techniczny ang

8/22/2019 Techniczny Ang

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Reading bank 4 Oxford University Press

Reading bank

Electronic money

Weve used home computers and the Internet for banking

since the 1990s. Is the mobile wallet going to replace cash?

Its now possible to pay or things in a shop by standing near the till and tappingan app on your mobile phone. Wave-and-pay technology allows electronic

devices to communicate when they are near each other. Shoppers can add

money to their phones electronically, and shopkeepers devices can take money

in exchange or goods. Soon, some experts say, all mobile phones will have this

technology.

Imagine the convenience. Most o us carry a mobile phone, and with electronic

money, we would never worry about having enough cash. We could top up the

phones wallet online, rom a bank account, and never think about having the

correct change or the bus. Using the phones soware, parents could give their

kids money that could be spent only on certain things books and pencils, or

example, but not sweets or so drinks.But dont give up on cash yet. Very ew phones have the wave-and-pay

computer chip, and most shops dont have wave-and-pay readers. Security is

also an issue. Some experts warn that thieves may be able to steal your money

simply by standing near you. Wave-and-pay doesnt always use a personal

identifcation number (PIN). A hidden reader in a thie s pocket might be able

to take your money without you knowing.

We wont give up cash this year or next, but some experts believe that by 2030,

all money will be electronic.

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The pays not bad and there are opportunities or overtimei you want.

Planning the job, especially in older buildings. Its importantto work out the best routes or the pipes, ducts, and cablesinvolved as this can aect the cost o the work

considerably.

I like being out and about, not stuck in an ofice, and this

job involves a lot o travelling. I also like the contact withcustomers.

I work or a company which installs central heating and air-conditioning systems. We do everything: planning,

installing, testing, and commissioning.

Get the highest qualifications you can when youre at

college. Its better to do it at that stage in lie than try tocatch up later. Keep up your proessional training whenyoure in the job. Move to a company large enough to oer

good promotion prospects.

When you switch on and it all works perectly.

Working in confined spaces, or example under loors or in

roo spaces where there isnt a lot o headroom.

Five years.


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How bioengineers apply biology, physics, chemistry, and

mathematics to real-world problems

Biological engineering (usually shortened to bioengineering) is the practice o

working with, and sometimes changing, the natural world. But what does that

mean? Here are some projects bioengineers are working on today.

Smart medicineWe usually take medicine ater

we realize were ill. Bioengineers

are working on tiny intelligent

capsules (small containers) that can

be placed inside the human body.

At the rst sign o illness usually a

small chemical change a capsule

could release drugs into the human

body and ght the illness. At the

moment, this is very specialized

technology or astronauts. But

one day, smart medicine may be

available to everyone.

Carbon captureClimate change is a big issue, and most experts agree that carbon dioxide

(CO2) in the atmosphere is a major problem. While governments argue

about the best ways to control CO2 production, bioengineers are working

on technological solutions. One solution is to remove CO2 rom emissions as

theyre being produced by cars and actories. This could be done by mixing the

CO2 with other chemicals. Another possibility is to create huge carbon capture

stations. They would look like nuclear power plants, but they would remove

large amounts o CO2 rom the surrounding air.

Super wheat

The worlds population has reached seven billion people and is still growing.Agriculture growing plants and animals to eed people requires huge

amounts o land, water, and other resources. Experts believe that as the

population grows, it will become more dicult to eed everyone. Bioengineers

are working on ways to improve basic ood plants such as wheat. How? They

believe they can improve the eciency o photosynthesis the process o

plants turning the Suns energy into ood or the plant. This increases the grain

yield the amount o edible wheat produced without increasing the area

o land needed. I they can do this, armers will be able to provide more ood

without using more resources.

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Example

paper used or books,

newspapers, magazines, and

shopping bags.

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Graphene a miracle material

Graphite has been used

in pencils or hundreds

o years. But could it be

the source o the next big

breakthrough in materials

science?

Graphite is made entirely o carbon atoms just as diamonds are. In

diamonds, the atoms are arranged in a crystal structure that makes the

material incredibly hard the hardest substance in the world. By contrast,

carbon atoms in graphite are arranged in at layers. This makes graphite

relatively sot. It also means that graphite can orm very thin layers, such

as when you make a mark on paper with a pencil.

Hanns-Peter Boehm, a German chemist, frst observed layers o graphite

that were only one-atom thick in the 1960s. He named his discovery

graphene. Other scientists studied and tried to produce graphene

throughout the 1970s, 80s, 90s, and into the 2000s. A breakthrough fnally

came in 2004, when two physicists at Manchester University removed a

single-atom-thick layer o graphene rom a piece o graphite using a

piece o ordinary sticky tape. They received a Nobel Prize or their work.

Whats so great about graphene?

Graphene sheets are 200 times harder than steel.

Graphene conducts electricity better than silicon.

Its extremely thin and lightweight.

What will we do with it? Here are some o the experts ideas:

Graphene could be used to replace silicon in computers logic circuits.

Incredibly strong abrics or smart clothing could be made with

graphene.

Screens o gadgets such as smartphones could be made much stronger

with graphene.


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What can you do with adegree in Mathematics?

You probably know about accounting and teaching, but

here are some maths jobs you may not have heard of

Computer securityComputers are everywhere, and they

contain our bank account inormation,

credit card details, medical records,

and other data we want to keep secret.

How can we keep hackers rom stealing

this data? Cryptography is a feld omathematics that involves writing codes

and fnding ways to keep secrets. Governments and private companies

employ cryptographers to keep computer data sae and secure.

Atmospheric science and meteorologyGlobal warming has become a big concern. Scientists use mathematical

models to help them understand how the Earths complex environment

systems might behave in the uture. Meteorologists (weather experts) also

use mathematical models when theyre predicting the weather or the next

weekend or trying to understand what huge storm systems might do next.

BiomathematicsDoctors and medical researchers rely on experiments and observationto understand medication. They also use complex mathematics to

understand drug data and to predict possible responses to medicines.

Biomathematicians also apply mathematics to the understanding o the

interaction o living things in biological systems.

Business analysisBusinesses usually want to improve their efciency. But particularly in

larger, more complicated businesses, it isnt always easy to understand

how systems really work. Mathematical analysis can be applied to many

aspects o business (production processes, transportation and storage o

products, worker efciency) to help identiy places where improvementscan be made.

Petroleum productionFrom exploration to transport, use and environmental impact,

mathematics is an incredibly useul tool in the energy industry. In

addition to understanding the fnancial side o the business, mathematics

is used by geologists (experts in rocks, soil, and other eatures o land)

to predict where oil might be located, how much there is, and how long

it will last. Mathematics is also used to predict what may happen as oil

becomes more difcult to fnd.

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Smart cities

By 2050, 70 per cent of the worlds

population will live in cities. Experts

say that we need to make the best

use of technology to make these cities

good places to live. So fast forward

to 2050, and what do we see?

Green roosMost buildings in the smart city o 2050 have plants on the roo. Plants help

keep the air clean, and they reduce ooding problems when heavy rainalls. They also absorb heat, which keeps cities in warm climates cooler.

Some people grow ruit and vegetables or themselves, too.

