technology - kementerian pertanianhortikultura.litbang.pertanian.go.id/gambar/teknologi2011.pdf ·...

CATALOGUE OF PROMISING HORTICULTURE TECHNOLOGIES 65

Cultivation of Shallot via Seed (True shallot seed: TSS)

Shallot cultivation via seed is potential and alternative method for developing this

plant. The advantage of this technology compared to bulb cultivation is:

1.less number of seeds needed/ha. planting area (3 kg/ha),

2.increasing plant productivity up to 24 tons/ha for Menteng and Maja varieties,

3.free from bulb-born disease4.high handing efficiency compared to bulb

Status:Offered to commercialization

Controlling of Leaf-miner (Liriomyza huidobrensis) on Potato

Leaf-miner (Liriomyza huidobrensis) is one of important pests on potato

cultivation causing 34-45% of result loss in each cultivation period. Integrated Pest

Management (IPM) steps carried out to overcome the problem is:

•using plastic mulsa on 40 cm height of bedding plant

•applying Hemiptarsenus varicornis as biological control agent that can suppress

the pest up to 97,52%•applying yellow trap either for trapping

imago or monitoring pest population•utilizing selective-insecticide both systemic

and bio-rational•using resistance varieties

Status: ready used for training and extension material

TECHNOLOGYPromising technologies on vegetables

66 CATALOGUE OF PROMISING HORTICULTURE TECHNOLOGIES

Integrated-Crop Management (ICM) is a strategy or model on plant management ap-plied in increasing plant productivity. Principally, the ICM is an effort to optimize agricultural resources and technologies. Development of ICM model is an alternative breakthrough in increasing red chilli production. By application of The ICM, red chili farmers can use all agro-inputs efficiently and improve farmer prosperity significantly. In the red chilli cultiva-tion the ICM was applied by utilizing all synergism technologies.


Integrated-Crop Management (ICM) on Red Chili


Production System of Paprika (Capsicum annum var. Grossum) in plastic house

Paprika (Capsicum annuum var Grossum) is one of vegetables cultivated under protected-condition. In tropical countries such Indonesia, protected-plant cultivation technique for paprika is still in developing step and less used by Indo-nesian farmers. They usually used simple plastic house to cultivate this plant.

Recently, cultivation of paprika under plastic house increases significantly due high productivity both quality and quantity compared to outdoor cultivation. The high productivity, in fact, also affects market demand that increases continually. In this moment, Indonesia’s paprika was exported to Singapore

Generally, cultivation of paprika under plastic house use indeterminate cultivar that can grow simultaneously in producing new leaves, branches, flowers and fruits by pruning the plant. Gradual and balanced fertilization as well as main-taining vegetative and generative growth balance are usually applied to keep high productivity of the paprika plant.

Plastic house In Indonesia, farmer’s plastic house is normally made by bamboo as ba-

sic construction. Although bamboo is cheap and easily found in all Indonesia’s regions, using high densities of the material as plastic house construction reduce light intensity significantly. Due to this problem, Indonesian Vegetable Research Institute (IVegRI) introduced high quality plastic house using wood and metal as basic construction with less light intensity reduced. The construction can intercept light intensity as much as 20% higher compared to bamboo plastic house. Based on IVegRI research results, utilizing the wood and metal plastic house for paprika cultivation increased its productivity. Therefore, using the plastic house is really recommended.

Paprika Cultivation Paprika cultivation is initiated from seed sowing in plastic box containing

burned-rice husk or rock-wool. Usually paprika seeds germinated 7 days after sow-ing indicated by shoot growth on endosperm. Twelve to fifteen days after sowing, paprika seedlings are transplanted individually to plastic bags (15 cm in diameter) containing burned-rice husk. The seedlings are also transplanted directly to higher


plastic bags (30 cm in diameter) with similar media to accelerate the best seedling growth. After 6 weeks after sowing, the seedlings can be planted on bedding plants that are covered by silver-black plastic with 1,2 x 0,4 m in range of cultivated-plants. Media used for the plant was rice smoked husk.

In paprika cultivation system, utilization of water is integrated by applica-tion of nutrition or fertilizer. Paprika nutrition usually uses AB mixture fertilizer that is widely sold in agro-input market. Electrical-conductivity value used for paprika cultivation was varied and depended on growth stages. For seedling, EC was 1,5. In the next stage of growth, 1,8-2,0 EC was used to obtain optimal growth of paprika. Optimal paprika EC was 2,0-2,1 and pH optimum of nutrition was 5,5-6,0.

