors listed for individual variables may change due to recalibration of specific instruments.
3.6.10.2.1 Data Acquisition System (data units conversion)
Variable: Channel Number: Units: Precision:
Thumbwheel Real
1 0 to
2 0 to
25
Dissolved oxygen o ppm Nearest tenth
Range Conversion Factor
10 ppm 0.1 ppm - mV- l
20 ppm 0.2 ppm - mv- l
, ,,,II lUll
1IIIi
!~iI II ,
I , 11"::""" , '"w'"
iii::::::; ,,,',,,,'.
Variable: In situ temperature (Hull temperature) Channel Number: 1 (2 ) Units: Degrees C (Degrees C) Precision.: Nearest tenth (Nearest tenth)
Thum:bwheel Real Range Conversion Factor
1 -5 to +l°C
2 -1 to +5
3 4 to 10 y + 79.00/19.00
4 9 to 15 Y + 153.00/17 .25
5 14 to 20 Y + 246.75/17.50
6 19 to 25 Y + 315.41/16.65
7 24 to 30 Y + 392.00/16.50
8 29 to 35
Variable: In vivo chlorophyll a Channel Number: "3--units: Mg/m 3
Precision: Nearest tenth
Thumbwheel Real Range Conversion Factor
1
2
3
4
Variable: Channel Number: Units: precision:
30 X 0.0667
10 X 0.2500
3 X
1 X
Turbidity 4 Mg/liter Nearest tenth
mg/m3 - mV-l
mg/m3 - mV-l
Thumbwheel Real Range Conversion Factor
1
2
3
26
10 X
3 X
1 X 0.7200 mg/l - mV- 1
1 1 I""''''::' '_',.,,1" , ~I\:;: ~:. <""" '::~:; HI
"' .. ' , i::.:::
iii I
3.7
Variable: Channe.1 Number:
Depth 7
Units: Meters Precision ± 0.5 meters
ThUmbwheel Rea:l Ra:nge Conve'rsiohFactor
o Indicates Iloff" when cruising between stations
1 o to 100 1 meter - mV- l
3.6.10.2.2 Data Acquisition System Computer Program: A computer program written for the data acquisition system in FORTRAN 4 compatible with the LB.M. 370/155 computer software is included in Appendix 8.2 and 8.3.
3.6.10.2.3 Data acquisition system computer output (examples) is included in Appendix 8.6.
3.6.10.2.4 CalCom~ Profiles: A c~puter program written in FORTRAN 4 for a CalCompv (California Computer Products, Anaheim, Calif.) Controller model 910 using a calCom~ model 563 Drum Plotter is included in Appendix 8.4. Profiles drawn using the calComp:@ Plotter are included in Appendix 8.7.
Auxiliary Shipboard Power The operation of this shipboard instrumentation system requires
115 V ac at 50 A from an auxiliary generator (Fig. 12). On large research vessels, adequate electrical power should be available to meet the needs, although on smaller vessels the installation of an auxiliary generator may be necessary.
3.7.1 PLUNKET ac Electrical System An 8 to 12 kW auxiliary diesel generator (Fig. 12) provides
adequate power to the instrumentation module and pumping gear. Those systems that do not require voltage regulation are attached through circuit breakers directly to the generator (i.e. submersible and hull pumps, water heater, solenoid val'les) •
A Sorenson ac Voltage Regulator (Raytheon Co.) connected to the auxiliary generator supplies constant voltage (± 1 V ac) to the shipboard instrumentation system. The ac voltage regulator operates over a 90 through 130 V ac input range, at 57 to 63 Hz. The output voltage is adjustable from 110 through 120 V ac, and voltage for the PLUNKET system is set to 115 V ac.
3.7.2 Voltage and Frequency Adjustment In order to correct the generator frequency output, the
entire instrumentation and pumping system is turned on, simulating actual operating conditions, thereby placing the proper load on the generator. By adjusting the generator speed controls, the correct frequency (60 Hz) is attained. The input voltage, at this point, may vary between 110 to 120 V ac. The Sorenson ac regulator output voltage is then adjusted to read 115 V ac ± 1 V ac.
Variable: pH Channel Number: 5 units: pH units Precision: Nearest hundredth
Thumbwheel Real Ran·g·e Conve·rsion· Factor
1 4 to 5 pH units Y/lOO + 4.00
2 5 to 6 Y/lOO + 5.00
3 6 to 7 Y/lOO + 6.00
4 7 to 8 Y/lOO + 7.00
5 8 to 9 y/lOO + 8.00
6 9 to 10 Y/lOO + 9.00
7 10 to 11 Y/lOO + 10.00
8 11 to 12 Y/lOO + 11.00
Variable: Salinity Channel Number: 6 Units: Parts-per-thousand (0/00) Precision: Nearest hundredth
Thumbwheel Real Ran9:e Conversion Factor
1 20 to 30 ppt 0.1 ppt - mV- l
2 28 to 38 0.1 ppt - mV- l
3 28 to 30 0.02 ppt - mV- l
4 29.5 to 31.5 0.02 ppt - mV- l
5 31 to 33 0.02 ppt - mV- l
6 32.5 to 34.5 0.02 ppt - mV- l
7 34 to 36 0.02 ppt - mV- l
8 35.5 to 37.5 0.02 ppt - mV-l
27
SOL(M>!D VALVes
0.5 AMPS
WATER MHi
4 A'''''5
28 V,l'.\:. PRESSURE lRANSDI.IC£R
lSTRAH< GAUGE)
Fig. 12. Block Diagram Illustrating the Power Requirements for the Individual Components Comprising the PLUNKET Water Quality Monitoring System.
Block
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
Description
Hull temperature bridge circuit
In situ temperature bridge circuit
Dissolved oxygen system
Underwater photometer
12/28 V dc dual power supply
pH system
In vivo chlorophyll a fluorometer
Turbidity fluorometer (nephelometer)
Multipoint stripchart recorder
Data acquisition system
Thermosalinograph
29
Total
Amps Required
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.75
0.25
1.50
1.50
1. 00
8.00
1. 00
15.00
I Ii!
,~IJ:~ WII'
~~: III~ , 'I!II: II' "I
The instrumentation system now receives 115 V ac ± 1 V ac at 60 Hz ± 1 Hz from the ac regulator while the pumps, heater, and solenoid valves receive 115 V act 5 V ac.
Note: certain modifications were made to the Sorenson ac Regulator in order to eliminate a ground potential. This modification included the removal of certain rf filter capacitors on the input side.
3.7.3 Caution In order to record dissolved oxygen and pH data, the dissolved
oxygen meter, pH system, and multipoint stripchart recorder must be isolated from ship's ground, including the 115 V ac input (Fig. 12).
4.0 PLUNKET Instrumentation Calibration and Reliability It is not the purpose of this paper to give detailed instrument
calibration procedures performed on equipment by an electronics technician in the laboratory, but to give, instead, examples of field calibration procedures (standardizations) used at sea in order to ensure instrument reliability.
4.1 Terminology Key words and phrases used to define measurements are basic to any
instrumentation system. A clear concept of the terms used in this section will aid in understanding calibration of the sensors or in measurements of the state of nature. Below is a list of those terms.
4.1.1 Accuracy . The concordance between a measurement and the true value of
the quantity measured--but this concordance is impossible bE;cause the true value of any physical quantity is unobtainable. Accuracy is expressed in terms of potential possible error.
4.1. 2 Precision Narrowness of limits within which one may assume true value of
measured quantity lies--the narrower the limits, the better the precision.
4.1.3 Error Error of measurement may be systematic or accidental.
Accidental errors are slight variations that occur in successive measurements by the same observer. Causes are generally intangible. They may follow the law of chance.
4.1.4 Calibration Periodic standardizations of equipment and instruments.
4.1.5 Sensitivity The degree to which a substance can be detected in the
presence of interfering components which have properties differing only very slightly from those of the substance.
These definitions are discussed at length in Fales and Kenney (1939), and Newman (1969).
4.2 Pressure Transducer
4.2.1 Calibration Procedure
4.2.1.1 The shunt calibration switch is used to check transducer zero and span voltage. (Zero and span adjustments are located in the transducer housing.)
4.2.1.2 A 90.8 kg (200 lb) lead weight is attached to 50 m of hydrowire and marked with electrical tape at 10-m intervals.
4.2.1.3 The pressure transducer, affixed to the 90.8 kg (200 Ib) weight, is slowly lowered into the water until the 50-m mark reaches the sea surface.
•• 4.2.1.4 The 500 ohm 1 percent trimpot is adjusted until the digital voltmeter used for depth monitoring, the multipoint stripchart recorder, and the data acquisition system read 50 mV.
31
4.2.1.5 The pressure transducer is then raised in 10-m intervals so that the voltage displayed on the digital voltmeter indicates:
50 m " 50 mV 40 m " 40 mV 30 m " 30 mV 20 m " 20 mV 10 m " 10 mV
1 m " 1 mV
4.2.1.6 The data of Figure 13 show the linear relationship of depth to voltage.
4.2.2 Accuracy The accuracy of the pressure transducer, expressed as error,
is ± 0.5 m, which was determined empirically.
4.3 Calibrating the Thermistor Bridge Circuits One method of calibrating the thermistor bridge circuit is
discussed in this section. For complete details and specifications On calibrating the thermistor bridge circuits using 2K Iso-Curv~ Thermistors, consult Thermistor Manual EMC-6, Bulletin L-2, and Product Data Sheet D-7 published by Fenwal Electronics, Inc., Framingham, Hass.
4.3.1 Special Equipment
4.3.1.1 1.4 V dc constant voltage filtered power supply.
4.3.1.2 Fenwal 2K Iso-Curve® Thermistor model GB32MM172. The Fenwal 2K Iso-Curv~ Thermistor model GB32Ml1l72
resistance temperature characteristics were precision-matched to the resistance-temperature values as seen in Table 1. Resistance is predictable accurately at any given point, eliminating the need to calibrate each thermistor individually (Fenwal Bulletin L-2).
Specifications for the 2K Iso-CurvS® Thermistor are listed below and in Appendix 8.8.
4.3.1.2.1 Glass encapsulated thermistor of the mini-probe configuration, designed for oceanographic use, having the feature of complete resistance-temperature interchangeability, coupled with exceptionally high stability characteristics.
4.3.1.2.2 Resistance: precision matched to an R-T curve (Table 1) and predictable accurately at any given point to ± O.loc over the entire temperature range of -SoC to +35°C.
4.3.1.2.3 Interchangeability: allows for circuit standardization; eliminates necessity for individual circuit adjustment; allows exact replacement without calibrating thermistor or recompensating circuits.
4.3.1.2.4 Stability: 0.05°C/yr change maximum.
100
90
(j) f-..J 80 0 > ::J ..J :2: 70
f-:::) a.. 60 f-:::) o·
a:: 50 lJJ <.) :::) 0
~ 40 <J: a:: f-
lJJ 30 a:: :::) (j) (j)
20 lJJ a:: a..
10
OL---~----~---L ____ L-__ -L __ ~ ____ ~ __ ~ ____ L-__ ~
1'ig. l3. Pressure Measured o to 0.5
o 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 DEPTH (METERS)
Relationship between Depth Indicated by the Viatran Model 218-28 Transducer Output (mv) and Actual Depth (m) Determined Using a Sounding Cable Marked in 10 m Intervals. The range of error is m (± 0.5 m) .
33
w -'=
Table 1.
c ~
-5-. 0 7167.9 · , 7134.6 .8 7101. 5 .7 7068.6 .6 7035.8 .5 7003.2 · , 6970.8
• 3 6938.6 .2 6906.5 .1 6874.6
~4.0 6842.9 · , 6811. 3 .8 6779.9 .7 6748.6 .6 6717.5 · , 6686.6 .4 6655.9 .3 6625. 3 .2 6594.8 .1 6564.5
~ 3.0 6534.4 · , 6504. 5 .8 6474.7 .7 6445.0 .6 6415.5 · , 6386. 2 ., . 6357.0
• 3 6328.0 .2 6299. I .1 6270. 3
~2.0 6241. 7 · , 6213.3 .8 6185.0 .7 6156.9 .6 6128.9 · , 6101.0 .4 6073.3 · 3 6045. 7 .2 6018. 3 .1 5991.0
~g;;;;;~~ "'="---~"'" "" "'-~~~ -;";-:: -~ ;-:;.~= ~
RESISTANCE-TEMPERATURE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FENWAL 2K ISO-CURV~ THERMISTOR GB32MM172 (Fenwal Electronics, Framingham, Mass.)
'c ~ 'c ~ 'c ~ 'c ~ 'c ~ 'c ~ 'c ~ 'c ~ 'c ~
- 1. 0 5963. ') 3. 0 4984. 7 7.0 4184.6 11. 0 3527.6 15.0 2985.8 19.0 2537.0 23.0 2163.7 21.0 1852.2. 31. 0 1591. 1
· , 5936.9 .1 4962:.7 .1 4166.5 .1 3512.8 .1 2973.5 .1 2526.s .1 2.155. Z .1 1845. I .1 1585. 1
.8 5910.0 .2 4940,8 .2 4148.6 .2 3498.0 .2 2961. 3 .2 2516.6 .2 214:6.8 .2 1838.0 .2 1579. Z
.7 5883.3 · 3 4919.0 · 3 4HO.7 · 3 3483,3 · 3 2949. I · 3 2506.5 • 3 2138.4 · 3 18)0.9 .3 1573.3
.6 5856.7 · , 4897.3 ., 4113.0 ., 3468.6 · , 2937.0 · , 2496.5 ., 2130.0 · , 1823. ') · , 1567.4
.5 5830.2 .5 4875.8 .5 4095. 3 .5 3454.1 .5 2925.0 .5 2486. 5 · , 2121. 7 · , 1816.9 · , 1561. 5
.4 5803.9 .6 4854. 3 .6 4077.7 .6 3439.6 .6 2913.0 .6 2476.5 .6 2113.4: .6 1810.0 .6 1555.7
.3 5777.7 .7 4832. 9 .7 4060.2 .7 3425.2. .7 2901. I .7 2466.6 .7 2105. 1 .7 1803.1 .7 1549.9
.2 5751. 7 .8 4811.7 .8 4042.7 .8 3410.8 .8 2889.2 .8 2456.8 .8 2096.9 .8 1796.2 .8 1544.1
.1 5725.·8 · , 4790.5 .9 4025.4 ., 3396.5 .9 2877.4 · , 2447. a · , 2088.7 · , 1789. 3 · , 1">38.3 0.0 5700.0 4.0 4769.5 8.0 4008. 1 12.0 3382.3 16.0 2865.6 20.0 2437.2 24. 0 2080.5 28.0 1782.5 32.0 1532.6 .1 567-1.4 .1 4748.5 .1 3991. 0 .1 3368. I .1 2853.9 .1 2427.5 .1 2072.4 .1 1775.7 .1 1526.9' .2 5648.9 .2 4727.7 .2 3973.9 .2 3354. 1 .2 2842.2 .2 2417.8 .2 2064.3 .2 1768.9 .2 1521.2
· 3 5623.5 .3 4707.0 .3 3956.9 .3 3340.0 · 3 2830.6 · 3 2408.1 .3 2056. 3 .3 1-762. 2 .3 1515.5 · , 5598.2 .4 4686.4 .4 3939.9 .4 3326. 1 .4 2819. 1 .4 2398.5 .4 2048. 3 .4 1755.5 .4 1509.9. · , 5573. 1 · , 4665.8 · , 3923. 1 · , 3312.2 · , 2807.6 · 5 2389.0 .5 2040. 3 · , 1748.8 · , 1504.3" .6 5548. 1 .6 4645.4 .6 3906. 3 .6 3298.4 .6 2796. I .6 2379.5 .6 2032.4 .6 1742.2 .6 1498.7 .7 5523.2 .7 4625.1 .7 3889. 7 · 7 3284.7 .7 2784.7 .7 2370.0 .7 2024.5 .7 1735.6 .7 1493. I .8 5498.5 .8 4604.9 .8 3873. J .8 3271.0 .8 2773.4 .8 2360.6 .8 2016.6 .8 1729.0 .8 1487.6 · , 5473.9 .9 4584.8 .9 3856.5 · , 3257.3 · , 2762. I · , 2351. 2 .9 2008.8 · , 1722.4 · , 1482. I
1.0 5449.4 '.0 4564. 7 '.0 3840 . .1 13.0 3243.8 17.0 2750.9 21. 0 2341. 9 25.0 2001.0 29.0 1715.9 33.0 1'476.6 .1 5425. 0 .1 4544. 8 .1 3823.8 .1 3230. 3 .1 273-9.7 .1 2332.6 .1 1993.2 .1 1709.4 .1 1471. 1 .2 5400.7 .2 4525.0 .2 3807.5 .2 3216.9 .2 2728.6 .2 2323. 3 .2 1985.5 .2 1702.9 .2 1465.6 .3 5376.6 .3 4505. 3 · 3 3791. 3 · 3 3203.5 · 3 2717.5 · 3 2314. I .3 1977.8 • 3 1696.5 · 3 1460.2 · , 5352.6 .4 4485.7 .4 3775.2 .4 3190.2 .4 2706.5 .4 2304.9 .4 1970. 1 .4 1690.1 .4 145 .... 8 · , 5328.7 · , 4466.1 · , 3759. 1 · , 3177.0 · , 2695.5 .5 2295.8 · , 1962.5 · , 1683.7 .5 1449 .... .6 5304.9 .6 4446.7 .6 3743.2 .61 3163.8 .6 2684.6 .6 2286. 7 .6 1954.9 .6 1677.3 .6 1444.1 .7 5281.3 .7 4427.4 · 7 3727.3 .73150.7 · 7 2673.8 · 7 2277.7 .7 1947.4 .7 1671. 0 .7 1438.8 .8 5257.8 .8 4408.1 .8 3711.5 .8 3137.6 .8 2663.0 .8 2268.7 .8 1939.9 .8 1664.7 .8 1433.5 · , 5234.4 .9 4389.0 · , 3695.7 .9 3124.6 · , 2652.2 .9 2259.·7 · , 1932.4 · , 1658.4 .9 1428. Z
2.0 521 I. 1 6.0 4370.0 10.0 3680. I 14,0 3111. 7 IS.0 2641. 5 22.0 2250.S 26.0 1924.9 30.0 1652. I 34.0 1422.9 .1 5188.0 .1 4351.0 .1 3664.5 .1 3098.9 .1 2630.8 .1 2l4I. 9 .1 1917.5 .1 1645.9 .1 1417.7 .2 5165.0 .2 4332.. 1 .2 3649.0 .2 3086. 1 .2 2620.2 .2 2233. 1 .2 1910. I .2 1639.7 .2 1412.5 · 3 5142.0 · 3 4313.4 · 3 3633.6 · ) 3073.3 · 3 2609.6 .3 2224. 3 .3 1902.7 · 3 1633.5 ., 1407.3 .4 5119.2 .4 4294.7 .4 3618.2 .4 3061).6 .4 2599.1 · , 22J5.5 · , 1895.4 · , 1627.4 .4 1402. I · , 50Q6.5 · , 4276. I · , 3602.9 ; I 3048.0 · , 2588.6 · , 2206. 8 · , 1888. 1 · , 1621. 3 · , 1396.9 .6 5073.9 .6 4257.6 .6 3587.7 .6 3035.4 .6 2578.2 .6 2198. I .6 1880.9 .6 1615.2 .6 1391. 8 .7 5051.4 .7 4239.2 .7 3572.6 · 7 3022.9 .7 2567.8 .7 2189.4 · 7 1873.7 .7 1609. 1 .7 1386.7 .8 5029. 1 • S 4220. 9 .8 30;57.5 · B 3010.5 .8 2557.5 .8 .2:180.8 .8 1866.5 .8 1603. I " 1381. 6 · , 5006.9 · , 4202. 7 .9 HZ.5 .9 2998. 1 · , 2547.2 .9 2172.2 · , 1859. 3 · , 1597. 1 · , 1376.5
35.0 1371. 5
.. ~~
.
4.3.1.2.5 Characteristics:
D.C. T.C.
Still air 1.4 mW/oc 16 sec
Hoving air 3.4 mW;oc 3 sec 800 ft/min
Still water 7.0 mW/oC 0.4 sec
~loving water 11.0 mN/oC 0.1 sec
D.C. (Dissipation Constant) equals power in milliwatts (mW) required to raise thermistor temperature 1°C,
measured with the thermistor suspended by its rods in a specific environment. T.C. (Time Constant) equals the time required by a thermistor to change 63 percent of the difference between its initial and final temperatures, measured with 'the thermistor suspended by its leads in a specific environment.
4.3.2 Temperature Range Alignment in the Wheatstone Bridge Circuit In the Wheatstone Bridge temperature circuit (Fig. 8), there
are eight 10-k n ,1 percent trimpot resistors which are aligned to produce a 0 to 100 mV span for each of the eight temperature ranges indicated.
4.3.2.1 Procedure for adjusting 10-k n 1 percent trimpot resistors:
4.3.2.1.1 Disconnect the thermistor and replace with a resistance sUbstitution box.
4.3.2.1. 2 Set the temperature range select switch (Fig. 8) to the; -5 to +lOC range.