Grey waterThe smart city o 2050 wastes nothing. Rainwater is collected and used

on gardens. Grey water water rom showers and rom washing up is

recycled or rootop plants and is also used or ushing toilets. Puriying

water uses a lot o energy, so using grey water saves both water and energy.

Clever waste managementThere are no lorries collecting rubbish in the smart city. This helps reduce

trafc on the roads. All waste travels rom homes and businesses in a

system o pressurised pipes. Some o the waste is used to produce methanegas, which is used or energy production.

Green powerIn addition to the power generated using methane gas, wind and solar

generation also powers the smart city. Computers monitor power use in the

entire city and the electric power grid can respond to the need or power at

any moment. When a lot o power is needed, the system can supply it, but

when little power is needed, parts o the system shut down. This reduces

energy waste.

Intelligent trafc managementEvery car in the smart city o 2050 has a smart

tag number plate. Sensors in the road track everyvehicle and control the ow o trafc. I a road is

completely empty, the trafc signals are turned o

to conserve energy.

Smart homesResearch shows that when people can see how

much energy theyre using, they limit their energy

use. The smart home o 2050 has an energy control

panel. People can monitor their energy use and

control heating and lighting.

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Tech Education and Jobs Fair

The UKs biggest tech

careers fair and its free!

Join us on 910 April

at The London Tech Centre

Employers fair

More than 50 employers will present career opportunities to over 20,000 high

school, college, and university students, as well as recent graduates rom around

the world. Fields represented include: computers and IT, telecommunications,sports technology, manuacturing, transport, entertainment, medical, energy,

robotics, and more.

Workshops

During the event, employers will discuss career development and conduct job

interviews. Experts will oer workshops in CV writing, job interview skills, what

to expect rom a technology career, and stress management. There will also be

hands-on workshops showing the latest computer-aided design technology.

Universities and colleges

About 70 educational institutions rom around the country will attend to provide

inormation about their courses and also provide guidance on what they look or

in an applicant. I youre in high school and considering studying technology, this

is the perect opportunity or you to fnd out about dierent courses.

The future of technology

Tech companies will give presentations on their latest developments and on

where technology may take us in the next fty years.

uuuDont miss it!

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Designing or perormance:

A high-altitude safety suitHow astronauts, pilots, and space tourists dress for success

In 1960, US Air Force pilot Joe Kittinger

used a balloon to travel more than 31

kilometres above the surace o the Earth.

From that altitude, he jumped and ell or

our and a hal minutes, reaching a speed

o 988 kilometres per hour beore opening

his parachute at 5,500 metres above the

Earth. In one day, he set the record or the

highest balloon ight, highest parachute

jump, longest ree all, and astest human

all. As humans were approaching the

possibility o space ight (the frst spaceight was on 12 April 1961) aerospace

doctors wanted to understand the eects o

very high altitudes on the human body, and

wanted to know i people could jump out o

spacecrat high in the Earths atmosphere

in case o emergency. Amazingly, Kittingers

record wasnt broken until 14 October

2012, when an Austrian skydiver, Felix

Baumgartner, made a 39,045 metre jump.

What are the design challenges o making

a suit that can survive a all rom the edgeo space?

PressureIn the stratosphere the part o the

atmosphere where Kittinger began his all

the air pressure is about 1/1,000th o the

pressure at sea level and contains very little

air. To avoid altitude sickness, the saety suit

must have a pressure inside that is similar

to the pressure nearer the Earths surace.

The suit is tightly sealed, and special

containers o gas are used to maintain a

comortable pressure.

Oxygen supplyThe suit has two tanks o 100% oxygen (not

air, which is about 78% nitrogen). Breathing

pure oxygen removes nitrogen gas rom

the skydivers body. This is because during

changes in pressure, nitrogen bubbles in the

body can cause serious medical problems.

Temperature controlThe temperature outside the suit is between

68 C and 38 C. The suit is made o a

super-insulating material that keeps the

inside o the suit comortable even as the

outside temperature changes rapidly.

ParachuteThe main parachute opens automatically,

at about 750 metres above the Earth. A

sensor detects the atmospheric pressure at

that altitude. This means that i the skydiveris injured or unconscious, a sae landing is

still possible.

CommunicationsIn addition to a two-way radio, the suit

includes instruments that measure the

skydivers breathing, heart rate, speed, and

angle o the body as it alls. The suit also

includes a video camera.


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Hh-tch sprtswrSports companies are always trying to develop newsportswear that will allow athletes to perform moreefficiently. Recent developments include:

PReCool veST

Nike has developed a vest which holds ice packs in its lining. It is designed

for athletes who compete in marathons and other long distance races.

Wearing it for one hour before the race will reduce the body temperature

by %, and therefore reduces the risk of heat injury.

faSTSkin

Speedo has designed a swimsuit which it claims is the worlds fastest. The

designers have worked with an expert on sharks famously fast swimmers

of the fish world. The material copies features of Sharkskin and is designed

to reduce drag. The makers say it can increase performance by up to %.PoWeR SoCkS

Adidas produces knee-length socks for runners which are designed to

reduce leg fatigue. The socks save energy by compressing the muscles in

the legs. This prevents the muscles vibrating each time the runners foot

hits the ground. The vibration is a waste of energy.

SWifT SuiT

Adidas has designed an aerodynamic

head-to-ankle suit for sprinters, cyclists,

rowers, and ice-skaters. It keeps athletes

cool and reduces drag. The designer

claims it gives a ten-centimetreadvantage in a -metre sprint.

STRaPleSS goggleSFor swimmers, Nike has developed featherweight carbon goggles without

straps. Each lens is stuck to the eye socket with medical glue. Having no

straps, the goggles produce less drag than ordinary goggles.


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Item Quantity

5- 3

The device is called a Dervish. It is amine-detonating vehicle for clearinganti-personnel mines from farmland

in countries of the developing world.It has a very simple design anduses inexpensive parts. The UnitedNations estimates that ,people die each year because ofmines.

The Dervish has three wheels. Eachwheel has steel teeth to create more

pressure. When the teeth pass over amine, it explodes. The wheels canexplode around , mines before

they have to be changed.A motorbike engine powers theDervish. The device rotates. As eachwheel passes a certain point in therotation, it slows down. This makesthe machine advance in tight circles,about mm apart. For this reason,no mine in its path is missed.

rubber shock absorber(inside wheel)

wheel motor

5-metre pole

toothedwheel

hydraulic

hose

125 cc petrol engine

2 layers armour plate


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The iris is the coloured ring round the central part oyour eye. Each one is dierent, which makes it perect

or security systems such as iris scanning.

First, your iris is scanned and the inormation converted

to a digital file which is stored in a database. This

process takes about three minutes. When you go to a

high-security area, you simply look at a camera which

scans your iris. The result is compared with your

database entry. It takes just over a second to complete

the check.

The system is used at airports to speed passengers

through passport control and to control entry torestricted areas. Some banks use it at ATM machines

instead o PINs.

Apart rom the speed, the advantage is that users dont

need to remember a password or key. The system can

handle users wearing glasses, contact lenses, and also

changes to the eye as people age. So ar, its oolproo.