Growth period of paprika was generally up to 8 months. Harvesting of pa-prika shall be carried out when fruit maturity reaching 90%.Status: ready used for training and extension material


Plasmodiophora brassicae is one of soil-borne diseases that cause high yield loss on Brassica cultivation. The spora can survive in soil for long period. The P. brassicae can spread widely via water irrigation.

Plant rotation was usually done in one year with 3 time intervals of planting period using non-brassica crops. This is one of effective strategies to reduce and overcome the problem.

Strategy of disease control:- Rotation of plants with non-brassica groups- Using non-brassica crops in contaminated-area with P. brassicae

such as:o Brassica-potato-ground nut-corn-sweet potato-tomato-brassicao Potato-lettuce-brassica-“bera” (un-planted area)o Nippon Norin variety as rotation plant


Controlling of Clubroot (Plasmodiophora brassicae Wor.) via Plant Rotation


Gemini yellow virus is involved in family of Geminiviridae. The virus particle size is only 20 nm with isometric shape and its genetic material as single strand of DNA. The particles rise up in pairs or twins as result of partial fusion of isometric particles.

Symptoms of the virus are varied depending on genus and species of infected-plants. In Capsicum annuum cv. Jatilaba, chlorosis on leaf vascular and reduction of leaf size was symptoms observed due to the virus

Strategy of virus control:- Using Capsicum annuum resistance to Gemini yellow virus- Inducing systemic resistance with thorny spinach and Mirabilis jalapa- Utilizing biological control agent of virus vector

Status: Offered for commercialization

Bemisia tabaci Menochilus sexmaculatus

Controlling of Yellow Virus Disease


Meloidogyne spp. is a parasitic nematode with varied-host plants especially tropical area. In potato, yield loss due to this nematode can reach 12-20%.Controlling strategies applied are:- Sub-soil and land sanitation- Land solarization with plastic covering for

4-6 weeks- Utilizing trap plant such as Tagetes erecta,

Allium sp and radish (Raphanus sativus) Status: ready used for training and extension material

Integrated-Crop Management (ICM) on Vegetables

Application of Integrated-Crop Management (ICM) on vegetables gives positive impact on heterogenity of fauna and biological control agents up to 83,53%, increasing efficiency on pesticide used up to 94,95%, reducing plant production cost till 78,89%, and increasing plant productivity up to 57,01%.Status: ready used for training and extension material

Controlling of Root-Knot Nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) on Potato


Vegetable drying is one of storage technologies. Vegetable drying is carried out using cabinet dryer on 50-60°C. The dried-vegetables such as brassica, carrot and celery can be used as instant vegetables for sup, cap-cay, noodle, etc. Rendement can reach 3-8% with evaporation ratio up to 300-900%.

The advantage of vegetable drying is: - can be saved for long period- can keep nutrition and color with less alteration- can back to previous condition- easy in packaging, storing and transporting

Status: offered for commercialization

Vegetable Drying

Radish

Bunching onion

Celery

Cabbage


Vegetable seeds are generally propagated by bulb such as potato, shallot, and onion. This method need disease free bulblets both for establishing seed production system (de-veloping basic and applied-researches) and supporting germplasm exchange.

Formation and production of mini bulbs/bulblets in vitro gives some advantages i.e. - produced in controlled-environment- free from disease- easy in storing, transporting and distributing


In Vitro Production of Shallot Bulblets

Shallot in vitro bulblet

Mass production of potato micro bulb/tuber

Onion in vitro bulblet


Promising Ornamental Plant TechnologiesCultivation of Chrysanthemum with High Energy Efficiency

(Night Break System)

In global market era indicated by high competition among countries, competitiveness advantage of floriculture commodities of Indonesia, especially chrysanthemum needs to be improved. So, growers and farmers can compete in global market and chrysanthemum agribusiness can keep growing and surviving. Competitiveness of chrysanthemum can be improved via increasing high efficiency of its production system. One of methods in increasing chrysanthemum production system is by modifying long day pattern via night break cycle.

