technological expertise helps to understand enzyme recovery in pelleted feed
DESCRIPTION
Feed compounders have to ensure feed safety, which requires more heat treatment than before, especially to control salmonella. But they also have to handle pelleting parameters in order to guarantee the stability of additives, particularly enzymes, pelleting being the critical phase with a major risk of loss of activity.TRANSCRIPT
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Digital Re-print - July | August 2012 Technological expertise helps to
Understand enzyme recovery in pelleted feed
www.gfmt.co.uk
Feed compounders have to ensure feed safety, which requires more heat treatment than before, especially to
control salmonella. But they also have to handle pelleting parameters in order to guarantee the stability of additives, particular-ly enzymes, pelleting being the critical phase with a major risk of loss of activity.
Adisseo carried out trials2 comparing various equipment: single or double clas-sical conditioners, thermic and mechanical treatment equipment such as compactors or expanders, with different operating parameters: duration, energy, and tem-
peratures ranging from 80°C to 98°C. The tests were conducted on commercial feed compounds in Europe and Asia including NSP enzyme with a xylanase activity target of 1100 u/kg.
As shown in Table 1, in most cases, the xylanase activity reached the target value. But, even if the same kind of equipment were used, the results differed according to numerous processing parameters such as the length of conditioning, the pelleting equip-ment characteristics, the feed output and the cooling. The following explanations are taken from literature and Adisseo’s technical expertise.
The role of conditioning Literature shows that, due to steam addi-
tion, the conditioning temperature has a direct impact on enzyme recovery after pelleting3. Furthermore, because of the coating effect act-ing like a ‘fuse’, the enzyme inactivation is not always linear. Trials show that coated xylanase can resist higher temperatures, but only up to a certain level (On Graph 1 for example, the coated xylanase is stable up to 85°C, but loses 35 percent of activity at 95°C; the ‘fuse threshold’ is exceeded).
The duration of conditioning also affects enzyme stability. Trials performed on a pilot pellet mill4 show that increasing the conditioning
Understand enzyme recovery in pelleted feed
by Jérôme Lamoine1, expert in Product Application Technologies, Adisseo, France
Table 1: Effect of different conditioning equipments and pelleting settings on NSP enzyme activity in feed
Trial conditions: Line 1 Line 2 Line 3 Line 4 Line 5 Line 6 Line 7
Type of conditioner Single Double Compactor Expander
Feed output (tons/h) not reported 10.0 14.9 11.2 12.0 12.0 9.0
Temperature after conditioner
90°C 80°C 80°C 80°C 75°C 80°C 73°C
Temperature before pellet mill
90°C 80°C 80°C 80°C 89°C 98°C 85°C
Xylanase activity: Target = 1100 units/kg (100.0%)
After conditioner 1368 1200 1186 1079 1100 700 no sample
After pellet mill 1205 1260 1205 325 678 0 no sample
After cooler: units/kg (recovery vs target %)
1048(95.3%)
904(82.2%)
1052(95.6%)
284(25.8%)
542(49.3%)
0(0.0%)
1124(102.2%)
Comments: Results on targetBad cooling
effect
Wear and settings of die
and rolls impact, + lower output
of the line = higher pelleting specific energy
High mechanical treatment
High mechanical and heat
treatment
Moderate mechanical
and heat treatment
TE
CH
NO
LO
GIC
AL
E
XP
ER
TIS
E H
EL
PS
TO
Grain&feed millinG technoloGy26 | July - august 2012
FEATURE
Feed compounders have to ensure feed safety, which requires more heat treatment than before, especially to
control salmonella. But they also have to handle pelleting parameters in order to guarantee the stability of additives, particular-ly enzymes, pelleting being the critical phase with a major risk of loss of activity.
Adisseo carried out trials2 comparing various equipment: single or double clas-sical conditioners, thermic and mechanical treatment equipment such as compactors or expanders, with different operating parameters: duration, energy, and tem-
peratures ranging from 80°C to 98°C. The tests were conducted on commercial feed compounds in Europe and Asia including NSP enzyme with a xylanase activity target of 1100 u/kg.
As shown in Table 1, in most cases, the xylanase activity reached the target value. But, even if the same kind of equipment were used, the results differed according to numerous processing parameters such as the length of conditioning, the pelleting equip-ment characteristics, the feed output and the cooling. The following explanations are taken from literature and Adisseo’s technical expertise.
