technology & nonviolent political struggle: a case study of internet in thailand
DESCRIPTION
This PhD dissertation studies the relationship between a nonviolent political movement, so-called ‘nonviolent action’ and a large technological system, ‘the internet’, which are connected by theories of power. While nonviolent action operates via consent power, the internet operates as a site of structural power. The two main research questions are: (1) how can the characteristics and the dynamics of internet-based nonviolent struggle in a Thai case study be explained? (2) how is the internet technological system used as a tool of power by each political player; and whether does it support or suppress nonviolent action? To answers these questions, three issues are investigated in this study: (1) historical development—structural, technical, and institutional—of the Thai internet to understand how the structural power embedded within the internet system during its establishment and expansion phases; (2) web-based struggle of political groups involved in the anti-Thaksin government phenomenon prior to the coup d’ etat on September 19, 2006, including manager.co.th, Radjdumnern webboard of pantip.com/café, midnightuniv.org and prachatai.com; and (3) website intervention and censorship as the entry points of structural power to undermine, technically and institutionally, the capacity of nonviolent movements. Research method employed here are an analysis of primary and secondary resources including from off- and on-line materials and in-depth interviews.The findings on the characteristics and dynamics of web-based nonviolent action are as follows: (1) Three political groups --anti-government, pro-government, and anti-Article 7 groups were involved in the anti-Thaksin government phenomenon. All the three groups could be regarded as nonviolent movements because they did not employ physical violent means while using methods of nonviolent action to handle with the legitimacy or gain consent of other groups. (2) The usage of the internet in the movements could be classified as ‘internet activism’ since the internet was used as a basic communicative instrument. However, the utilization was not yet developed into an advanced level of ‘hacktivism’ (hacker+activism) in the form of ‘electronic civil disobedience’ as appeared in other countries. (3) Methods of nonviolent action used by the three groups mainly focused on protests and persuasion. A number of non-cooperation campaigns were launched and publicized mainly through websites. Nonviolent intervention was also operated by means of disclosing technical information of the other groups’ secret action and ‘culture jamming’, a well-known technique among cyber-activists in the world today. (4) Utilizing the internet in the movements triggered the ‘technological dynamic of nonviolent action’ effect, especially technical and institutional reacting measures from people in power, who also hold technological power. Under this technological dynamic, some action could possibly be developed into ‘technical non-cooperation’ and ‘technical nonviolent intervention’. These could be called ‘technical method of nonviolent action’. (5) In conflict situations in which all players employed nonviolent measures, a key factor determining superiority of one player over the others was ‘cyber-resource’. This factor would increase ‘quantitative power’ up to the level which enables the player to practice ‘nonviolent containment’ against agenda setting and information of other groups.TRANSCRIPT
: 2552 TECHNOLOGY AND NONVIOLENT POLITICAL STRUGGLE : A CASE STUDY OF INTERNET IN THAILAND Mr. Chanchai Chaisukkosol A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Program in Political Science Faculty of Political Science Chulalongkorn University Academic year 2009 Copyright of Chulalongkorn University : . . .. ( . ) ( . ) ... ( . ) ( . ) ( . ) ( . ) : : . (TECHNOLOGY AND NONVIOLENT POLITICAL STRUGGLE : A CASE STUDY OF INTERNET IN THAILAND) . : .. , . : . . 591 . 2 (1) (2) (1) (2) / 19 2549 / (3) (1) 3 7 (2) (3) 3 (4) (5) 2552 . . # # 4881902224 : MAJOR POLITICAL SCIENCE KEYWORDS : INTERNET / NONVIOLENT ACTION / CONSENT&STRUCTURAL POWER CHANCHAI CHAISUKKOSOL : TECHNOLOGY AND NONVIOLENT POLITICAL STRUGGLE : A CASE STUDY OF INTERNET IN THAILAND. THESIS ADVISOR : ASSISTANT PROFESSOR VIRA SOMBOON, THESIS CO-ADVISOR : PROFESSOR EMERITUS AMARA PONGSAPICH, 591 pp. This dissertation studies the relationship between a nonviolent political movement, so-called nonviolent action and a large technological system, the internet, which are connected by theories of power. While nonviolent action operates via consent power, the internet operates as a site of structural power. The two main research questions are: (1) how can the characteristics and the dynamics of internet-based nonviolent struggle in a Thai case study be explained? (2) how is the internet technological system used as a tool of power by each political player; and whether does it support or suppress nonviolent action? To answers these questions, three issues are investigated in this study: (1) historical developmentstructural, technical, and institutionalof the Thai internet to understand how the structural power embedded within the internet system during its establishment and expansion phases; (2) web-based struggle of political groups involved in the anti-Thaksin government phenomenon prior to the coup d etat on September 19, 2006, including manager.co.th, Radjdumnern webboard of pantip.com/caf, midnightuniv.org and prachatai.com; and (3) website intervention and censorship as the entry points of structural power to undermine, technically and institutionally, the capacity of nonviolent movements. Research method employed here are an analysis of primary and secondary resources including from off- and on-line materials and in-depth interviews. The findings on the characteristics and dynamics of web-based nonviolent action are as follows: (1) Three political groups --anti-government, pro-government, and anti-Article 7 groups were involved in the anti-Thaksin government phenomenon. All the three groups could be regarded as nonviolent movements because they did not employ physical violent means while using methods of nonviolent action to handle with the legitimacy or gain consent of other groups. (2) The usage of the internet in the movements could be classified as internet activism since the internet was used as a basic communicative instrument. However, the utilization was not yet developed into an advanced level of hacktivism (hacker+activism) in the form of electronic civil disobedience as appeared in other countries. (3) Methods of nonviolent action used by the three groups mainly focused on protests and persuasion. A number of non-cooperation campaigns were