technological advancement and emission control dr. badar munir khan ghauri remote sensing and...
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Technological Advancement and Emission Control
Dr. Badar Munir Khan GhauriRemote Sensing and Geo-Information
Science Institute of Space Technology - Karachi
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Automobiles
1900: essentially no automobiles
1920s: due to paved roads and mass production of automobiles there was more travel by automobiles than be railroads
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Health Effects Are Extremely Serious
» World Health Organization Concludes ~ 800,000 Premature Deaths Each Year From Urban PM
» Numerous Studies Consistently Link PM With Premature Deaths, Hospital Admissions, Asthma Attacks, Etc.
» No Evidence of a Threshold» Ozone, NO2, Toxics Also A Serious
Health Concern
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Why Are Fuels Important?» Fuel Constituents Directly Affect
Emissions» Fuel Changes Can Immediately
Impact on Emissions/Air Quality» Fuel Composition Can
Enable/Disable Pollution Control Technology
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Motivation For Improved Fuel Qualities - Gasoline
Carbon monoxide (CO) Hydrocarbons (HC) Nitrogen oxides (NOX) Lead (Pb) Sulfur (SO2) Polyaromatic
hydrocarbons (PAH) Greenhouse Gases
Improvedfuel qualities
Improvedair quality
Environmental benefits
Reducedemissions
Gasoline - Lead Gasoline –Sulfur Gasoline – Other
RVP Benzene Olefins, etc
Improved human health
Reduced corrosion
Improved crop yield
Less acidification, eutrophication and forest damage
Climate Change
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Compliance with standards:Improved fuels
•500 ppm needed for EGR•500 ppm needed for DOC•50 ppm needed for DPF
DPFs ceases to reduce PM emissions with fuels containing 150 ppm sulphur
DPFs become source of PM emissions with 350 ppm sulphur fuel
Alternative Fuels:•Diesel, Biodiesel, Natural Gas, Ethanol•Combination of fuel and technology
Hybrid Electric
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The Three-way Catalytic Converter: A Familiar Technology Re-Engineered for High Performance in Close-coupled and
Underfloor Applications
• Layered washcoat architectures and support materials with high thermal stability
• Integrated HC adsorption functions
• Mounting materials with improved durability
• High cell density ceramic or metallic substrates
• Insulation schemes for heat management
Can Only Be Used With Lead Free Fuel
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2626
PM and NOx Reduction Technologies
Majority of Engine Manufacturers will use Diesel Particulate Filters and SCR to meet
US 2010 and Euro VI standards
from www.factsaboutscr.com
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Future Trends
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Light rail transit (LRT)-Less-massive than other rail systems (street cars and trolleys)
-Trolley is an electric streetcar that draws power from a live suspended wire
-1998: state legislature in Minnesota approved $40 million towards a light rail project in Minneapolis
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Buses-Buses are beginning to run more and more on biodiesel and natural gas
-Ballard Power Systems of Vancouver has developed and demonstrated the world’s first hydrogen fuel cell-powered city transit bus
-Compressed natural gas vs. hybrid buses vs. diesel buses
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-Hydrogen is most abundant element in universe, easy to produce
-Converts hydrogen and oxygen to water, heat, and electricity
Hydrogen Fuel Cells
-Less pollutants and emissions because not a combustion reaction
-Safety is uncertain- H2 is highly flammable, hazardous to ingest
-Challenges include: cost; durability; size; air, thermal, and water management; heat recovery systems
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Electric Vehicles
Toyota Rav-4 EV: over300 operating in US today,collectively traveled over1 million miles, reach 80 mph
-Energy from direct connection to land-based generation plant
-Chemical energy stored on board
-Propelled by electric motor
-Generator converts fuel and repowers battery
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-Saves money (gas)-Uses recyclable materials-90% conversion efficiency-Better control-Regenerative breaking-90% cleaner than gas-powered cars-Eliminate smog checks, tune ups, oil changes, gears, torque converters, differentials
The GM EV1
Pros
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Cons-Fragile
-Sensitive to contamination
-Require external reactants such as hydrogen
-Batteries requireunstable chemicals and must be recycled
The Nissan Altra
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Hybrid Cars-Mix between gasoline-powered car and an
electric car
-Rising fuel costs and better designs are making hybrids more and more competitive
Hybrids have smaller, more efficient gas engines
Gas engines on conventional cars are sized for peak power requirement which is used by drivers less than 1% of the time
Regenerative breaking—hybrid cars capture some of the energy usually lost through heat when a car breaks and stores it in the battery
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Summary
It may be a long process, however:
» Improved fuel and technologies are very important for public health, the environment and climate change
» Because emissions in the transport sector are growing rapidly this is one of many important ways to reduce emissions.
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THANK YOU