The advanced taser gun is an electric stun gun which allows police to

deal with violent people without causing injury or death. It has a laser

sight to make sure the suspect is properly targeted. It uses a compressed

air cartridge to fire two darts at the suspect. The darts pull behind them

fine electric cable. They can penetrate the thickest clothing, up to 5

centimetres, at a range o 6.4 metres.

When the darts hit someone, the gun delivers a 50,000 volt shock or

five seconds. The shock causes temporary paralysis. Taser waves

electrical signals cause the suspects muscles to contract. The guns

contain a microchip which records the date and time o each firing.

Eyes dont lie

Shock tacticsA

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Oender tracking consists o a small

tracking unit worn on the belt or

ankle. It uses global positioning

system (GPS) technology to record the

wearers movements. This data is ed

to a server which matches movements

with places. Some oenders are

restricted to an area around their

home. I they move outside that area,

this is reported by email to the police.

Some oenders are orbidden to enter

certain areas. I they go there, this too

is reported automatically to the police.

The system also contains details o

crimes. I an oender is near the scene

o a crime at the time it takes place, a

report is sent directly to the police.

GPS helps track oendersC


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Hybrid cars

A hybrid-electric vehicle (HEV) has both a petrol engine and anelectric motor. The petrol engine is the main power source. It issmaller and lighter than the engines o conventional cars. Theelectric motor provides extra power when needed. In some HEVs, it isconnected to the wheels by the same transmission. In addition to auel tank, the HEV carries a pack o advanced batteries. There is also a

processor which decides when to use the motor and engine.When the car is running at a constant speed cruising the petrolengine provides all the power required. For overtaking, hill climbing,and accelerating rom a standstill, the electric motor provides extrapower. In some cars, the motor also provides power or low-speedcruising, as petrol engines are least eficient in these conditions.

HEVs use regenerative braking. When the driver brakes, the resistanceo the motor helps to slow down the car. At the same time, the energyrom the wheels turns the motor which then unctions as a generator,producing electricity to recharge the batteries. When the batteries arelow, the petrol engine also drives the generator.

HEVs have automatic start / shuto. The petrol engine shuts owhen the car comes to a stop. When the driver presses the accelerator,

the motor instantly starts the engine again. No energy is wasted romidling when the car is stopped.

HEVs are more eficient and pollute less than cars with only petrolengines. They do not require special uel like hydrogen cars and,unlike electric cars, they do not need to be plugged in overnight torecharge the batteries. However, they are heavy because o the weighto the batteries.

petrol engine

battery

driingwheels

electricmotor


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The development of tall buildings and lifts go together. The first

lifts, or elevators in American English, consisted of a platform

suspended from a rope which passed over a pulley at the

top of the building. If the rope broke, the platform fell to the

ground. In 1852, Elisha Otis invented the first safety lift. If the

rope broke, a brake was applied automatically which locked the

platform in place between guide rails. Today the Otis company

is the largest supplier of lifts in the world.

Most lifts today are roped lifts. The car runs between vertical

guide rails which keep it steady and act as a safety device. Steel

ropes, or cables, attached to the roof of the car pass over apulley, called the drive sheave, which is turned by an electric

motor. The other end of the cable is attached to a

counterweight. This matches the weight of a car with an

average load of passengers.

The counterweight saves energy. Its weight helps to raise the

car. In the same way, the weight of the car when it descends

helps to raise the counterweight. For the most part, the motor

only has to overcome friction.

Lifts are controlled by a microprocessor in the machine room.

This logs all passenger calls and monitors the number ofpassengers travelling from floor to floor, the position of any car

in the system, and its speed. It can direct passengers to the car

which will get them to their destination fastest, and will prevent

any car which is overloaded from moving.

Lifts have many safety devices which make it virtually impossible

for an accident to happen. The cables consist of up to eight

steel ropes wound together. Each one is strong enough to

support the car. If the car starts to run too quickly, a governor,

or safety brake, locks the car to the guide rails. Doors on each

floor ensure that no one can fall down an open lift shaft. Doors

on the car ensure that no passenger can be injured by contact

with the shaft. The car cannot move until both sets of doors

are closed. Finally, at the bottom of the shaft there are large

shock absorbers, or buffers, to cushion the impact of any fall. All

these things combined make travelling in a lift one of the safest

journeys you can take!

How lifts work


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drie sheae goernor, orsaety brake

controller

machine room

lit car guide rails

lit car

saety gear

litwell

counterweightguide rails

counterweight

buers

landing entrance

landing push button

landing indicator

traelling cables

car door

door operator

hoistropes

motor

brake


16/42


Touch screensWith tablets and smartphones, plastic keyboards seem a

bit old-fashioned. So whats next for touch screens?

Todays touch screens are made o glass. Theyre at like glass, and a bit cool like

glass. I youre used to typing on a traditional keyboard, you may think touch screen

typing isnt as nice. You dont eel a click when you press a key (though you can

choose to hear one). Many people say this is a small problem compared with the

great benefts o touch screen keyboards: theyre lightweight, easy-to-clean, and they

disappear when you arent using them.

Touch screens are here to stay, but researchers at a company called Tactus say that

people like to eel things more that while touch screens are beautiul, real buttons

are more user-riendly. These researchers are working to create tactile touch screens

at screens that can create raised buttons that users can temporarily eel. Small

areas o the plastic screen inate and then return to a at surace. This sort o

screen is still probably a ew years away, but research and development teams are

already working hard at producing it.

The eeling o buttons may be just the beginning. Another team o researchers has

announced a technology called REVEL that can create not only the eeling o a raised

area, but also dierent textures, or example rough wood or smooth cloth. At the

moment, this technology works only when the fnger is moved across the screen. In

this case, the screen itsel doesnt change. It works by attaching a small electrical

signal generator to a persons chair, or perhaps the inside o their shoe. When they

touch certain objects, a small electrical signal travels through the body, and a small

electrostatic orce is created where the fnger touches the screen. This creates the

illusion o eeling.

These two technologies will be useul not only in smartphones and tablets, but also in

games, navigation equipment, and controls on electrical appliances.

So, whats the uture o the touch screen? It turns out it may be something you can

eel, like an old-ashioned keyboard.

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Telec mmunications

more than just TV and telephones

TVs and smartphones are getting smarter but

ridges and washing machines now include computers

and are Internet-ready

Many o us are used to getting an

email or a text message saying

Please pick up some milk on the

way home. Soon, that message may

not come rom a riend, roommate,or spouse, but rom the ridge. How

does the Internet-ready ridge

work?

Products in the smart ridge have

radio requency identication (RFID)

tags. These are small computer

chips that store inormation, or

example This is a two-litre carton

o milk. It was manuactured on

22 September. With a built-in RFID

reader, the ridge knows whatsinside it at all times. You can set the

ridge to send you an alert when theres only one carton o milk

let. The smart ridge can also be programmed to keep a list o

products that you need, and place an order with the supermarket

or delivery when certain products are about to run out. An app on

your smartphone allows you to check the contents o your ridge

rom anywhere.

The smart ridge also communicates with the electrical power

company. Some companies charge diferent rates or power at

diferent times o day. The ridge receives signals rom the power

company when electricity rates are higher, and switches to a low-energy mode or brie periods.