launched and publicized mainly through websites. Nonviolent intervention was also operated by means of disclosing technical information of the other groups secret action and culture jamming, a well-known technique among cyber-activists in the world today. (4) Utilizing the internet in the movements triggered the technological dynamic of nonviolent action effect, especially technical and institutional reacting measures from people in power, who also hold technological power. Under this technological dynamic, some action could possibly be developed into technical non-cooperation and technical nonviolent intervention. These could be called technical method of nonviolent action. (5) In conflict situations in which all players employed nonviolent measures, a key factor determining superiority of one player over the others was cyber-resource. This factor would increase quantitative power up to the level which enables the player to practice nonviolent containment against agenda setting and information of other groups. Field of Study : POLITICAL SCIENCE Students Signature Academic Year : 2009 Advisors Signature Co-Advisors Signature . . . . . . Prof. Brian Martin (University of Wollongong) (.) University of Wollongong Micael Talbot . . . ............................................................................................................. ....................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................... 1 : .....................................................................................................................1 1. ................................................................................................1 2. ......................................................................................................................15 3. ........................................................................................................................16 4. (hypothesis).....................................................................................................16 5. .........................................................................................................16 6. .................................................................................................17 7. ....................................................................................................17 2 ...........................................................20 1. ............................................................................................................. 20 1.1. ........................................................................... 20 1.1.1. ........................................................................21 1.1.2. ............................................................22 1.1.3. .............................................................24 1.1.4. ...........................................................26 1.1.5. .......................................................28 1.2. ..................................................................................... 30 1.3. ................................................................................. 34 1.3.1. .................................................................35 1.3.2. ---................................................36 1.3.3. ..........................................................................38 1.4. .......................................................................... 42 2. ..................................................................................................... 45 2.1. (2543) .......................................................................................45 2.1.1. .......................................................45 2.1.2. ......................................49 2.1.3. ...................................................................53 2.2. (2546) ...............................................................................................................54 2.2.1. : ........56 2.2.2. : Yahoo, Google, Microsoft ..59 2.2.3. : Yahoo, Google, Microsoft ......61 2.2.4. .........................................63 2.2.5. ................................................................................................67 2.3. .................................................. 68 3 ..........................................................................70 1. ...........................................................71 2. .................................................................................77 3. .....................................................................79 3.1. 2 : ...........................................79 3.2. .........80 3.3. ....................82 4. ................................................................................85 4 ................92 1. (2530-2542) ................................................93 1.1. .....................................................................94 1.1.1. (2530-2537) .................................94 1.1.2. (2538-2542) .......................................97 1.2. ..................................................................................101 1.2.1. .............................................................101 1.2.2. .........................................107 2. ( 2543 )..........................................111 2.1. : ....................111 2.1.1. ...........................................111 2.1.2. .................................113 2.2. : .......................................................................115 2.2.1. ........................................................116 2.2.2. , ....................................................117 2.2.3. , ..........................................................121 2.2.4. ..........................................................................................123 2.2.5. . ........................................122 2.2.6. : ..............................127 2.3. . ...........................................................132 3. ..........................................................................................................137 3.1. (2538-2542).....................................................137 3.1.1. ................................................................................................137 3.1.2. (2539).....................................................................................140 3.1.3. (2539) ....................................................................141 3.1.4. (2540) ............................................................................142 3.2. (2543 ) .......................................................144 3.2.1. .....................................................................................144 3.2.2. (2544)...........................................................................147 