technologies for exploring the solar system · = 10 g/m2 500 - 800-m dia = 1 - 2.5 g/m2 mid-term...
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Advanced In-
Space
Propulsion
Technologies for
Exploring the
Solar System
and Beyond
ST03 / Les Johnson
https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20170008009 2020-07-22T08:42:11+00:00Z
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What Is Propulsion?
• Initiating or changing the motion of a body– Translational (linear, moving faster or
slower)
– Rotational (turning about an axis)
• Space propulsion– Rocket launches
– Controlling satellite motion
– Maneuvering spacecraft
At one time it was believed that
rockets could not work in a
vacuum -- they needed air to
push against!!Courtesy of Stephen Hevert
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The Big Chemical Rocket Engines…
F-1 Engine
Saturn V
1.5 million lbs thrust (SL)
LOX/Kerosene
Main Engine
Space Shuttle
374,000 lbs thrust (SL)
LOX/H2
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Nuclear Thermal Propulsion
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Nuclear Thermal Propulsion
• System that utilizes a nuclear fission reactor
• Energy released from controlled fission of material is transferred to a propellant gas
• Fission– Absorption of neutrons in a fuel material
– Excitation of nucleus causes fuel atoms to split
• Two new nuclei on average (Fission Fragments)
• 1 to 3 free neutrons
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A Nuclear/Chemical Comparison
• One gram of U-235 can release enough energy during fission to raise the temperature of 66 million gallons of water from 25oC to 100oC.
• By contrast, to accomplish the same sort of feat by burning pure gasoline, it would require 1.65 million gallons of the fuel
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The USA Had a Nuclear Thermal
Rocket Engine…
• Nuclear Engine for Rocket Vehicle
Applications
– Power: 300 – 200,000 MW
– Thrust: 890 kN
– Isp: 835 sec
– Hydrogen propellant
• Cancelled in 1972
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Electric Propulsion
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Ion Thruster
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Chemical & Electric Propulsion Have
Intrinsic Differences
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NASA’s First Use of SEP For Primary
Propulsion: Deep Space 1
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Evolution of Power for Nuclear
Electric Propulsion
Moderate Power NEP-Near Term• 100 kWe to 1 MWe
• 1200 K reactor outlet – direct gas Brayton
or pumped liquid metal coolant.
• Brayton or Stirling power conversion
• 500 K composite radiators with H2O heat
pipes
High Power NEP-Far Term• Multi-Megawatt
• 1500 K Liquid metal (Li) cooled reactor
with UN or other advanced fuel and
refractory alloy structure
• Brayton or Rankine power conversion
• 800 K composite radiators with Na or
K heat pipes
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Tether Propulsion
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How Do ED Tethers Work?
An Electrodynamic Tether
(EDT) is essentially a long
conducting wire extended from a
spacecraft. Gravity will tend to
orient the tether in a vertical
position. If the tether is orbiting
around the Earth, it will be
crossing the Earth's magnetic field
lines at orbital velocity (7-8 km/s).
The motion of the conductor
across the magnetic field induces
a voltage along the length of the
tether.
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EDT Propulsion Fundamentals
An electrodynamic tether
generates thrust using
interaction between
current driven along a
tether and a planet’s
magnetic field, enabling
propulsion without
propellant.
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Boost ModeDeboost/Power Generation Mode
EDT Operational Modes
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EDT Orbit Modification
• Magnetic field strength
and direction varies over
each orbit
• Electrodynamic forces
vary in an orbit
• Forces have components
both:
• In-plane (orbit
raising/lowering)
• Out-of-plane (inclination
change)
• Tether current can be
modulated over one or
more orbits to change all
six orbital elements
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Solar Sail Propulsion
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How does a solar sail work?
Solar sails use photon
“pressure” or force on thin,
lightweight reflective sheet to
produce thrust.
