Technology in ArchitectureTechnology in Architecture

Lecture 12Lecture 12Electrical EquipmentElectrical Equipment

Electrical Power ManagementElectrical Power Management

Fire Protection SystemsFire Protection Systems

Lecture 12Lecture 12Electrical EquipmentElectrical Equipment

Electrical Power ManagementElectrical Power Management

Fire Protection SystemsFire Protection Systems

Electrical EquipmentElectrical EquipmentPower Supply

M: F. 27.1 p. 1246

Electrical Electrical EquipmentEquipment

Switchgear

M: F.27.2 p.1247

Electrical EquipmentElectrical Equipment

Switchgear Space Requirements

M: F.26.28 p.1209

Electrical Electrical EquipmentEquipment

Distribution Networks Cable/Conduit Busduct Busway Underfloor systems Raised floor systems

M: F.27.12 p.1257

M: F.27.9 p.1255

M: F.27.32 p.1271

Electrical EquipmentElectrical Equipment

Safety Considerations National Electrical Code Fuses and Circuit Breakers Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter (GFCI, GFI) Battery Backup Emergency Generator Armored Cable vs Metal Clad

Electrical EquipmentElectrical Equipment

Electrical Closets

M: F.28.14 p.1300

Electrical Electrical EquipmentEquipment

Electrical Plans Lighting Power M: F.28.21 p.1315

M: F.28.22 p.1316

Fire Protection SystemsFire Protection SystemsFire Protection SystemsFire Protection Systems

Sources of IgnitionSources of Ignition

Chemicals: spontaneous combustion

Electrical: resistance, overloaded wiring, lightning

Mechanical: sparks and friction

Products of CombustionProducts of CombustionFire/Heat

Smoke

Gases toxic, displace oxygencarbon monoxidecyanide foam rubberhydrogen chloride PVChydrogen sulfidesulfur dioxideammonia

Fire & Life Safety ObjectivesFire & Life Safety Objectives

Protection of Life

Protection of Property

Continuity of Operation

Codes specify minimum acceptablelevel of performance

Protection of LifeProtection of Life

Evacuation: clear pathways, smoke free, minimum 32” entrance width, 2 hour walls/doors

Physical limits

2-way travelon stairs

Do not include elevators

M: p.1092, T.24.3

Property ProtectionProperty ProtectionAccess for fire/life safety vehicles

Increased reliability of internal systems

Estimated time of arrival of fire fighters

Adequate water volume and pressure

Exposure protection from surrounding context

Compartmentation

Automatic detection/suppression systems

Structural Protection

M: p.1098, F.24.7

Continuity of OperationsContinuity of Operations

Fire detection/suppression systems in critical areas

Smoke purging systems

Waterproof/water containment

M: p. 1102, F.24.11

Building System Building System RequirementsRequirements

Enhance Fire/Life SafetyHigh thermal massAdequate water pressureOverhangs on windows

Reduce Fire/Life SafetyOpen planForced air systemsElectric lighting onlySunscreensNon-operable windowsInsulationAcoustical materials

Smoke Management Smoke Management StrategiesStrategies

ConfinementFire wallsSmoke barriers

DilutionPressurized stairwells

ExhaustLarge atria

HVACPressurize building

Automated Ventilating Hatches

Water Management Water Management StrategiesStrategiesWater

+ coolssmothers fireremoves heat/oxygen

- damages contentsconducts electricitydilutes oilchanges to steam

Water Management Water Management StrategiesStrategiesWater Sources

Standpipes siamese connection to outside

Hose Cabinets siamese connection or house tank

Sprinkler Systems siamese connection or

house tank

Water Management Water Management StrategiesStrategies

Sprinkler Head Types

Semi-Recessed Recessed Pendant Upright Sidewall

Water Management Water Management StrategiesStrategies

Hazard levels

Light Ordinary Extra-hazard

M: p. 1112, T.24.8

Water Management StrategiesWater Management Strategies

Sprinkler spacing

orientation sprinkler type hazard level

M: p. 1084, T.24.9

Water Management Water Management StrategiesStrategies

Sprinkler System Types

Wet-pipe Dry-pipe Preaction Deluge

Wet-pipe SystemsWet-pipe Systems

Water in pipe Sprinkler activated Sprinklers closed

Used in areas with temperature> 40ºF

M: p. 1118, F.24.18

Dry-pipe SystemsDry-pipe Systems

Compressed air or nitrogen in pipe

Sprinkler activated Sprinkler closed

Used in unheated areas

Valve in heated enclosure M: p. 1123, F.24.23

Preaction SystemPreaction System

Air in pipe Minimal air pressure Separate detectors Sprinklers closed

Used in water-damage sensitive areas

Delay in filling allows time to find/fight fire

M: p. 1124, F.24.24

Deluge SystemDeluge System

Air in pipe Separate detectors Sprinklers open

Used where extremely rapid fire spread expected

M: p. 1125, F.24.25

Non-Water Suppression Non-Water Suppression SystemsSystems

Halogenated Gases now illegalFoamsCarbon Dioxide (CO2)

Clean Agent GasesPortable Fire Extinguishers

Design Design ConsiderationsConsiderations

Head location/typeUniform coverageSymmetryConnectivity

M: p. 1119, F.24.19