3.2.3. (2547) ........................................................................150 3.3. ..................................................................151 3.3.1. .....................151 3.3.2. ......................................................................158 4. : ...............................................................163 4.1. ....................................................................................163 4.2. ........................................................................................................166 4.3. ........................................................................................................167 5 .................................171 1. ..............................................................172 1.1. : ..............................................173 1.2. /.......................................174 1.3. .....................177 1.4. .....................................................................179 2. ...............................................................182 2.1. : 2 2549 ...............................182 2.2. : 2 2549......................................................187 2.3. ........................................................................................................192 6 : 7 .....................................................................................200 1. : ....................................................202 1.1. ...............................................................................202 1.1.1. : ...........................................................202 1.1.2. : .............................................................................206 1.2. : ..............................210 1.3. ................................................................................................212 1.3.1. .............................................................212 (1) ..................................................212 (2) ................................216 (3) / ............................219 1.3.2. : ...............................223 1.4. ......................................................232 1.4.1. ..........................................232 1.4.2. 3 .............238 2. ..........................................................................246 2.1. : .....................249 2.1.1. ..................................................................................249 2.1.2. ..................................................................252 2.1.3. .............................................................................259 2.1.4. : + VS ...................................................................261 2.2. ( 1) : ..................................270 2.2.1. : .........................................270 2.2.2. : sondhi-mgr.com.........................................276 2.2.3. sondhi-mgr .........................286 2.3. ( 2) : ..................................290 2.3.1. : .....................................................................................290 2.3.2. : ..........................................397 2.3.3. : ....................................301 3. .................................................................................................................................308 7 : 7 .............................................................................311 1. ( 3) : 7 ....313 1.1. ....................................................................................314 1.1.1. ...................................................................314 (1) ......................................................314 (2) 7 ................................................318 1.1.2. ........................................................................323 (1) / .....................................................323 (2) , 7 : .........332 1.1.3. : 7 ................................................................................338 1.2. : 7........................340 1.2.1. : 7................................341 1.2.2. : ..............342 1.2.3. () vs .......................345 2. ( 4) : .........................................................348 2.1. ....................................................................................349 2.1.1. ................................................................................349 2.1.2. : ...................................354 2.1.3. : 2 ..........................362 (1) ............................................................................363 (2) .........................................................................368 2.2. : . ..............................................................................................374 3. ( 5) : .......382 3.1. : ............................................................................................383 3.2. ....................................................................................389 3.2.1. ..................................................................................................389 3.2.2. ................................................................................392 3.3. : ....................................................................398 4. : .....................................404 5. .................................................................................................................................406 8 ...............................................................409 1. ............................411 2. ...................................418 2.1. () ....................................................................418 2.2. .........................................421 2.3. ...............................................................................................426 2.4. : ..........................................................................................................430 3. ....................................................438 3.1. ...............................438 3.2. ..................................................................444 3.3. 1 : ........................445 3.4. 2 : ....................................447 3.4.1. ..................................................447 3.4.2. ..............................................................448 3.5. 