technology in actionstaff · input devices •devices used to enter information or instructions...
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Technology in ActionTechnology in Action
Chapter 2Chapter 2
Looking at Computers: Looking at Computers:
Understanding the PartsUnderstanding the Parts
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Chapter TopicsChapter Topics
• Functions of a computer
• Data versus information
• Bits and bytes
• Input devices
• Output devices
• Processing
• Storage
• Ergonomics
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Computers Computers AreAre
Data Processing Data Processing DevicesDevices
• A computer’s four major functions:
– Gathers data (users input data)
– Processes data into information
– Outputs data or information
– Stores data and information
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Data vs. InformationData vs. Information
• Data: Representation of a fact, figure, or idea
• Information: Organized, meaningful data
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Bits and Bytes: Bits and Bytes:
The Language of ComputersThe Language of Computers
• Bit – Binary digit
– 0 or 1
• Byte – 8 bits
• Each letter, number, and character is a string of eight 0s and 1s
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How Much Is a Byte?How Much Is a Byte?
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Name Abbreviation Number of Bytes Relative Size
Byte B 1 byte Can hold one character of data.
Kilobyte KB 1,024 bytes (210 bytes) Can hold 1,024 characters or about
half of a double-spaced typewritten
page.
Megabyte MB 1,048,576 bytes (220 bytes) Can hold approximately 768 pages of
typed text.
Gigabyte GB 1,073,741,824 bytes (230 bytes) Approximately 786,432 pages of text;
500 sheets of paper is approximately
2 inches, so this represents a stack
of paper 262 feet high.
Terabyte TB 1,099,511,627,776 bytes (240 bytes) This represents a stack of typewritten
pages almost 51 miles high.
Petabyte PB 1,125,899,906,842,62 bytes (250
bytes)
The stack of pages is now 52,000
miles high, or approximately one-
fourth the distance from the Earth to
the moon.
Exabyte EB 1,152,921,504,606,846,976 bytes
(260 bytes)
The stack of pages is now 52 million
miles high, or just about twice the
distance between the Earth and
Venus.
Zettabyte ZB 1,180,591,620,717,411,303,424
bytes (270 bytes)
The stack of pages is now 52 billion
miles high, some 20 times the
distance between the Earth and
Pluto.
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Computer HardwareComputer Hardware
• Hardware: Any part of the computer you
can touch
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Computer SoftwareComputer Software
• Software: Programs that enable
hardware to perform different tasks
– Application software
– System software
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Types of ComputersTypes of Computers
• Basic computer designs
– Portable
• Notebook computers
• Netbooks
• Tablet PCs
– Stationary
• Desktop computers
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Types of ComputersTypes of Computers
• Mainframe: Supports hundreds of
users simultaneously
• Supercomputer: Performs complex
calculations rapidly
• Embedded: Self-contained computer
performing dedicated functions
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Input DevicesInput Devices
• Devices used to enter information or instructions into the computer
– Keyboard
– Mouse/pointing device
– Microphone
– Scanner
– Digital camera
– Stylus
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KeyboardsKeyboards
• The QWERTY layout is standard on most
PCs
• Enhanced keyboard features include
number, function, and navigation keys
• Notebook keys have alternate functions
when used in conjunction with the Fn
(function) key
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Specialty KeyboardsSpecialty Keyboards
• Virtual laser keyboard
• Configurable
keyboard
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MiceMice
• Optical mouse
– Needs no mouse
pad
– Doesn’t need
cleaning
• Trackball
– Easier on wrists
– Stays stationary on
desk
• Wireless
– Uses radio or light
waves
• Integrated pointing
device
– Touchpad
– Trackpoint
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New Mouse FeaturesNew Mouse Features
• Magnifier
• Customizable
buttons
• Web search
• File storage
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Other Input DevicesOther Input Devices
• Game controllers
• Touchscreens
• Digital pens
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Image InputImage Input
• Digital cameras,
camcorders, and cell
phones
– Pictures
– Video
• Scanners
• Webcams
– Live video
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Sound InputSound Input
• Microphones are used for:
– Podcasts
– Videoconferencing
– Internet phone calls
– Speech recognition
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Input Devices for the Input Devices for the
Physically ChallengedPhysically Challenged
• Visual impairments
– Voice recognition
– Keyboards with large keys
– Touch-screen keyboards
• Motor control issues
– Special trackballs
– Head-mounted devices
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Output DevicesOutput Devices
• Send processed data out of the computer
– Monitors
– Printers
• Output devices make:
– Soft copies (video, sounds, control signals)
– Hard copies (print)
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Monitor TypesMonitor Types
• LCD: Liquid crystal display
– Flat panel
– Light and energy efficient
• LED: Light-emitting diode
– More energy efficient than LCD monitors
– Better color accuracy and thinner panels
• CRT monitors: Legacy technology