Its easy to see the benets o an Internet-ready ridge, but what

about an Internet-ready washing machine? Korean appliance maker

LG already produces one. I theres a problem with the machine, it

sends you a message with a ull explanation. I you need to deal

with particular stains in clothing, you can download a special wash

cycle to solve the problem. The product line also includes an oven

that can download recipes and cooking instructions, and will send

you a message when a meal is cooked and is ready to be taken out

o the oven.

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18/42


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Telemedicine is the application of Information Technology to medical care.Its about providing medical support at a distance to people who have noaccess to a doctor. Using the Internet, satellite phones, video links, and digitalcameras, patients, nurses, doctors, and others can obtain specialist helpquickly.

If passengers fall ill on an aircraft in flight, cabin crew can use a device calledVital Signs to measure blood pressure and other important signs. The datacan then be transmitted to a doctor to interpret and provide advice ontreatment. Medical images, such as X-rays or ultrasound scans, can be takenin one country and sent by broadband to a specialist in another for expertadvice. Using a video link, nurses in a minor injuries clinic can call a specialistto examine difficult cases remotely. This is much cheaper than having aspecialist available in the clinic.

Telecare is a way of looking after vulnerable people, such as the elderly, at adistance. Sensors in their homes can detect falls, lack of activity, or even iffood is removed from the refrigerator. Lack of movement triggers an alarmwhich alerts medical staff or relatives. Patients can wear monitors for

recording their pulse and other signs. This can be sent via a telephonesystem to medical staff without the patient leaving home.

Telesurgery was used in 2001 to allow a surgeon in New York to operate ona patient in France. The operation was carried out using a high-speedcomputer link and robotic tools in the French operating theatre. At thisstage, such procedures are expensive, and a local surgeon has to be presentin case the network link fails. In the future, however, telesurgery could be alife-saver for people living, working, or travelling remote from medical help.


19/42


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Robots are very good at doing the same task in the same place over

and over again. In factories and nuclear power stations, more than a

million robots behave in this way every day.

For robots to work with people, for example caring for the elderly, they

need to be much more like humans. They need to be able to move

like humans and adapt to new places. They also need to be more

sensitive to touch and temperature. In humans, it is skin which provides

important information on pressure and heat.

Engineers at the University of Tokyo have developed an artificial skin for

robots which is sensitive to pressure and temperature thanks to a large

number of sensors. In addition, because it uses a mesh or net structure

it can be stretched by up to 25% and still retain its sensitivity. This

means it can be used to cover moving parts like joints.

This E-skin opens the way for much more sensitive robots. For example,

walking robots could use feedback from their feet to adjust to different

surfaces. Robots in the future may be able to grasp different tools and

use them as humans do. Domestic robots could pick up and bathe a

baby without hurting it. They would also be less likely to damagethemselves.

A lot remains to be done. E-skin will provide much more information

than the robot requires at any one time. Human brains can select only

the important information. Before robots can act like humans, they need

to have brains like humans.


20/42


WAYS IN TO TECHNOLOGY

The World Science and Technology ContestThree participants in the World Science and Technology Contest

explain their projects

The World Science and Technology Contest (WSTC) invites students from around

the world to submit a research project. The winning project is paid for and run by

the WSTC and its partners in industry, and the winning applicant given further

training and an apprenticeship. Here are three of this years entries:

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Name: Abdullah Al Ansari

Country: Saudi Arabia

Course of study: ComputerScience at Saudi ElectronicUniversity

Research question: Are there connections between thesound o a persons voice and the appearance o a personsace?

Where the idea came from: Watching TV, I started to

wonder i people who look alike also sound the same. Insome cases, it seems to be true. For example, my brotherlooks a lot like a amous newsreader, and their voices aresimilar.

Practical application for this research: Some security

systems use ace recognition and voice recognition. I thereare connections between aces and voices, then the systemcould detect people who are trying to ool it.

Name: Lin Lo-Chi

Country: Taiwan

Course of study: Biology atNational Taiwan University

Research question: Why are some noises extremelyunpleasant?

Where the idea came from: When I hear the loud,squealing sound o the brakes on a lorry in the street, I hateit. It gives me a really bad eeling. But thats strange, isnt

it? How can a sound cause a eeling and such a strongeeling?

Practical application for this research: I we understandmore about the way sounds aect people, sounds could be

used to help people have positive eelings. Also, negativesounds could be used to break up crowds without hurtinganyone. People would want to leave the area just becauseo the sound.

Name: Michel Fabi

Country: Belgium

Course of study: IndustrialDesign at Lacambre Visual

Arts School

Research question: How does the colour o industrialmachines aect the people who work with them?

Where the idea came from: My brother recently boughta new car. He had a hard time choosing the colour, becausehe elt it was an expression o his personality. He elt it was

an important decision because we have strong eelingsabout colour. Machines in actories are usually paintedor saety to make them highly visible and also or

protection o the machine, or example against rust.

Practical application for this research: We might fnd

that certain colours o machine paint make workers morealert, or perhaps less stressed. This could be a type o saetyimprovement, and also might improve productivity.


21/42


What is permaculture?

Permaculture is an approach to

growing ood. It aims to develop

sustainable systems o agriculture.

What are its main objectives?

To take care o the Earth, to takecare o the people, and to share the

surplus the ood we grow beyond

what we need.

How does it meet those

objectives?

It aims to integrate agricultural

systems with natural ecosystems

as much as possible. In the world

today, mainstream agriculture oten

requires the transportation o water

and ertilizers long distances to make

plants grow. Farm produce, in turn,

is transported long distances to the

consumer. Permaculture uses local

resources to grow ood or local

consumers.

Can you give us an example?

Sure Jordan. Jordan is a desert

country with very little water. The

soil is oten poor and requires a

lot o chemicals to grow ruits and

vegetables. More than hal o the

available water in Jordan goes toagriculture, but demand or water

has increased in the past ten to

twenty years. Its an incredibly tough

place to grow ood.

At one arm in Jordan Valley, in the

Karin area near the Dead Sea,

theyre practising permaculture.

The rainall there is usually less than

150 mm per year, and it alls in two

or three big storms. The soil is poor.

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Interview:Farming the desertPermaculture expert Karim Benzid talks

about farming in a land with no water

So frst, lets consider water. On

this arm, theyve set up a system

to harvest rainwater when it does

all. They can store the water, and

they use it in a way that reduces

evaporation. It is ed to the plants in

a steady drip. They also use somewater rom a well on the arm. So

its local ground water. The plants

are arranged so that the ones that

need the most water are nearest to

the source o the water. This reduces

waste.

Second, plants. The arm has olive

trees and date palms they both

love the dry climate. These help

shelter and protect other smaller

plants tomatoes, onions, garlic,

and so on rom the Sun. In act, thevariety o plants is really important. In

this area, armers usually grow just

one type o plant at a time.

Which brings me to my third point,

soil. Growing just one type o plant is

terrible or the soil. Growing a variety

o plants actually helps the soil.

Also, the arm has chickens, sheep,

ducks, and other animals. Waste

rom the animals, plus waste rom

the plants, is used to eed the soil.

All o the energy and chemicals thatthe soil needs come rom this waste

material. Theres no need to use

chemical ertilizers.

Finally, consumption. The ood

grown on this arm is eaten locally.