3 : .....................449 3.5.1. .........................................449 3.5.2. : .......................................450 4. ...........................................................452 4.1. : .........................454 4.2. /.............................................457 4.3. .........................................................459 4.4. ..........................................462 4.4.1. : .....462 4.4.2. ..............................................................................464 4.5. ............................................................468 4.5.1. ..................................................................469 4.5.2. ..........................................................470 4.6. : () ............................................................................472 4.6.1. : ...........................................................................473 4.6.2. ..............................................476 4.7. : ................479 4.7.1. ..................................................................482 4.7.2. ...........................................................487 5. ..................................................................................................................493 6. : ...............................................................495 .................................................................................................................515 ....................................................................................................................... 541 . : ......................................542 . : .............................................577 . : .................................................588 ............................................................................................ 591 3.1: 3 ......................................................... 72 4.1 : . (2538 2543) ........................... 99 4.2 : ..................................................... 106 4.3 : (..2544) .................... 112 4.4 : ISP ........................ 114 4.5 : . .................................................................... 124 4.6 : . 2548-2550.................................. 129 4.7 : 2546-2548 ......................................... 131 4.8: 20 2546............................................................................. 146 4.9 : 20 254 7 .......................................................................... 146 4.10 : 20 254 8 ........................................................................ 146 4.11 : 20 2549.......................................................................... 146 4.12 : 20 2550.......................................................................... 146 4.13 : 2548 ...................................................................................... 150 4.14 : 2549 ...................................................................................... 150 4.15 : (2548-2550).................................................... 154 4.16 : ................................................... 157 4.17 : ( 2548) ............................................................................... 164 5.1 : ......................................................... 183 5.2 : (..-..2549)................................................................... 188 5.3 : (..-..2549) ..................................................................... 193 6.1: ............... 208 6.2: 2548..................... 209 6.3: ...................... 213 6.4: .................................................. 214 6.5: /........................................................................... 225 6.6: .................................................................................................. 225 6.7: ...................................................................... 225 6.8: ................................................................................................................... 236 6.9: ...................................... 242 6.10 : 2549....................................................................................................... 248 6.11 : .......................................................... 260 6.12 : (..2548-..2549) ........... 267 6.13 : ................................ 272 6.14 : sondhi-mgr.com...................................................... 281 6.15 : 10 sondhi-mgr.com .............................. 284 6.16 : .................. 298 7.1 : ......................... 317 7.2 : ............................... 322 7.3 : ......................................... 329 7.4 : 7 - 2549 .............................................................................. 336 7.5 : ....................................... 350 7.6 : ............... 385 7.7 : ............... 391 7.8 : ................. 393 8.1 : ............................................................... 427 8.2 : ........................ 441 8.3 : 24 ....................... 448 8.4 : / 5 ...................................................... 458 8.5 : ( 2549)............................................... 485 8.6 : ....................... 488 2.1: ..................................... 31 2.2: ...................................................................... 44 2.3: 2548 .......................................................................................... 51 2.4: 2551 (: AMRES)................................................ 51 4.1 : ................................................................. 93 4.2 : 2538 ................................... 98 4.3 : / (4 3 ) . .............................................................................. 102 4.4 : ISPs, NIX, IIG; ........................ 109 4.5 : ISPs (..2540) ............................................................ 114 4.6 : ISPs (..2544)............................................................ 114 4.7 : 31 2549.......................................................... 119 4.8 : 15 2549...................................................... 120 4.9 : ... .................................................. 121 4.10 : ( 2549) ......................... 127 4.11 : . 2546-2550............... 130 4.12 : ISPs IIG () NIX () .......... 136 4.13 : (UIP).............................................................. 148 4.14 : (PV) .............................................................. 148 4.15 : ......................... 162 5.1 : (2546-2548).................................................................................. 198 5.2 : (2548-2549) ......................................................................... 199 6.1: (..2546- ..2548)............... 207 6.2: .......................................................... 215 6.3: ............................................ 233 6.4 : pantip.com (..2548-..2549) ...................... 250 6.5 : pantip.com (..2548-..2549) .. 251 6.6 : ..2548 - ..2549.......................................... 267 6.7 : ..2548-..2549................... 267 6.8 : / ............ 268 7.1 : (6 ..2548-19 ..2549) ................ 324 7.2 : ..................................................... 324 7.3 : (9 ..2548-19 ..2549)......................................................................................... 327 8.1 : ...................... 