4.3.2.1.3 Adjust the resistance sUbstitution box to the resistance values found in Table 1 which correspond to those values in the temperature range under alignment. For example, consult Table 2.
4.3.2.1.4 Adjust the 10-k n 1 percent trimpot resistor so that the low end of the temperature'range indicates 0 mV, and the high end of the temperature range indicates 100 mV.
4.3.2.1.5 Adjust all 10-k n 1 percent trimpots for each of the eight temperature ranges (Fig. 8 and Table 2).
4.3.2.1.6 Reconnect thermistor when alignment procedure is complete.
4.3.3 Temperature Calibration Graphs Temperature calibration graphs must be constructed for each
temperature range in order to determine the relationship between temperature in °c and multipoint stripchart recorder/data acquisition values in millivolts.
This procedure consists of entering known resistance values taken from Table 1 (using fixed 1 percent resistors) in the vlheatstone Bridge circuit. The relationship between multipoint stripchart recorder/data acquisition system output values and temperature can then be established.
35
4.3.3.1 Fixed 1 percent resistors (Fig. 8; R3 - R18) whose values Were accurately measured against a 1 Q National Bureau of Standards resistor (Table 3) can be connected in series using multipoint switches (Fig. 8) so that resistance values can be made to range between l-k Q through 7.9-k Q in O.l-k Q intervals.
4.3.3.2 A double-pole double-throw (DPDT) function switch (Fig. 8) permits shunting the resistors into the l'>7heatstone Bridge circuit ..
4.3.3.3 Table 1 indicates 2K Iso-Curv~ thermistor values expressed in ohms matched to corresponding temperature values.
4.3.3.4 When calibrating a specific temperature range, for example -1 to +5°C, the temperature range select switch is po:sitioned to that range.
4.3.3.5 The DPDT function switch is positioned to the "calibrate" position.
4.3.3.6 Resistance values for the temperature range -1 to +5°C as found in Table 1, range between 4.8-k Q and 5.9-k Q.
4.3.3.7 Twelve points are then plotted on the multipoint stripchart recorder (Fig. 14), one point for each resistance value ranging between 4.8-]( Q and 5. 9-k Q in O.l-k Q intervals, by using the multipoint switches (Fig. 8) to select the desired resistance value. See Table 4 for the recorder readings.
4.3.3.8 A graph is then constructed (Fig. 14) plotting the twelve multipoint stripchart recorder readings (expressed in millivolts) against the twelve resistance values (expressed in ohms).
4.3.3.9 Temperature values in 1°C increments, which are expressed in ohms in Table 1, that range between -1 and +5°C, are plotted on the graph (Fig. 14) as a function of resistance (ohms). For example: O°C = 5700 Q; 2°C = 5211 Q, and 4°C = 4791 Q.
4.3.3.10 A second graph (Fig. 15) is then constructed from the data used to construct Figure 14. Figure 15 is a relationship between temperature values plotted on the siope of Figure 14 in 1°C intervals (Section 4.3.3.9) and mUltipoint stripchart recorder readings in millivolts. Note: The slope of the line (y = mx + b) can be used in a computer program to compute temperature values (consult Section 3.6.10.2).
4.3.3.11 All temperature values measured using the 2K Iso-Curv~ Thermistor on the -1 to +5°C temperature range, which are expressed as millivolt values or recorder readings on the multipoint strip chart recorder/data acquisition system, must be interpreted using the calibration graph constructed (Fig. 15). For example, a recorder reading of 80 would indicate a temperature value of 3.2°C.
37
'E I I""'I"HH
; I :\[;:::::i:i::: '::::',~'i! :. : '::: Hi: "
""d' ': ,'""",," "",,,., iiil:" III::
Table 3. ACTUAL VALUES OF THE RESISTORS IN THE CALIBRATION CIRCUIT (Fig. 8) MEASURED AGAINST A 1 n NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS RESISTOR
R3 = 999.81 n
R4 = 1994.2
R5 = 2999.5
R6 = 4008.7
R7 = 5010.5
R8 = 6004.8
R9 = 7011. 2
R10 = 99.34
Rll = 199.00
R12 = 297.94
R13 = 398.65
R14 = 499.08
R15 = 598.65
R16 = 697.98
R17 = 798.02
R18 = 897.81
'00
4'
90
'0 3'
"' >-3 70
" --' --'
" 60
" 2'
"' " z ~50 w
'" '" w 040
'" " 0
" w
'" 30
20 O·
'0
.,' O~~~~~--~~~~~~L-J--L~
6.0 5.9 S.S 5,7 5.6 55 5.4 5.3 5.2 5.1 5.0 4.9 4.8 4.7
K - OHMS
Fig. 14. Resistance Values 4.8-k ~ to 5.9-k ~ for the Temperature Range from -1 to +5°C.
Resistance values are plotted on the x-axis of the figure in 100-ohm intervals. With the DPDT function switch in the calibrate position (Fig. 8), those resistance values indicated on the x-axis of the figure are shunted in the thermistor bridge circuit using the multipoint switches and the temperature calibration resistors. Twelve points are then plotted on the multipoint stripchart recorder, one point for each resistance value ranging between 4.8-k ~ and S.9-k Qin O.l-k ~ intervals. A graph can then be constructed plotting resistance against mUltipoint stripchart values. After the graph has been constructed, temperature values in 1°C increments expressed in ohms (Consult Table 1) that range between -1 and +5°C are plotted on the slope of the graph as a function of resistance.
For example,
39
5700 Q = 5211 ~ = 4791 ~
Table 4. INDICATED AND ACTUAL OHM VALUES OF SOME FIXED RESISTORS IN TilE CALIBRATION CIRCUIT. These values were used to plot values on the multipoint stripchart recorder in order to construct a calibration graph for the -1 to +SoC temperature range (Fig. IS).
Indicated Ohms Actual Ohms Recorder Values (mV)
4800 4806.7 93.1
4900 4906.5 84.3
5000 5010.5 75.4
5100 5109.8 66.9
5200 5209.5 58.6
5300 5308.4 50.5
5400 5409.2 42.4
5500 5509.6 34.4
5600 5609.2 26.6
5700 5708.5 19.0
5800 5808.5 11.5
5900 5908.3 4.9
100r-------------------------------,-----,
90
80
<I> ~ 70 §; :J -' lE
60 ;S;
U)
'" z is 50 <!
i:l! a:: ~ 40 a:: o Gl a::
30
20
10
012 TEMPERATURE
Fig. 15. Temperature Calibration Graph.
3 4 ° C )
5
A second graph is constructed from the data used in Fig. 14 where the relationships between temperature values plotted on the slope of Fig. 14 in 1°C intervals are now plotted aga~nst mUltipoint recorder values. All temperature values measured with the 2K Iso-Curv~ thermistor on the -1 to +5°C temperature range using the multipoint strip chart recorder and data acquisition system are interpreted using this calibration graph. Similar graphs are constructed for the other temperature ranges.
41
I
4.3.4 Accuracy
4.3.4.1 Circuit Accuracy: The accuracy of the \'lheatstone Bridge circuit depends upon the individual components (resistors). In constructing the circuit, only resistors with 1 percent tolerance were used. For example, a 4800 ~ value = 4806 ± 48.1 n. If a temperature value measured was 6.4°C, the circuit error would be 6.4°C ± 0.064°C.
4.3.4.2 Thenuistor l,ccuracy: Section 4.3.1 indicates that thermistor accuracy is fO.loC over a -5 through +35°C temperature range.
4.3.4.3 Total Accuracy: The total accuracy cannot be greater than the largest error present, or the thermistor tolerance of ± O.loC.
4.3.5 Improvements in Design
4.4 l2!!
Althcugh there are more up-to-date designs in thermistor circuitry, we have not modified our thermistor circuit due to the convenience of recording eight temperature ranges in 6°C intervals~
4.4.1 Field Calibration Procedure
4.4.1.1 Disconnect automatic temperature compensator from pH meter.
4.4.1. 2 Disconnect seawater intake line (attached to pH probe chamber), drain completely, and fill with particle-free distilled water using the apparatus illustrated in Figure 16, and rinse completely.
4.4.1. 3 Drain iJH chamber completely and "cla'TIp" the rubber tube located at the base of the chamber.
4.4.1.4 Note the temperature of the buffer solution using a mercury thermometer, and set the temperature indicator on the pH meter accordingly.
4.4.1. 5 Fill pH chamber with pH-7 buffer solution through the overflow port.
4.4.1.6 Spin the magnet in the pH chamber using the magnetic stirrer (spin slowly to prevent cavitation).
4.4.1.7 Standardize pH meter.
4.4.1.8 Acti va te the multipoint strip chart recorder and, using the manual mode selector, set the proper pH input channel.
4.4.1.9 Adjust the calibration potentiometer located at the rear of the pH unit (0 to 100 mV scan adjust).
4.4.1.10 Turn off mUltipoint strip chart recorder.
4.4.1.11 Drain buffer fron", the pH chamber and reconnect all seawater lines.
4.4.1.12 Reconnect the automatic temperature compensator to the pH meter.
42
4 LITER NALGENE®
CONTAINER
PARTICLE - FREE DEIONIZED DISTILLED
WATER
r;::::=====:=j, ,
CLAMP
~ __ MALE
QUICK DISCONNECT
Fig. 16. A 4 1 Nalgene Container Fitted with a 20 in Length of Tygon Tubing. A male quick-disconnect is inserted in the free end of the tube.
A pinch clamp near the quick-disconnect contains the particle-free deionized distilled water which is used for pI! chamber rinsing, and fluorometer blanking (Consult Sections 4.4, 4 . 7, and 4. 8) ,
43
\'
4.4.1.13 Open seawater valve to the pH chamber, adjusting the flow rate to avoid back pressure in the pH chamber. The level of the seawater should be no higher than midway in the exit port.
4.4.1.14 Set the expanded pH range selector to the correct position.
4.4.2 Accuracy
4.4.2.1 Accuracy of the Corning Automatic Temperature compensator model 476092: ± 1.OoC.
4.4.2.2 Accuracy of the pH meter in the expanded scale position where 1 pH unit indicates a full-scale deflection:
+ 0.002 at buffer point (pH units)
+ 0.005 with buffer and sample in the same range (pH units
4.4.3 Possible Causes of Error while Operating at Sea
4.4.3.1 Stray ac signals (fluorescent lights, motors, etc.; Collins, 1962) .
4.4.3.2 Contaminated buffer.
4.4.3.3 Cracked pH electrode or temperature compensator.
4.4.3.4 Organic film buildup on the pH electrode or temperature compensator~
4.4.3.5 KCl (electrolyte) contaminated with seawater (experienced wher excessive seawater pressure is applied to the pH chamber).
4.4.3.6 Stray rf signals (hf and vhf radio transraissions at sea).
4.4.3.7 ac power failure (requires recalibration).
4.4.3.8 Ground potential while recording pH data causes Ag to precipitate from the Ag/AgCl solution and plate on the electrode, thus affecting calibration. Solution: Isolate ground potential.
4.4.4 Improvements in the pH System When working in a fringe area, that is, a pH of 7.999, 8.000
the 7 to 8 expanded scale position, any overranging causes the mUltipoint stripchart recorder and the data acquisition system to drop data. It would be convenient to have overlapping ranges incorporated in the circuit, especially 7.5 to 8.5 expanded scale position. This would cover, for most part, the normal seawater measuring range.
4.5 Dissolved Oxygen
4.5.1 Standardization For initial standardization, follow procedures outlined in tl
Yellow Springs Instrument Company's Instruction Manual (Yellow Springs Instrument Co., 1971b).
44
4.5.2 Field Calibration
4.5.2.1 Check the 115 V ac system input to the meter.
4.5.2.2 Set the function switch to "red line" and allow a minimum of 15 min for stabilization.
4.5.2.3 Prepare the oxygen probe for use according to the YSI Instruction Manual (Yellow Springs Instrument Co., 1971a, 1971b) •
4.5.2.4 Secure the oxygen probe in the plexiglass sample chamber (Figs. 2 and 6) .
4.5.2.5
4.5.2.6
Pump seawater through the outer temperature stabilizer chamber. '"
Adjust the "red line" to its proper position.
4.5.2.7 Set function switch to zero and adjust circuit to read zero on the meter.
4.5.2.8 Set functions switch to "temperature" position, noting sample chamber temperature (a thermistor mounted on the oxygen probe measures sample chamber temperature) •
4.5.2.9 Set function switch to either the 0 to 10 ppm, or 0 to 20 ppm range and adjust the control to the correct calibration value as found in "The Solubility of Nitrogen, Oxygen and Argon in Water and Seawater" (Weiss, 1970). Consult Green and Carritt, (1967) and Yellow Springs Instrument Co. (197lb) for further information pertaining to oxygen solubility.
4.5.2.10 Activate the mUltipoint stripchart recorder and, using the manual mode selector, set the proper dissolved oxygen input channel.
4.5.2.11 Adjust the voltage divider circuit (Section 3.6.5) so that oxygen meter values correspond to recorder values.
4.5.2.12 Turn off multipoint strip chart recorder.
4.5.2.13 Connect seawater line to sample chamber.
4.5.2.14 Open seawater valve and adjust the flow rate to approximately 250 ml/min.
4.5.2.15 Recalibration of the oxygen meter takes but a few minutes after the initial stabilization period and should be performed as frequently as stability warrants. The following procedure can be used for recalibration:
4.5.2.15.1 Close sample chamber seawater valve.
4.5.2.15.2 Separate the quick-disconnect, and drain sample chamber.
4.5.2.15.3 Insert an air gun apparatus (a squeeze bulb with a short, narrow tube wil~ prove satisfactory), and clear water droplets from the membrane using short bursts of air.
45
ji,
I! Ii " "
1 '
I: I,
" I ,
I
I
, ,
;+'1":::+-+:-, to . i
, !
4.5.2.15.4 Follow normal calibration procedure (Sections 4.5.2.1 to 4.5.2.9) •
4.5.2.15.5 Reconnect seawater lines and open valve (Sections 4.5.2.13 and 4.5.2 .14) .
4.5.3 1'.ccuracy Specifications were taken from: Yellow Springs Instrument Co.,
(1971a, 1971b) for the YSI model 54 Dissolved Oxygen Meter and YSI model 5418 Polarographic Probe.
Oxygen Ranges
Accuracy
Temperature Compensation
Instrument Temperature (s tabili ty)
Operating Temperature Range
Readability
Temperature Measurement
Probe Response Time
o to 10 ppm and 0 to 20 ppm
+ 1% of full-scale at temperature of calibration (0.1 ppm on 0 to 10 scale)
± 1% of reading within: 5°C span of probe temperature
± 3% of reading over entire range of -2°C to +45°C probe temperature
2% of reading for each 25°C change of instrument temperature
Probe: -2°C to +45°C Instrument: -SoC to +45°C with NiCd batteries
0.05 ppm on 0 to 10 ppm scale
0.1 pprn on 0 to 20 ppm scale
Range: -5°C to +45°C Accuracy: : 0.7°C (including probe)
(02 change) 90% of final value in 10 sec
4.5.3.1 The data in Figure 17 show the relationship of polarographic oxygen values (calibration of polarographic probe was accordin to Yellow Springs Instrument Co., 1971b) plotted against OXygE values in the same seawater using the classical Winkler titration method (Winkler, 1888; Strickland and Parsons, 1968)
4.5.4 possible Causes of Error while Operating at Sea
4.5.4.1 Improper calibration of thermistor (internal adjustment).
4.5.4.2 Insufficient stabilization time.
4.5.4.3 Bubbles in polarographic probe assembly.
4.5.4.4 KCl contaminated with seawater.
46
20
en U5 >-~
16 ...J «::;; za.. « a..
Z 12
2z I-w «(!) 0::>-I-X -0 I- 8
° w > ...J
0:: 0 wen ...J en
4 ::,::-ZO
:s:
o ~------~------~------~--------~------~ o 4 8 12 16 20
POLAROGRAPHIC SENSOR MEASUREMENT DISSOLVED OXYGEN (PPM)
Fig. 17. The data show the relationship of polarographic oxygen values in parts-per-million (ppm) measured with a YSI Oxygen Meter model 54, Probe model 5418 (calibration of probe was according to Yellow Springs Instrument Co., 1971b), plotted against oxygen values determined in the same water using the classical Winkler titration (Winkler, 1888; Strickland and Parsons, 1968) where values are expressed in ppm.
iJ.·· -.. ""-" ... 'I.',
i , ,
Ii
4.S.4.S Organic film buildup on polarographic probe membrane (change membrane once every 12 hrs when using continuously at sea).
4.S.4.6 ac power failure (recalibration is mandatory when this occurs).
4.S.4.7 Ground loop: occurs when recording data. (Solution: Isolate components from ship's ground, including ac power inputs.)
4.S.4.8 Excessive water pressure. (Excessive water pressure in the sampling chaIT~er will increase the solubility of oxygen from 760 nun to some greater value. A flow rate of approximately 100 to 2S0 ml/min is recommended.)
4.S.4.9 Stray rf signals (hf and vhf radio transmissions at sea).
4. S.S Improvements in the Dissolved Oxygen System Future considerations might include an in situ dissolved oxygen
system.
4.6 In Vivo Chlorophyll a (Fluorometric Determination)
4 • 6 . 1 Me thods For specific in vivo chlorophyll a measurement methods and
notes, consult Yentsch and Henzel (1963); Holm-Hansen, Lorenzen, Holmes, and Strickland (1965); Lorenzen (196S); Lorenzen (1966); Eppley, Holmes, and Strickland (1967); Strickland (1968); Strickland and Parsons (1968); Flemer (1969); Loftus and Carpenter (1971); Loftus, Subba Rao, and Seliger (1972); Guilbault (1973).
4.6.2 Special Equipment
4.6.2.1 G. K. Turner model 111 Filter Fluorometer.
4.6.2.2 RCA R-136 Red-Sensitive Photomultiplier.
4.6.2.3 General Electric F4TS Blue Lamp.
4.6.2.4 High-sensitivity flow-through door (consult G. K. Turner equipment catalog for part number) .
4.6.2.S Corning CSS-60 Glass Filter (excitation).
4.6.2.6 Corning CS2-64 Glass Filter (emission). Note: Appendix 8.9 contains transmission curves for the Corning filters.
4.6.3 Two Methods of Fluorometer Blanking Blanking the fluorometer prior to in vivo chlorophyll a
measurements subtracts out unwanted fluorescence produced by a blank, in this instance, chlorophyll-free distilled water (chlorophyll-free seawater).
The first blanking method is described in the G. K. Turner Associates Operating and Service Manual (1970), and by Lorenzen (1966). The second method is a modification of the Lorenzen (1966)
method developed at the Marine Sciences Research Center.
4.6.3.1 Fluorometer Blanking (Method 1)
4.6.3.1.1 The G. K. Turner Filter Fluorometer model 111 has four range positions or aperture diameters useful in in vivo
48
chlorophyll a measurement. To select a desired range (IX, 3X, 10X~ 30X), pull the range selector out and move it over the desired aperture diameter.
4.6.3.1.2 V1hen the fluorometer is equipped for in: vivo chlorophyll a analysis (correct filters and photomultiplier), insert a flat black card (5 x 5 em) over the photomultiplier (the aperture diameter may be at any of the four ranges) and, using the blanking control, adjust the fluorescence dial to zero. This step nulls unwanted fluorescence detected by the photomultiplier. The following steps are used to detect unwanted fluorescence in the blank (chlorophyllfree distilled water) .
4.6.3.1.3 Connect a distilled-water source to the fluorometer (a 4 1 water bottle filled with particle-free distilled water; Fig. 16).
4.6.3.1. 4 Remove the 5 x 5 cm flat black card and set the aperture diameter to IX.
4.6.3.1.5 V1hile particle-free distilled water flows through the cuvette, note the fluorescence dial reading. Perform this operation on the 3X, lOX, and 30 X aperture diameters, noting the respective fluorescence dial readings.
4.6.3.1.6 Lorenzen (1966) reports that AA millipored filtered seawater, and distilled water, produce fluorescence dial readings of 1, 3, 10, and 40 on the IX, 3X, lOX, and 30X aperture diameters, respectively. Lorenzen (1966) suggests that the fluorescence readings are a result of light scattering and/or light leakage through the colored filters.
4.6.3.1.7 Blank readings determined in Sections 4.6.3.1.2 through 4.6.3.1. 6 must be subtracted from measured values on their respective ranges (aperture diameters).
4.6.3.1.8 The blank knob is not moved after it is initially adjusted unless for reblanking purposes.
4.6.3.2 Fluorometer Blanking (Method 2) The second method, a modification of the Lorenzen (1966)
method, was developed in the field and has proved to be accurate. From field experience, we find that the lOX aperture diameter is commonly used in the nearshore coastal waters, while the 30X aperture diruneter is used during less productive seasons, and in the open ocean. The 3X and IX aperture diameters are used only during phytoplankton "blooms." For general nearshore measurements, we recormnend the following blanking procedure.
4.6.3.2.1 Set the aperture diar1eter to the lOX position.
4.6.3.2.2 Consult Section 4.6.3.1.3.
4.6.3.2.3 Allow distilled Fater to flow through the fluorometer cuvette and adjust the· blanking control to zero on the
49
i" ,i; :!!