That means they dont use energy

bringing some oods into the

area, and they dont use energy

transporting arm produce out o the

area. Its very efcient.


22/42


3-D printingTurning computer images into plastic modelsSince the 1990s, engineers have used

3-D printing to make models o complex

designs. More recently, 3-D printing has

been used to make objects or actual use,

not just models. For example, doctors

have used 3-D printing to make articial

body parts such as bones and joints. Te

process called rapid prototyping is

still not widely used. But its becoming

more common and techniques are being

improved constantly.

And now, three-dimensional printing at home is a reality. You buy and bring

home a 3-D printer, download a design rom the Internet, and create plastic

objects in your own home. Heres what you do:

1 Prepare the printer by loading it with plastic wire. Te wire comes in ten

colours. You also have to spread glue on the print platorm.

2 Search the Internet or designs o objects that can be 3-D printed. Printer

manuacturer Cubiy has a wide selection at cubiy.com, and others are

available elsewhere. Designs include toys and games, jewellery, cups,lampshades, and many other things.

3 Using the 3-D printers soware, convert the design to a set o

instructions or building the object. Te soware works out any special

supports that might be needed as the object is printed.

4 Press Print and watch the printer create your design.

5 Let the plastic cool of, and enjoy your creation.

So how does it work? Te printer heats the plastic wire until its so. Te

printer tip is heated to 300 C, so when the plastic passes through it, it

becomes even soer. Te soware tells the tip o the printer where to move

to build up the object line-by-line. Te printer tip can move up, down, and

sideways, so it can go anywhere the soware tells it to.

Te 3-D printer doesnt make solid plastic objects. Instead, they are mostly

hollow, with a kind o grid structure between the two walls o plastic. Tis

makes the object strong and lightweight, and also reduces the amount o

plastic needed to print it.

Teres an important diference between 3-D printing in medicine and

industry and 3-D printing at home: engineers and doctors use it to create

things they really need. But or now, at least, the things you can print in plastic

at home arent especially useul.

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23/42


This North Atlantic island is giving up ossil uelsEl Hierro, an island about 1,400 kilometres o the coast o Arica, is

home to 11,000 people. Until recently, their energy supply relied

on oil that arrived by ship rom the mainland. However, as energy

prices increased, it became harder and harder or them to pay or

the delivery o ossil uels. Lucky, then, that the island has over 3,000

hours per year when the wind blows hard enough to turn large wind

turbines. The islands wind turbines produce about 11 megawatts o

power.

But the wind doesnt always blow on El Hierro, and when the wind

stops blowing, the electricity stops fowing. The power grid doesnt

store electricity it needs to be constantly generated, which is one othe big challenges o wind energy. The solution? El Hierro has created

a 500,000m3 reservoir at an altitude o 700 metres, inside the dormant

volcano at the islands centre. That means that when the wind is slow,

water can be allowed to fow downhill through hydroelectric turbines

that generate the electricity the island needs. The water ends up in a

smaller reservoir near sea level, where it is puried or drinking.

You might imagine that the reservoir would soon drain all o its water

downhill. But youd be wrong. When the wind is blowing and theres

plenty o electricity available, pumps push desalinated seawater back

up to the top o the hill, ready or the next drop in wind speed. The

winds tend to blow the hardest at night, when people are asleep andenergy demand is low, so this is the perect time to rell the upper

reservoir. The system generates enough electricity or two wind-ree

days. I the wind stops or three days, theyll have a problem. But so ar,

that hasnt happened.

The project can generate enough energy to save the 40,000 barrels

o oil they were importing each year, at a cost o 2 million at current

oil prices. The system also provides drinking water and water or

agriculture.

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El Hierro The worldsfirst energyself-sufficientisland


24/42


Is hydrogen the fuel of the future?

Hydrogen uel cells produce electricity

by combining oxygen and hydrogen.

A series o uel cells can provide

enough power to drive an electric

motor. The only waste product is water.

So why arent we using it?

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In act, we are using it. Wheelchairs,

trains, buses, bikes, gol carts,

motorcycles, and a ew other vehicles

can already run on some orm o

hydrogen power. However, all o these

are experimental vehicles.

ChallengesHydrogen doesnt occur naturally on

Earth it must be produced. At the

moment, hydrogen is mostly produced by

using methane (a powerul greenhouse

gas) or other ossil uels, which produce

CO2. Also, the equipment required to

produce and saely store hydrogen is

large and complex too big to t onmost vehicles. Researchers working on

hydrogen power are trying to develop

technology that will make hydrogen

power more mobile or use in vehicles.

Theyre also trying to nd practical ways

to produce it without ossil uels.

Hydrogen trainsResearchers in several countries

have independently announced the

development o hydrogen-powered

trains. Trains are ideal or hydrogen uel

cells because they have a lot o storage

space on board, and they also stop

routinely at stations. Station stops or

hydrogen trains would allow requent

reuelling. This would mean that the

large and complex hydrogen-production

equipment could remain in xed

locations.

The Fuel Cell Bus ClubThis organization is running a trial using

three Mercedes-Benz hydrogen uel cellbuses in eleven cities around the world.

Each bus can carry about 70 passengers

or a range o 300 kilometres and costs

$1.2 million. The aim o the project is

to demonstrate that clean, urban public

transport is possible.

Fuel cell carsMost o the major automotive

manuacturers are carrying out research

into how to power cars with uel cells in

order to ght global warming. However,

critics say that even twenty years in

the uture, a uel cell car may not be

possible, and also that uel cells simply

arent practical or smaller vehicles. Many

believe that ghting global warming

with uel cell car research is a waste o

time and money.

The road aheadHydrogen uel cells have been proven

to be efective ways o powering larger

vehicles. However, theres still the

serious challenge o creating hydrogen inan environmentally riendly way. Experts

are working on using wind, solar and

nuclear energy or hydrogen production.

H H H H


25/42


Shale gas

Energy solutionor environmentalnightmare?

Fracking could solve a lot of

energy problems, but many

people say it isnt safe

In April 2011, a small earthquake shook the English seaside resort of

Blackpool. The following month, there was another. The earthquakes

didnt do a lot of damage, but they worried people. Geologists saidthere was a direct connection between the earthquakes and nearby

gas exploration. The exploration work was stopped for a year, but has

since been allowed to continue.

What is shale gas?Natural gas usually comes out of the ground under pressure it rises

to the surface when a well is drilled. However, shale gas is different.

Its trapped inside a type of rock known as shale, and it doesnt come

out, even when a well is drilled directly into the shale. A technique

called fracking is used to extract shale gas.

What is racking?Fracking is short for hydraulic fracturing. Water under pressure is

used to create cracks in shale the rock that contains the gas. The

water, containing sand and a mixture of chemicals, is forced into steel

pipes that have been placed into the ground.

Why do we need shale gas?Because theres a lot of it. Experts believe that most countries that

currently produce natural gas have huge reserves of shale gas. If they

can use that shale gas, many of the worlds energy problems would be

temporarily solved.