420 8.2 : ..................................... 434 8.3 : (UIP) ( 2548-2549).............................. 486 8.4 : (PV) ( 2548-2549)...................................... 486 8.5: .................. 490 8.6: ........................ 490 1 1. 3 (peace), (nonviolence) (nonviolent action) & : (peace research) (Johan Galtung) (International Peace Research Association: IPRA) Galtung 15 ( , 2539: (7)-(8)) Peace by Peaceful Means (1996) 2 (Galtung, 1969) = + + (Galtung, 1996: 9) 2 (Galtung, 1996 : 9, 265) (Galtung, 1996: 9, 265) 2000 Conflict Transformation by Peaceful Means: the Transcend Method (Galtung, 2000) & : (Gene Sharp) (1973) ... ...[] ...[ ] ( , 2529: 96-7) (consent) (cooperation) (principled nonviolence) ( ) (pragmatist nonviolence) ( 3) (Galtung, 1996 : 126 n.20) 3 (Galtung, 1996 : 122) ( (Sharp, 2005 : 547) (Sharp, 1979 : 252) (Sharp, 1979 : 268 274) 1 1 (inaction) Gandhi as A Political Strategist (1979) (satyagraha) Morality, Politics and Political Technique (Sharp, 1979 : 251-272) (pacifist) ... (Sharp, 1979 : 251-252 footnote) 4 (Realism of the Brain, Idealism of the Heart) (Galtung, 1996 : 266-268) ( (conflict transformation) (peace dialogue) (peace journalism) (peace education) ( Galtung, 2000)) (persuasion) (compromise) (negotiation) ( , 2529: 99-100) 938 (Carter, et al: 2006) 3,000 (McCarthy and Sharp, 1997) (target group) 3 (content) (nonviolence defence) (social transformation) 5 6 1 (Martin: 2005) Richard Gregg The Power of Nonviolence (1934, 1966) (moral jiu-jitsu) Stephen King-Hall (1958 Martin 2005) Gregg (pragmitism) Defence in the Nuclear Age (1959) 100,000 2 King-Hall 1 (2550) 6 Gene Sharp (conversion) (accommodatoin) (non-violent coercion) Sharp 3 The Politics of Nonviolent Action (1973)1 Sharp 3 (consent theory of power) Sharp (civilian-based defence) (Sharp 1985; Sharp and Jenkin 1990) Alex P. Schmid Social Defence and Soviet Military Power (1985) Schmid 1945 4 Schmid Gene Sharp King-Hall 1 (2529) 7 (social defense) Schmid Martin 1944 1952 Schmid Martin Schmid 4 Martin (Schmid, et al. 1985) Robert J. Burrowes The Strategy of Nonviolence Defense: A Gandhian Approach (1996) Burrowes (will) (power) (defensive) (counter-offensive) Martin Gandhi Sharp Burrowes Martin (nonviolent revolution) Burrowes ( ) Martin Burrowes 6 Nonkilling Global Political Science 8Glenn D. Paige (2002) ? (, 2547) Nonviolent Social Movement: A Geographical Perspective (Zunes et al, 1999) Joan Bondurant (1967) Conquest of Violence 3 Brian Martin (Martin: 2005) 1) (principled nonviolence) , Richard Gregg, Robert Burrowes 1 Gregg Burrowes 1990s Burrowes Burrowes Sharp (human needs) Burrowes Sharp Paige, Bondurant 1 Gene Sharp (1979) Gandhi as a Political Strategist, Porter Sargent Publishers. 92) (pragmatic nonviolence) Stephen King-Hall, Gene Sharp, Alex Schmid King-Hall Sharp Sharp (Sharp, 1983 : online) Schmid 3) Gregg, Sharp, Schmid ? A Force More Powerful (Ackerman & Duvall, 2000) Nonviolent Social Movement: A Geographical Perspective (Zunes et al, 1999) 4) Schmid Schmid Martin (2005) 5) , Robert Burrowes Burrowes 6) Stephen King-Hall, Gene Sharp, Alex Schmid King-Hall Martin (2005) King-Hall 10 Gregg (Martin, 2005) 3 Gregg, Sharp, Schmid, Burrowes King-Hall, Schmid, Burrowes Martin Gandhi, Burrowes Gene Sharp Sharp (consent theory of power) (cooperation) ( , 2529) (Martin: 1989; Burrowes, 1996: 85-91) (modified consent theory of power) Martin Burrowes (structural theory of power) (patriarchy), , , , , , , (Martin: 1989; Burrowes, 1996: 91-96) / (loci of power) 11 (Sharp, 1980; , 2529: 48-94) Sharp, Martin, Burrowes (Dickson, 1974; Burrowes, 1996: 95) (Martin, 1989) (information society) 14 2516 2535 ( , 2535) (freedom of speech) (interactive technology) 12 5 1 (civic radios) ..100 24 (Pitch, 2545) 2535 (wireless technology) (broadband technology) (convergence) (broadcasting) 4 (services) (transmission channels) (terminals) (providers) ( , 2545: 1-6) ( , 2544) ... 2544 ( [.], 2546) ; (.) (.) (. ); ; ( , 2550: 64-73) 2548 1 5 , , 13 ( , 2548) 2547 15 2535 28 20 8 700,000 2541 4,800,000 2545 (National Electronic and Computer Technology Center [NECTEC]: 2005) 13,146,000 2550 (Thaweesak, 2007 : 3-4) (surveillance) 2548 2549 19 2549 FM 92.25, thai-insider , , , , thaksingetout.org, . 14(www.stopthaksin.com), (www.tomyking.com) 300 (forum.serithai.net) - ; (www.konpanfa.com) The Reporter (www.reporter.tv) 19 2549 5 ... ... 300 ... ..2550 19 2550 2 ... 24 2550 3 ( , 2550) ( 32,500 2549), , (.) 2 thai-insider.com fm9225.com ( , 2548) ( , 2549) 15 2549 4 2,328 2549 2,475 2550 13,435 17,775 2550 (Freedom Against Censorship Thailand [FACT], et al, 2007) , (Freedom Against Censorship Thailand: FACT) ... Gene Sharp 2 2. 2.1. 2.2. 163. 3.1. ? ? 3.2. // ? ? ? 4. (hypothesis) 4.1. 4 , , , 4 4.2. 5. ..2548-2549 19 2549 2 17 (www.manager.co.th), (pantip.com/caf/rajdumnern), (www.midnightuniv.org), (prachatai.com) . 2550 / 6. 6.1. 6.2. 7. 8 (Peace Studies) (Large Technical System) (Science and Technology Studies: STS) 2 2544 2546 18 / ( 6-7) 3 2 ( 4) ( 6-7) 4 2548-2549 5 6 7 7 7 6 7 2 7 7 19 7 7 7 8 3 Gene Sharp (1973) 2 2 3 (consent theory of power) Sharp (1973) (structural theory of power) Sharp (Large Technical System: LTS) 2543 1. 1.1. Sharp (1973) Sharp (1973) 4 (consent) 198 211.1.1. 2 (nonviolent action) Gene Sharp (consent) (cooperation) (ability) 22 (efficiency) ( / ) ( ) (capacity) (effectiveness) Sharp 7 (1) (2) (3) , (4) (5) (6) (7) 2 (1) (willing) (2) (power) (obedience) 1.1.2. 23 Sharp (1973) (method) 198 3 1) (protest and persuasion) 2) (noncooperation) 3 (1) (social noncooperation) 14 2516 (2) (economic noncooperation) 2 (economic boycott) (strike) 14 2546 (3) (political noncooperation) 2549 vote no vote 3) (nonviolent intervention) 41 24 (psychologically/morally nonviolent intervention) ... (physically nonviolent intervention) (socially nonviolent intervention) (economically nonviolent intervention) (politically nonviolent intervention) 1.1.3. Sharp (1973) Sharp (1973) 25 ( ) Sharp (nonviolent discipline) Sharp (political ju-jitsu) 4-5 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) Sharp 26 Sharp 2 1) Sharp 2) Sharp ( , 2529: 203) Sharp 2 1.1.4. Gene Sharp (1973) 3 3 Civilian-Based Defense 1990 4 (Sharp: 1990, 60-4) 1) (conversion) 1986 27 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) 2) (accommodation) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) 3) (nonviolent coercion) 28 3 (1) (2) (3) 4) (disintegration) 6 ( , , , , , ) 1.1.5. Sharp (1973) Martin and Varney (2003) 2 (principled nonviolence) (pragmatic nonviolence) Sharp (conversion) (melt the hearts) (1979, Martin and Varney, 2003) Thomas Weber Sharp 1930 Webb Miller 29 (Weber, 1993; Martin and Varney, 2003) Weber 3 Sharp (1973) / Sharp 3 Martin and Varney (2003) 5 1) Sharp 2) Sharp 3) 4) 30 Martin 5) 5 1.2. Sharp (1973) (Martin: 1989; Burrowes, 1996: 