! '
\'" • .I, ,
, I
fluorescence dial. This step nulls unwanted background fluorescence produced by the blank (distilled water) .
4.6.3.2.4 The lOX aperture diameter has proven satisfactory for most inshore coastal measurements. If, however, other aperture diameters are needed, follow steps 4.6.3.2.1 through 4.6.3.2.3, then move the range selector to the desired aperture diameter (Le. 30X). Hi thout changing the blank control, record the new blank value: This new blank value must be subtracted from all measured values when using this new range.
4.6.3.2.5 See Section 4.8 (Fluorometer Output Modifications) regarding the correction of the Turner Fluorometer output for nonlinearity.
4.6.4 Fluorometer Calibration Procedure (Method 1)
4.6.4.1 Discrete samples are collected from the fluorometer seawater discharge line as fluorometer readings are recorded.
4.6.4.2 Acetone extractions are performed on the same samples (strickland and Parsons, 1968) where chlorophyll a data are expressed according to SCOR/UNESCO equations (UNESCO, 1966).
4.6.4.3 Corrected fluorometer output values (consult Section 4.8) are plotted against SCOR/UNESCO chlorophyll a data for all necessary aperture diameters (Fig 18). Note: A minimum of 15 samples are needed in order for an accurate calibration plot
4.6.5 Calibration Accuracy and Precision
4.6.5.1 Plant Pigment Extraction: Spectrophotometric precision for chlorophyll a (Strickland and Parsons, 1968; Holmes, 1968): Note: Chlorophyll a is almost always determined when using the in vIvo fluorescence method.
4.6.5.1.1 Chlorophyll a precision: k Mean of n determinations + 0.26/n' ug. chlorJphyll a
4.6.5.1.2 Chlorophyll b precision: k l1ean of n determinations:!: 0.21/n' ug. chlorophyll b
4.6.5.1.3 Chlorophyll c precision: Variable and-very poor ± 10% to + 30% of the amount being measured
4.6.5.1.4 Plant carotenoids precision: k Mean of ~ determinations ± 0.15/n'-u-S.P.U.
4.6.5.2 Spectrophotometer Accuracy and Precision: Spectrophotometer accuracy and precision should be listed in the instrument instruction manual. Precision, using a certain spectrophotometer, can be determined by using a standard chlorophyll reference.
Consult Appendix 8.10 for an example of the ACTAtmII, UV-Visible Spectropho~ometer specifications (Beckman Instruments, Inc., 1971).
50
30.0
28.5
27.0
25.5
240
22.5
21.0
'" E "-
19.5
'" E 18.0
01 16.5
...J 15.0
...J >-I 13.5 0.. 0 n: 12.0 0 ...J I <.) 10.5
W ...J 9.0 CD
~ 7.5 <.) <! n: r-- 6.0 X W • •
4.5
3.0
1.5
0 0 10
•
•• 0 • •
• • • 0 •
• • •
• •
•
• •
• •
• •
•
w w W 00 ro ro 00
CORRECTED FLUOROMETER OUTPUT
•
90 100
Fig. 18. Relationship between Corrected Fluorometer Output Values Using 30X and lOX Aperture Diameters (sensitivities) and Extractable Chlorophyll a (mg/m3 ).
Samples-were taken from Great South Bay, Long Island, New York and adjacent Atlantic Ocean in June, 1972.
The coefficient of correlation for
30X: r = +0.86
lOX: r = +0.95
51
, , , i :
" !, L !'. I':
;;: ,
, '\
, 'I ;j;
, i
d II
I~I l1' j:' 'I< :i'
" 1'><1
I " I
:t, ~II '
i',
I
I! I]
I ':
I I
,
4.6.5.3 Fluorometer Precision: Fluorometer precision can be determined by using a standard chlorophyll reference.
4.6.6 Causes of Erroy irithe In Vivo ChloYophyllaFluorescence Technique
4.6.6.1 The Corning CS5-60 Glass Filter (maximum transmission 430 nm) permits fluorescence of unwanted phaeophytin material (Lorenzen, 1965, 1966). Replacing the Corning CS5-60 Glass Filter with Corning CS5-58 and CS3-73 Glass Filters will significantly reduce interference from phaeophytin material (Loftus, Subba Rao, and Seliger, 1972). (Consult Patterson and Parsons, 1963; Currie, 1962, for additional details.)
4.6.6.2 Calibrating a fluorometer against naturally mixed phytoplankton populations can produce statistically large errors, as great as ± 15% (personal observation).
4.6.6.3 Temperature: Williams and Bridges (1964) report that in vivo fluorescence decreases with increasing temperature at a-rate of 1.4%/10C in the range of 12° to 20°C.
4.6.7 Technique Accuracy Fluorometric in vivo chlorophyll a values may vary as much as
± 10 to 15% from those values determined spectrophotometrically. This is primarily due to calibration when using naturally mixed phytoplankton popUlations (refer to Section 4.6.6.2).
4.6.8 Fluorometer Calibration Procedure (11ethod 2) A major problem in using fluorometric in vivo chlorophyll is
encountered when measuring naturally mixed phytoplankton populations. Loftus, Subba Rao, and Seliger (1972) report that unialgal laboratory cultures of phytoplankton, ranging in size from 2 u (unidentified ultraflagellate) to 70 u (Gymnodinium nelsonii) , produce different instrument calibration rati~s "nil where:
in vivo fluorescence intensit units) R; extractable chlorophyll
(refer to Fig. 19). Other investigators, including Strickland (1968), Strickland
and Parsons (1968), and Flemer (1969), have independently reported variations in nR n for naturally mixed popUlations using the in vivo chlorophyll method. Seasonal changes in nRn are produced by- -transitional periods of different species of phytoplankton (Fig. 20 Loftus, Subba Rao, and Seliger, 1972).
4.6.8.1 Laboratory Procedure
4.6.8.1.1 Different concentrations of in vivo unialgal cultures under investigation are fed through a fluorometer and collected from the discharge line as fluorometer aperture diameter and fluorescence dial values are recorded.
4.6.8.1.2 Acetone extractions are performed on the unialgal culture collected from the fluorometer (Section 4.6.8.1.1) according to Loftus and Carpenter (1971), Loftus, Subba Rao, and Seliger (1972), and Strickland and Parsons (196' where chlorophyD. a data are expressed according to SCOR/UNESCO equations (UNESCO, 1966).
52
400r------------------------------------------------.
. 350
300
If)
!::: z :::>
IJJ 250 > ti ...J IJJ 0::
200
IJJ U Z IJJ u 150 If) IJJ 0:: 0 :::> ...J lL
0 100 > > z
50
•
6 nannoplankton Sp., 2j.J
o Monochrysis $p., 6j.J
o Frogillaria sp., 10 j.J
• Pheodactylum tricornutum, 15j.J
® Dunoliella tertiolecta, 6 j.J
"Gymnodinium splendens, 60j.J
• Gymnodinium nelsonii, 70j.J
O~------~--------~--------~--------~------~ o 10 20 30 40 50
EXTRACTABLE CHLOROPHYLL 9. UJG/L)
Fig. 19. Species Dependent Relationship between in vivo Fluorescence and Extractable Chlorophyll a for Several Species in Unialgal Culture.
Single point lines for G¥mnodinium splendens and G. nelsonii are average values for each from 1nitial inoculation through stationary phase. The approximate sizes are given in the figure. (Figure from Loftus, Subba Rao, and Seliger, 1972)
53
'I j ; , r .
.;
"
900
800
C/l 700 z w f-Z
w ()
600
15 500 () C/l w a: 0400 ::> ..J lJ...
W 300 > ~ d 200 a:
100
\
20 40 60
B..
" B JUNE-JULY 6.4-9.5
X AUGUST 4 2.4
" AUGUST 10 2.8- 4.5
0 AUGUST 13 4.4
AUGUST 17 4.1
SEPT. 2 3.5 o
/+--AUGUST 13 / x
X
____ AUGUST 4
80 100 120 140
EXTRACTABLE 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340
CHLOROPHYLL..Q. (JJ G / Ll
Fig. 20. The Calibration Relationship between in situ Fluorescence and Extractable Chlorophyll a from Field Samples Collected on Several Survey Dates. (Figure from Loftus, Subba Rao, and Seliger, 1972)
54
4.6.8.1.3 Graphs are prepared plotting in vivo chlorophyll fluorescence against unialgal species concentration.
4.6 . 8 . 2 Proce'dU:res at Sea
4.6.8.2.1 Consult Section 4.6.4.1.
4.6.8.2.2 Acetone extractions are performed on samples collected at sea (Section 4.6.4.2) according to Loftus and Carpenter (1971), Loftus, Subba Rao, and Seliger (1972), and Strickland and Parsons (1968), where chlorophyll a data are expressed according to SCOR/UNESCO equations (UNESCO, 1966) •
4.6.8.2.3 Consult Section 4.6.4.3 and Figs. 19 and 20.
4.6.8.2.4 Comparisons are performed on the unialgal chlorophyll a data determined in the laboratory and those chlorophyll a data collected from samples at sea where "R" ratios (Figs. 19 and 20) determined for those species in the laboratory are compared to the slope(s) produced by those samples at sea.
4.6.8.2.5 Loftus, Subba Rao, and Seliger (1972) report that, by changing the baffling and the collimation of the fluorometer, for any given natural population, the in vivo fluorescence intensity was directly proportional to-----extractable chlorophyll a concentrations.
4.6.9 Accuracy and Precision U'lethod 2)
4.6.9.1 Plant Pigment Extraction: Consult Section 4.6.5.1.
4.6.9.2 Spectrophotometer Accuracy and precision: Consult Secticn4.6.5.2.
4.6.9.3 Fluorometer Accuracy: Consult section 4.6.5.3.
4.6.10 Technique Accuracy (Method 2)
Loftus, Subba Rao, and Seliger (1972) report that samples of naturally mixed populations can be analyzed for chlorophyll a (ca. 10 ug/l) with a coefficient of variation of ± 10%.
4.6.11 possible Causes of Error while Operating at Sea
4.6.11.1 Improper filters.
4.6.11.2 Improper lamp or photomultiplier.
4.6.11.3 Changes in optical alignment.
4.6.11.4 Damage to lamp or photomultiplier.
4.6.11.5 ac power failure (reblanking necessary).
4.6.11.6 Improper seawater rate.
4.6.11.7 Bubbles in cuvette cell.
55
, I" " .; :1
'I
4.6.11.8 Organic film on cuvette wall.
4.6.11.9 Condensation on cuvette wall.
4.7 Turbidity by Nephelometry Measurement
4.7.1 Method For specific nephelometry measurement method, consult stevens
(1967) •
4.7.2 Special Equipment
4.7.2.1 G. K. Turner model III Filter Fluorometer.
4.7.2.2 RCA 931-A Phototube.
4.7.2.3 General Electric F4T5 Blue Lamp.
4.7.2.4 1 cm2 cross-section flow-through cuvette (consult G. K. Turner Catalog) .
4.7.2.5 Corning CS7-60 Glass Filter (primary filter).
4.7.2.6 Corning CS5-60 Glass Filter (secondary filter). Note: Appendix 8.9 contains transmission curves for the Corning filters.
4.7.2.7 Various neutral density filters ranging from 1 percent through 90 percent transmission.
4.7.3 Fluorometer Blanking
4.7.3.1 The G. K. Turner Filter Fluorometer model III has three range positions or aperture diameters suitable for turbidity measurement (IX, 3X, lOX).
4.7.3.2 Place the aperture diameter on IX.
4.7.3.3 Consult Section 4.6.3.1.3.
4.7.3.4 While particle-free distilled water flows through the cuvette, adjust the blanking control to zero on the fluorescence dial.
4.7.3.5 When using either the 3X or the lOX aperture diameters, divide all corrected fluorometer values (consult Section 4.8) by the respective aperture diameter. Example: On the 3X aperture diameter, divide all corrected fluorometer values by 3.
4.7.4 Calibration
4.7.4.1 Discrete seawater sruuples of known volume are collected from the fluorometer discharge line, recording the aperture diameteJ and fluorescence dial value.
4.7.4.2 Filter the known volume of seawater through a preweighed nucleopore filter (Cranston and Buckley, 1972), storing the pac in a dessicator while at sea.
4.7.4.3 In the laboratory, dry the filter pad completely and reweigh.
56
4.7.4.4 Plot corrected fluorometer values (consult Section 4.8) against milligrams of particulate matter (suspended solids/volume of ,"I seawater sampled). Data can be presented as in Figure 21. ~ ~
4.7.5 Accuracy Using the data presented in Figure 21, the relationship between
suspended solids (mg/l) plotted against corrected fluorometer output, we find the coefficient of correlation to be: r = + 0.86.
4.7.6 Technique Error
4.7.6.1 Refractive index of particles.
4.7.6.2 Coefficient of reflection of the suspended particles.
4.7.6.3 Geometry of particle.
4.7.6.4 Types of particles (i.e. clay, silt, 'plankton).
4.7.7 possible Causes of Error while Operating at Sea Consult Section 4.6.11.
4.8 G. K. 'l'urner Filter Fluorometer 110del 111 Output 110dification An offset zero due to "potentiometric end resistance" is common to
the G. K. Turner Fluorometers used for both in vivo chlorophyll a and turbidi ty measurements. "The voltage at the arm of the potentiometer varies from about 2 V to 95 V dc, as the fluorescence dial is rotated from 0 through 100" (Turner Instruction l1anual, p. 19). To correct for variations in the fluorometer output, modifications were made:
4.8.1 Fluorometer Output 110dification In order to interface the G. K. Turner Fluorometers to the
multipoint stripchart recorder and the data acquisition system, the G. K. Turner Instruction Hanual (p. 19) suggests "connecting a resistor whose resistance in ohms equals the recorder range in millivolts between the positive and negative b:i"nding posts."
While operating at sea, fluorometers must be firmly secured against a bulkhead. This makes it almost impossible to adjust the span control which is located at the rear of the unit. For this reason, we suggest this modification:
Install a voltage divider circuit, in lieu of one fixed resistor, which consists of a trimpot resistor and a fixed resistor across the positive and negative output binding posts. On the face plate of the fluorometer (Fig. 2), mount the trimpot, which will now serve as the output span adjust.
4.8.2 Correcting the G. K. Turner Fluorometer for Nonlinearity
4.8.2.1 Adjust the blank control on both the in vivo chlorophyll a and turbidity (nephelometer) fluorometers so that the fluorescence dials indicate 50.
4.8.2.2 Adjust the trimpots serving as "output span adjustment" (Section 4.8.1) on both fluorometers so that a fluorescence dial reading of 50 produces an output of 50 mV.
57
50
..J40
...... '-" :a;
(/) o ..J 0 30 (/)
o IJJ o Z IJJ 0.. (/) 20 :::J (/)
\Jl 0>
10
• •
• • • •
• 10
CORRECTED
-~----=--=~~
•
20
• ••
•
FLUOROMETE R
c
•
• • ••
•
Fig. 21. Relationship between Corrected Fluorometer (nephelometer) Output Values Using the IX Aperture Diameter (sensitivity) and suspended Solids Expressed as Milligrams/Liter (mg/l).
Samples were collected from the apex of th~ New York Bight during March, 1974.
Coefficient of correlation: r = +0.86.
., ~~
~:~~. ~~0i~~~~· -"-_ •... -.---.,_ .. -------
•
4.8.2.3 Rotate the fluorescence dial (on both fluorometers) by adjusting the blanking control, and record fluorometer output values at every 10 dial divisions ranging from 0 through 100 on the multipoint stripchart recorder.
4.8.2.4 Because no linear relationship exists between the fluorometer output and the multipoint stripchart recorder values, we constructed the calibration graph in Figure 22. Best least squares fit yields the following equation describing the curve: y = 1.064x - 3.19.
4.8.3 ac Frequency When using shipboard auxiliary power, it is imperative that the
input frequency to the fluoron<eter not vary more than ± 2 Hz froIn 60 Hz.
4.9 Salinometer The Plessey Environmental Systems Laboratory Induction Salinometer
(model 6230) is standardized with Copenhagen Seawater (consult Plessey Instruction Hanual for complete details) .
4.9.1 Hanufacturer's Performance Specifications for salinity
Range:
Least Count:
Accuracy:
Temperature Compensation:
o to 51 ppt
0.0004 ppt
:!: 0.003 ppt
:!: 0.002 ppt for variations of + 3°C between sample and standard
4.9.2 Hanufacturer's Performance Specifications for Temperature
Range: ooC to 40°C
E.l.ccuracy: ± 1. ooC
Note: Consult Figure 23a, b, and c for examples of accuracy measurements conducted by the National Oceanographic Instrumentation Center, Washington, D.C. (NOAA Fact Sheet IFS 73008).
4.10 Thermosalinograph Calibration tests were performed on the Plessey Thermosalinograph
model 6600T by Charles Saunders, calibration specialist, at Plessey Environmental Systems, San Diego, Calif. For specific calibration techniques, consult the therrnosalinograph instruction manual.
4.10.1 General Calibration Procedure
4.10.1.1 The remote salinity sensor is connected to a recirculating seawater system.
4.10.1. 2 Salinity in the recirculating seawater system is kept at 32.5 ppt while the seawater temperature is varied between OoC to +35°C. This process checks the stability of the temperature compensating Circuitry.
4.10.1.3 Recirculating seawater temperature is held constant at 15°C while salinity is varied from 20 ppt to 37.5 ppt. Discrete samples are drawn fr0m the high and low ends of each range and analyzed on the Plessey Induction Salinometer model 6230. The difference between the 6600T thermosalinograph and the salinity
59
'-__ _ _ _ _ _ -';~~-?,: ~::~~~~:~_ ~~~ ~:. ~~\·~\l~\;;~:.~. --
100
90
80
(!) 70 z 0 <!
~ 60
-l <! Cl 50
a:: w I-w 40 :2 0 a:: 0 ::;)
-l 30 u..
20
10
o I .r o 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
MILLIVOLT OUTPUT
Fig. 22. Relationship between G. K. Turner Fluorometer Model III Dial Readings and mV Output Values indicated on the Multipoint Stripchart Recorder and Data Acquisition System. The fluorometer blanking control is adjusted so the fluorescence dial indicates 50. A trimpot resistor (Consult Section 4.8.1) is adjusted so the Multipoint Stripchart Recorder and Data Acquisition System indicate 50 mV. The fluorescence dial is rotated from 0 through 100 by adjusting the blanking control, recording the output at every 10 divisions. Relationship of line: y = 1.064x - 3.19.
--~ -:~ .. -.~, ._--..... ------,-_._,
0.06 ,---------------------------, ERROR AND UNCERTAINTIES
0.04
-0.04
0.06 ERROR AND COMBINED UNCERTAINTY
~
.................
/ " 0.04 , , /--- /
, --/ /' , \ /
, , , , / , , / ~ 0.02 ..... - - -- /
, l- v Cl..
, / , - -Cl.. ------- ..... , - - - - \ ,-
0:: 0 0 0:: - ERROR 0:: \
w_0.02 \
- - - COMBINED UNCERTAINTY \
, _0.04
, , , , / , I I
-0,06 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
SALINITY (PPT)
Fig. 23a and 23b
61
3
TEMPERATURE ERROR 2 -
~-- ---u -~ ~ ~--
--~ a: 1 '- -~- - ~ 0 --~ ---a: ERROR = 1.85 - 0.04 T --a: w ---
0
-I I I I I I I I t I
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
TEMPERATURE (Oe)
Fig. 23c. Performance tests were conducted on the Plessey model 6230 Portable Laboratory Salinometer by the National Oceanographic Instrumentation Center, Washington, D.C. The results of those tests performed on salinometer serial number 4946 are as follows (NOAA Fact Sheet IFS 73008):
Salinity
Range:
Ratio resolution:
Salinity resolution:
Accuracy:
Nonrepeatability:
Temperature effect on salinity measurement:
Temperature
Range:
Resolution:
Accuracy:
Nonrepeatability:
o to 51 ppt
0.00001
0.0004 ppt
-0.016 ± 0.045 ppt at 45.5 ppt to +0.028 ± 0.019 ppt at 30.0 ppt (Consult Fig. 23a and 23b for graph)
0.0007 ppt
-0.077 ppt at 12°C +0.026 ppt at 38°C
ooC to 40°C
0.02°C
+2.44°C at 4°C to -0.09°C at 39°C (Consult Fig. 23c for graph)
0.6°C
value measured with the 6230 induction salinometer is expressed as salinity error (consult Section 4.10.2).
4.10.2 Thermos'alinogr'aph Accuracy Listed below are the performance specifications determined in
1973 by Ples'sey Environmental Systems for the unit presently being used at the Marine Sciences Research Center.