The role of conditioning Literature shows that, due to steam addi-
tion, the conditioning temperature has a direct impact on enzyme recovery after pelleting3. Furthermore, because of the coating effect act-ing like a ‘fuse’, the enzyme inactivation is not always linear. Trials show that coated xylanase can resist higher temperatures, but only up to a certain level (On Graph 1 for example, the coated xylanase is stable up to 85°C, but loses 35 percent of activity at 95°C; the ‘fuse threshold’ is exceeded).
The duration of conditioning also affects enzyme stability. Trials performed on a pilot pellet mill4 show that increasing the conditioning
Understand enzyme recovery in pelleted feed
by Jérôme Lamoine1, expert in Product Application Technologies, Adisseo, France
Table 1: Effect of different conditioning equipments and pelleting settings on NSP enzyme activity in feed
Trial conditions: Line 1 Line 2 Line 3 Line 4 Line 5 Line 6 Line 7
Type of conditioner Single Double Compactor Expander
Feed output (tons/h) not reported 10.0 14.9 11.2 12.0 12.0 9.0
Temperature after conditioner
90°C 80°C 80°C 80°C 75°C 80°C 73°C
Temperature before pellet mill
90°C 80°C 80°C 80°C 89°C 98°C 85°C
Xylanase activity: Target = 1100 units/kg (100.0%)
After conditioner 1368 1200 1186 1079 1100 700 no sample
After pellet mill 1205 1260 1205 325 678 0 no sample
After cooler: units/kg (recovery vs target %)
1048(95.3%)
904(82.2%)
1052(95.6%)
284(25.8%)
542(49.3%)
0(0.0%)
1124(102.2%)
Comments: Results on targetBad cooling
effect
Wear and settings of die
and rolls impact, + lower output
of the line = higher pelleting specific energy
High mechanical treatment
High mechanical and heat
treatment
Moderate mechanical
and heat treatment
TE
CH
NO
LO
GIC
AL
E
XP
ER
TIS
E H
EL
PS
TO
Grain&feed millinG technoloGy26 | July - august 2012
FEATURE
time from 30 seconds to 15 minutes leads to a 60 percent increase of enzyme loss of activity at any temperature from 75°C to 95°C (see Graph 2). “The more you increase the dura-tion of conditioning the more you lose enzyme activity,” says Jérôme Lamoine.
Pelleting equipmentCoated enzymes can
also resist specific heat and mechanical treatments (like compactors or expanders), but again, only up to a cer-tain level (lines 5 to 7 in Table 1).
The characteristics of pel-leting equipment also have an impact on enzyme recov-ery in feed. For example, an increase of the compression ratio (ratio between channel length and diameter of the die, L/d), improves the pel-let quality, increases the final temperature of the pellets, but results in higher losses of enzymes. Compression ratio and also production output (tons per hour) of the line have an impact on the reten-tion time of feed inside the pellet die.
Feed outputTecaliman has shown
that extending the duration of retention in the pellet mill die increases the pellet temperature and decreases the enterobacteria content5. So Jérôme Lamoine won-dered what happened to the enzymes. His trials, achieved at a customer feed mill, prove
As shown in Table 1, in most cases, the xylanase activity reached the target value. But, even if the same kind of equipments were used, the results differed according to numerous processing parameters such as the length of conditioning, the pelleting equipment characteristics, the feed output and the cooling. The following explanations are taken from literature and Adisseo's technical expertise.
Literature shows that, due to steam addition, the conditioning temperature has a direct impact on enzyme recovery after pelleting3. Furthermore, because of the coating effect acting like a “fuse”, the enzyme inactivation is not always linear. Trials show that coated xylanase can resist higher temperatures, but only up to a certain level (On Graph 1 for example, the coated xylanase is stable up to 85°C, but loses 35% of activity at 95°C; the “fuse threshold” is exceeded).
Graph 1: Effect of conditioning temperature on different xylanases recovery after pelleting.
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
% of a
ctivity in m
ash feed
65°C 75°C 85°C 95°C
Processing temperature
Coated xylanase Xylanase 1 Xylanase 2 Xylanase 3
Uncoated xylanases 1, 2, and 3 are destroyed at low temperature levels, when coated xylanase can resist up to 85°C. But at 95°C, its coating is less protective.