85-91) Burrowes ( 2.1) Burrowes (modified consent theory of power) Martin Burrowes (structural theory of power) Martin Burrowes (patriarchy), , , , , , , , (Martin: 1989; Burrowes, 1996: 91-96) 31 2.1: : Burrowes, 1996: 88-89 Martin (hegemony) , , , (popular 32culture), (Gramsci: 1971, Martin: 1989) 1 Sharp (loci of power) (Sharp, 1980; , 2529: 48-94) Martin (1989) Sharp Sharp Martin (1989) 1 Martin Lukes (1974) Sharp (concept of non-decision-making) ( Martin, 1989) Geeraerts (1977) 2 (instrumentalist) Sharp (structuralist) Galtung 33 Sharp ? ? Martin (decentralized) (interactive) (cooperative) (Martin, 2001: 42) 3 / 34 ? ( ) ? ? ? ? ? (Large Technical System: LTS) 1.3. (Large Technical System: LTS) 1 (Bell 1973, 1979; Toffler 1980; Hague & Loader 1999; McCaughey & Ayers 2003; Donk, et al. 2004) (Orwell 1949; Ellul 1964; Schiller 1999; Lyon 2001) (Castell 1996, 1997a, 1998, 1999; Dimaggio, et al 2001) 1 1) (economic innovation) 2) (social construction) 3) (cultural appropriation) 3 - (Actor-Network Theory: ANT), (Social Construction of Technology: SCOT) Thomas Huges Jamison & Hrd (2003). 351.3.1. (artifact) (natural environment) (tool) ( ) (social environment) (Cowan, 1997: 2-3) (technological system) , , , (Cowan, 1997: 3-4) (mutual relationship) (socio-technical system) (Science and Technology Studies: STS) 36 1.3.2. -- -1 , , Thomas Hughes (1993) (system-builder) (seamless web) (Hughes, 1986) / Hughes (1993) Hughes (1993) [ ] ? ?, ?, ?, ?; ? 1 , , (Social Construction of Technology: SCOT) (artifact), (relevant social group), (problem) (solution) Wiebe Bjiker (1995, Hgselius, 2005) 37 ? ? ? ? , , , Hughes (innovator) (mediator) Hughes (reverse salient) Hughes (Social Construction of Technology: SCOT) 3 (relevant social group), (interpretative flexibility), (closure) (Bijker, 1995) (interpretative flexibility) ? /// (problem) (solution) 38 (solution) 1 ? ? ? 1.3.3. ? ? 4 (1) (establishment) (2) 1 Hughes 39(expansion) (3) (stagnation) (4) (interplay of systems) (Kaijser, 2004) ? / / ? Kaijser (2004) 2 3 (economy of scale) (economy of scope) / / 19 (load factor) (economy of reach) 40 (cost of joining the new system) (Kaijser, 2004) (reverse salient)1 () Hughes 1 Hughes 41 ( ) 25 20 , 3 (synergistic effect) (co-generation plant) 42 (convergence) / (character/text) (realtime) (webblog) Web 2.0 / wikipedia ( wikileak, wikisource ) youtube (share) 1.4. 43 ( ) ? ? ? ? (modified consent theory of power) / ? ? 4 1) 2) / / 3) ( / ) 4) / 4 2.2 (, , , ) / 44 (3 ) ? ? ( ) 2.2: / ( Martin and Varney (2003)) ( ) - ( ) (relevant system-builders) - (problem) - (solution) - (establishment) - (Expansion) , , (economy of scale, scope & reach) & (social momentum from producer & consumer) (reverse salient) - : & (Stagnation: of supply & of demand) - (Interplay of systems) , & / - , ( () ) - & () - ( ) - () - () / / 45 2. 2.1. (2543) 2.1.1. (Slobodan Milosevic) 10 (ethnic cleansing) (North American Treaty Organization: NATO) 78 ( Tunnard, 2003a) 2543 Otpor ( ), (Democratic Opposition of Serbia: DOS) 2539 Zajedno ( (together)) B-92 B-92 (host) 46 (British Broadcasting Corporation: BBC) (Voice of America: VOA) (Radio Free Europe) Sezam Pro ( ) ( ) 2541 Otpor DOS 2541 B-92 (rebroadcast by any means) (Public Information Law) OpenNet B-92 (Serbian Academic Network) OpenNet OpenNet OpenNet 2542 47 (Kosovo Liberation Army: KLA) (laptop) (Beta News Agency) Kosovo/a Online Koha Ditore (Pristina) Black Hand 78 2543 2543 2 DOS Otpor 48 !! (He's finish!!) 24 2543 DOS (Kostunica) 50% Otpor 70% 17,000 10 5 2543 B-92 (nonviolent take-over) 15.00 . 2541 492.1.2. 2 2538-2539 2 (National Academic Network) (Telecom Serbia) OpenNet B-92 XS4All ( acess for all) XS4ALL XS4ALL (XS4ALL, 2008 : online; XS4ALL. Wikipedia, 2008 : Online) OpenNet XS4ALL (dial-up modem) ( 56 Kbps) 6 OpenNet B-92 (Association of Independent Electronic Media: ANEM) 30 OpenNet (rebroadcast) (real audio) (streaming) 50 RealNetwork, Inc. B-92 (B92, 2008 : online; B92, Wikipedia, 2008 : online) 2543 (UNECE 2002; Tunnard 2003b; Surculija 2003). ISDN (Tunnard, 2003b) (coaxial) (fiber-optic) 1980s RTV (UNECE, 2002: 19) (International Telecommunication Union: ITU) 2543 300,000-400,000 1 376 10,000 226 10,000 (Surculija, 2003) 250 (SMS) (Tunnard, 2003b) 1 , ( ) 51 2.3: 2548 (: Serbia Investment and Export Promotion Agency, 2005: 20) 2.4: 2551 (: Academic Research and Education Network of Serbia, n.d.[b] : online) (national information backbone) 3,000 2.5 Gbps 2540-2541 ( 2.3) () 5-10 33 Kbps 2 Mbps (Turnnard: 2003b, p.14) 52 Otpor (Academic Research and Education Network of Yugoslavia: AMREJ)1 AMREJ (regional hub) AMREJ 2548 1990s AMREJ 2 Mbps 3 (1) Nori Sad (2) Nis (3) Kragujevac (Academic Research and Education Network of Serbia, n.d.[a]: online) 2545 AMREJ 63 (UNECE, 2002: 18) 2548 AMREJ 150 AMREJ 100,000 (Serbia Investment and Export Promotion Agency, 2005: 30-1) Otpor 10,000 (Tunnard: 2003a, 113) 1 AMREJ Akademska Mreza Jugoslavije 2549 AMREJ Academic Research and Education Network of Serbia AMRES Akademska Mreza Srbije AMREJ 2549 532.1.3. RTS (Radio Television Serbia: RTS) (Greater Serbian Campaign) (homogenization) (xenophobia) (peace-building government) (unnecessary opposition) (Reljic, 1998; cf. in Tunnard 2003). Otpor DOS / Sharp (1973) 3 Zajedno 2539-2543 54 Sezam Pro OpenNet Otpor Kosovo/a Online 2 AMREJ Otpor B-92 Otpor ( AMREJ) Tunnard (2003a:109, footnote b.) (Shanthi and Taylor, 2003: 42) 2.2. (2546) 2532 55 (Tiananmen Mother Campaign) (anti-blocking software), (proxy server) , (mirror sites), (remailer) (anonymous) , 2 (1) (2) (Great Firewall of China) 562.2.1. : 6 1 ( Tai, 2006: 97-101) 2537 1 (State Council) (Regulations for the Protection of Computer Information Systems Safety in PRC) 2539 Tai (2006: 98) (Temporary Decree on Management of Computer Information Network International Connectivity in PRC) 2540 (Implementation Measures of Enforcing the Temporary Decree on Management of Computer Information Network International Connectivity in PRC) (Informatization Leadership Group) 3 2543 3 2543 (State Secrets Protection Regulations for Computer Information Systems on the Internet) (National Security Bureau) 57 (bulletin board) (chat room) (ISPs) (Internet Content Providers: ICPs) (security certification) (Internet Police) 2543 (Public Information Network Supervision Bureau) (Ministry of Public Security) 300,000 (Temporary Ordinance on the Management of Internet News Publishing) 2543 (operating licenses) (Ministry of Information Industry) (ICPs) (hyperlinks) (State Council Information Office) 5 2548 1,000 2548 (Decree on Management of Internet News/Information Services) 58 , , (sms news) (Computer Information Network and Internet Security, Protection and Management Regulation) 2540 (Public Security organization) (cybermanager) 24 2548 7-8 59 2.2.2. : Yahoo, Google, Microsoft 