20
28
28
29.S
31
32.S
34
35.5
Normal Salinity
32.S ppt
37.S ppt
Salinity
Temperature Range
3SoC to O°C
3SoC to OoC
"Maximum Error over Temperature Range
+ 0.03 ppt
+ 0.03 ppt
High Salinity Low Soilinity Ran:re Accurac:i SaHnit;i Er"ror Salinity Error
- 30 ppt ± O.lS ppt 29.800 - O.OSO 22.6S0 - 0.020
- 38 + O.lS 47.490 + 0.040 29.8S0 0 -- 30 + 0.03 29.8S0 0 28.280 + 0.010
- 31.S + 0.03 31. 360 - + 0.010 29.86S + O.OlS
- 33 + 0.03 32.7S0 + 0.010 31. 36 0 + 0.010
- 34.5 + 0.03 34.440 0 32.750 + 0.010 -- 36 + 0.03 35.960 - + 0.010 34.435 - O.OOS
- 37.5 + 0.03 37.460 + 0.010 35.950 0
4.10.3 Determining Thermosalino:rraph Error Fluctuations Thermosalinograph error can be determined in the field by
drawing water samples from the remote salinity sensor overflow and measuring the salinity of the same water using a Plessey model 6230 Laboratory Induction Salinometer.
The following tabulation shows a comparison between some thermosalinograph (model 6600T) readings taken in the apex of the New York Bight, and corresponding salinity samples which were collected and later analyzed in the laboratory using the induction salinometer (model 6230). (Data from Duedall, et al., 1974.)
Thermosalinograph Salinometer Station DeEth (1) (2 ) (1) - (2)
31C 10 m 31. 86 31.94 - 0.08
30B 1 m 30.68 30.65 + 0.03
35G 1 m 27.40 27.53 - 0.13
33E 1 m 28.61 28.82 - 0.21
Note: 1'he small differences between the thermosalinograph and salinometer may be due to the fact that the salinity samples were stored for about two months in polyethylene bottles prior to analysis.
. ,,:; I'
4.10.4 possible Causes of Error while Operating at Sea for Salinometer and Thermosalinograph·
4.10.4.1 Improper seawater flow rate (thermosalinograph only).
4.10.4.2 Bubbles in sample chamber.
4.10.4.3 Organic film on sample chamber wall, toroid, thermistor or platinum thermometer.
4.10.4.4 ac power failure.
4.10.4.5 Stray rf signals (hf and vhf shipboard radio transmission).
4.11 4 pi Isotropic Underwater Photometer Refer to Rich and Wetzel (1969) for specific construction and
operational procedures.
4.11.1 Special Equipment 0
Clairex CL 702 Photocells with peak response at 51S0 A.
4.11.2 Circuit Nodifications
4.11.2.1 A 90 V dc zener-controlled power supply replaces the 90 V dc battery suggested in the original schematic (consult Fig. 9).
4.11.2.2 A 2-k a 1 percent trimpot was designed into the circuit, enabling a 0 to 100 mV signal, taken from the meter circuit, to be interfaced with the multipoint stripchart recorder (Fig. 9).
4.11.3 Range Adjustment Procedure Proper adjustment of the coarse and fine range trimpots
(Fig. 9) was accomplished with the help of Spencer L. Baird. A voltage divider circuit (Fig. 9) was constructed where a
voltage can be tapped from trimpot resistors in series with a power source. The trimpot resistors, when properly adjusted, can be made to produce the proper voltage-resistance match for a given range of photocell resistance. When the trimpot resistors are correctly adjusted (consult Section 4.l1.S), the following trimpot combinations will produce the indicated ranges (sensitivities):
Trimpot Photometer Combination Ranges
1 M Q 1% + SOO-k a 1% = O.lX
200-k a 1% + 2-k a 1% = 1. ox SO-k a 1% + 2-k a 1% = 10.OX
50-k a 1% + l-ka 1% = SO.OX
For example: The lOX range is 5 times as sensitive as the 50x range.
4.11.3.1 Photometer Trimpot Alignment Procedure
4.11.3.1.1 Align photocell assembly (consult Section 3.6.8) on one end of an optical bench rail.
64
4.11.3.1.2 A 100 W clear incande~cent lamp is placed on the optical rail on the same level as, and at a distance of 10 ft from, the photocell assembly.
4.11.3.1.3 The O.lX range trimpots (1 M Q + 0.5 M Q) along with the sO-k Q calibration potentiometer of the photometer voltage divider circuit (Fig. 9) are adjusted such that the de microarrnneter in the photometer circuit reads 100.
4.11.3.1.4 The photometer range switch (Fig. 9) is then set to the 1.OX range. The 1.OX range trimpots (2-k Q + 200-k Q) are then adjusted so that the de microarraneter in the photometer circuit reaGS 10.
4.11.3.1.5 An additional clear incandescent lamp is placed adjacent to the first lamp on the optical rail. l'Ii th the use:' of a rheostat, the illumination is increased until the de microammeter in the photometer circuit reads 100.
4.11.3.1.6 The photometer range switch (Fig. 9) is then set to the ,lOX range. The lOX range trimpots (2-k Q + SO-k Q) are then adjusted so that the de microarrnneter reads 10.
4.11.3.1.7 The illumination of the second lamp is increased using the rheostat until the dc microarrnneter in the photometer circuit reads 100 on the lOX range.
4.11.3.1.8 The photometer range switch (Fig. 9) is then set to the SOX range. The SOX rangetrimpots (l-k Q + SO-k Q) are then adjusted so that the de microammeter in the photometer circuit reads 20.
4.11. 3 .1. 9 Set the function swi tch (Fig. 9) to the "2K calibrate" position. Note: The range switch should remain on the SOX range position during this procedure. The value now indicated on the de microammeter in the photometer circuit serves as a calibration reference. If this value should change, use the SO-k Q calibration potentiometer to adjust.
4.11.3.1.10 The 2-k Q trimpot span adjust (Fig. 9) serves to match the photometer output with the multipoint stripchart recorder.
4.11.4 Calibration Procedure The 4 pi isotropic underwater light meter was calibrated at
the Meteorological Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York. We used an Eppley pyrheliometer that has a wavelength response range of 400 to 25,000 nm.
4.11.4.1 The data of Figure 24 show the action spectrum of the Clairex CL-702 Photocell used in the underwater photometer.
4.11.4.2 Figure 25 represents a curve that relates the number of Langleys (g-cal/cm2/min) falling on the Clairex Cl-702 Photocells (measured using the Brookhaven National Laboratory pyrheliometer) to the electrical output of the photometer unit (measured using the multipoint stripchart recorder) .
W ,i; '. ii
! 'i
.j" ," " I;,
I, , , ,.
;,i:
>,.. >
100
90
80
70
60
':: 50 <n z W <n
40
30
20
10
® CLAIREX CL 702
SPECTRAL RESPONSE
0L-__ -L ____ ~ __ _J ____ ~ __ ~L=~~ 4000 6000 8000
ANGSTROMS
Fig. 24. Relationship between the Spectral Response of a Clairex Model CL-702 Photoconductive Cell (type 2, CdS photosensitive material) with Peak Sensitivity at 5150 A Plotted against percent Sensitivity.
66
en >lJJ ..J <.!l Z <:( ..J
1.0
0.1
0.01
/ /
/ /
/
0.001L--------L--------L-______ -L ______ -...l ________ ...l-______ ~
o 10 20 30 RECORDER
40 OUTPUT
50 60
Fig. 25. A Curve that Relates the Number of Langleys (gm-cal/ cm2/min) Falling on the Clairex CL-702 Photocells Measured Using the Brookhaven National Laboratory Pyrheliometer to Multipoint Recorder Values.
Values from all four photometer sensitivities were converted to the SOX range.
67
4.11.5 Reliability No accuracy or precision tests have been conducted on the
photocell unit due to the lack of sophisticated optical equipment sensitive enough to measure instrument error.
4.11.6 Possible Causescif Er·ror at Sea
4.11.6.1 Vessel shadowing of the underwater photometer.
4.11.6.2 Cracked diffusor.
4.11.6.3 Cavitation of water surrounding diffusors.
4.11. 6.4 Improper voltage adjust.
4.11.6.5 ac power failure.
4.12 11ul tipoint Rotary Servo Stripchart Recorder
4.12.1 Description/Specifications (Esterline-Angus, 1970)
Input: 0 - 100 mV
Scale and Chart: 0 - 100 mV, Chart No. 240514
Accuracy: + 0.25 % of span for any potentiometric range, or ± 3.5 microvolts
Deadband: 0.1 % of span
Sensi tivi ty: ± 0.05 % of span
Stray Rejection: Potentiometric, 100 mV or less Transverse, 2 times span Longitudinal 60 Hz ac, 120 V Longitudinal dc, 300 V
Input Impedance: Potentiometric with off balance input impedance of 50,000 ~
Source Impendance: Up to 10,000 ~
Reference Supply: Standard double zener regulated, temperature compensated
Signal Input Break before make switching:
Print rate:
Step Response:
Chart Drive:
Program printing:
Retransmitting Potentiometer:
4.12.2 Calibration
3 sec per point with standard 4:1 speed change
1/2 sec
1/2, 1, 2, 4, 8 in per hr or per min
Internal program panel for 24 points
Resistance value 1,000 ~
A ° to 100 mV power supply connected in parallel with a high impedance digital voltmeter can be attached to the recorder input where span adjustments are made accordingly.
68
4.12.3 possible Causes of Error while Operating at Sea
4.12.3.1 ac voltage fluctuations.
4.12.3.2 l10isture shorting input or rotary switch contacts.
4.12.3.3 Input channels improperly programmed.
4.13 Data Acquisition Systero
4.13.1 Field Calibration While at sea, the only instrument requiring calibration in
the data acquisition system is the integrating digital voltmeter.
4.13.1.1 Internal Calibration Standard: The input function select switch permits field calibration, which consists of:
4.13.1.1.1 0 mV adjust on the 100 mV range.
4.13.1.1.2 +100 mV adjust on the 100 mV range.
4.13.1.1.3 -100 mV adjust on the 100 mV range. Hote: The 100 mV range permits measurement to 1 uV with J.30% overranging.
4.13.2 Digital Voltmeter Accuracy (Hewlett-Packard, 1973)
Short-ter~m (24 hrs) 0.003 % rdg ± 0.005 % fs
Accuracy at 25° ± 1°C
Long-term (6 mol
Accuracy at 25° ± 1°C
Ter,lperature Effect:
15 to 40°C
10 to 14°C and 40 to 50°C
4.13.3 Resolution
(0.008% rdg overrange) Below 30 rnV accuracy lmproves to 3 uV ± 0.008 % rdg
0.01 % rdg ± 0.005 % fs
(0.015 % rdg in overranging) Below 30 mV accuracy improves to 3 uV ± 0.015 % rdg
0.0015 % rdg ± 0.0006 % fs
0.002 % rdg ± 0.0006 % fs
1 part in 130,000 on 6 digit display; 100 mV range displays readings to 1 uV.
4.13.4 Possible Causes of Error while Operating at Sea
4.13.4.1 Humidity affecting delicate electronics and magnetic tape.
4.13.4.2 Stray rf signals (hf and vhf radio transmissions at sea).
4.13.4.3 ac power failure.
4.13.4.4 Operational sequence (consult Section 3.6.10.2).
69
"It\, ~ 11:1 '., ,
5.0 PLUNKET Operation In this section, general PLUNKET operational procedures at Sea are
discussed.
5.1 Making a Hydrographic station
5.1."1 Deck Operations The research vessel will heave to on station while a deck crew
comprised of one winch operator and one or two "hose jockies" begin to lower the submersible pump assembly.
The winch operator controls the submersible pump assembly descent while the other crew, acting as "hose jockies," payout the hose and electrical cable at a rate similar to that of the de scending pump.
5.1.2 Shipboard Laboratory Operations The instrumentation specialist operating the PLUNKET system
must be in constant communication with the deck crew and the ship's bridge while on station.
5.1.2.1 As the submersible pump assembly is being lowered by the deck crew, the hull pump and its respective solenoid valve are turned off while the submersible pump and its respective solenoid valve are activated.
5.1.2.2 The submersible pump depth is monitored using the digital voltmeter readout in the pressure transducer circuit; the pump height above the seabed is monitored using the fathometer. When the desired maximum sampling depth is reached (usually 1 m above the seabed), the winch operator is instructed to stop pump descent.
5.1. 2.3 The submersible pumping system then purges hosewater for approximately 1 to 2 min. Flushinq rates will vary according to the individual pumping system (Section 3.1).
5.1.2.4 All wet lab valves are checked in order to ascertain proper flow rates to the individual sensors.
5.1.2.5 The remote salinity sensor is then checked for proper flow rate.
5.1. 2.6 The instrumentation specialist checks the ranges of all measuring instruments on the instrumentation module and wet lab.
5.1.2.7 When the proper range adjustments are complete, the mUltipoint and thermosalinograph stripchart recorders and data acquisitiol system are activated. The multipoint stripchart recorder logs a minimum of four measurements per variable per depth while th, data acquisition system records one block of data per depth.
5.1.2.8 Hhile data are being recorded, filtered and unfiltered seawate: samples can be drawn for further analysis.
5.1.2.9 When data for a specific depth are recorded, the instrumentati, specialist instructs the winch operator to raise the submersib pump assembly. As the pump is being raised, depth can be monitored until the next desired sampling point is reached.
70
At that peint, the winch eperater is instructed te step hauling in. Nete: While the pump assembly is being raised, excess hese and electrical cable are hauled onboard ship and coiled in large loeps athwartships.
5.1.2.10 The submersible pump then purges hesewater at the new depth for 1 to 2 min, after which steps 5.1.2.6 through 5.1.2.8 are repeated. Note: Beal-time data are .observed en the mUltipoint and thermesalinograph stripchart recerders which can be used by scientists to determine further sampling patterns. Exrunple: If a chlorephyll maximum appeared to range between 5 and 10 m, then sampling at 1 m intervals between 5 and 10 m weuld determine the depth of the chlerephyll maximum.
Versatility such as micrestructure sampling makes the PLUNKET system a practical and useful sampling instrument.
5.1.2.11 vlhen sampling at 1 m has been completed, the submersible pump and its respective solenoid valve are switched off while the hull pump and its respective soleneid valve are activated.
5.1.2.12 '£he submersible pump, remaining hese and electrical cables are brought aboard ship and secured.
5.2 Continueus Sampling between Stations When cruising between hydrographic stations, the hull pump samples
seawater from a fixed depth belew the ship's waterline (e.g. 1 m) • Flushing rates vary with individual pumping systems as, with this
system, a 4 sec delay exists between water entering the hull pump and water being measured by the instrumentati.on located in the shipboard laberatery. An 8.5 sec delay exists between seawater entering the hull pump and water being measured by the remote salinity sensor.
5.2.1 Shi!2beard LaberateEY 0!2erations
5.2.1.1 Consult Sectien 5.1.2.4.
5.2.1.2 Consult Section 5.1.2.5.
5.2.1.3 Censult Section 5.1.2.6.
5.2.1.4 Consult Section 5.1.2.7.
5.2.1.5 Consult Sectien 5.1.2.8.
5.2.1.6 Manual data such as time, preminent landmarks, and positien including LORAN coordinates (latitude and lengitude if available) are entered on the multipoint and thermosalinograph stripchart recorders.
5.2.1.7 The data acquisition system is equipped with a digital clock permitting the recording .of time on magnetic tape. Note: Future modificatiens include interfacing dual-tracking LORAN receivers to the data acquisition system, thus centinueusly recording LORAN pesitiens on magnetic tape.
5.2.1.8 When arriving at the next hydrographic statien, procedures 5.1.1 and 5.1.2 are repeated.
71
''':
,.::;
" ;; : !,: ~
, '1<, I:
,I":
ile
6.0 Conclusion
Construction of the PLUNKET Water Quality Monitoring System began in 1969 at the Marine Sciences Research Center, State University of New York at Stony Brook, to provide marine scientists with data from nearshore regions at rates previously impossible to obtain with conventional sampling equipment.
Ever since 1969, when the original submersible pump and thermistor-recorder system was developed, constant expansion and modification resulted in the present PLUNKET system described in this report.
The PLUNKET system is presently used to collect data for such scientific endeavors as: mathematical modeling of Long Island Sound, New York Harbor, and the New York Bight apex; water quality monitoring in the New York metropolitan and adjacent Long Island Sound waters; monitoring physical, chemical, and biological variables at sewage outfalls and ocean dump sites; providing background environmental data for the use in design, construction, and long-term operation of ocean outfalls that discharge secondarily treated domestic wastes (Baylor, 1973); monitoring of water quality indicators during periods of environmental stress; routine physical, chemical, and biological surveys of the New York Bight and continental slope waters; determining current patterns in bodies of water.
Data collected using the PLUNKET Water Quality Monitoring System are available in technical report form publis".i by the Marine Sciences Research Center, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York 11794.
72
7.0 Acknowledgements
I wish to thank personally Dr. Edward R. Baylor for valuable advice and assistance in the preparation and writing of this report.
I acknowledge Dr. Peter K. Weyl, who conceived the original submersible pumping and thermistor-recorder system, and C. Douglas Hardy, who further expanded the system's capabilities.
I extend special thanks .to Spencer L. Baird, electronics and optical specialist, for advice and help in the construction and calibration of various system components; to George E. Carroll, computer programmer-analyst, for writing the PLUNKET, the data acquisition system, and the Calcomp@ computer programs; to Karen Henrickson, illustrator, for drafting diagrams; and to Chelsea Baylor for editorial assistance.
C. Douglas Hardy and Dr. Iver W. Duedall provided suggestions and critically reviewed the manuscript.
73
1 I
I : I ~, ! ' i .... I I ,I:::, ~(~ !,,,,-I'II 8 0 A d' .,.1:1'·.1. • ppen ~x :I,-ill':;l,].'
lW.'!1 '11(,.11 8.1 Hydrographic Data Processing Program
8.2 Data Acquisition System Error Detection and Correction Program
8.3 Data Acquisition System Data units Conversion Program
8.4 Data Plotting Program (CalCom~
8.5 PLUNKET Computer Output (examples)
8.6 Data Acquisition System Computer Output (examples)
8.7 calcomp® Output (examples)
8.8 Fenwal Thermistor Product Data Sheet NO. D-7
8.9 Corning Glass Filter Transmission Curves
8.10 Specifications for the Beckman ACTAtm II uV-Visible Spectrophotometer
8.11 Major Equipment Used in PLUNKET Construction with Manufacturers
8.12 PLUNKET Cost Analysis
8.13 Conversion Tables
8.1 Hydrographic Data Processing Program
75
I i ~ " .
ii, il
II
I;
/I EXEC FORTGCG . /IFORT.SYSIN DO *
( HYOROGRAPHIC DATA PROCESSING PROGRAM C C C C C C c r. c c c (
C C C C C r; c c C C C C C C C C C r: r. C r. c C C C C C; C C C C C C r. c c c (
WRITTEN FOR THE IBM 370-15~ BY
GEORGE E. CARROLL MARINE SCIENCES RESEARCH (ENTER S.U.N.~ AT STONY BROOK STO~Y BROOK, NFW YORK 11790
CARD INPUT FORMAT:
CARD 1 (MAN)ATORY) HEAJEk I.
COLUMNS 1- 6 CRUISE NUMBER STATION DA T E (MMDOVY I HOUR EST. LATITUDE {OEGRI::ESJ LA T ITV DE (M! NU T ES I LONGITUOE (uEGREES) LONGITUDE (MINUTES) SONIC DHIH (METERS)
7 - 10 11 - 16 17 - 20 21 - 23 24 - 27 28 - 30 31 - 34 35 - 39 40 - 44 45 - 49 50 - 52 53 - 56 51 - 60
MAXIMUM SAMPLE O~prH (METERS) WIND VELOCITY (METERS/SECOND)
CARD 2
COLUMNS 1 -6 -
10 -13 -17 -21 -25 -28 -30 -
WIND DIRECTION FROM (DEGREES TRUE) AIR TEMPf:kATURE - DRY (DEGREES C) AIR TEMPERATURE - wET ([,EGRFES C 1
(MANDA TORY 1 HEADER Z
5 HUMIDI TV I{EL. ( ,l; )
'l OBSERVEI{ 12 SF A STATE - DIRECT [C~ FRrM (flEGR EES 16 SEA STATE - HEI~HT ( MfTERS) 20 SURF TEMPtRATUI{E (DEGREES C)
24 SECCH I UISK (MEH:RS) 21 RAROMETklC PR~SSURt: (MB S. HG) 29 VISIBILITY (CGDED) 31 WEATHER (CUDEO) 32 X INDICAI~S tBS TIDE 33 X INDICATES SLACK TI DE 34 X IND I('AHS flODO TIDE
CAROS 3 - 10 (OPTIONAL) GROUP 1 OATA
COLUMNS 1 - 5 6 - 10
11 - 15 16 - 20
SAMPLE OEPTH (METERS) TEMPERATURE IOEGR~ES CI SALINI TV (PPT/ OXYGEN (PPM)
CA RO II ( MANDATORY)
C OlllMNS 1 - 5 999.9 (GRUUP TERMINATOR CODEI
CARD 12 ('1ANDA TORY)
TRUE)
c C C C C C r. c COlllMNS 6 - 12 INCIDENT LIGHT AT ufCK (XX.Xf-X LY/MIN)
76
c C c r. C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C c r. C c c r. C c C c c c C c c c C C C C C C C C C C C C C
,<"
12 - 19 RFFLECTEO llGriT AT DECK (XX.XE-X lY/MINI
CARDS 13 - 19 {OPT 10NAL I GROUP 2. I)ATA
COLUMNS 1 - 5 6 - 12
12 - 19 20 - 24 25 - 29 30 - 34 ,5 - 38 39 - 42 43 - 47
SAMPLE D~PTH (MEr~RSI
SAME AS LARD iL SAME A S CARD 12 PH TURBIfllTY (FlUU. UNIT) CHLOR. (M:;/M3) fI.O.D. (PPM) NE T PROD. ! GC/MU DY) GROSS PkDD. ((,C/M2/DY)
CARD 20 (MA~nATORY )
C CL U~NS I - 5 999.9 (GRUUP TERMINATOR CODE)
CARDS 21 - 23 (OPTlONAL) liRDUP 3 DA TA
COLUMNS I - 5 6 - 9
10 - 14 15 - 19 20 - 25 26 - 31 32 - 37 38 - 43 44 - 48 49 - 53 54 - 58
SAMPLE U~PTri (METERS) SS {MG/LI ORG - N (MG/L) NH3 - N (MG/ll N03 - N (MG/Ll N02 - N (MG/Ll P-P TOTAL (M(,/ll P-P Fill. (MG/Ll ALKALINITY TUTAl (MG/l) PART. CAKtl. (MG/Ll RFACTIVE SILICON (I~G/lI
CARD 24 (MA~DATORY )
COLUMNS 1 - 5 999.9 (GKJUP TE!{MiNATOR CODE)
SP FC I A L NOTE S
1. LOGICAL UNIT 5 IS THE CARD f<eAUt:R • LOGICAL UNIT 6 IS THE LINt: PklNTEK •
2. ALL MISSING DATA IS DISPLAYED AS BLANKS.
L FO", EACH SAMPLE AT A GIVtN DtPTH IN GROUP 1 • THERE MUST BE A CORRESPONDING SAMPLE AT IHE SAM~ DEPTH IN GROUP 2 • FAlLURE TO MEET THIS CRITEKIA >lILL RESULT IN PROGRAM TfRMINATlON •
4. -.1 AND -.2 API' GROUP 3 DATA CuOES INDICATlNG 'TRACE' AND 'NO DATA' AND ARE REPLAC~D tiY 'TR' ANC 'NO' RESPECTIVELY FOR PRINTING.