In chrysanthemum cultivation for cut flower and seedling production, summing artificial lighting to delay/inhibit plant growth on generative stage is an important treat-ment. The summing artificial lighting is generally applied using 75-100 watt bulb, 2,0 m in range among bulbs and 1,5 m in height from bedding plant surface, and lighting application from 22.00 pm to 02.00 am (4 h or 240 min) continually. The application was high energy consuming. To reduce the high energy consuming, Indonesian Ornamental Crops Research Institute modified lighting continually (cyclic) to dis-continually (non-cyclic) in the same range period (4 h) with 10 min “ON” and 20 min “OFF” using timer control. The result indicated that this modification could keep plant in high productivity both quality and quantity, and reduced energy consuming up to 65% compared to previous lighting application. The suc-cessful lighting modification was called “night break” technology. And now the technology was widely applied by chrysanthemum growers and farmers in all center chrysanthemum areas such as in Cipanas-Cianjur, Cisarua-Bogor, Cihideung-Lembang, Kaliurang-Sleman, Bandungan-Ambarawa, Tawangmangu-Sukohardjo, Batu-Malang, Nongkojajar-Pasuruan, Liwa-Sumatra, Pagar Alam-Lampung, Tomohon-Sulawesi, etc. Status: ready used for training and extension material

Control

Night break


Rose Propagation via Stenting (Cutting and Grafting)

Roses (Rosa hybrida L.) are usually propagated vegetatively, while generative propagation using seeds is generally applied for breeding purposes. Generally rose cut flower is propagated using budding both shoot eye budding (SEB) and woody eye budding (WEB). SEB is carried out when scion stem skin easily peeled. In this time, both plant cells and plant vascular cells are actively growing. SEB is isolated and peeled from donor plants, attached the SEB to scion stem skin opened (make surely that SEB attached fitly with scion stem skin opened), and covered tightly using parafilm or plastic wrap. Successful SEB was indicated by grow-ing SEB with new leaves continually. Normally the SEB could be recorded after one month oculation. Principally and technically WEB is similar to SEB, the differences can be seen from material sources used. In the WEB, oculation can be carried out without waiting scion stem rooting and easily peeled. Shoot eyes are isolated with a part of donor and scion stem. Although the WEB can be done in all scion condition either rooted or un-rooted, successful oculation can be valued after one month later. Both SEB and WEB techniques were time and labor consuming with low number regenerants resulted.

New propagation with high efficient and productivity is stenting. The stenting is actually combination between cutting and grafting that is carried out in the same time. The technology was widely applied in several develop-countries . The technology was also successfully developed in Indonesian Orna-mental Crops Research Institute.

Several advantages of stenting are:- efficient in materials sources both donor

and scion (only one node)- efficient in time due to no need to wait

scion stem rooting- high productivity less cost production

Rooting figure

Leaved-bud figure


Ready planted-cutting

Planting rooted-cutting

- easily handling and plant maintaining due to there is no scion lateral shoot problemTo support high productivity of the stent-

ing, special care-treatment and chamber with intermitten misting are really needed. These were necessitated to support and improve attaching stem cambium and skin of donor and scion; and maintaining high relative humidity that will lead to less evaporation and plant respiration rate, creating suitable growth condition of new plants. Stenting procedures:- cut 1-2 node (± 5 cm in length) of scion

(Rosa multiflora or Multic) - cut 1 node (± 1 cm below and above

shoot eye) with one leaf and shoot eye of donor plant

- using fine blade, cut distal stem of donor and apical stem of scion with 30° angle

- attaching donor and scion stem fitly and wrapped with parafilm or plastic wrap and tightly using plastic clip to reduce alteration and movement of donor and scion stem attaching

- cultured the stenting in plastic box con-taining mixture medium between burned-rice husk: bamboo peat (1:1, v/v) wetted with sufficient water

- cultured the stenting with 10 x 10 cm in distance range

- placed the cultures in special growth chamber with intermitten misting (8 min 10 second misting period) and 55% plastic nets



Qualified-citrus seedlings are char-acterized by free from systemic diseases such as CVPD, CTV, CVEV, CEV, CPsV, CcaV and CTLV; guarantied-purity of variety both donor and scion; processed-using qualified-certified seed production system. Practically the seedlings mean are labeled-disease free citrus seedlings. Disease free citrus seed-lings are not meaning that the seedlings are resistance to the 7 systemic pathogens. In the field, the seedlings can be re-infected by these pathogens via their vectors. To obtain optimal growth of the seedling in the field, accompanying and applying integrated-health citrus garden controlling (IHCGC) are advised. Combination between qualified-citrus seedling and IHCGC will result on high homogeneity growth, productivity both qual-ity and quantity and to extend productivity in longer period.Status: offered for commercialization

Indexing of Citrus Systemic DiseasesIndexing is used to know the existence

of virus and other systemic diseases on citrus mother plants such as CVPD, Tristeza, Vein enation, exocortis, psorosis, tatter leaf and xylophorosis. Four steps in indexing method are:- Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)- Enzym linked-Immunosorbent Assay