Whats the problem with racking?There are three main worries. First, fracking sometimes causes

earthquakes, and earthquakes can hurt or even kill people, as well

as damage buildings and other property. Second, the water used in

fracking contains chemicals, and they can leak into drinking water

under the ground. There are hundreds of chemicals used in gas

drilling, and many of them can cause serious health problems for

people and animals. Finally, fracking uses a lot of water. In some

cases, fracking has used so much water that is has affected local water

supplies and taken water that was needed for drinking and farming.

Despite the potential problems, fracking continues today all over the

world, and shale gas may soon be an important part of the worlds

energy supply.

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26/42


Can man-made volcanoes

solve our climate problems?The Earths atmosphere the layer o air around

the planet helps control the Earths temperature.

CO2 in the atmosphere can cause problems

because it allows sunlight to come through, but it

tends to trap heat. Since the 1800s, people have

added a lot o CO2 to the atmosphere, mostly

through industrial activities. This is causing our

planet to become warmer.

Most experts agree that we should reduce

the amount o CO2 in the air to reduce globalwarming. But some scientists think we may need

to do more. Researchers in Britain would like to

nd a way to cut down the sunlight that passes

through the atmosphere. They believe that i we

could achieve this, we could stop global warming.

They are trying to nd a chemical that would

reduce the amount o sunlight coming through

the atmosphere i sprayed into the air.

Researchers have known or years that large

volcanic eruptions can cool the planet. The

smoke rom volcanoes contains sulphur dioxide.

Chemical reactions in the atmosphere change the

sulphur dioxide into tiny particles o sulphuric

acid. The acid particles refect the Suns radiation.

This cools the planet. Scientists are not suggesting

that we should spray sulphuric acid into the

atmosphere its a strong chemical that can

damage people, plants, animals, and property.

However, they do want to nd a chemical that

behaves in the same way.

Not everyone thinks this is a good solution. I

something unexpected happened, placing large

amounts o chemicals into the atmosphere could

cause serious changes in the weather or create

other problems. Even the scientists who are

working on the project agree that it might be too

dangerous to try. But i global warming becomes a

lot worse, we may have to consider it.

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How one natural

disaster might

help save us

rom another


27/42


The future of robots

Three very diferent approaches to machinesthat work like living things

The robot that eatsThe Ecobot III produces its own energy by eating unwanted human ood, such as rotten

ruit, and also water rom the environment around it. The robot contains uel cells that

work like a cows stomach. The cells contain bacteria that consume the ood. The

resulting chemical reaction creates energy that powers the robot. O course, everything

that eats also produces waste in the case o the Ecobot III, this is CO 2. However,

scientists point out that this isnt the same as releasing CO 2 by burning ossil uels. The

CO2 produced by the Ecobot III would have been produced by the ood biodegrading

anyway. In experiments, the Ecobot III has managed to stay alive and eed itsel or up toseven days. It moves around slowly on small wheels.

The robot that runsThe cheetah is the astest land animal in the world. Thats why scientists at robotics rm

Boston Dynamics chose it as the model or their our-legged, running robot. By looking

closely at how a cheetahs running body unctions, they were able to create a robot that

can run. The secret is in the fexibility o the robots back. The back bends so that the

robots back eet can move as ar orward as its chin as it sprints. This allows its eet

to stay on the ground longer, making it ast like a real cheetah. Currently, the cheetah

robot can move at 45 kilometres per hour. Thats impressive, but at the moment, it can run

only on a treadmill in the laboratory, with support. It also requires a power cable to an

outside battery. Scientists are working hard to improve the robots balance and develop anonboard power source.

The robot that looks like a personEarlier robots like ASIMO had a human shape but moved in a mechanical way. The

Eccerobot has a body that uses systems and structures that are similar to the human

body: articial bones, muscles, and tendons. Where traditional robots have rigid joints and

very mechanical movements, the Eccerobots movements are strangely human. Why? The

robots bones are connected by rubber bands and pieces o sot rubber tissue. When the

robot moves, motors pull on the rubber bands, which

in turn move the bones. The movement o the bones

causes other parts to move slightly, rather than

creating an isolated, mechanical motion. The robotsbrain is, o course, a computer. At the moment,

the main unction o the computer is to receive

inormation input rom the robots body and react

appropriately. For example, i you hand the robot a

ball, it can gently take it rom you.

At the moment, the Eccerobot only has an upper

body it has no legs, and it cant move itsel. But

as scientists perect the robots movement and

thinking ability, it will be able to perorm more and

more activities.

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28/42


Te secret of

invisibilitySince ancient times, people have used

camouage body paint or other

coverings to hide while hunting or

fghting. These simple techniques are still

used today, but technology oers many

more sophisticated ways o hiding.

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Invisible clothesWho wouldnt want an invisibility

suit? This isnt yet possible, but

researchers have discovered that

they can create a type o optical

camoufage. Heres how: the person

who wants to disappear wears

clothing in a solid, light colour.

Cameras lm the area behind the

person, and this background image

is projected onto the ront o the

person. When you look at the person

rom the ront, you can see the

background projected on the person,and they becme dicult to see.

Hidden submarines

Sea creatures such as the octopus

and cuttlesh can change the colour

o their skin to blend in with the

background. Their skin contains

chemicals that make this possible.

Marine biologists are now working

with the military to understand

exactly how some sh can change

colour in an attempt to gure out

how navy submarines could be madeto do the same thing. This research is

still in the very early stages.

Disappearing buildings

Architects and town planners oten

talk about the visual impact o a

structure will a new building

make the city more beautiul, or will

people complain because its ugly?

Optical science researchers have

discovered that some tiny crystals

can bend and refect light. In theory,

i you covered an entire building in

these crystals, they could refect the

light in such a way that the building

would be very dicult to see. Thats

probably not practical or city-

centre buildings, but the military is

denitely interested.

Transparent people

Brain scientists have created a

chemical that makes brain tissue

transparent. Researchers have made

small pieces o mouse brain tissuecompletely see-through, which aids

their research. Would it be possible

to turn an entire living creature

transparent? At the moment, were

not even close. The chemical used

on mouse brains is toxic, and not

used on living creatures. However,

scientists have already discovered a

milder chemical that may have the

same eect.

Good old-ashionedcamoufage

Technology can do a lot to help the

military hide people and things, but

most soldiers still use grease paint on

their aces, camoufage clothing, and

some leaves when they need to hide.

Soldiers are trained to use plants

and other natural materials to hide

or disguise military equipment, or to

create decoys things used to attract

an enemys attention away rom

certain objects.


29/42

Writing bank 32 Oxford University Press

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ems1 M T ()

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H C H

[FACS: email ]

Cc:

:

:

:

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Cc:

:

:

Dear Mr Schwandner3

I was interested to read the article in the Engineering and

Technology Journal last month about the revolutionary

earplug you have developed.4

I work or a woodworking company in central Sweden and

I would be grateul i you could let us have technical

details o this product as well as price and minimum order

requirements.5

I look orward to hearing rom you.6

Carol Larque

Health and Saety Oficer 7

Carol Larque1

Hartmut Schwandner

Earplug2


30/42


31/42


Dscrb rphs

1 C

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Fig.

rose slightly.

Thetemperature

Fig.

fell significantly.Riceproduction

Fig.