5. Ml ,SING GROUP I VARIABLES wiLL ReSULT IN ERRONEOJS RESULTS FRllM THF TWO SUBROUTlNES •
6. REPEAT THIS CARD GROUP FJk tACH ~rArICN FOR A MULTIPLE ST AT WN RliN •
77
c C
RFAL*8 GP,TUR,HUM,PH,CHLOA RFAL"8 flINOII1.41.TR,NO,X/999.91 OH1ENSION FMTU231,FMTZIlII.IFlAG(UI,IKU3),IRZI3I,FMT 314) 011. T 1\ F "'" T 1/ f ( 5 X, ' t • F 5 .,. l' f •• 7 X, a , • t- 5 • l' , f ,{) X t t , • F 6 • 3 ~ , ' ,5 X , ' , • F 6 • 3" ,
1 t , 5X t • , • F 7 ... 4 ' ., , ,,6X r f , • F 6. 4' " e ., 0 X, I ,oF 0 .. 4' , t , lX " " F 7 .. 4' ,'., 8 X, t t
2 • f 5.,. 1 ' t • t 9 X, i , • f 5 .. 3 I , • , 7 X , • , ' FS .. ;se , • ) e / ,
* F M T 2 / 2* ' II.. 5' , 2* • A 6' , • A 7 t 9 2 * . A6 ' , • A 7' ,3 * . A ~ • / , 3TP!' TP'/,NO/' ND'I,FMT3/4*'~X'1
I PC=O c C READ HEADING INFOR~ATION FROM CAROS L ANO Z
C
c
6 READ I 5, 1 1)0, E ND= 7 J I C P • J TR , S T AT ,I M, IlJ , [ ¥ , I H b LAD, RL AM , I 00 ,RLO M, S D,
ISDM,WV,II;Q, I AT 0 .4 T VI, HUM, I Oq ,J SD , S SH • ST. ISO, HI P , [V IS, I w, ITE, ITS, IT F
100 FORMAT! 16, lX,Al,A2,3A2,A4,13,F4.1,13,F4.1, 3( lX,A4) ,A3,2A4/A5,A'+,
lA3,3A4,A3,2A2,3Al) IPC=IPC+l WRlTE{6,2101IPC
210 FORMATP1'!"!' ',3bX,'MARINE SCIENCES RESEARCH CENTFR S. U. N. ¥ 1. AT STONY 8RO[JK',TlI6,'PAGE ',10//' ',5~X,'SURFACE OflSERVATlONS'!
2 I WRI TE 16,20011CR,JTR, STAT. IM,I D, IY, IHt:,lAl),RlAM,lOO, RLOM. SO, SOM,WV,
1 III O. AT D, A TW, HUM, IO~, J 5 D, S SH, S T, I SO, I BP, I V IS. 1 W, IT E , ITS, ITF 200 FORMAT!' '.27X,'OATE',23X,'POSITILlN',9X,'SDNIC',3X,·MAX. SAMPLE',
110X,'W!NO',lOX,'AIR TEMPIC)'!' ',;X,'CKUISf',3X,'STATION',3X, Z'MONTH OAY YEAR',3X,'HR.EST',3X,'lAfITUl)C LONGITUOE',3X,or,EPTH' • . >6X, 'DEPTH' .6X.'VELOCITY DIP.FROM' ,JX,'UkY WET'!/" ,3X, 16,5X, 41X,Al,A2, 5X, A2, 3X,A2, 3X,A2,5X,A4.4X,!3,lX,F4.1 ,'N' ,2X,1 3, lX,F4.l,
*'W',4X, 5A4, 7X, A4, 8X,A4,4X,A3,lX,' TRUE' ,3X.A4.3X,A4//' ',5X, 6'HUMIOITY' .21X,' SEA' ,2X, 'STATE' .dX,' SUR!-' ,5X,' SECCHI ',5X, 'BAR.P.'. 737 X, • Tl DE' f' '.5 X,, R E L. I % I •• 5X, '0 B~ ERV ER ' • 5X , ' f) I R • FROM' ,2 X, 8 ' HE I GH T , , 5 X, ' T E ~ P • , 6 X , '0 I S K' , 6X, ' Mii S. HG • , j X , ' V I SIB I t. ITY • ,5 X , q'WEATHF.Rt,I)X,iFBB SLACK FLOOO'//' .,bl..~A5 ,9X,A4<!7X "·~"lX1flR;.JE''1 A3X,A4 ,6X,A4 ,5X,A4,lX,tM9 ,6X,Aj,lJ.X,AL,11X,A2,9i.".;.1. ",·X,r,1,5X.
~AlIl JK=O
C REAQ GRnup 1 DATA CARDS
C 5 READI5,llOI SDM,TEM,SAL,OPPM
110 FORMATI2F5.1,F5.2,F5.1I IFISOM.EQ.999.9)GOTO 1 IF1.IK.GT.OIGOTD 10 WRITEI6,250)
250 FORMAT(' ',55X,'PHYSICAL OBSERVATlONS'/1 WR IT E! 6, 21 1 I
211 FORMATI' • ,lOX ,'SAMPLE' ,5IX,21l0x, 'uXYGEN'), I1X,'OXYGEN'/' ,
310X,'OEPT>1 M',lIX, 1 ' T FM P' , lOX, • 5 At 1 N IT Y , • lOX, ' S! GMA-l " 1 U, • pp M' • 12 X •• U G-A T /L ' • 1 OX.
2'% SAL'/) JK.= 1
18 CHL=SAIIl.80655 CALL OENSITISIGMAT,CHL,TEMI CALL OXYGFNITFM.UGACl2,OPPM.SAT,CHLl WRITEI6,220}SDM,TFM,SAL,SIGMAT.OPPM,UGAUZ,SAT
220 FORMATI' • ,10X,F5.1,12X,F5.1.llXoI-5.2, LLX,F6.2.11X,F5.2 .12X,F5.1,
lllX.F5.11
78
C
GOTO 5 1 K=O
IS IFIK.GT.IIGOTO 901
C RFAO GROllP Z DATA CARDS C
c
RfAOIS,IZ0IS0M,IRI,IRZ,PH,rUR,CHLUR,BOD,NP,GP 120 FfJRMATIF5.1 ,ZIZI IX,Il I,ZX.lt) ,3A:',lA4,A51
GOTO 900 901 READIS,9Z01SDM, lRI, IRZ,PH, TUR,CHlOR,dOlJ,NP,GP 920 FfJRMATIFo.l,ZIZA3,All,3A5,2A4,A51 900 IFISDM.F9.999.9lGOTfJ Z
IFIK.GT.OIGOTfJ 20 WRITE16t2301
230 F(lRMAT(f7X,'SA'1PLE',TZ5,'LIGHT LY/MII~'.Tb(),'TURBIOlTY',T77, I'CHLOR' .T9l, 'SOD', T103, 'NET PRO[) , ,T U.B, 'GROSS PROD'/7X,' DEPTH M', Z T Z Z, • INC !DF.NT REFLEC TEO' , T49, 'PH',],'J , 'F LUOR. UNIT S' • T77 • 'MG/M3' • 3T89,'PPM--fJ2',TI03,'GC/M2/DY'.Tl19,'GC/MlIDY'/1
I Fl. NOT. I I Rl I 1 , • EO. 0 • AN O. I R l( ZI • tQ. () .AND. IR 211 I • EO. O. AN D. I R 2 I 2 I • EO :: 1.0lIGDTO 889
K=3 GfJTD 15
889 fFI.NOT.IIRZIll.EO.0.AND.IR2121.EI./.ollGUTO 888 WRITFI6,301) IRI
301 FORMATl8X,'OECK' ,T23,lX,ll,'.',ll,'E-',lll K=3 GCI TO 15
898 WRlTE!6,3001 fRltlR2 300 FORM AT! 8 X , ' DEC K' • T 2 3. 1 X. I 1, •• '. I 1, • E- , • I 1. T 32, 1 X , f 1 , ' • ' , I 1, 'E-' ,
1 II ) T ll= FL CIA T! I R 11 1) * 10 +1 R 1 I 2 I ) 11 O. "* ( IR l( 31 .. 1) TLl=Tll-FLfJATIIR2111*10+lRZIZII/10.**IIRZI3l+1J K= 1 GO TO 15
20 IFIK.LT.2)GOTO 903 WR IT E ( 1>,940 J SDM, IR 1. I R 2. PH. TUR, (;1-1 lOI(. BOI) ,NP ,GP
94) FORM AT 17 X, F 5.1 , T ZI, 2 I 2X • 2 A 3. A I j • T 4"(, A:;, T b I, A 5, 176, A 5. T9 0, A 4. Tl 05, U4,Tl20.A5)
GOH) 15 903 IF ( I R 1 I I ) • E Q. O. AND. I R 1 12 I • F Q. O. AN ll. I RZ ( 11 • F O. O. AND. I RZ ( 2) • EO. 0 )
IGfJTD 700 WRITEI6,240ISDM,IRI.IR2,PH,TUR,CHlOR,BUD,NP,GP
240 FORMATI7X,F5.1.T21,21 3X,ll,·.·, {J., 'E-', Ill, T47.A5,T61,A5,T76.A5, IT90.A4,Tl05,A4.TIZ0,A5)
IF ( SDM.l T • 10 •• OR. I R 1 I 1 ) • F 0.0. A;~U. I R 1 U J • E Q. O. OR. IR 2 I I). EQ. O. A'ID. lIRZIZI.EO.OIGOTO 15
TL 2= Fl OAT( I R 111 1*10+ I Rl I Z ) I /l O. ** I IR 1 I 3 J HI TL Z= TL Z-F LO AT I f R 2 I 1 ) * I 0 + I R2 (2 ) II Ul. "* I IRL (3 '" 1 I IFITl2.LE.0.Olr.OTO 15 Z=SDM K=2 GOTD 15
700 WRITE{I>,241ISDM,PH,TUR.CHLOP,8UO,NP,GP 241 FORMATI7X.FS.l,T47,A5,T61,A5,T76.A5,T90,A4,TI05,A4,TI20.A5)
GOTD 15 2 IFIK.NE.2)GOTD 2222
C CALCULATE K AND COMP DEPTH C
ECK= I ALOG I TL 1 )-ALfJGI TL2l) IZ ll=ALOGI100.)/ECK
79
WRITE{6,310lECK,ZI 310 FORMAT! 'OK= ',F5.2,T24. 'COMP DEPTh= '.F~.ll
c C READ GROUP 3 DATA CAAOS
C 2222 DO 30 1=1,4
READI5.l301 I OI"lOI J. I), J=!,lll
C C C C
no FORMATIF5.I,f4.1,2F5.3,4F6.4,F5.1,lF5.3J IF(OABS(OINO( 1.1'-XI.LT.l.O'GOTO 2..~
30 CONTINUE NC=3 GOTD 40
25 NC=I-I IFINC.EQ.OIGOTO 6
40 WRITE(6.Z601 260 FORMATI'O',55X,'CHEMICAl OBSERVATIONS'//
21 X • T 6. ' S A ~P lE' , T 82. ' P-P' ,T96, • ALKAL I N lTV • • T 113, • Ph RT '. T 123. 3'REilCTIVE'/IX,T6,'DEPTtI ',T20.'~S· ,T30,'URG-N',T41,'NH3-N' ,T53, 4' N03-N' • T 65, 'Nil 2 -N' , T77 , • TO TA l F I l r .•• n 8. 'T OT ill ' , T 11 3. ' CARll' , 5 T 123, • S lli C ON' t T 6. ' ME TE R S' .3 I 7J< •• ' MGt l' 1.3 ( 8 X. ' MG/ l ' I • 4X , 'MG I L ' •
62110X. 'MG/l' 1,8X,'~G/L'/1
RF PLACE CODE NIJMBER S W ITtI CORReSPOND ING ALPHA LIT fRillS AND PRINT GROIJ P 3 DATA LINES
DO 55 I = I, NC K=O DO 56 J=l,ll IFL/lGLJ):O IF(OIND{J,II.GF.O.)IGnTO 56 K= 1 TFMP:FMT 1I2*J) FMTl 12*J) :FMT2IJI FMTZIJ):TI',"P IFIOIIBS(DINf){ J.I I+O.ZI.lT .O.OOU"OTO 5!;l IFLAG{J)=I DIND{J.I)=TR GOTO 56
58IFtAGIJI=2 OIND{J.! ):ND
56 CONT 1~IUF VlRI TFI6,FMTl I (DINDI J. I I,J=l,lll IF(K.EQ.O)GOTO 55 00 59 J=l.l1 IFI IFlAGIJI.EQ.OIGDTD 59 TFMP=FMT l( 2*J) FMTl {Z*J)=FMT2(JI FMT 2 (JI = TEMP o I NO I J, I I = -FLO /IT ( I FL A G I J I 1110 •
59 CONTINUf 55 CONT INUE
Tl=FMTl(/t I FMTl(4)=FMT3111 TZ=FMTl( 18) FM Tl ( 18) = F MT 3 12 I T3=F~Tl{ 20) FMT 1 I 20 I =FMT 31 3 I T4=FMTl{221 FMTl!221=FMT3141
'. R IT F. (6, 280 I 280 FORMAfl'O' ,T6,' ~ETERS',T23,2(7)<.,'uMJL'I,j(8X,'UM/L' 1,4X,'UM/l'/l
80
G G CHANGE UNITS ON GROUP 3 DATA C
G
DO 77 l=l,NC flO 78 J=3.6 IFIDINDIJ,I'.lT.O.OIGOTO 78 0INDIJ,I'=fl!NDIJ.!1*71.43
78 CONTINUE DO 79 J=7.8 IF{OINOIJ.II .LT .O.OIGOTO 79 DINDIJ,II=DIND{J,II*32.Z6
79 CONT IN UE 77 C!)NT INUE
C PRINT GROUP 3 DATA ~ITH NEW UNITS C
c
DO 65 1=I,NG K=O DO 66 J=3,8 IFLAGIJI=O IFIDINDIJ,II.GE.O.JIGOTO 66 K= 1 TEMP=FMTlI 2*Jl FMTl 12*Jl=FMT2 IJ I FMT2IJI=TFMP IF(DABStrlINDIJ.II+O.21.LT.O.OOLIGUTO 6~ IFLAGI J) =1 D I NO I J • I 1= TR GOTO 66
68 IFLAGI JI=Z OINOI J.I I=ND
66 CONTINUE WR IT E ( 6, F MTl 101 NO It. I ) , 1 D I ND 1 J, I I • J= 3. d I IFIK.EO.OIGDT!) 65 DO 69 ,1=3,8 IFI IFLAG(JI.EQ.OIGOTO 69 TE MP=F MTl (2*J) FMT1(Z*JI-FMTZIJI FMTZ 1 J I=TEMP
69 (ONTI NUF 65 CONTINUE
FMTl (4) =Tl FMTI 1 (8)=T2 FMTl!201=T3 FMTl 12Z)=T4 GOTO 6
C THIS MESSAGE OCCURS WHEN A GROUP I DATA CARD FOR A GIVEN DEPTH C DOES NOT HAVE A CORPESPONDING GROUP Z UAfA CARD FOR THE SAME DEPTH C
C C C C C C
9 WRITEI6,30Z) 302 FORMAT(' IfJEPTH ~I S-MATCH'1
7 STnp END SUBROUTINF OENSITISIGMAT,C,TI
INPUT ARGUMENTS
OUTPUT ARGUMENT
1. C = CHLUR1NITY (PARTS PER THOUSAND) Z. T = TEMPeRA fURl:: I DEGREES r. I
I. SIGMAT ,; SIGMA r
81
,I,
Ii' .' , , ,
[
C C C C C C C C
S= -0. 069H. 4108 *(-1.5 70E-3 *[*[+3.9'; E-5*C* *3 ~= ( 4.5316 8*T-0. 5459 39*T*T - L.9 8248E-,* T**3 -1.438 E-7* T**4) II T +61.26 ) B=I.-4.7867E-3*T+9.8185E-5*T*T-A.0d43E-6*T**3 CC=I.8030E-5*T-B.164f-7*T*T+l.Ob7E-8*T**~ SIGMAT=A+B*S+CC*S*S RF TURN END SUBROUTINE OXYGENITT.UO,PO.ST,C)
INPUT ARGUMENTS I. TT = H:MPEKATUk~ IDEGREES Cl 2. PO = OX YGI::N I PA R T S PcR MILLION) 3. C = (HlOKINITY (PARTS PER THOUSAND)
OUTPUT ARGUMENTS 1. UO = uXYl.EN !Ml(RCGRAM-ATMOSPHEP FS LITER)
Z. ST = UXVl.EN 1% SPURATIONI
UO=PO*lOOO./15.9936 T=TT+Z73.1 A=_7.424+4417./T-Z.9Z7*AlOGIT)+U.04ljS*T-C*(-0.1288+53 .44/T
1-0.0444Z*ALOGIT)+7.145E-4*TI EA=EXPIA) 1'1=18.1973*( 1.-373.16/T) P2=26.1205*ll.-T/373.16) P3=3.1BI3E-7*11.-EXP(PZII P4=8.03945*ll.-373.16/T) P5=1.8726E-2*11.-EXPIP411 P6=373.16/T P7=5.02B02*ALOGIP61 P8=Pl+P3-P5+P7 PVAP=(1.-9.701F-4KI*EXP(P81 S=0.2094*EA*ll.-PVAP)*S9.23 ST=UOI S* 100. RE TU RN END
PER
IIGO.FT05FOOl DD * **** REPLACE THIS CARD WITH THE DATA DI::CK ****
8.2 Data Acquisition System Error Detection and Correction Program
83
, , • , « ,
II EXEC F()RTr,CG IIFO.T.SYSI~ nn * C C CLU~E I - E~RO. n~TF(T(). AND CORRECTOR PROGRAM
C C C WR !TTF'I FrH THE IBM :070-1')5 BY
C ( G'>lR.GF ". CAo,POLI. C ~aRINE SCIEN(~S RESEARCH CENTER C S"tJ .. N .. Y. ,\T STONY BROOK C STONY ~R10K, NEW YORK 11790
C C C INP('T : 7 TO ACK flH,\ p.nr- FRCM Tf;" CLUG"
C C OUTPUT: 9 T".IICK CelPREeTED DIU TAPE FOR INPUT TO CLur,E II c DR I'"' Oln D" (DoREen" DATA rN .~PER
c c
IHTF(;f.P, npNT()p t T.A.PEOP CJI'IE';SI!l" I>!(9) ,IRR I~) ,IN2(9) n~T6 IT/IT'/,IR/' '/,JO/'O·I,n/·g,I.IP/"·/.Ii\I·&·"
1 IRR/'-','1',6':':'Ol/ RF~I)(5,99)pONTnp,TAPEOP
99 Ff!P"lnIZTI) ') Rr~fl(1.1')0,;:Nf)=I)IN
100 FfJl'.>lH(!3olX,8All
c ( CHFCK FOP TlI~E RFCOP'), IF NOT pOl'SIC,'T RESTART
c IFlI'l(2) .'1f. ITlerno? !'i1I)~-IO Of hi) ( I, 100, HHl = 11 P,?