(ELISA)- Double-stranded DNA analysis using

poly-acrylamide gel electrophoresis- Indicator plant test method Status: offered for commercialization

Promising Fruit Technologies

Disease Free of Citrus Seedling


“Okucang”: Citrus Nursery on Tidal Land

“Okucang” is a combination of seedling technology between oculation and “cangkok” that was generally applied on citrus. Seedling results from the technique usually have top surface rooting system as seedling resulted from cangkokan and efficient in using plant propagation materials. Time consumed to produce okucang seedlings is longer than oculation and “cangkok” seedlings, while the okucang seedlings were, in fact, suitable for tidal lands that are easily found in Kaliman-tan, Sumatra and Papua.

Okucang procedures are:- Cultured scion on bedding plant- Oculated with donor shoot eye 25 cm in

height from bedding plant surface- After succeed-oculation, opened the

oculation area and “cangkok” 5 cm in height above distal stem.

- After 2-3 months later, okucang seedling can be harvested and transferred to plastic bags till the seedling ready to be planted.


Preparation steps of citrus seedling via “okucang”

Oculation

“Cangkok”

Transplanting Ready cultivation


Homogenizing of Avocado Variety in the Field (Top Working)

More than 95% of Indonesian avocado plants were originated from seeds, grew natu-rally and did not know their originality. Avocado plants were generally tall with varied-fruit results both size, shape and taste. Homogenizing and increasing Indonesian avocado quality can be carried out with top working technique i.e. combining between donor and scion. Donor plants can be selected from superior variety avocados. Top working technique can be done via two steps: (1) bark grafting and (2) cleft grafting. The technology will produce fruits 2 years after top working.


Simple application steps on top working

Main stem cutting

Grafting

Budding

Grafting result


Integrated-Health Citrus Garden Management (IHCGM)

Integrated-Health Citrus Garden Management (IHCGM) is a CVPD control strategy that has to be considered and watched in each rehabilitation and development of citrus center region in Indonesia. IHCGM consist of 5 components of technology, i.e.:

- Utilization of labeled- disease free citrus seedlings- CVPD vector controlling- Garden sanitation- Optimal maintenance- Garden management consolidation Successful IHCGM is depended on farmer discipline in applying all the technology

components rightly, entirely and compactly. Therefore extension in continually application of IHCGM to farmer cluster as the smallest unit in IHCGM components shall be addressed, so management consolidation of citrus gardens in conjunction to developing citrus center region can be conducted optimally.



Mass Multiplication of Tamarixia radiata, Parasitoid nymph of Citrus fleas (Diaphorina citri)

Tamarixia radiata is a parasitoid nymph of Diaphorina citri important vector of CVPD causing high yield loss on citrus. Parasitation capacity in the field can reach 60-70%. There-fore mass multiplication of T. radiata is one of important points in controlling D. citri.

Mass propagation procedure of T. radiata is: - Maintaining D. citri on Kemuning plant shoots till sufficient population obtained- Placing the multiplication stage in plastic or wood square box depending on propagation

volume size.- Plant for multiplication can be placed in individual or group - Infestation of T. radiata in instar stage 3, 4 and 5 till producing eggs.- Mature T. radiata will parasite D. citri nymphs - Time consuming for one generation of multiplication is 10-14 days after infestation- Ideal temperature for mass multiplication of T. radiata is ± 25°CStatus: offered for commercialization

Cage mass propagation

Parasitoid multiplication results

Parasited nymph Adult T. radiata Damage due to parasitoid


Controlling important citrus pests can be carried out using biological control agents such as Coccinella. Application of the biologi-cal control agent expected can reduce utiliz-ing chemical insecticide. Coccinella is one of predators to all potential pests on citrus such as aphids, thrips and flies. Pest stages that can be predated are eggs till instar IV. Potential use of Coccinella both Curinus coeruleus and Menochilus sexmaculatus for biological control can reduce pest population up to 60-65%.