Therewas a

in solarenergyproduction.

dramatic rise

The graph in Fig. 4 shows how much

energy from different sources was

used between 1950 and 2005. We

can see that over this period the

amount of energy used increased

sharply, and the largest amount of

energy came from petroleum. In

1950, just over 13,000 million billion

Joules were used, but this figure rose

sharply to reach a peak of roughly

40,000 million billion Joules in

1978. There was a dramatic fall to

just over 30,000 million billion in the

following five years, before

rising rapidly to reach 42,000 million

billion Joules by 2005. The second

and third largest sources of energy

were natural gas and coal, which each

accounted for about 25,000 million

billion Joules in 2005. The graph

shows that insignificant amounts of

energy came from renewable sources

during this time, but there was a

growth in the amount of nuclear

electric power after 1970, reaching

approximately 8,000 million billion

Joules in 2005. The fall in energy

consumption in the years around

1980 was probably due to the world

oil crisis.

Fig.

WORLD ENERGY CONSUMPTION

MILLIONBILLIONJOULES

coal

natural gas

petroleum

nuclear electricpower

conventionalhydroelectricpower

wood, waste,alcohol

geothermal

solar

wind

45,00

40,00

35,00

30,00

25,00

20,00

5,00

0,00

5,000

0

950 960 970 980 990 2000 200 year


32/42


4 L F. 5.

1 W ?

R f

.2 W respectively?

3 T while ff. F v f.

5 U .

A line graph / pie chart v. T v X f . W line

graph / pie chart .

A line graph / pie chart v f . W

line graph / pie chart .

The pie charts compare the use of different modes of passenger and cargo

transportat ion in Croatia. It can be seen that more than half of all

passengers choose to travel by road, accounting for 58%, while just underhalf of all cargo is carried by road. About a third of all passengers use rail

transport but only 11% of Croatias cargo goes by rail. Croatia has a long

coastline, and just under a third of Croatias cargo is transported by sea.

However, only 9% of passengers use this form of transport. This is probably

because sea transport is cheaper for cargo but too slow for passengers.

Pipeline and inland water transportation account for 8% and 1% of cargo

transportation, respectively.

Fig. PASSENGER TRANSPORTATION IN CROATIA

CARGO TRANSPORTATION IN CROATIA

48% ROAD

32% SEA AND COASTAL

11% RAILWAY

8% PIPELINE

1% INLAND WATER

58% ROAD

32% RAILWAY

9% SEA AND COASTAL

1% AIR


33/42


6 1 U f Clipboard f F. 6. I fi ,

, X, Y . I , v vv f .T . W 80100.

2 W f F. 7. W 80100.

7 C v f f . D

.

Cpbrd

Language for describing graphs

The graph shows

The graph provides inormation

about

The chart compares

Between and

From to

Over this periodIn 5

During this time

Reach a peak

Account or

34% TO AND FROM WORK

3% WORK RELATED

13% SHOPPING11% FAMILY / PERSONAL BUSINESS

13% SCHOOL / CHURCH

5% MEDICAL / DENTAL

2% VACATION

8% VISIT FRIEND

11% SOCIAL RECREATIONAL

WHY PEOPLE USE PUBLIC TRANSPORT

Fig.

CONSUMPTION

PRODUCTION

4,000

3,000

2,000

1,000

0

1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

BARRELSPERDAY(100

0)

YEAR

UK OIL CONSUMPTION AND PRODUCTION

Fig.


34/42


Cv (Crrcm vt)

1 R M CV. H f z Ev C I A. A q.

1 W ?

2 W j ?

3 W v ?

4 W j ?

5 W G?

6 W E Pj?

7 W ?

8 W ?

9 W f ?

2 W CV f f. I CV v f. U 2 S B v f ff . O v CV, v .

Marc FosterD.O.B. ..Email: [email protected]

Tel: home mobile Nationality: British

ProfileI am a highly-motivated and hard-working young graduate with excellentacademic qualifications and appropriate work experience in the field ofecology. I work very well in a team, have excellent communication andorganizational skills, and enjoy encouraging and motivating others,including children.

Education and qualifications University of Leeds

BSc (Hons) . Environmental BiogeoscienceMy personal research project on collecting biodata in the river

Danube floodplain is to be published by the Worldwide Fundfor Nature in their quarterly magazine.

Modules studiedEnvironmental Risk: Science, Policy, and ManagementAir quality: Science and PolicyEarth System Science: Biochemical CyclesSoils and Environmental ChangeSustainable Development: Challenges and Practice

Polam Hall School, DarlingtonA level: Chemistry (B), Mathematics (A), Biology (B)AS level: Business Studies (C), General Studies (B) GCSE grades: A*, A, B, C

Work ExperienceJuly/August , Worldwide Fund for Nature, Germany

Total of weeks spent assisting with speciesand habitat management, surveying andmonitoring activities, and the collection ofbiodata. This provided valuable experienceof ecosystems as well as working in aninternational team.

Summer , The Eden Project, CornwallSummer assistant with responsibility for sellingtickets, guiding visitors around the centre, andassisting with educational activities for children.

This helped me develop my skills in working withchildren and members of the public, as well asexplaining issues related to the environment.

InterestsI take great pleasure in travelling to experience different cultures, meet newpeople, and learn from new experiences. I enjoy playing the piano andsinging. I have been a member of the university operatic society for the lastthree years.


35/42


Mms

1 R f q.

1 W f ?

2 H ?

3 W M D ?

122 128 Highland Street

Newby

Tel: 0044 547 222234

email: [email protected]

Memo

To Maintenance Department

From Training Manager

Subject Six apprenticeship places startingSeptember 20

Date 14 May 20

A decision has been made by senior management that

apprenticeships for six Maintenance Technicians will be

made available to start in September 20. Advertisements

inviting applicants will be placed in national newspapers

in June. Interviews will be arranged for the week beginning

3 July.

The apprenticeships will be for three years and will consist

of on-the-job training under supervision in the Maintenance

Department and day release one day a week to the local

college.

Would team leaders please attend a meeting in Room D on

Thursday 17 May at 9 a.m. to discuss possible skilled

supervisors for the apprentices and the apprentices work

rotation.

Cpbrd

A memo f .I f z . I :

f

v

,

f .

K E Y S T O N E E N G I N E E R I N G


36/42


2 C f f .

v fi

GPS v q

S fi

W v

M

v ffi f v v

f T D

3 1 W ff F

D BS. U A. Pv , , . W 80100.

2 S E v G , P AG, f . A f S M f

v S E. W ff B . W 7090.

visit 10 13 April

be prepared to answer technical questionsbe helpful

be prepared to explain production procedures

be informative

arrange lunch and rest breaks so there isalways someone available to answer anytechnical questions

Change in fruit and vegetable packaging will stop using plastic trays

New trays compostable, starting next month

Less attractive so staff need to reassurecustomers

Company advertising campaign to promotethem as environmentally-friendly next month

Everyone to attend short training sessionFriday 1p.m., Room D

Those unable to attend, speak to line manager

1

To 2

From General Manager

Subject GPS vehicle navigation system for all delivery vehicles

Date 24 November 20

As part of the company efficiency programme, 3

over the next few weeks. This equipment will allow drivers to find their

way to delivery addresses more quickly and 4.

5 on how to operate the equipment will be run

on Monday 4, Tuesday 5 and Thursday 7 December at 8.30 a.m.