c C (HOCK FO')' TI1UMR I.JHFFL RECO!U), I F NOT Ppc-SENT PfSTA'"
C II- (IN2 (2) .LT .IO.f)D. IN2( 21.GT .I91GnTfJ 'i
c C \,PITF TP,'c \'11' TI1I)'18 .!HFEL PECOoDS 'IN TAPE IF TADblP - 1
C
C C C
c
WPITf(Z,2JOIIN \,oITEIZ,2001 IN2
21)0 1-'lP.'~P( I1,B~ll II IFIPRNTOP.Eo.01GnTO 12
.R I''1T T I ')F AI.jO THUMB WHEEL PF«()[<DS ON rAPER IF PR"<TOP
WU1T[(6,201) TN "R I T F (" , 201 ) IN 2
201 Fn··<·~n{lX,I3,lX,8Al) 12 IS~-1
25 IS=I5+1 REA'I(l, l,)n,FND~371 IN IF(IS.f.'l.IN(II)GOTO 3<;
IF(TAPrOp.EQ.O)GOTU 13 I.JRITF(2.?1l0J IS,IR~
1
13 IF!PPNTOP.EQ.OIGOTO 14 WRITE(6,2011IS,IBR.
14 READ(I,lOO,END=451IN2 45 BACKSPACE 1
IF(IS.EO.7IGOTO 5 IF(INZ! 1I.EQ.IS+llGOTO 36 flACK SPACE 1 GnTO 25
35 IF! IN! ZI.EO.IAI IN(ZI=IP IN(91=IO
C C WRITE GaOl) OATA RECORD C
IF(TAPEOP.EQ.OIGOTO 16 WRITE!Z, 2001 IN
16 IF(ORNTOP.EQ.OlGOTO 36 WRITf!6,2011 IN
36 IF! IS-7)25,5,5 37 IS=JS+l
IF! I 5 ( • F Q. 9 I GO TO 1 C C ER~nR FIll INCOMPLETE FINAL C
no 55 1-15,8 IFITAPFOP.EQ.OIGOTO 17 WRITEIZ.ZOOIJ,IBR
17 IF(PPNTOP.EO.OIGOTO 55 WRITE(6,201IJ,IRR
55 Ci)NTINIJE 1 STOP
ENO
SCAN
IIGO.FTOIFOOI DO UNJT=TAPE7,DISP=OlD,VOl-SER=~SRC3,lABEl=!2,8lP,.IN), I I eCB= (REUI~=F3,lRECl-12, BlKS IlE-720, TRTCH-ET ,DEN= II IIGO.FT02FOOl 00 IJNIT=TAPE9,OSN=MSAC3C,OISP=!OLO,KEEP,KEEPI, II OCB=!RECFM=FR,LRECL=II.BLKSIlE-6601,VOL=SE~=~02967 IIGO.FT05FOOI 00 * **.* REPLACE TillS CARD WITH THE DATA DECK ****
85
f.~
" ", ,r 1 ~ ,
8.3 Data Acquisition System Data units Conversion Program
II EXEC F'.IRTGer, IIFORT.SYSIN 0~ • C C (LUGE IT - 'J.HA UNITS CONVERSION PROG<\A,~ ( (
e WRTTT~N FOR THe r~M 370-155 BY c C SEORGF F. CARROLL C MARTNE SCIENCES RESEARCH CeNTFR C S.II.N.Y. AT STONY RR]OK C ST[NY KROnK, NEW ynRK 11790 C c C IN"UT : 9 TRAC( COR~ECTEO CATA TAPE FROM GLIJGF T C r
C C C
r C C C C C r
" (
C C c r c c c c C C r c C C C C C C
c
, ltO
'JUTPUT : 9 TRACK PLOT nATA TADE FOR IN.UT TO CLUGF III PRINT 'lIlT OF CC'JVFRTED, cnRR"CTEO DATA ON PAPER
REAL (TAQLF(B,2,8)/1?8*O.O/, ICCFI (Rl!(" ,7"0.01. ?CCF2(lo,~)1 O.,IO •• ZO.,30.,',O.,'i0.,nO.,70 •• 80 •• 90., 3 ?.Q.t2.5,22.0,31.2,40.7,50.0,?9.7,68.8,78.6,R8.2, 4 .96t.~5t.q2 •• 95,.S39.97,.qlt.qA,.96,.gB/,TDT(8)/8*OoO!
CTA'lLI: - V1.1LTAGE' Tf] CORRECT UNIT CONVERSION HBLE
FTRST S'J"SCRIPT [)C'InHS THE THIJ'IR WfiEEL SETTING
o I'''JLTIPL ICATIVE CONVERSICN FACTOR
2 • ADnITIVE CONVFRSII1N FACTOR
THI"D SlJd<;CRTPT '1E'lllTFS THE CHANNEL NIIM~EP PLUS C)~f
eCFl - CHLrJROPHYLL COPRECTIIIN FACTOR ONE
SU~SCRT~T I)E'1I1HS THE Tf-IIJMR WHEEL SEHING
ref? - CI,LJP'JPHYLL CORPF(T InN FACTOR TWO
FIRST SUBSCRIPT nENOTFS THE RANGE
SEU'N') S'I%CRI PT DeNOTES: 1 - flA,)E OF THE CORRECTeD RANGE ? - ~ASE 0· THE MILLIVOLT RANGE 3 - ,[[lPr OF THE COWEPSlCN FACTOR LINE
INTEGFR IT(8)!Q*O/,AVETIM(31 JIMtNSICI'< ITlt'F( 3) .ITl-HB) .VHlIF (8) .IATl..,E! 3) Q F A I) ( S. I In. F NO, 4 I r r, , I W. (C TAR L E ( I W. I • Ie) • I: I • 2 ) F IJ ~,~ ~ 1 ( T". I j , T 2 6 • I 1 • T 4 ,3 , F 7 .4 , T 7') , F 6 • 3 ) Gf)Tn .l
4 TL,,6
C ~C,\D 'Hn FRUM ClUG, TERROR C')RRECHD TAPE
') ,,-FA!)! 1, lIlO,c'l"'I) TTIME, In I'lf,l STAT, lTW,VAlUE
87
,(I
1(\0 FUPe1AT (4X,312, T5 ,3h2, lX, 13,8Il.8(3X, F8.4)) IL;ll+l
C C~AKt FIRST LEVEL CHLOROPfiYLL CORRECTION C
r
1 FIe TA P lEI 1 T wI 4) , 1,4) • cQ .0.0) VA l UE ( 1+) =-100.0 vaLUE(4)=VAlUEI4)-(CFlIITWI411 IFIVALUEI41.lT.o.o.nR.VALUEI41.GE.IOO.OIGOTO 10
C ~AKE SECOND LfVEl CfilOROPHYlL CORPFCTION r
C r
C
c c r
C C C
C
15 2')
10
3<; ? I
20
on 15 1;1'[0 J=11-1 I F I v ~ l.lJ F I ttl • r,F • cr. F 2 I J , 2 ) ) G 1 T 0 2" [[1 "-IT I NU t' V A l.! JE (4) = I V A lU E I 41 -CC r 2 ( J • 2 I 1/ C C F2 I J ,3 I +CC F 2 ( J • 1 )
rUNVFPT V'lUAGF TO CORRECT UNITS FflR ALL 8 CHANNELS OF DATA
nu ,~O 1;I.B If'( IT'., ( I) .EIl.O)GO") 3') I.(TTWII ).EO.9IGOTO 1 IFICTARlCllTWllI ,1,II.E0.0.0lGOTO 15 IFIVALUFII'.GF.100.0.0R.VALUEI II.lT.O.O)GOTrl 35 1/ AL U H 1 I ; \f A L! J[ ( ! ) "C TAn F I I T W ( r J , 1 , r J + r; T ~ q L fIr "i I 1 ) , ?, 1 I Gf) TCl 21
VAUIr,( r) ;-O.OOl IFIV~LIJFIII.LT.O.ll)G[lTO 20 Tr!TII';Tr'lTl I I+V~L'JFI I) IT(I';IT(Il+\. U1NTI'JUF
CO~PUTE ~VERAGf T'"F FnR THIS GROUP n c SIX SCANS
IFIILlb"6+l.'JF.ILlGr)rn 50 ! T W E= 3 6(1)" IT' ME I 1. ) +00 * I TIM C I 2 I <IT 1 M F I ',I ) +20 ')[! 75 1;1,3 .J;4-I I,); I TWU 60 AV[TI~(JlmITAVE-IO·60 ~VETI~IJJ;AVETIMIJI<AVETIMIJ)/lO*6 ITAVE;I')
7,) cu~n INUE 50 IFIIL.r;T.36JCALL ~RF,~KIILl
C PPINT CONVERTED nATA c
WRIT F ( I> , :> ')(ll rAT I ME , 1ST AT, I T W , V A L U E 200 FnAM.ATIIX,2IA2.':'),A?,4X.I3.4X,811X,II).6X.5IF4.1,8XI.2(F5.2,8XI.
I F 4.1) 1 F I I L 16 "'" N r: • I L ) GinO 5
C C'lMPIJTE AVERAGES OF EACH GROUP r)F SIX sr:ANS
r: Or) 't5 1;1,8 IF{lTIIJ.EO.O)GOTO ')5 T ,n I I ); T or I I J II T I I ) GfJ Tn .~~
88
r
'" TOTIII=-O.Oill 4', CIViT 1NUF
C PRINT AV~l~A~ED nATA c
WRI1FIA,znlIAVFTIM.T()T 2 (; 1 ~ f)'~ "'i A T ( I !J t t Z { 7 ? , • : • 1 , 1 2 , l. 1+ X, ' l\. V f Q (I GF S' , T 4 3 t r) ( F 4 • 1 t 8 X ) , 2 ( F S • ? , 8 X 1 t
lF4.11l c ( 'jRITF PLOT naTION TAPF
c WR1Tr(~,202IAVETI~.TOT
202 Ftlp,'1<\T(372,5F4.1.2F').2.F4.11 c c rLFAP i·IOQ,KI'IG A:>R.AYS F()R ""XT GPOI,IP DF SIX SCA,~S
C, ')rl 65 (=1.8 TOTI(I=O.') IT(11=0
ho cnl'lTlNllF GOT!,) '5
1 STOP END SIIRR()I)TUJF qRt~K(ILl
1 L = 1 I;R fTC 16.2'101
? 0 0 F (> R fA ,n ( • 1 ' • T 27 , ' T HU ~" ' • T 4 1 •• DIS SOL V E [) •• 4 X • ' INS I T U' • 7 X , • HUll. ' ! 3 X , l'TI."I1Ff .4:<,' ST~TTnr'>l' ,T27,'WHEELS' ,T42,tnXYGEN' ,T55,fTEMPt,T67, ::? 1 T F'~ f> t , T 7 () , ' C H L (l R rl P H Y L L t , 2. X, t T!)" !1 I f) tTY' , T 10 ? , ' r H' tTl l? t f S /1, LIN TTY' , 3 T l 2. 'i t t f) E P T H' 11 x , T 2 2 , • 0 t 2 3 4 5 6 7'. T Ii- 3 , • ( p P 1·1 , I , T 5 (-, t I ( C ) f , T 67 , 4 V (C) f ,T78.' IMG/M3) ',T116,' (PPT) ',T130,'(M)'/)
R PUR"! "NO
!!r;n.FTOlFOOI Ill) 'J NIT = Th P f' q • n S N = ,'< S p C ~ C • PI S p = ( n L 0 , K I' F P , K F r: D 1 • II f)C8=( Reef'i,'=F", I"FCL=II'), "LKSI H=66<l '- ,VUL=S"P=Of)2967 !!GO.FT08FOOI "In UN1T=TAPE9.nSN=4SRC3 P.DISp=(nLD.KFEPI,
" DC 13= I "f' CH'= FH, L!< ECl =f,O, RI K S 17 F= 4000 '- • VOL= S"R =Of) 3027 !!I;O.FT05FOOI. :)IJ '::
CHANNH )0 I. THU:\.tI.r~ WHFFL I • '1ULT. CONV. FA(TOR, 00.1000, ADD. CONV. FACTOR U~A~'''fL 0'11, TH:JIAR t-tHFJ:L Z, '<Ul T • Cn1\Jv. J: AC TilR, 00.2000, Al!D. CONY. F AC TOR, (HA'lNFL '102. T 111)" " "'HEEL 2 , '1'iLT. CCINV. FACTOn 00.0519, A[1D. CONY. F AC TOO U1ANNEL 002, T';UM~~ WHE:FL 3 t MUl T • (rlNV. FACTOR, 00.0'126, A ) f). C 'lNV • FACTOR UiANIJFL no 2 9 T'i'lMB WHEeL f+ • "ULT. CO'jV. FACTlJ" 00.0'180, ADD. CONV". FACTOR CHA'J'JEL OO? PIl.J!ViU, WHFFL 5 • MUL T '0 CONV .. FAC TOP, 00.0571. ADD. CflNV. FAcnR CHANNrL 002. TIIU'~R WHF"L !) , '~UL T • cnNV. FAr TI)P 00.0600. AflO. CONY. F 4CTOR CH,\NW:L OO?9 TIII)',18 wHFFL 7. ~~ULT. CO'IV. t:ACTOP, OO.OAf)~, AOD. CflNV. F- AC TOR CH~\JNCl 00'), TH\J'4R WHEFI Z. ,>.1U'- T .. CONV. FACTClR 00.0')19. ADD. CONY. FACT,ClR Cl-j~i"NEL )03. THlJ"i\ l,.!HFFL 3. ~I .. JI.. T .. C flNV. FAC FJR 00.0'526. ,~DD. CONV. FACTOR CHh.N'JFL OJ} , THtJM~ '!HF E L (+ , MilL T. CCI"V. FACTOR 00.0580. Af)P. CONV. J:ACTOR CHANNEL 003. THU'v~f\ l";HF.fL '5 • '1ULT. CONV. FACTOR 00.0')71. ADD. CONY. FACTOR CHA'INf[ 003, THIJ~',~ Wf'EEL 6, '~ULT. CONV. F AC T')Q 00.0600. A'lO. C !JNV .. F4CFlQ CI~A,,"EL GO 3 t THIlM" \-IH~r.:L 7. MULT. CO"JV. FACTf]P 00.0606, A.no. crlNV. FACT]R CH,~~I',FL OO/i" , TH\J'J,:<, WHF:EI I , !"II JL r • C O'JV. F AC T'JR 00.0661. A')O. CONV. t':ACTOP. CHA',"!Fl (H) {~ t THd'l,q ~JHrf-L 2 , '4UL T • CO'lI/. fACT OR 00.2500, AQO~ CONV .. FAC TOR CHA'~'JoL 005. T H'.J~ 3 WHEel I , '1ULT. C(!'\IV. FA(TOR 01.0000. ADf'. (ONV. FACTOR C<1ANNfL O[) S t T!H)Mq WHCEl 2. I>'ULT. CO'IV. FAr,TOR 01.00 H,',' AiJD. C,QNV. F AC TOR CHANNa ')05, THlJM!~ WH!:fL 3. MUL T. CIlNV.' FACTOR OI.aOi)O. AC)f) .. C ci~v • FACTOR CH-td~\JEt.. 006, T!J\liv\q WHFfL 1 , MUl T If_ (()hIV .. FACTOR 00.01 )0, A D D. CONV. FACT!)R
89
00.000 00.000 -1.0,9 Ot,.105 08.870 [4.[00 IB.nl 23.758 -1. 039 04.105 08.870 14.100 IB.92l 23.75R 00.000 ao.ono 00.000 00.000 00.000 04.000
ii, ii' :.i! CH"i->jNEL GOA, Tq!J~1 R WHEEL 2, I'vHJl T • CONV. HC TOP 00.0100, AOO. CONV. FACTQR 0'3.000
C'lANNFL OO/" TH',):'J\R WHCFL 3, '4U LT. CONY. FACTOR 00.0100, AflD. C tl"JV • "ACTlR Ob.OOO E (1-1/\\l~~Fl 'j\) 6 f TIIlI~~ WdFFL 4, ~JLT. CONY. FACTOR 00.0100, ADD. CONY. FACTf)R 0-'.000 ,
I CHA'l~IFL OOn, THUM~ WHeEL '3, MULT. CONY. FACTOR 00.0100, 1\00. Cfl'1V. FACF)R 08.000 I Cf-W~NF.L 001" THIJ'I,~ WHeEL 6, .,')l T • CONY. FACTOR 00.0100. ADD. CONY. FACTOR 09.000 Ii CHANNEL ODA, THU'4ll "HEEL 7, Mill T • CONY. F IIC TOR 00.0100. ADD. CONY. FACTIJR 10.000 to;' CHA\lNFL (lO 6, T!~UMo, WH,ccL (3 , "1!JL T " CONY. FACTOR on.OIOO, tIOO. C ONV • FACTDR 1l.000 ", r.:qANNFl :J07, THi.JMR rlHEFl 1 , MUL T. CONY. FACTOR 01.0000, AC)O. CONY. f A( HlP ?O.O00 in !,I CHf!,\li'.lFL or)? f TfllI'," R \<HFFL 2, MI.I\.T • CONY. fACTOR 01.0000, AI)[) • CONY. F AC HlP 28.000 .. I (H.A'1NCL 007, THIJf'R WHEEL 3, MULT. (O'1V. FACT()P, 00.2000, ADD. CONY. FACTJR ~8.000 " " ,:1< CHANNEL 007, THU'l~ "HF El 4, MULT. CONY. FACTOR (l0.20GO, AOI). e ONV. F AC TOP 29.500 ! ~ (H\'iNcL 01)7, THUf'-I·B \-'!HF.~L 5 , /'1UlT. CD'IV. FACTOR 00.2000, ADD. CONV" F AC TOR 31.000 'Ii!~' C H 1\ "IN r- t 007, TiHJMq WH,FL (, , '\IJLT. CO" V • FACTOR OO.ZOOO, ADO. CONV. FACTOR 37.500 ~,,,,
~"I' i: rHA~i'lEL 00 7 , THiIW\ W-1[FI, -, , tw"IlJLT. Ul'lV • FACTflR 00.2000, ADD .. C ON V • FACTOR 3(,,000
~~r-U;~ \j \jf L 0')7, THU'IU\ WHc~L " . '1ULT. (O"V. FACTOR 00.20JO. AOO. CONV. F AC flR 35.500 ",.,.
:~:~ rH~"NFL OOR, n~I)'4 B WHEel 1. r'UlT. COW. FACTl.1R Ol.OO()O, ADO. CONY. F~CTO? 00.000 I ~,.~I
8.4 Data Plotting program (CalCom~
91
'I
i 'I: , I·
II> iii: : II r k' Ii , ,Ii!
, , i:l':
II EXEC FORTGCLG,DSNAME='SYS1.PLDTTER' IIFDRT.SYSIN DO * C C C C C C C C C C C
CLUGE 111 - DATA PLOTTING PROGRAM
WRITTEN FOR THE I~M 370-155 BY
GEORGF E. CARROLL MARINE SCIENCES RESEARCH CENTER S.U.N.Y. AT STONY aROOK STONY RRODK, NEW YORK 11790
C C INPI)T : 9 TRACK PLOT DATA TAPE FAOM (LUGE II C C OUTPUT: 9 TRACK PLOT COM~AND TAPE FOR THE CALCO~P PLOTTER C C
C C C
C C C
C C C
C C C
DIMFNSIDN TITLE( 131.IROATAI2,20I,IXH(3).IXL I 31, STAT(40), 1 NAME I 5,40) , 111 ME I 3) , I Tl (3) ,I T 2 ( 3 I ,DV AU) E I 81
DATA IM/':OO'I
DETERMINE # OF PLOTS FOR THIS RUN
RFAD(5,99IPLOTN 99 FORMATIF2.0)
CALL PLDTSIO,O,8,PLDTN*35.0) DEll AX=1 000.