Citrus Pest Controlling via Bark Painting

Important pest controlling on Citrus using chemical materials can cause negative effect on biological control agents killed. An alternative method on pest controlling that is environmental friendly is bark painting. The bark painting can be done using systemic insecticide and applied on the citrus plants in shoot stage and before flowering period using pure imidachlopride without water use on main citrus stem under first stem branches (±20 cm from oculation area)Status: ready used for training and extension material

Bark painting

Mass Multiplication of Coccinella Biological Agent for Potential Pests on Citrus

Instar I cocci ready for release

Adult Curinus coeruleus


Diplodia stem-end rot is one of impor-tant disease on Pamelo citrus group. Based on the symptoms, the disease can be clus-tered in two groups i.e. dry and wet diplodia stem-end rot. High fruit production, dryness and injury of plants can accelerate the patho-gen attack. One of controlling methods to reduce the Diplodia is by painting stem and branches with California pulp using brush. Application of the pulp combined with well management citrus garden, especially on land and plant sanitation will reduce signifi-cantly the diplodia incidence. Status: ready used for training and extension material

Diplodia Stem-End Rot Controlling on Citrus with California Pulp


Direct grafting method is one of fast and mass propagation methods on citrus. Direct grafting method procedure is:- Prepared donor and scion materials - Cut donor distal stem and scion apical stem with 30° angle- Attached donor and scion fitly using parafilm - Treated the basal stem scion with Rootone F to induce root formation- Cultured the grafting on plastic box containing sand medium- Placed plastic box in controlled-environment- After 8 weeks successful direct grafting is easily observed- Transferred the grafting on plastic bag for further growth and ready to be planted after

6 months.Direct grafting method advantages are:

- Produce qualified-seedling faster (6 months result seedlings that are ready to be planted)

- Result good rooting system suitable for tidal land- Easy in handling and can be used for mass propagation- Produce qualified-seedling as compared to conventional methodStatus: ready used for training and extension material

Fast Propagation of Citrus with Direct Grafting Method


Application of Ameliorant and Potassium to Increase Banana Growth on Tidal Land

Recently development of banana cultivation area was directed on sub-optimal land such as tidal land due to limitation of the existence of fertile land. Main problem faced in tidal land is due to high soil acidity and Al content, the existence of toxic compounds (pirit and phenolic), low macro and micro nutrients. High soil acidity and pirit compound can be minimized using ameliorant such as rice ash and dolomite. In the land with low macro and micro nutrients, application of potassium (K) via fertilization is important to support banana growth.

Each banana plant only needs 20 kg/plant/year rice ash or 300 g dolomite/plant/year. Application of the rice ash or dolomite was carried out 2 weeks before planting by mixing soil with them in planting hole.

Application of ameliorant (rice ash or dolomite) in combination with 450 g K2O/plant/year (A1K3 and A2K3) resulted in good and qualified-growth of banana that is characterized by taller plants, wider plant diameter, optimal growth and many new regenerants.

Status : Ready for training and extension materials


Control Engineering Incidence Gum Yellow Mangosteen

Rising up yellow gum on mangosteen is caused by physiological factor due to fluctuative turgor pressure occurred during flowering stage, fruit growth till fruit harvest. Therefore controlling technique suggested to dissolve this problem is to maintain plant growth stages in optimal condition with taking into account especially on land moisture. To keep land in well moisture suitable for the plant growth, periodical irrigation is needed. The condition can be reached by giving 50 liters of water in average/plant/day especially in dry season. The irrigation was carried out by installing plastic drums with 100 liters in the garden. The irrigation was usually combined with application of 0,2% fertilizer.

Irrigation water storage drum connected by hose or PVC pipe which both ends con-nect with the drum. The sides of the hose or PVC pipe perforated with circular needles and placed in the plant canopy.

Status : Ready for training and extension materials

One to another plastic drum was correlated with plastic pipe or PVC . The plastic pipe was holed by needle in many position as water releasing holes and placed roundly in the canopy plants


Environmental friendly Pest Control

Utilization of Tagetes erecta

T. erecta is one of plants that can be used as biopesticide due to its thiophenic compound resulted from the plant. The active ingredient compound of the plant can be used to control nematode attack on citrus, trap thrips, leaf-miner and red thrips.Superiority of the biopesticide is:- Safety for human- Environmental friendly- Easily combined with other controlling

methods- Hav ing antagonism effect to

nematode

Controlling of Nematode and Soil-Borne Disease on Grape

Utilization of Arachis pintonii

Arachis pintonii is another plants that can be used as biopesticide due to its thiophenic compound resulted from the plant. The active ingredient compound of the plant can be used to control nematode attack on citrus, trap thrips, leaf-miner and red thrips.Superiority of the biopesticide is:- Safety for human- Environmental friendly- Easily combined with other controlling

methods- Having antagonism effect to nematodeStatus: ready used for training and extension material

technology - kementerian pertanianhortikultura.litbang.pertanian.go.id/gambar/teknologi2011.pdf ·...

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