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LightSail-A and -2 (The Planetary Society)
• 3U Cubesat design
• Sail Material: aluminized 4.5 micron Mylar film
• 32 square meters solar sail area fully deployed
• LightSail-A (2015) and LightSail-B (2018)
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Near Earth Asteroid Scout
The Near Earth Asteroid Scout Will
• Image/characterize a NEA during a slow flyby
• Demonstrate a low cost asteroid reconnaissance capability
Key Spacecraft & Mission Parameters
• 6U cubesat (20cm X 10cm X 30 cm)
• ~86 m2 solar sail propulsion system
• Manifested for launch on the Space Launch System (EM-1/2019)
• 1 AU maximum distance from Earth
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Electric Sail
Propulsion
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Electric Sail Propulsion Physics
Electric Sail Concept
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THE FUTURE: Interstellar Probe
• A mission to beyond the
Heliopause
–250 AU minimum
–Reach 250 AU within 20
years from launch
–15-20 AU/year target
velocity
• Solar Sail Propulsion
• 500 meter diameter sail
• 1 - 5 g/m2
The Heliopause is a barrier
where charged particles from the
sun cannot go beyond because
cosmic rays from deep space
force them back.
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Propulsion Systems That Won’t Work for Interstellar
Voyages
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Propulsion Systems That Won’t Work for Interstellar
Voyages
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Propulsion Systems That Won’t Work for Interstellar
Voyages
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Propulsion Systems That Won’t Work for Interstellar
Voyages
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Solar and Laser Sails
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Near-Term Solar Sail Applications Lead
to Interstellar Capability with Laser Sails
~ 10-100-m DIA
= 10 g/m2
500 - 800-m DIA
= 1 - 2.5 g/m2
MID-TERM
SAIL DEMO
2015 - 2025
4000-m DIA
0.1 g/m 2
1-km DIA
= 0.1 g/m2
INTERSTELLAR PROBE
2025 - 2050
• NEA Scout
TECH
DEV
TECH
DEV
TECH
DEV
TECH
DEV
TECH
DEV
INTERSTELLAR
MEDIUM EXPLORATION
NanoSail-D
= Areal Density (Sail Mass/Sail Area)
4.5 LY
INTERSTELLAR
PROBE FLYBY
40 LY
INTERSTELLAR
PROBE
RENDEZVOUS
• INTERSTELLAR PROBE
• EUROPA LANDERS
• COMET SAMPLE RETURN
• OORT CLOUD
4-km DIA
= 0.1 g/m2
1000-km DIA
= 0.1 g/m2
NEAR-TERM
SAIL
2010 - 2015
10 m2
Solar Powered
Laser Powered
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Light Sail
1000 km
Diameter
Transmitter
Optics
100 km
Diameter
Laser
(1.5µm)
2 L.Y. Coast
Rest
of Way
to Star
INTERSTELLAR FLYBY
1st Stage
(1000 km Dia.)
Accelerated
Out of System
2nd Stage (300 km Dia.)
Stops at Star
6 L.Y.
300 km
Diameter
Laser
(0.5µm)
INTERSTELLAR RENDEZVOUS
Light
Sail
Transmitter
Optics
• Advantages • Perform interstellar missions in 50 - 100 years
• Use as a solar sail once in orbit about target
• Use solar power satellite as driver for robotic flybys
• Disadvantages • Very high laser / microwave powers (0.1-1,000 TW)
• Very large optics (100-1,000 km)
• Far-term concept, but one of the few ways to do ''fast'' interstellar missions
Interstellar Light Sail Concept
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Nuclear Fusion Propulsion
• Fusion propulsion will enable human exploration beyond Mars to the moons of the outer planets and perhaps, the stars
• Energy produced by the fusing of two hydrogen isotopes into helium - with the resulting energy release
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Antimatter Propulsion
• As you learned from watching Star Trek, antimatter is real
• Matter and antimatter annihilate producing energy
10 milligrams of antimatter is
the energy equivalent of 120
tons of conventional rocket fuel
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Other ideas – not necessarily real
EmDrivE
Alcubierre Warp Drive
Wormholes
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Other ideas – not necessarily real
EmDrivE
Alcubierre Warp Drive
Wormholes
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Congratulations!