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LCD Monitor LCD Monitor FeaturesFeatures
• Screens are grids made up of millions of tiny
dots called pixels
• Each pixel is composed of red, blue, and
green subpixels (and sometimes yellow)
• Liquid crystal is sandwiched between two
transparent layers to form images
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LCD Quality FactorsLCD Quality Factors
• Aspect ratio
• Resolution
• Contrast ratio
• Viewing angle
• Brightness
• Response time
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Screen SizeScreen Size
• 21-inch monitor
– 1680 × 1050 pixels
• 19-inch monitor
– 1440 × 900 pixels
– 1280 × 1024 pixels
• HD-DVDs and Blu-ray movies
– Require at least 1920 × 1080 pixels
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Printers Printers
• Inkjet printers
– Spray tiny drops of ink onto page
• Laser printers
– Use laser beams and static
electricity to deliver toner to page
• All-in-one printers
• Plotters
• Thermal printers
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Nonimpact PrintersNonimpact Printers
• Inkjet
– Less expensive device
– Print high-quality color
images cost effectively
• Laser – More expensive device
– Faster printing speed
– Color lasers are becoming less expensive
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Choosing a PrinterChoosing a Printer
• Speed (ppm)
• Resolution (dpi)
• Color output
• Use and cost
• Cost of consumables
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The MotherboardThe Motherboard
• CPU
• RAM
• Expansion
cards and
slots
• Built-in
components
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RAM vs. ROMRAM vs. ROM
• Random access
memory (RAM)
– Stores instructions
and data
– Temporary
(volatile) storage
– Consists of several
memory cards or
modules
• Read-only memory
(ROM)
– Stores startup
instructions
– Permanent storage
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Central Processing Unit (CPU)Central Processing Unit (CPU)
• Referred to as the “brains” of the computer
• Controls all functions of the computer
• Processes all commands and instructions
• Can perform billions of tasks per second
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CPU Performance MeasuresCPU Performance Measures
• Speed
– Megahertz (MHz)
– Gigahertz (GHz)
• Cores
– Single
– Dual
– Quad
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Drive BaysDrive Bays
• Internal drive bays
– Cannot be accessed from
outside the system
– Are reserved for internal
hard drives
• External drive bays
– Can be accessed from
outside the system
– CD or DVD drives
– Floppy and Zip drives
(legacy technology)
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Hard Hard DriveDrive
• Permanent (nonvolatile) storage
• Internal or external versions
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Optical StorageOptical Storage
• Compact discs (CDs)
• Digital video discs (DVDs)
• Blu-ray discs (BDs)
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Flash Drives/Flash MemoryFlash Drives/Flash Memory
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• Flash drives (jump drives)
– Newer storage alternative
– Plug into USB ports
• Flash memory cards
– Slide into slots in the system
• Solid state (SSD) hard drives
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Types of PortsTypes of Ports
• USB
• Serial and parallel
• Audio and video
• FireWire
• Connectivity
– Ethernet
– Modem
• HDMI
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Adding PortsAdding Ports
• Expansion cards
– New port
standards
• Expansion hubs
– Enable several
devices to be
connected to a
port
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Power ControlsPower Controls
• Power-on button: Turns on system
• Cold boot: powering on your
computer from a fully turned off state
• Other options
– Sleep mode
– Hibernate
– Warm boot
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Setting It All Up: ErgonomicsSetting It All Up: Ergonomics
• Ergonomics: Minimizing injury or
discomfort while using the computer
• Steps to follow
– Position monitor correctly
– Use adjustable chair
– Assume proper position while typing
– Take breaks
– Ensure adequate lighting
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Chapter 2 Summary QuestionsChapter 2 Summary Questions
• What exactly is a computer, and what are
its four main functions?
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Chapter 2 Summary QuestionsChapter 2 Summary Questions
• What is the difference between data and
information?
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Chapter 2 Summary QuestionsChapter 2 Summary Questions
• What are bits and bytes, and how are they
measured?
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Chapter 2 Summary QuestionsChapter 2 Summary Questions
• What devices do I use to get data into the
computer?
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Chapter 2 Summary QuestionsChapter 2 Summary Questions
• What devices do I use to get information
out of the computer?
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Chapter 2 Summary QuestionsChapter 2 Summary Questions
• What’s on the motherboard?
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Chapter 2 Summary QuestionsChapter 2 Summary Questions
• Where are information and programs
stored?
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Chapter 2 Summary QuestionsChapter 2 Summary Questions
• How are devices connected to the
computer?
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Chapter 2 Summary QuestionsChapter 2 Summary Questions
• How do I set up my computer to avoid
strain and injury?
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Chapter 2 5050
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