The duration of conditioning also affects enzyme stability. Trials performed on a pilot pellet mill4 show that increasing the conditioning time from 30 seconds to 15 minutes leads to a 60% increase of enzyme loss of activity at any temperature from 75°C to 95°C (see Graph 2). “The more you increase the duration of conditioning the more you lose enzyme activity,” says Jérôme Lamoine.
Graph 2 : Effect of conditioning time at different temperatures, on β‐glucanase recovery after pelleting.
100%
68%
42%
13%
100%
41%26%
7%0%
10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%
100%
% of a
ctivity vs
mas
h
Mash 75°C 85°C 95°C
15 min
30 sec
Processing temperature
The same feed has been kept at different temperatures during 30 seconds or 15 minutes. At each temperature, the enzyme has lost 60% of its activity at 15 minutes compared to 30 seconds.
Coated enzymes can also resist to specific heat and mechanical treatments (like compactors or expanders), but again, only up to a certain level (lines 5 to 7 in Table 1).
The characteristics of pelleting equipments also have an impact on enzyme recovery in feed. For example, an increase of the compression ratio (ratio between channel length and diameter of the die, L/d), improves the pellet quality, increases the final temperature of the pellets, but results in higher losses of enzymes. Compression ratio and also production output (tons per hour) of the line have an impact on the retention time of feed inside the pellet die. Tecaliman has shown that extending the duration of retention in the pellet mill die increases the pellet temperature and decreases the enterobacteria content5. So Jérôme Lamoine wonders what happened to the enzymes. His trials, achieved at a customer feedmill, prove that when using two identical pelleting lines, with the same equipment, the same product and the same temperature, xylanase recovery drops from 79% to 21% (lines 3 and 4 in Table 1). The main difference between the two lines was the feed flows (14.9t/h vs
Graph 1: Effect of conditioning temperature on different xylanases recovery after pelleting.
Uncoated xylanases 1, 2, and 3 are destroyed at low temperature levels, when coated xylanase
can resist up to 85°C. But at 95°C, its coating is less protective.
Graph 2 : Effect of conditioning time at different temperatures, on βglucanase recovery after pelleting.
The same feed has been kept at different temperatures during 30 seconds or 15 minutes. At each temperature, the enzyme has lost 60 percent of its activity at 15 minutes compared to 30 seconds.
Grain&feed millinG technoloGy July - august 2012 | 27
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FEATURE
enzyme recovery, with losses of activity by 13 percent to 28 percent on Lines 1 and 2 for example.
He concludes that, among all the pelleting parameters influencing enzyme stability, two key indicators should be highlighted: the feed temperature before pelleting which is a good indicator for characterizing heat resistance, and the specific energy of pelleting (kWh/t) “which is relevant to characterise losses during pelleting”.
He points that this kind of study first requires the preparation of a strict protocol for each trial, and the methodi-cal collection of representative samples (following the recommendations of the regulation6). He also points that, when the powder form of enzymes has reached its limits in the feed mill, the liquid form can be a safe alternative.
References1 Lamoine, J., 2011. Technological expertise for guaranteed performances. Conference during the Rovabio® Expertise Tour in Brugge, Belgium.2 Lamoine, J., and Y. Laitem, 2011. Pelleting parameters influencing enzymes stability. Adisseo trials. 3 Beardsworth, P., 2004. Coating helps to keep enzyme « cold ». Feed Tech 8.64 Inborr, J. et al, 1994. Stability of feed enzymes to steam pelleting during feed processing. Animal Feed Science Technology 46.5 Tecaliman, 2007. Etablissement des barèmes de décontamination par un procédé de granulation sur les aliments porc, pondeuse, poulet et dinde. Fiche Technique n°68.6 Commission Regulation (EC) No 152/2009 of 27 January 2009, laying down the methods of sampling and analysis for the official control of feed. Annex I Methods of sampling.
that when using two identical pel-leting lines, with the same equip-ment, the same product and the same temperature, xylanase recovery drops from 79 percent to 21 percent (lines 3 and 4 in Table 1). The main difference between the two lines was the feed flows (14.9t/h vs11.2t/h) that due to die wear and rolls gap settings, lead to a high differ-ence in specific pelleting energy applied to feed.