PRINT STATION, TIME, AND DESCRIPTION DATA
WRITE16,2991 299 FORMATI '1STATION',5X,' TIME ',5X,'DESCRIPTlON'1l
nOLo 1=1,40 READ I 5, 110 I NUM, I TI ME, ( NAME (J , I 1 ,J = 1 ,51
110 FORMATI4I2,5A4)
2 10 10
20
5 100
200
IFINUM.lT.01GOTO 20 STATIII=ITIME(I)*3600+ITIMEI21*60+ITIME(31 WR!TE{6,210) I, !TIME, INAMEIJ,II.J=l,5) FORMAT{3X.I2,8X,2112,"',,!2,5X,5A4) CO NT! NtJE STOP 15C=I-1
READ HEADING CARD FOR THIS PLOT
RFADI5,IDO,END_85'IDV,TITLE,IXL,IXH,YL,YH,ISTEP FOR'1ATI It ,l3A4/hI2,2 F6.2,13) IST=!XLI 11*3600+1 XLl21*60+IXU31 IFT=IXH(1)*1600+IXHIZ'*60+IXHI31 ST=IST FT= 1FT DELTAY=ABSIYH-YLI/8. WRITE(6,200)TITLO FORMATI ,-, ,13A41
READ ANn PRINT RAD DATA INTERVALS
WRfTEI6,220) 220 Ff)R'~ATI '0' ,6X,'BAD DATA'/3X,'FROM' ,9X,'TO'1l
92
C
DO 30 10 1, 20 REAO(5,120)IT1,IT2
120 FORMU(6121 IF( [Tl (1) .LT.OIGOTO 40 I R flA T A ( 1, I 10 IT 1 ( 1 ) *3 60 0+ I Tl ( 2 I *60 + I Tl ( 3 ) I80ATA[?,I)=ITZ(1)*3600+ITZ(ZI*60+ITZ(3) liRITE(6,z301 ITI, lTZ
230 FORMAT(1X.ZIIZ.':·),IZ,4X,2(IZ,·:'),121 30 CDNTINUE
STOP 40 [8DC=I-1
CALL PlOT(1.5,2.0,-31 CALL OFFSETIST,DELTAX,YL,DELTAYI
C PLOT Y-AXIS WITH ANNOTATION C
C
lS=IFIX(YL+.ll l F= I F [X ( YH +. 11 '10 50 [=lS,LF, [STEP Y=FlOATlII YI=(Y-YL)!DElTAY ~ALL PLOT(ST,Y,121 CALL PLOT(-0.l4*OELTAX+ST,Y,10) CALL NU~RER(-O.49,YI-0.07,0.14,y,O.O,-I) CALL DlOTIST,y,13)
50 C0NTINUE JS= ( ([ S T+240) /3600+ 1 1*3600 JF=IIFT-Z40)!3600*3600 CALL PLOT(ST,YH,13)
C PLOT X-AXIS ACROSS HlP WITH ONE HOUR INTFRVAL MARKS C
00 55 I=JS,JF,3600 H=I!3600 RI=I CALL PLOT(RI,YH,12) CALL PLOT(RI,YH-0.14*OELTAY,lOI CALL NUMCFR«RI-ST)!OELTAX-0.20,IYH-YL)!DELTAY-O.28,O. lO,H,O.O,-I) CALL SYMROLI999.,999 •• 0.10,IM,O.O,3) CALL PLOT(RI,YH,13)
55 CONT INUE CALL PLOT(FT,YH.12) CALL SY~BOL(1.O,8.125,O.42,TITLE,0.O.521
C C PLOT X-AXIS ACROSS BOTTOM WITH STATIONS MARKED C
C
CALL PLOT(FT,YH,13) CALL PLOT(FT,YL,lZ) CALL DLOT(O.O.O.O,3)
C PLOT STATI8N DESCRIPTIONS ACROSS BOTTOM C
DO 60 1=1,ISC CALL PLOTISTATII),YL,IZ) CALL PLDT(STAT (I 1,-O.14*OELTAY+YL,lOl CALL SYf~~OLI(STAT(1 I-STl!DELTAX-.02,-O.?8,O.lO.NA'IE(1,11,315.0.
(20) CAll PLOT(STATfII,YL,131
60 CONTINUE CALL PLOTlFT,YLrl21 IFOoO
93
~
," I"
:iJ: ,~ ;I~
:1~
I,' " :,
IC=1 I~LAG=l
C C RcAD DATA FRo~ CLUGE II PLOT DATA TAPE C
c
65 REAO(1,l30)ITIME,DVAlUE 130 FORMAT(312,5F4.1.Z F5.Z,F4.11
IT=ITIMF(11*3600+ITIMF(Z)*60+ITIME(3) FI T=FLOATI IT) IF(FIT.lT.ST-1.0IGOTo 65 IF(FIT.GT.FTIGOTO 84 IF(lC.GT.IBDC)GOTO 75 IF(IFlAG.ED.IIGOTO 10
C CHECK FOR END OF BAD OITA INTERVAL C
C
I F( IT .LE. IBDATA(Z.IC I IGOTD 65 CAll PlOTlFlT,DVALUE( IDVI ,13) IFlAG=l IC=IC+l GOTD 65
C CHECK FOR BEGINNING OF HAD DATA INTERVAL C
c
70 IF([T.LT.IBOATAll,ICIIGOTO 1'5 IFLAG=2 GrlTO 6 '5
C CHECK FOR FIRST PLOTTED POINT C
C C C
15 IF( IEP.EO.llGOTD 80 CALL PLOrI FlT.DVALUFIIDVI,13) IFP=l GOTD 65
80 CALL PlOTIFIT,DVALUF(IDV),l21 GOTO 65
RFWIND ~OP NEXT PLOT
84 ",EWIND 1 CALL PLOT(30.0,-Z.O.-3) GOTo 5
95 CALL ENDPLT STOP END
IIGO.FTOlFOOl DO UNIT=TAPE9,DSN=MSRC3P,DISP=IOLD,KFEP) ,LAREl'=(", INI, II OC8=IRECFM=FB,LRFCL=40,RLKSIZE=40001,VOL=SER=OD3027 IIGO.FT08FOOl 00 UNIT=TAPE9,LABELa(,RlPI,DISP=(,KEEP),OSN=CLUGEPl, II DCB=(RFCFM=VS,LRECL=484,BLKSIZF=4881 IIGO.FT05FOOl D~ « **** REPLACE THIS CARO WITH THE DATA DECK ****
94
8.5 PLUNKET Computer Output (examples)
95
DATE
MAklNE: ::.CLENCES RESEARCt- CENTER S. U. N. Y • AT STONy SROOK
SURfACE OBSERVATIONS.
POSITION SON Ie "'AX. SAlolI'll::
PAGE l3
WINO A" TEMPIC I WET
C~UISE STATION I-'C'NTH OA Y YEAR <1K.I:::.T LATl TUOE LONGITUDE DEPTH Of;PIH VELOCITy OIR.FROM 0",
721019 41 10 19 72
HUM! n ITY Sf. RFL. l>I OBSElh'!;!l OlR. f-"UM
100.0 CC" 018 TKUIO
SAMPLE DEPT t- " T f~IP
I.e 12.3 '.0 12.4
'>AMIIU: LIGHT LY/~IN ne PTH , 'Nr:!Of~T RFFLF.CTt. ...
OECK 3.5(-2 <; .eE-.:>
1.0 1 • ./f-2 6.4E-.)
'.0 6.41.'-3 t.1E-.>
S~MPLE I)E PTH ss Of/(,-N ,'IETERS "'GIL Will
1.0 14.0 o .25l ,.0 8.0 0.10'1
METERS UM/L
1.(; 17.92<;
'.0 7.186
VO;)V 40 37.9N 73 l5.6W 6.1 '.0 8.0 HUE , .6 '.6
:.1 >IT I!. SURF SECCHl BAR.p. TiDE
Hd"'Hl TEMP DISK MSS.HG V 1:518 IL lTV WEATHER E88 SLACK flOOD
, ., 11.9 1.3 /I 34 6 X
PHYSICAL CeSERVoHlONS
OXYGEN OXYGEN OXYGEN
':"~l..ll~ I TY SIGMA-T Pe" UG-AT Il , SAT.
;IV • .::;> ;Iv. 4 0
22.88 9.60 1>00 .. 2 101.5 .23.04 9 .• 50 !l'14.0 106.8
TUR81DI TY CHleR 80' NET PROO GRGSS PROD
'" FLU·JR..UNITS MG II'. 3 PPM--Ul GClM2I0Y GC/M2IOV
I~H.:>-N
0'1,,/1-
>.).>.);;>1
j,
.... M/L
.>. b4"
"
.. • 1l 0.12
4.9 ; .6
CHEMICAL ceseRVATJ(!NS
,-, N(J-N NU2-N TOTAL Fill. MG/L Mv/t MG/l MGI L
0.7350 0.0142 0.0420 0.0400 C.4300 0.0096 0.0700 0.04lO
UI'/L UM/l UM/l Ul'!/l
52.5(10 1.0143 1.3549 1.29u4 30.7149 0.6851 l.2562 1.32.27
0.1 20.4
ALKALINITY I' AR T REACTiVE TOTAL CARtI SIliCON MG/l MG/l loll.> IL
86.0 •• 40::' NO 96.0 1.540 NO
MAt(H~t: ::;l.Ib~CES RESEARCt- CENTER s. U. N. 'I • AT STONY 8ROOK PAG E lS
OATE CRUISE STl\TiON MONTH DAY YEAR Ill<. t~ I
721024
HUM!OITY R.EL. to
H8.0
e01
SAMPLE
10
OflSERVER
Cl)li
24 72 voJ ..
SEA :oTAI!: .O!R.FKUM HdL>!lr
200 T KVC
SURFACE OBSERVATIONS
POS 1T ION SONIC MAX. SAMf'LI: LAT! TUDE LONGI TUGE DEPT,", UE?1H
40 )6.1N 1) 24.Q'" 9.0 I.' SURf SI:CCH! 8AK.P. TEMP DISK 1-18$.tiG VIS1l3lLIH
12.8 2. ~ M 26
PHYSICAL CIISf:RVAilON$
OXYGFN CEPT h , !E~H' :.AL/.!H!Y SIGMA-T '"
1.0 ll.8 .?~ • .;:> 23.% 9.l:IO
'.0 13.0 .?l.~" l.".1,. 9.30 1.5 13.0 .?1 .... v 2;.79 <;.lO
SAMPL.~ L 1 r,HT lY f ..... IN llJRl) InITY CHlCf" BUD
WIND VELOCITY OIR.FROM
AIR TE"1P(C) DRY wn
4.' 012 TRUE 13.3 12.2
T! DE .... EATHER !:~a SLACK FLOOD
2 x
OXYGEN OXYGEN OG-AT/l , SA T.
b 12. 7 Ill. (, :;/:11.5 100.6 !> (5. 2 to!>. 5
NET PROD G~OSS PI"<.OO DE I'TI; " INCIOI;N! R~FLf.CT<.:u " f-lUQR.lI/<',tl:) M{;/Mj PI'M--Ul GCJM2IOV GC/M2/UY
DECK I. H-l 1.'H-c I.e <.>.4!'-2 100E-<.- 0.06
'.0 1.H-2 7.iE-.> b.05 7. , 0.11.'-3 5.9E-;> ".05
$~MPLE
DEPT Ii " O~G-N 1~1"1.?-I' fIIC3-N 'IE TE RS f.I(,1 L I'.GI L ,.,,,/l. MG/l
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ALKALINITY PAkT RI;;AC Tl V E TOTAL CMt> :;IL ICON
M(;/l MGI L /<ICfl
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MAId;,!: ~1,.1ENCES flESEARC" CENTER S. U. 1>1. Y • AT STONY SkOOK PAGE 30
SURF~CE OBSERVATIUNS
PCS1TION 50f'.< Ie MA X. "AMPLI: WINO AIR TEMPle ) 0" .e, 0,1, TE
LATlTUOE LOt\t;ITUC~ DePTH DE:PTH VI:LOC[TY OIR.FROM '1,)NTH DAY HAR
40
Sf.. .:. I .. r t: OIIl.FKl.>M Hl:h,Mf
(ot! 218 TKUL
H-MP .:.AL II, I r y
13.5 .:> 1.o.J 14.1 :>l.v\) 14.4 -'0::.1. ...
14.4 .:>". l4 14.4 -,.:..1<'
UI.;HT l Y /M IN It>.CIDfN' ~Ef-LECTt:.u er
~. 3£-1 4.0E-l ' •• f.!--2 8.8E-.:> 0.10 1.:;~ -2 1.11:-.:> v.14
!oj .4(-3 I> .4E:-.:> Q.14
1. 3~-J 1>.41"-..> ".14 (, .4{-- 3 f;;.4E-:J 0.14
CG,'lP DEPTH'" Iv .~
? 1. 2N 13 3'.5W 19.0
5UflF SECCi"l f!AR.P.
HI'P DISK MOS.HG
13'.7 5.5 /I. 24
PHYSICAL OBSERVATIONS
S(G~\A-T
23.71 H.es 23.':1 ;.>
23.92 23.92
lllR61l'1 TY FLUOR .U~, I rs
CXYGfN PPM
10.00 10.10 10.00 'l.BO 9.<10
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V!SltlILiTY WEATHER
4
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GROSS PROD GGfI-lUOY
8.6 Data Acquisition System Computer Output (examples)
99
THUM8 DiSSOLVED INSITU HUll TIME STATION WHEELS OXYGEN TEMP T£NP CHLOROPHYll TUR81DITY PH SAllNn't DEPTH • 2 3 It 5 • 7 tPPKJ leI leI I "GliB) IPPT' '" 06:).2:48 • 2 o 3 0 3 • 1 • H.7 -0.0 '.4 -0.0 :J3.5 -0.00 26.58 -0.0
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06:13:08 AVERAGES 11.1 -0.0 '.4 -0.0 32. ,. -0.00 26.21 -0.0
06:13:36 • 2 0 , 0 3 0 • 11.6 -0.0 5.' -0.0 31.3 -0.00 26.13 -0.0 06; 13: 44 0 2 • , 0 3 0 • H.7 -0.0 '.2 -0.0 31. 1 -0. 00 26.32 -0.0 06: 13:52 0 2 • , 0 3 0 0 H.1 -0.0 5.3 -0.0 )l08 -0 .. 00 26.42 -0.0 06:14:00 0 , 0 3 0 3 0 0 H.7 -0.0 '.2 -0.0 33.3 -0.00 26.54 -0.0 06:14:08 0 2 • 3 0 3 0 0 11.7 -0.0 '.3 -0.0 32.1 -0.00 26.61 - e.o 06:14:16 0 2 0 3 0 3 0 • 11.7 -0.0 '.3 -0.0 32.8 -0.00 26.65 -0.0
06:13: 56 AVE;tAGES 11.1 -0.0 5.3 -0 .. 0 32.2 -0.00 26 .. 45 -0.0
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06:\1:09 AVE.UGES U.7 -0 .. 0 5. , -0.0 4l.4 -0.00 21.62 -0.0
100
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THUMB OISSOLveo INsnu HULL TIllE ST AT ION WHEelS OX¥GEN TE~P TEMP CHLOROPHYll TuRBIDITY PH SAlt ~l TY OEPTH
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13:58;44 AVERAGES .. , -0 .. 0 5.b -0.0 11 .. 1 -o~oo 20 .. 2& -0.0
13:59: 12 0 0303010 .. , -0 .. 0 5.b -0.0 11" 1 -0.00 20.41 -C .. O 13:59:20 0 0303010 . ., -0.0 5 •• -0.0 16.9 -0.00 20.45 -0.0 13: 59: 28 0 0303010 '.2 -0.0 5.' -0.0 lo~ 1 -0 .. 00 20 .. 46 -0 .. 0 13:59:3& 0 0303010 '.2 -0;0 5 •• -0.0 15.9 -0.00 20 .. 42 -0.0 13:59:44 0 0303010 '.2 -0.0 5.' -0.0 10.1 -0.00 20 .. 41 -o~o
13:59:52 0 0303010 '.3 -0.0 5 •• -<J.O 10~8 -0 .. 00 ZO.40 -0.0
l3 :59: 32 AVERAGES 8 .. 2 -0.0 5.' -0.0 16.5 -0.00 20.44 -0 .. 0
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>-' 14:00:24 0 o 3 0 3 0 0 '.2 -0_0 5 •• -0.0 15.6 -0.00 20 .. 60 -0.0
0 14:00:32 0 o 3 a 3 0 0 '.2 -0.0 5.1 -0.0 14 .. 9 -0.00 20.64 -0.0
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14:00: 20 AVERAGES '.2 -0.0 5.' -0.0 15.7 -0.00 20.59 -0 .. 0
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THUM8 DISSOLYED INSITU 1<1,' TIME STATTON WHEElS OUGEN TEMP TEMP CHlQRQPHYlL TUR810tTV PH SALINITV DEPTH
0 2 3 4 5 • 7 IPPM, Ie. (e, CMG/143' IPpn '" 19:05; 36 0 2 0 , 0 I 0 I 0 12.1 ":'0.0 5.0 -0.0 60..6 -0.00 21.17 -0.0 19:05:44 0 2 o , o 1 0 I 0 11.9 -0.0 5.' -0.0 67.1 -0 .. 00 21 .. 16 -0 .. 0 19:05:52 0 2 o , • I • I 0 11.9 -0.0 5.0 -0.0 72.4 -0.00 21.17 -0.0 19:06:00 0 2 o , 0 1 0 I 0 141:.1 -0 .. 0 4.9 -0.0 74.2 -0.00 H .. 21 -0.0 19:06:08 0 2 o , o I 0 I 0 12.0 -0.0 4.9 -0.0 71.9 -0.00 21.20 -0 .. 0 19:06: 16 0 2 o , 0 1 0 1 0 1.l.0 -0.0 4.9 -0.0 69.8 -0.00 27.11 -0.0
19:05:56 AVERA.GES l.l.O -0 .. 0 5.0 -0.0 1().4 -0.00 27.18 -0.0
19:06:24 0 2 0 , 0 I 0 I 0 12 .. 0 -0.0 4.9 -0.0 68.6 -0.00 21.19 -0.0 19:06: 32 0 2 0 , 0 I 0 I 0 12:.0 -0.0 4.9 -0 .. 0 67.5 -0.00 27.19 -0.0 19:06:40 0 2 0 , 0 I 0 I 0 ll .. O -0.0 4.9 -0 .. 0 67.0 -0.00 27.16 -0.0 19:06:48 0 2 0 , 0 I 0 1 0 1'!.1 -0.0 4.9 -0.0 66.9 -0.00 21.17 -0.0 19=06:56 0 2 o 3 0 1 0 1 0 lZ.O -0.0 4.9 -0 .. 0 66.6 -0.00 27.11 -0.0 19:07:04 0 2 o 3 0 I 0 1 0 1l.9 -0.0 '.9 -0.0 67.8 -0.00 27.14 ·-0.0
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19:01: 12 0 2 o 3 0 I 0 I 0 12:.0 -0.0 4 •• -0.0 71.2 -0.00 27 .. 13 -0.0 19:01:20 0 2 o 3 0 I 0 1 0 1l.1 -0.0 ••• -0.0 70.9 -0.00 27.13 -0.0 19:07:2& 0 2 o 3 0 I 0 I 0 12.1 -0.0 4 •• -0.0 70.9 -0.00 21 .. 13 -0 .. 0 19:01:36 0 2 o , 0 I 0 1 0 12 .. 1 -0.0 4.' -0.0 71.4 -0.00 21.14 -0.0 19:07:44 0 2 o 3 0 ( 0 I 0 li.l -0.0 4.' -0.0 12.8 -0.00 21. 10 -C.O 19:07:52 0 2 o 3 0 1 0 1 0 12.1 -0.0 4 •• -0.0 14.2 -0.00 21.10 -0.0
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19:08:48 0 2 0 3 0 0 I 0 Ii. 1 -0 .. 0 4 •• -0.0 75.3 -0.00 21.06 - C.O 19:08: 56 0 2 0 , 0 0 1 0 1,2.1 -0.0 4.' -0.0 15.e. -0.00 21.78 -0.0 19:09:04 0 2 o 3 0 0 1 0 12.0 -0.0 4 •• -0.0 14.4 -0.00 26.08 -0.0 19:09:12 0 2 o 3 0 0 I 0 1'!.0 -0.0 ••• -0.0 14.3 -0.00 28.19 -0.0 19:09: 20 0 2 o 3 0 0 I 0 12.1. -0 .. 0 4.' -0.0 14.a -0.00 28.40 -0.0 19:09:28 0 2 o , 0 0 1 0 lJ:.l -0.0 4.' -0.0 14.7 -0.00 26.60 -0.0
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103
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8.8 Fenwal Thermistor Product Data Sheet No. D-7
Fenwal Electronics
CXJ .050
l·loor !
FIG. I LARGE BEADS
j .060
3/S
.004 DIA. PT. IR. LEADS
PRODUCT DATA SHEET
No. D-?
OCEANOGRAPHIC ISO-CURVE
(interchangeable) THERMISTORS
-----"I ! ======~ .ISO 8 a .040
L 2 .11 1/2-=rr --.J L·020l, ~ t I
.090 .030 FIG. 2 STD. PROBE
.012 DIA. TINNED DUMET LEADS
I f=======>k--.:::]--~-i5 .120 8 L 13/8 . I. 1/2-J!·-.J L
FIG. 3 MINI PROBE .060
.0Da DIA. TINNED DUMET LEADS
I 1/4
~ FIG. 4
SMALL BEADS
001 DIA. PT IR. LEADS
OCEANOGRAPHIC ISO-CURVE, Glass encapsulated thermistors of either the bead or probe configuration, designed for Oceanography use, have the unique feature of complete R-T interchangeability coupled with exceptionally high stability characteristics.
STANDARDIZED R-T CHARACTERISTICS: Resistance is precision matched to a standard R-T Curve and is predictable accurately at any given point to ±O. l o C over the teITIperature range.
COMPLETE INTERCHANGEABILITY: Allows for circuit standardization -,'eliminates necessity for individual circuit adjustInent - allows exact replacement
','. without calibrating thermistor or recompensating circuits.
STABILITY, O. 05 0 Centigrade per year change maximum.