6 for one of these dates with their group

manager.

A B

Kirby North Industrial EstateKirby

Kirby Components


37/42


istrcts

1 M v.

LMv fMv RS

2 W v?

example

A Do not smoke.

W v ,

fiv f v. T v do not.

3 Hv v fi? W f fi f fi? W? /W ?

F fi ffi f.

U f fi.

A PB P C RC SqzF SH

A B

CD E

A B

E F G H

C D

Do not 1 a fire if there is

a) considerable heat

b) significant smoke or fumes

c) a possibility you will be trapped.

2 the fire emergency services

3 the correct extinguisher

4 the pin

5 the nozzle away from you

6 the locking mechanism

7 low

8 the extinguisher upright

and aim at the base of the fire

9 the trigger

10 prepared for the force and

noise of the extinguishing agent

11 the nozzle from side to side


38/42


4 L v. W f v

. I f :

flv f

W 5070 .

Cpbrd

Useful verbs

Place Attach

Connect Cut

Paint Measure

Cover Use

Estimate Fix

Calculate Try to

1

2

4

3


39/42


Hth d sty

1 L f f.

1 W j?

2 H ?

3 W j?

4 W v ?

Name of injured person Abdul Azizi

Address Flat 267, Block 65, New City,

BirminghamPhone number 0121 121212

Age 9

Female/Male Male

Job title Not applicable

Who was the injured person?

Employee

On training scheme

On work experience

Employed by someone else

Self-employed

Member of the public

Kind of accident

Contact with moving machinery

Hit by moving object

Hit by moving vehicle

Hit something fixed

Injured while handling, lifting,carrying

Slipped, tripped, fellTrapped

Drowned

Exposed to harmful substances

Exposed to fire

Exposed to electricity

Injured by animal

Physically assaulted by a person

Description of what happened Abdul was hit by a moving dumpertruck which was carrying earth

on the construction site in MainRoad. The truck driver did not seeAbdul, who had entered the site.Jolan Balog, Site Foreman, saw theaccident and called an ambulance.Jolan and two other workers stayedwith Abdul until the ambulancearrived. At hospital, Abdul wasX-rayed and found to have a brokenleg and bruised arms.

W .

Jolan Balog saw .. . P S

Abdul was hit . . . P S

(Pv)

Abdul had entered .. . P Pf

Cpbrd

Language of injuries

He cut his hand and needed

stitches.

She broke her leg / had a broken leg.

He was knocked unconscious.

He burnt his arm.

She has a bruised ace.

He was knocked down by a car.

He slipped on / tripped over . ..

He sufered a major injury /

a broken neck.


40/42


Site had not been securely

fenced off. Temporary fencinghad fallen over in two places and

had not been put back up.

A

B

C

D

About you, the person filling in About the person who had thethe report accident

Name Name

Address Address

Occupation Occupation

Signature Report number Date

About the accident

When did it happen? Date Time

Where did it happen?

How did it happen and why?

Give details of any injury suffered and treatment given

_____________________________________________________________

Give any recommendations to avoid similar accidents occurring

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

7.0 Recommendations

7.1

7.2

6.0 Findings

6.1

6.2

2 D S, 22, vv . L

, fi f. U f D. U Clipboard .42 P S j. W 6080 .

Health and safetyreport3 A A Iv

I H f fA . M AD f 6.17.2.

4 W fi f f D .W 6080 .

Vehicle access points to the site

should be manned during

construction work to prevent

persons accessing the site

when gates are open.

Vehicle access points to thesite were constantly open and

unmanned.

Site should be securely fenced

off to prevent unauthorized

access by members of the

public. Any breaks should be

fixed immediately.


41/42


Rprts

1 C f f .

A ,

v, j. I

v

, ,

. I

f

v v

q

f. I

!

2 R f .M 17. T v f .

T

T f

I

B f

C

f S C 6

Rf 3

1 The treadle pump uses simple technology to raise water from

underground sources. Fuel is not .. .

On the other hand, the diesel pump has the advantage of beingable to pump larger quantities of water (see Appendix 1.1). It .. .

2 Because rain only falls during certain months of the year and

there is only limited finance available, it is essential to find an

irrigation system that is cost-effective.

The aim of this report was to find the most suitable method of

raising ground water, with the main criteria being cost, low

maintenance, and ease of use.

This report presents two irrigation systems: the treadle pump

and the diesel pump.

A description and an analysis of operational efficiency for each

pump are followed by a comparison of the two designs. Finallythe most effective pump is recommended.

3 Appendix 1.1 table showing comparative figures

4 2.0 Treadle pump

2.1 Operation

The treadle pump is operated by a person using his/her body

weight and leg muscles in a walking movement to pump the

water. ...

The pump consists of two pistons positioned inside two

cylinders. ...

5 Summary

1.0 Introduction2.0 Treadle pump

2.1 Operation

2.2 Costs

3.0 Diesel pump

3.1 Operation

3.2 Costs

6 In conclusion, two alternative designs have been presented: a

low-cost treadle pump and a diesel-generated pump. Each is

low in basic cost and easy to .. . , however, the treadle pump is

recommended as it presents lower maintenance costs and . . .

7A comparison of two irrigation systems for small farmers inrural Africa

By Frank Burton and Ailsa MacLeod

24 July 20__

4.0 Comparison

5.0 Recommendation

and conclusions

6.0 References

Appendices:

Appendix 1.1


42/42


3 T /

T f v .

A v :

.

A fv :

f .

L fv A. M v .

example

A the most eective way to reduce

the costs o heating an average

home in Britain and reduce

carbon emissions

4 U B f . W , f

, , , f . U f Clipboard.

Two possible bridge designsSteel beam bridge and composite girder bridge

Background: Dual carriageway total 4 lanes to crossRiver Dee, north ScotlandSpan 132 metres between man-madecompacted fill embankmentsSoil conditions uncertain16 metres above water level

Gradient 0.07m/mCriteria: Method of construction

Costs of construction and maintenanceAestheticsDurability

Include: Sketches of elevations and cross-sectionsCosting calculationsTime scale

Comparison: Both bridges need piers on piled foundationsdue to soil

Design 2 made of steel so longer spans but werecommend design 1

Recommend: Design 1 minimal framework inconstructionEasy to erectCheaperMore durable

Cpbrd

Language for reports

Introduction

The aim o this report is to .. .

The purpose o this report is to .. .

This report presents ...

In this report we review .. .

Recommendations and conclusions

In conclusion,

. . . A is recommended as it . . .

We recommend . . .

Based on the research, we

recommend that

A

B

This report compares fourteen different practical measures that can

be taken in order to find the most effective way to reduce the costs

of heating an average home in Britain and reduce carbon emissions.

To achieve this, the research compares the cost of installation, the

number of years required to pay back the investment cost, and the

amount of carbon saved each year. The study shows that the cost of

insulating loft and walls is recovered within three years but saves

only a small amount of carbon. Although it takes approximately

thirteen years to pay back the cost of installing a ground source heat

pump, it saves the maximum amount of carbon and is, therefore, the

best long-term solution. Based on the research, we recommend that,

where possible, new homes are fitted withground source heat

pumps.

techniczny ang

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