2545 (China Internet Association) (self-disciplinary pact) (Yahoo) (Hu 2002) (Public Pledge on Self-discipline for the Chinese Internet Industry) 2545 2546 2548 2532 (Amesty International, 2006: 18) 2545 (Google) 2549 google.cn (search engine) google.com ( 60 (firewall) ) (Amnesty International, 2006: 21-22) (Microsoft) Microsoft MSN Space 2548 (blog) , , , , , (error message) ( - ) (Amnesty International) 2549 beta.search.msn.com.cn (Certain content was removed from the results of this page) (Amnesty International, 2006: 19-20) (popular technology) MSN Space (abide) (MacKinnon, 2005) (Great Firewall of China) (backbone) ChinaNet, CERNet, GBNet CSTNet 61 Sun Microsystems, Cisco Systems, Microsoft, Nortel Networks, (filtering software) Websense (Tai, 2006: 103). (router) granularity 750,000 (webpage) (http://www.standford.edu) (http://www.standford.edu/group/falun) 100 (ChinaNet Next Caring Network) CN2 Cisco System, Juniper Network, Alcatel , Hauwei granularity 200 (surveillance) (MacKinnon 2005) 2.2.3. : Yahoo, Google, Microsoft (Foreign Direct Investment: FDI) 1990s china.com (NASDAQ) 62 (Microsoft Research Asia) 2541 (Personal Computer: PCs) (technological balance of power) (open-source operating system) (Linux) 2542 Red Flag Linux ( Red Hat Linux Linux ) Linux Red Flag Linux 2543 Red Flag Linux (Tai, 2006: 96) (strategic alliance - ) 2546 (IBM) Red Flag Linux (Dell) Red Flag Linux (Tai, 2006: 96-7) 2546 (portal sites) 3 sina.com, sohu.com, netease.com 3,456% 5,463% 11,571% (Tai, 2006: 91) 5 Cstrip.com, tom.com, baidu.com, eachnet.com shanda.com (Initial Public Offering: IPO) (niche market) 2546-2548 3721 Network Software Co.,Ltd. 120 ( search engine) 3721.com (Tai, 2006: 92) 2547 63 Baidu.com 3721.com (2548) Kai Fu Lee 2548 40% (Alibaba) (Tai, 2006: 91-2) 2.2.4. (Tiananmen Mother Campaign) 2 ( Tai, 2006: 272-274) 2546 ( 430 / ) 1,300 (technological dependency) 64 (Patriots Alliance Network) www.1931-9-18.org (Netizen) 82,752 10 (19-29 2546) ( ) ( Tai, 2006: 271-285) 2548 (UN Security Council: UNSC) ( ) - (Alliance for Preserving the Truth of the Sino-Japanese War) 28 2548 2548 20 2548 20 65 401,556 (Tai, 2006: 275) china918.net (link) 300 10 22 (Tai, 2006: 275) ( 401,556 55 10 ) 11.5 3 sina.com, 163.com sohu.com 1 ( 23-29 2548) (Global Alliance for Preserving the History of World War II in Asia) 41 30 2548 (Tai, 2006: 275) ( ) ( 164,255 30 2548) , , ( ), , , , 6 , , (Guangdong), (Shandong), (Jiangsu) 66(Zhejiang) (Tai, 2006: 277) , , (Chengdu), (Shengzhen), , (Hangzhou) (Tai, 2006: 277) (Tai, 2006: 278) , (Junichiro Koizumi -), (Tai, 2006: 278) Tai (Net hacktivism)1 1 Tai (2006: 285) Jordan and Taylor (2004) Net Hacktivism Internet + Hacker + Activism 67 2-3 2.2.5. 3 (1) (2) (3) / 3 2-3 (1) (2) (3) 68 2.3. 69 2549 7 7 ( 7) 5 . ..2550 2550 (2552) 3 . ..2548-2549 19 2549 2 4 / / 2548 2548-2549 / ( ) ( ) ..2548-2549 71 1. (website) 3 3.1 1 1 ..2550 5 (1) (telecommunication and broadcast carrier) (leased line), , ADSL ( ) (satellite service provider) (2) (access service provider) (3) (host service provider) web-hosting web-server, (file server/file sharing), (internet data center) (4) (internet caf) 72 3.1: 3 1. (Network Infrastructure) , , /, (NIX), / (IIG) 2. (Internet Access) ISPs, Web-Hosting, Data Center 3. (Internet Content) , , , , , 1) (Network Infrastructure) , (leased line / circuit), / (transmission / telecommunication line), (International Internet Gateway: IIG) ( ) , (National Internet Exchange: NIX) 2 (information superhighway) (bandwidth) (5) (content & application service provider) (e-commerce) (e-transactions) . ..2550 73 (Internet Service Providers: IPS) 2) (Internet Access) (hi-speed broadband internet) (wireless internet) (content management technology) 3 2.1. (ISPs) ( ) 2 2.2. (web-hosting) ( ) (web server) ( ) 2.3. (Data Center) ( 74 ) 3) (Internet Content) Internet Content Providers: ICPs 3 3.1. (website) (webpage) / ( sanook.com, kapook.com ) (www.bangkokpost.co.th) (media convergence) (clip) (www.managerradio.com) (www.nationchannel.com) 3.2. (webboard) (bulletin board) ( (www.prachatai.com) (www.midnightuniv.org) ) ( pantip.com ) ( pantip.com ) 75 (www.manager.co.th), (www.matichon.co.th) 3.3. (webblog) (free-webblog) blogspot.com, wordpress.com oknation.com / (blogger) ( Farrel and Drezner (2008) Khiabany and Sreberny (2007)) web 2.0 prosumer (producer + consumer) (Tapscott and Williams, 2008: 124-150) web 1.0 2.0 wikipedia youtube.com 2.0 wikipedia (upload) youtube 76 youtube ( Naim, 2007) youtube ( UC Berkeley) ( BBC, Aljazeera (channel) youtube 1 3 ( (fixed telephone) ) 2 (Right of Way) ( , 2550: 1 83-84) (vertical integration) economy of scope 1 youtube.com/user/UCBerkeley, youtube.com/bbc youtube.com/aljazeera 2 search engine (google.com) Dahlberg (2005) 77 3 (convergence) 2. 3 2 ( 1.3 2) 3 (primary documents) (secondary documents) (semi-structured and in-depth interview) 1) (National Electronics and Computer Technology Center: NECTEC ) ( ) (.) (.) ( ), , ( ), 78 2) (internet map) . 3) (.) . . 4) (truehits.net) (1) (Thailand Development and Research Institute: TDRI ) (2) (ISPs), (internet security) 793. ? ? 2 (1) ? (2) ? Sharp 3 (1) Politics of Nonviolent Action (1973) (2) Nonviolent Action: A Research Guide (1997) Sharp 3.1. 2 : 2 2 (1) (principled nonviolence) (Nonviolence) (Sharp, 2005: 547) (2) (pragmatist nonviolence) 80 (nonviolent action) Sharp 3.2. ? ( , , 81, , , ) ( ) (McCarthy and Sharp, 1997: xvii-xix) Nonviolent Action: A Research Guide McCarthy Clarence Marsh Case (1923) (method of social pressure) (social constraint by nonviolent means) (McCarthy and Sharp, 1997: xix) 1973 (1973: 113) 198 1 1 12 ( ) ( Prof. Brian Martin, University of Wollongong ) 82 2 (1) (2) 3.3. ( ) ? 2 (Sharp, 1973 : 633-365) (1973 : 657-697) (Sharp, 831979) (Sharp, 1979 :294) ( ) 2548-2549 84 (Brandenburg) 1969 (Klu Klux Klan) 3 (1) (imminent lawless action) (2) (likely to occur) (3) (intend) ( Sunstein, 1999 : 90-91) ( ) (Sunstein, 1999 : 91) 2 (message) (context) 85 (1) (2) / / ? ( ) 2 1 4. : 1 86 7 3 (www.manager.co.th) , 92.25 MHz (www.fm9225.net), (www.thai-insider.net), (www.corruptionwatch) (forum.serithai.net) (www.pantip.com/ radjadumnern) (www.konpanfa.com) - (www.rakmuangthai.org) (www.sondhi-mgr.com) 7 (www.prachatai.com) (www.midnightuniv.org) 1 : 1 (sameskybook.org) 7 2550 87 ( ) 2 : 7 (ranking) (visualize) / : 2-3 (1) (ranking) (comments) (2) key informants (3) ( ) key informants 88 , 3 2 6,559 1,054 1 25 100 ( 2.1 6) , , , grassroot, * *, TRAT, tonytui, , *uggie, , Can , *bonny 89 2 : 200 200 .. 