CHARACTERISTICS:
STANDARD PROBE MINI-PROBE Condition D.C. T. C. D.C. T.C. -Still Air 1.9 mw/Cv 1. 4 mw(Co 16 seconds 25 seconds
Moving Air 800 ft. Imino 4.5 mw/Co 5 " 3.4 mw/Co 3 " Still Water 9.0 mw/Co 1 " 7.0 mw/Co 0.4. !1
Moving Water 20 ft. /sec. 10.0 mw/Co 0.3 " 11.0mw/Co O. 1 " _. --
LARGE BEADS SMALL BEADS Condition D.C. T.C. D.C. T.C.
Still Air 0.8 mwl,C v 2 seconds 0.2 mwl,Co 1.0 sec. Moving Air 800 ft. Imino 3.0 mw/Co 1 " 0.8 rnw/Co 0.3 "
8.8 Fenwal Thermistor Product Data Sheet No. D-7 (continued)
D. C. (DISSIPATION CONSTANT): Equals power in milliwatts required to raise thermistor temperature lOCo Measured with the thermistor suspended by its leads in a specified envirorunent.
T. C. (TIME CONSTANT): Equals the time required by a thermistor to change 630/0 of the difference between its initial and final temperature. Measured with the thermistor suspen4ed by its leads in a specified envirorunent.
TY PICAL UNITS:
RESISTANCE TEMP. RANGE TYPE STYLE 25°C
GB34PM62 Standard .Probe 4002 fJ
GB34MMl32 Mini-Probe 4002 fJ
GB34JMI3 Large Bead 4002 fJ
GB34JMI4 Small Bead 4002 fJ GB32PM82 Standard Probe 200 I fJ GB32MMI72 Mini-Probe 200 I fJ
GB3ZJMI9 i Large Bead 2001 fJ
* U. S. Patent 3, 109,227; Foreign Patents Pending Trademark of Fenwal Electronics, Inc.
6/65
113
°C -5 to +35 -5 to +35 -5 to +35 -5 to +35 -5 to +35 -5 to +35 -5 to +35
TEMP. TOL. OVER
TEMP. RANGE ±O. I Vc ±O. I DC ±O. I DC ±O. 1°C ±D.loC ±O. I DC ±O.loC
i
.1 !i '!
. " i!!
:1
i I
II'· i' I'i I' "
8.9 corning Glass Filter Transmission Curves
90 f-
~ 80 U a: 70 ~
'0 2 5 0 0 iii 40
"' ~3 0
Z -< a: 2 0
f-0
0 200
90 f-
f5 eo }i w 70 ..
'0 2 50 0
~ 40
~3 0 2 -< 2 0 a: f-
0
=-------------------,._-----WAVE LENGTH MILLIMICRONS
I
" -00
~oo 220240 260 280 300 320340 360 380 400 420 440 460- 480 !)CO 520 540 560 580 600 620 640 660 680 700 720 740 WAvE LENGTH MILLIMICRONS
90 f-
~ 80
~ 70
60
250 o ~ 40
~ 30
:;; a: 20 f-
o
. •
~= ____ m ____ ·---_----_-----_=-WAVE LENGTH MILLIMICRONS
B.IO Specifications for the Beckman ACTAtm II UV-Visible Spectrophotometer
WAVELENGTH RANGE
160 to 1000 nm
OPERATING WAVELENGTH RANGE
190 to BOO nm Deuterium lamp: 190 to 360 nm Tungsten lamp: 340 to 800 nm
WAVELENGTH SCALE
Linear 3-digit counter with vernier scale to 0.2 nm
WAVELENGTH ACCURACY
±O.S nm (190 to BOO nm)
WAVELENGTH REPEATABILITY
±0.2S nm (190 to BOO nm)
STRAY RADIATION
0.1% at 370 nm
RESOLUTION
. Better than 0.2 nm
SLITS
Manual: continuously variable from 0.01 to 7 mm
Program: cam-controlled slit programming
PHOTOMETRIC READOUT
Digital display, 4-digit neon-glow indicators, digits 3/B in wide by 1/2 in high
PHOTOMETRIC ACCURACY*
0.003 0.010 0.03
absorbance units at 1 A absorbance units at 2 A absorbance units at 3 A
PHOTOMETRIC REPEATABILITY*
0.0015 0.005 0.015
absorbance units at 1 A absorbance units at 2 A absorbance units at 3 A
PHOTOMETRIC SCALE
0.0 to 3.000 A Concentration
SCANNING SPEEDS
5 and 100 run/min
RESPONSE TIME
Fast: 2-sec period Slow: B-sec period
NOISE* 0.001 A near 0 A at 400 dynode volts
BASELINE
±O.OOS absorbance units in each source range
ZERO STABILITY
0.0005 A/hr or 0.005 A/day near 0 A
RECORDER
Output terminals for external 100 mV potentiometric recorder (Beckman TenInch Linear Recorder): 0.0 to 3.0 A = 100 mV ± 1.0 mV
Output impedance: variable output, approximately 300 ohms
Fixed output: l-k ohm for 0.0 to 3 A
Input impedance of the external devices must be greater than 1 megohm for 0.1% accuracy
DIGITAL PHOTOMETRIC OUTPUT
4-digit BCD T2L (+) available with accessory connector
POWER REQUIREMENTS
120 V ac ± 10%, 50/60 Hz, 2.5 A
SPACE REQUIREMENTS
24 in deep x 45 in long x 21 in high
NET WEIGHT
220 pounds
*Digital display has ±l digit uncertainty in least significant dig'H:
115
I
fl Ii ,
8.11 Major Equipment Used in PLUNKET construction with Manufacturers
Equipment
Cable, Electrical Power Type STO-600 Volt 10/3
Data Acquisition System Model 20l2D
Dissolved Oxygen System Model 54
Fathometer Model MR-201B
Gamma-12 In-Line Filter Unit Grade 80 Whatman filters
Fluorometers Model 111
Ground Fault Circuit Interruptor Model GFA-300/l5 Model GFP-220/20
Low Voltage D.C. Power Supply Model 855C
pH System Model 12
Photoconductive Cells Model CL 702
pump--Continuous Duty Model 12895-2 Seriios 120
Pump--Submersible Model 390-2840
Recorder, Multipoint Stripchart Model E-1124-E-
Regulator, A.C. Voltage Model ACR 5000
Salinometer Model 6230
Thermistor Model GB32MM172
Manufacturer
Rand M Electric Supply Company Riverhead, New York
Hewlett-Packard Palo Alto, California
Yellow Springs Instrument Company Yellow Springs, Ohio
Apelco Company San Francisco, California
H. Reeve Angel Co., Inc. Clifton, New Jersey
G. K. Turner Associates Palo Alto, California
Harvey Hubbell, Inc. Bridgeport, Connecticut
Hewlett-Packard Palo Alto, California
Corning Instrument Company Corning, New York
Clairex Electronics Mount Vernon, New York
Gorman-Rupp Industries Bellville, Ohio
Sears Roebuck, Co. Brooklyn, New York
Esterline Angus Division of Esterline Corporation Indianapolis, Indiana
Raytheon Co. Norwalk, Connecticut
Plessey Environmental Systems San Diego, California
Fenwal Electronics, Inc. Framingham, Massachusetts
Equipment
Thermosalinograph Model 6600T
Transducer, Pressure Model 218-28
Transformer, Isolation Model N-57M (Triad)
Underwater Adaptors
Valves, Solenoid Model 18A25 Type A Model 18AR25 Type AR
Voltmeter, Digital Model 4690
Water Heater Thelco Model 82
Manufacturer
Plessey Environmental Systems San Diego, California
Viatran Corporation Buffalo, New York
H. L. Dalis Electronics, Inc. Long Island City, New York
Joy Manufacturing Co. New Philadelphia, Ohio
Magnatrol Valve Corp. Hawthorne, New Jersey
John M. Fluke Manf. Seattle, Washington
Precision Scientific Co. Chicago, Illinois
117
i:
8.12 PLUNKET cost Analysis
Total Cost
Quantity Description (within 10%)
Instrumentation:
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
3
1
2
2
1
Data Acquisition
Dissolved Oxygen
Fathometer
Fluorometers
System
System
Ground Fault Circuit Interruptors
pH system
Photometer (4 pi)
Power Supplies (de)
Pump, Continuous Duty
pump, Submersible
Recorder, Multipoint
Salinometer
Thermistors
Thermistor Bridge Circuits
Thermosalinograph
Transducer, Pressure
Transformers, Isolation
Regulator, ac voltage
Valves, Solenoid
Voltmeters, Digital
Water Heater
Miscellaneous Accessories:
2
1 set
300 feet
250 feet
Brass Hardware, PVC Plumbing Supplies Tygon Tubing
Flowmeters
Fluorometer Filters
Hook-up Wire
potting Compound
PVC Power Cord (10/3)
Reinforced Rubber Hose, 1 in. I.D.
Relay Racks (Instrumentation Module)
Underwater Connectors (for all underwater sensors and power cord)
n8
$ 30,000
800
250
3,000
400
1,200
200
200
135
300
2,500
3,500
90
400
10,000
750
300
1,000
200
600
250
200
90
200
50
50
135
200
250
500
$ 56,075
$ 1,675
Quantity Description
Calibration Accessories:
Labor:
1
Beckman ACTAtmII UV-Visible Spectrophotometer
Copenhagen Standard Seawater
Millipore Apparatus (fluorometer calibration)
pH Buffer
Winkler Dissolved Oxygen Titration Apparatus and Chemicals
Man Year
119
Total Cost (within 10%)
$ 6,000
150
500
50
300
$ 14,000
$ 7,000
$ 14,000
$ 78,750
8.13 Conversion Tables
Multil21:t b;,: Multil21;,: b:t
Len;rth
Meters 3.281 0.305 Feet
Ki lorneters 0.53995 1. 852 Nautical Miles
Statute Miles 0.8689 1.15 Nautical Miles
Kilometers 0.62137 1.609 Statute Mi les
Area
Square Meters 10.8 0.0929 Square feet
Square Kilometers 0.386 2.5899 Square Statute Miles
Square Kilometers 247.1 0.0040 Acres
Acres 43560 -5 2.295xl0 Square feet
Volume
Cubic Kilometers 109 10 9 Cubic Meters
Cubic Meters 35.314 0.02832 Cubic feet
Liters 0.2642 3.7853 Gallons
.cubic Feet 7.48 0.1337 Gallons
Cubic Meters 264.2 0.00378 Gallons
Acre-feet 1233.48 0.00081 Cubic Meters
Flow
Cubic meters per second 22.82 0.0438 Million gals per day
Gallons per minut'e 1440.0 0.00069 Gallons per day
C?bic feet per second 0.6463 1. 547 Million gals per day
Cubic meters per second 35.31 0.028316 Cubic feet per second
Cubic meters per second 264.2 0.003785 Gallons per second
Million cubic meters per 0.723 1. 383 Million gals per day year
Cubic meters per day per 684.3 0.0015 Gallons per day .per square kilometer square mile
Mass
Long Tons 2273 0.00044 Pounds (Avoirdupois)
Short tons 2000 0.0005 Pounds (Avoirdupois)
Metric Tons 2205 0.00045 Pounds (Avoirdupois)
Grams 0.035 28.349 Ounces
Kilograms 2.2046 0.4536 Pounds (Avoirdupois)
Grams 0.00220 453.59 Pounds (Avoirdupois)
Velocit:l
Meters per second 2.247 0.4470 Statute miles per hour
Meters per second 1. 944 0.5144 Knots (nautical miles per hour)
Parts per Million
Milligrams per liter
Parts per million
Dissolved Oxygen
Parts per million
Parts per million
Milliliters per liter
Dissolved Nutrients
Microgram-atoms Phosphorus
1
8.235
62.54
31. 25
1. 428
per liter 0.031
Microgram-atoms Nitrogen per liter 0.014
Grams Carbon per square meter
Time
per year 8.922
Days
Seconds
86400
3. 17x108
121
1
0.1214
0.0160
0.0320
0.7002
32.26
71. 43
0.1121
1x10- 5
3.1536x10 7
Parts per million
Pounds per mi Ilion gallo,ns
Microgra.nt'-"'atoms 02 per liter
Micromoles 02 per liter
Milligrams per liter
Milligrams per liter Phosphorus
Milligrams per liter Nitrogen
Pounds Carbon per acre per year
Seconds
Years
1
"
1[' 9.0 References I
:i ,
Baylor, E. R. (ed.) 1973. Final report of the oceanographic and biological study for Southwest Sewer District No.3, Suffolk County, New York (in edition).
Beckman Instruments, Inc. 1971. Operating instructions for ACTAtm II uV-Visible Spectrophotometer. Fullerton, California. 25 p.
Bowman, 11. J., and P. K. Weyl. 1972. slope waters of New York Bight. Center, State Univ. of New York,
Hydrographic study of the shelf and Tech. Rpt. No. 16, l1ar. Sci. Res. Stony Brook. 46 p.
Collins, J. R. 1962. Electrochemical l1easuring Instruments. John F. Rider, Inc., New York. 122 p.
Corning Glass Works. 1970. Color filter glasses. Corning Glass Works, Optical Sales Dept., Corning, New York. 36 p.
Currie, R. I. 1962. Pigments in zooplankton faeces. Nature, London. 193:956-957.
Cranston, R. E., and D. E. Buckley. 1962. The application and performance of microfilters in analyses of suspended particulate matter. Report Series BI-R-72-7. Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada (unpublished manuscript) .
Duedall, I. W. 1974. The distribution and fate of the man-induced ammonia which emanates from New York Harbor (in preparation).
Duedall, I. W., H. B. O'Connors, J. H. Parker, W. l1iloski, and G. Hulse. 1974. On the tidal variations of physical and chemical properties measured on transects between Sandy Hook, New Jersey, and Rockaway Point (Long Island), New York (unpublished draft for I1.E.S.A., N .O.A.A.).
Eppley, R. W., R. W. Holmes, and J. D. H. Strickland. 1967. Sinking rates of marine phytoplankton measured with a fluorometer. J. Exp. l1ar. BioI. Ecol. 1:191-208.
,,'Esterline-Angus. 1970. Instruction manual: model E-1124-E l1ultipoint Recorder. Indianapolis, Indiana. 253 p.
Fales, H. A., and F. Kenney. 1939. Inorganic Quantitative Analysis. Appleton Century, New York.
Fenwal Electronics. 1965. Bulletin L-2: Iso-Curve~ Curve-l1atched, Interchangeable Thermistors. Framingham, l1ass. 6 p.
1965. Product Data Sheet No. D-7; Oceanographic Iso-Curve(B Thermistors. Framingham, l1ass. 2 p.
1974. Thermistor manual: EI1C-6. Framingham, l1ass. 21 p.
Flemer, D. A. 1969. Continuous measurement of in vivo chlorophyll of a dinoflagellate bloom in Chesapeake Bay. Chesapeake Sci. 10:99-103;
G. K. Turner Associates. 1970. Operating and service manual: model III Fluorometer. Palo Alto, California. 33 p.
122
Green, E. J., and D. E. Carritt. of seawater. J. Mar. Res.
1967. New tables for oxygen saturation 25:140-147.
Gross, M. G., D. Davies, P. Lin, and W. Loeffler. 1972a. Characteristics and environmental quality of six north shore bays, Nassau and Suffolk Counties, Long Island, New York. Tech. Rpt. No. 14, Mar. Sci. Res. Center, State Univ. of New York, Stony Brook. 98 p.
1972b. Survey of water quality and sediments in six north shore bays, Nassau and Suffolk Counties, Long Island, New York. Tech. Rpt. No. 15, Mar. Sci. Res. Center, State Univ. of New York, Stony Brook. 29 p.
Guilbault, G. G. (ed.) 1973. Practical Fluorescence: Theory, Methods, and Techniques. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York. 664 p.
Hardy, C. D. 1970. Hydrographic data report: Long Island Sound--1969. Tech. Rpt. No.4, Mar. Sci. Res. Center, State Univ. of New York, Stony Brook. 129 p.
Hardy, C. D., and P. K. Weyl. 1970. Sound--1970; Part 1. Tech. Rpt. Univ. of New York, Stony Brook.
Hydrographic data report: Long Island No.6, l1ar. Sci. Res. Center, State 96 p.
Hardy, C. D., and P. K. Weyl. 1971. Distribution of dissolved oxygen in the waters of western Long Island Sound. Tech. Rpt. No. 11, Mar. Sci. Res. Center, State Univ. of New York, Stony Brook. 37 p.
Hardy, C. D. 1972a. Hydrographic data report: Long Island Sound--1970; Part 2. Tech. Rpt. No. 13, Mar. Sci. Res. Center, State Univ. of New York, Stony Brook. 20 p.
Hardy, C. D. 1972b. Movement and quality of Long Island Sound waters--1971. Tech. Rpt. No. 17, Mar. Sci. Res. Center, State Univ. of New York, Stony Brook. 66 p.
Hewlett-Packard. 1973. Electronic instruments and systems for measurement, analysis, computation. Palo Alto, California. 492 p.
Holm-Hansen, 0., C. J. Lorenzen, R. W. Holmes, and J. D. H. Strickland. 1965. Fluorometric determination of chlorophyll. J. Cons. Perm. Int. Explor. Mer. 30:3-15.
Holmes, R. W. 1968. Description and evaluation of methods for determining incident solar radiation, submarine daylight, chlorophyll a, and primary production. u.S. Fish Wildl. Serv., Spec. Sci. Rpt. Fish. 564: 1-3i.
Loftus, M. E., and J. H. Carpenter. 1971. determining chlorophyll ~, £, and c.
A fluorometric method for J. Mar. Res. 29:319-338.
Loftus, M. E., D. V. Subba Rao, and H. H. Seliger. 1972. Growth and dissipation of phytoplankton in Chesapeake Bay. I. Response to a large pulse of Rainfall. Chesapeake Sci. 13(4) :282-299.
Lorenzen, C. J. 1965. of the chlorophyll
A note on the chlorophyll and phaeophytin content maximum. Limnol. Oceanogr. 10:482-483.
123
1966. A method for the continuous measurement of in vivo chlorophyll concentrations." Deep-Sea Res. 13:223~227.------
National Oceanographic Instrumentation Center; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 1973. Instrumental Fact Sheet No. 73008. Washington, D.C. 10 p.
Newman, D. (ed.) 1969. Instrumental Methods of Experimental Biology. The Macmillan Co., New York. 560 p. "
Patterson, J., and T. R. Parsons. 1963. Distribution of chlorophyll a and degradation products in the various marine materials. Limnol. Oceanogr. 8:355-356.
Plessey Environmental Systems. 1971. Instruction and service manual: Salinograph model 6600 and California. 60 p.
Thermosalinograph model 6600T. San Diego,
Rich, P. H., and R. G. Wetzel. 1969. A simple and sensitive underwater photometer. Limnol.Oceanogr. 13(4):611-613.
Stevens, K. 1967. Continuous measurement of turbidity. Deep-Sea Res. 14:465-467.
Strickland, J. D. H. 1968. a precautionary note.
continuous measurement of in vivo chlorophyll: Deep-Sea Res. 15:222-227.
Strickland, J. D. H., and T. R. Parsons. 1968. A practical handbook of seawater analysis. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada Bull. No. 167, 311.
UNESCO. 1966. Determination of photosynthetic pigments in seawater. Monogr. Oceanogr. Methodol. 1:69.
U.S. Hydrographic Office. 1968. oceanographic data. 3rd ed.
Instruction manual for obtaining Washington, D.C. DI-D6.
Weiss, R. F. 1970. The solubility of nitrogen, oxygen and argon in water and seawater. Deep-Sea Res. 17:721-735.
Williams, R. T., and J. W. Bridges. 1964. Fluorescence of solutions: " a review. J. Clin. Path. 17:371-394.
Winkler, L. W. 1888. Ber. Dtsch. Chem. Ges. 21:2843.
Yellow Springs Instrument Co. 1971a. General instructions for YSI 5100 and 5400 series Dissolved Oxygen Probes. Yellow Springs, Ohio. 4 p.
1971b. Instructions for YSI model 54 Oxygen Meter. Yellow Springs, Ohio. 30 p.
Yentsch, C. S., and D. W. Menzel. of phytoplankton chlorophyll Res. 10:221-231.
124
1963. A method for the determination and phaeophytin by fluorescence. Deep-Sea
Addendum
Fluorometers manufactured by Turner Designs® (address below) were incorporated in the PLUNKET to measure turbidity by nephelometry and in vivo chlorophyll ~ after the printing of this report.
Recently Turner Designs® developed a Model 10 series which replaces the G. K. Turner® Model III in the PLUNKET system for the following reasons (see references below) :
JlAutomatic range changei precise range multipliers; condensate on continuous flow sample cells eliminated, low power needs- A.C. or battery, completely protected against overloads, stability that only a three-beam system can give, extreme sensitivity, complete outputsboth fluorescence and range, solid state except light source and photomultiplier" (Turner Designs, 1974 a,b).
References:
Turner Designs, Series Fluorometer.
1974a. Operating and Service Manual: Model 10 Palo Alto, Calif. 69 p.
Turner Designs, 1974b. Product Data Sheet 10-974. Palo Alto, Calif. 4 p.
Address:
Turner Designs Model 10 Series Fluorometers 3132 Alexis Drive Palo Alto, Calif. 94304