Cooling parametersFinally, cooling parameters also
affect enzymatic activity. Jérôme Lamoine shows that the cooler design (vertical or counter flow) and its settings (air speed linked to the duration of cooling) affect
About the authorJérôme Lamoine1, expert in Product Application Technologies, Adisseo
More InforMatIon:www.adisseo.com
Grain&feed millinG technoloGy28 | July - august 2012
FEATURE
www.eurotier.deincludingwww.eurotier.com
including
The world´s top event for animal production
Your BusinessDriven by Innovations
Your BusinessDriven by Innovations
Your Business
Hanover / Germany13 – 16 November 2012
Tel.: +49 69/24788-265, E-Mail: [email protected]
RZ_130x180_Anzeige_ET_JP EN.indd 1 09.07.12 15:23
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gredients on a commercial scale. With its extensive extrusion know-how and
its passion for customized solutions, Bühler is always in a position to generate
added value and success for any product idea. Bühler offers an integral range of
products and services for all process stages – from correct raw material handling,
cooking and shaping through extrusion to drying of the extruded products. And
this for all market segments – from breakfast cereals and snack foods to modified
flours and starches, texturized proteins, or vitaminized rice. In short: extrusion
processes without limits.
[email protected], www.buhlergroup.com/extrusion
enzyme recovery, with losses of activity by 13 percent to 28 percent on Lines 1 and 2 for example.
He concludes that, among all the pelleting parameters influencing enzyme stability, two key indicators should be highlighted: the feed temperature before pelleting which is a good indicator for characterizing heat resistance, and the specific energy of pelleting (kWh/t) “which is relevant to characterise losses during pelleting”.
He points that this kind of study first requires the preparation of a strict protocol for each trial, and the methodi-cal collection of representative samples (following the recommendations of the regulation6). He also points that, when the powder form of enzymes has reached its limits in the feed mill, the liquid form can be a safe alternative.
References1 Lamoine, J., 2011. Technological expertise for guaranteed performances. Conference during the Rovabio® Expertise Tour in Brugge, Belgium.2 Lamoine, J., and Y. Laitem, 2011. Pelleting parameters influencing enzymes stability. Adisseo trials. 3 Beardsworth, P., 2004. Coating helps to keep enzyme « cold ». Feed Tech 8.64 Inborr, J. et al, 1994. Stability of feed enzymes to steam pelleting during feed processing. Animal Feed Science Technology 46.5 Tecaliman, 2007. Etablissement des barèmes de décontamination par un procédé de granulation sur les aliments porc, pondeuse, poulet et dinde. Fiche Technique n°68.6 Commission Regulation (EC) No 152/2009 of 27 January 2009, laying down the methods of sampling and analysis for the official control of feed. Annex I Methods of sampling.
that when using two identical pel-leting lines, with the same equip-ment, the same product and the same temperature, xylanase recovery drops from 79 percent to 21 percent (lines 3 and 4 in Table 1). The main difference between the two lines was the feed flows (14.9t/h vs11.2t/h) that due to die wear and rolls gap settings, lead to a high differ-ence in specific pelleting energy applied to feed.
Cooling parametersFinally, cooling parameters also
affect enzymatic activity. Jérôme Lamoine shows that the cooler design (vertical or counter flow) and its settings (air speed linked to the duration of cooling) affect
About the authorJérôme Lamoine1, expert in Product Application Technologies, Adisseo
More InforMatIon:www.adisseo.com
Grain&feed millinG technoloGy28 | July - august 2012
FEATURE
www.eurotier.deincludingwww.eurotier.com
including
The world´s top event for animal production
Your BusinessDriven by Innovations
Your BusinessDriven by Innovations
Your Business
Hanover / Germany13 – 16 November 2012
Tel.: +49 69/24788-265, E-Mail: [email protected]
RZ_130x180_Anzeige_ET_JP EN.indd 1 09.07.12 15:23
Innovations for a better world.
Innovative extrusion processes without limits. Bühler is the global technology
partner for companies producing breakfast cereals, snack foods, or food in-
gredients on a commercial scale. With its extensive extrusion know-how and
its passion for customized solutions, Bühler is always in a position to generate
added value and success for any product idea. Bühler offers an integral range of
products and services for all process stages – from correct raw material handling,
cooking and shaping through extrusion to drying of the extruded products. And
this for all market segments – from breakfast cereals and snack foods to modified
flours and starches, texturized proteins, or vitaminized rice. In short: extrusion
processes without limits.
[email protected], www.buhlergroup.com/extrusion
www.gfmt.co.uk
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In this issue:
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• Powder Containment
July - August 2012
• Nutritional impact of pellet binders
• Technological expertise
Understandenzymerecoveryinpelletedfeed
• A fresh perspective on UK milling wheat
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