2552 2548 200 10 / 2552 2552 5 (1) (2) () (3) (4) (5) 90 92.25 MHz (www.fm9225.net), (www.thai-insider.net), (www.corruptionwatch.net) 10-20 (topicstock.pantip.com) 21 4 2549 2550 (back-up system) 1 (posts) (comments) / (weopenmind.com) (forum.serithai.net) (konpanfa.com), (rakmuangthai.org) (sondhi-mgr.com) ..2552 http://web.archive.org (webpage) 1 3 2552 91 ( ) (search engine) 30 2549 7 ( 3.3 7) 4 3 (1) (2) (3) ( 1.3 2) (Large Technical System) 4 2 2 2 4 (2530-2542) ( 3 1 3) 2 93 2548-2549 3 1. (2530-2542) 2 (establishment) (expansion) 2530-2542 2 (1) 2530-2537 (National Electrics and Computer Technology Center : NECTEC) (2) 2538-2542 ( 4.1) (2530-2542) (2543- ) 2530-2537 2538-2542 2543-2547 2548- 4.1 : 2 (1) 2543-2547 (economy of scale) (.) (.) ISPs & ISP . 94 (vertical integration) (economy of scope) (2) 2548 (.) 1 1.1. 1.1.1. (2530-2537) 2 3 3 ( ) 1 , , , , (2548 : 4 23-24) 5 1-2 ( ) 4 2 2 2 / (Internet Protocol Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol: TCP/IP) . 22 ..2548 95 2530 () 3 (2.30, 15.30 19.30 .) 1 2531 2534 ( , 2544 Srisakdi Charmonman, n.d.) 2535 (ThaiSARN Thai Social/Scientific Academic and Research Network) X.252 () 28 20 8 24 (always-on) 2535 (lease-circuit lease line) 9.6 Kbps (/) UUNET 1 200 / 15,000 / (Srisakdi Charmonman, n.d.) 2 (Wide Area Network : WAN) ( Local Area Network LAN ) (Inter-Network) 96 (International Gateway) 1 20 2 ( , 2544) 2536 UUNET 64 Kbps 64 Kbps 19 27 2537 28 2535 200 8,000 2536 23,000 2537 1 . 25% 5.2 (Srisakdi Charmonman, n.d.) 2 talk () (interactive) (Srisakdi Charmonman, n.d.) 971.1.2. (2538-2542) 2537 6 (.) . 3 (1) . (.) (.) 1 2538 (Internet Thailand Service Center : ITSC)1 3 ./ ( 34%), .( 33%) . ( 33%) 2538 3 1,000 20 UUNET 512 Kbps (Thaweesak Koanantakool, 2001) 2538 . . 16 2539-2543 ( [.], 2544 : 50) 2538 3 1 [.] (2545 : 50) .. . 2552 2544 2 . 17%, . 16% . 16% 49% 98 Loxley Information ( LoxInfo), ( A-Net) 2539 4.2 : 2538 : Internet Thailand and National Electronic and Computer Technology Center [NECTEC] (1995) (School Net) 2538 30 2 Mbps SINET (Scientific Information Network) 2538 National Center for Scientific Information System (NACSIS) 3 ( ) ( ) ( 99 1 4.2 ) 2538 45,000 2535 8,000 4.1 : . (2538 2543) Brand . 1. ( ) Internet Thailand 1 ..2538 33% 2. KSC 23 ..2538 32% 3. Loxinfo 8 ..2539 32% 4. ( ) Info News ( JI-NET) 14 ..2539 32% 5. Samart 27 ..2539 32% 6. - A-NET 28 ..2539 32% 7. () ( ) Asia Access 19 ..2539 32% 8. ( .. 2544 Pacific Internet) WorldNet 31 ..2539 32% 9. Data Line Thai 24 ..2539 32% 10. Asia Infonet 5 ..2539 32% 11. Idea Net 22 ..2539 32% 12. SGA ( ISSP) 24 ..2539 32% 13. .. (..2546 Loxinfo ) CS Communication ( CS Loxinfo) 17 ..2540 49% 14. Far East Internet 22 ..2540 32% 15. CWN 28 ..2540 32% 16. - EZ NET 4 ..2542 32% 17. () ( ) CWT ( Reach TH) 29 ..2543 32% 18. Roy Net 7 ..2543 32% : . (2543 : 59); : 2539 10 70,000 2540 - 2543 (6 ) 2543 . . ..2543 18 2538-2543 1 NECTEC 2541 ( ) http://internet.nectec.or.th 100. . 32% . 3% 65% 4.1 200,000 ( 2540) 670,000 ( 2541) 1,500,000 ( 2542) 2,300,000 ( 2543) 3 (IP Address) (domain name) (billing system) Linux (open source)1 (application) ( , , 24 2552) ( .) 3 (1) ( . . . ) (2) (3) 1 Microsoft 101 ( , , 24 2552) 18 1.2. 1.2.1. (submarine cable) (fiber optics) . . .. 2519 . 2521 . 4 102 (. 2539: 6) 3 ( ) () 1 ( 4.3 ) 4.3 : / (4 3 ) . : (2549 : ) . . 1 . 3 (1) (Television Transmission Service) (2) GlobeSat VSAT 64 kbps 45 Mbps (3) CAT iPSTAR (Internet Protocol) iPSTAR 64 kbps 4 Mbps CAT iPSTAR 2548 () iPSTAR 2 : & 2 : & 3 , & 103 TT&T Teleglobe ( (half circuit)) ( ) . . ( , , 3 2552) . . . . 1 3 33% 18 . 1-2 . . (., 2545 : 45) . . 104 . . . . 2538 . . (Lease Line) ( - ) . ISP . . ( , , 3 2552) ( / .) (leased line) (lease circuit) (connection) (wireline internet) (wireless internet) (transmission media) (1) (coaxial) : 2 10 Mbps (2) (protocol) (Frame Relay) : 64 Kbps-2 Mbps ATM (3) (fiber optic) : 1 100 Gbps ( ) 4) : 1 . 1 105 (fixed-line telephone) (dial-modem) (dial-up) ( 56 Kbps) ISDN ( 64 Kbps - 128) ADSL (256 Kbps 8 Mbps) ( broadband internet) 2544 (.) 2497 2534 3 2538 1.9 . 2 2 () ( , ) 2,600,000 (TT&T) 1,500,000 . 800,000 ., / , GPRS 3G 2548 ( 1 2 ) iPSTAR 4 () 2548 4 Gbps 106 4.2 3 4.2 : 1. dial up, ISDN, ADSL ., / *, TT&T* 2. ( ) , Frame Relay, ATM, ISDN, IP ., ., / 3. , . 4. INTELSAT, INMASAT . 5. GPRS ., ., DTAC*, AIS*, True Move* * : () 4 . . . . . 107 2 ( ) ( ) . 1.2.2. 2539-2540 . (National Internet Exchange : NIX) 2539 . 2540 Public Internet Exchange (PIE) 1 . ( ) (Thaweesak Koanantakool, 2001) . (Thaweesak Koanantakool, 2001; Chatchai Chan-in and Thaweesak 1 2543 Internet Information Research (IIR) Primas Taechashong, Kittiya Sringamphong and Thaweesak Koanantakool (2000a) 108Koanantakool, 2002) PIE 2542 . 2545 PIE 2 . 2539 . (International Internet Gateway : IIG) 1 Thailand Internet Exchange (THIX) IIG IIG . . 2 (1) IIG . IIG . (2) . (submarine fiber optical cable) IIG . ( 1 " " . " ( [.], 2549. ) 109, 2548: 30-31) IIG IIG . . 4.4 : ISPs, NIX, IIG; : Primas Taechashong, et al. (2000b) : 1 : / (IIG) 2 : (NIX) 3 : (ISPs) 4 : 2543 ( ) 4.4 (2539-2540) (gate) 2 2 13 110 ( IIG) ( NIX PIE) . ( IIG 4.4) PIE NIX . ( 2 4.4) PIE . ( 2.2.5 4) . 111 2. ( 2543 ) (2543-2547) (horizontal concentration) ( . .) (vertical integration) ( , 2544: 18) 2.1. : 2539-2542 2 (1) (2) 2.1.1. 2540 ( 2544 ) PIE (2540-2544) ( 2548: 28) . (NOC) PIE ( IIR (Internet Information Research) 112 2544 (intercompany transaction) IIR 2544 10,172.81 3,391 200 Mbps ( 17 1 Mbps ) NIX . 69,000 ( 23,000 ) 512 Kbps ( 44,922 1 Mbps) 1 2,642 4.3 NIX . 44,922 /Mpbs . ( , 2548: 28) 4.3 : (..2544) / /Mbps/ IIR 3,391 ( 200 Mbps) 17 - NIX . 23,000 ( 512 Kbps) 44,922 2,642 60 / 2538 45 / 2540 2540 25% 45 / 34 / 25 / , 18 / , 15 / , 12 / , 10 / , 8 / , 2544 5 / 9 1 Internet Thailand (2001 : 37) Chatcha Chan-ini, Kittiya Sringamphong and Thaweesak Koanantakool (2001) 113 2540 ( , , 2544 , 2548: 28-29) 24 ( 2540) 53 ( 2541) 70 ( 2544) ( , , ) 3 2 2544 1.3 150 1 2.1.2. (international bandwidth) 40% (economy of scale) ( IIG .) . (/ .) ( ) (Mbps) 45 Mbps 622,917 4.4 ( , 2544 : 19) 1 2 : 2001, 2002) (2548: 46) 114 4.4 : ISP ( : ) () .1 () . 2 () ISP 3 () ISP ()+() ISP4 () Mbps ()/() 2 Mbps 955,000 716,250 567,000 1,283,250 3,208,125 1,604,063 4 Mbps 1,719,000 1,289,250 1,125,000 2,414,250 6,035,625 1,508,906 8 Mbps 2,960,500 2,220,375 1,710,000 3,930,375 9,825,938 1,228,242 16 Mbps 5,252,500 3,939,375 2,700,000 6,639,375 16,598,438 1,037,402 45 Mbps 9,550,000 7,162,500 4,050,000 11,212,500 28,031,250 622,917 : 1. . 76/2538 6 (2444) 2. . 76/2538 6 (2444) ISP 25 3. ISP 1 = 45 4. 40 ISP : (2544: 17) CS Com0.125Mbps, 0.8%Loxinfo4Mbps, 24.3%KSC, 0.5Mbps, 3.0%Internet Thailand4 Mbps, 24.3%Asia InfoNet2.5Mbps, 15.2%A-Net1 Mbps, 6.1%Samart2 Mbps, 24.3%WorldNet0.625 Mbps, 3.8%Idea Net0.5 Mbps, 3.0%AsiaAccess1 Mbps, 6.1% Thailand total international bandwidth: 16.4 Mbps CS Com 83Mbps, 20.8%Loxinfo69Mbps, 17.3%KSC58Mbps, 14.5%Internet Thailand55Mbps, 13.8%Asia InfoNet54Mbps, 13.5%A-Net45Mbps, 11.3%ISP 35Mbps, 8.9% Thailand total international bandwidth: 399.38 Mbps 4.5 : ISPs (..2540) : NECTEC (ntl.nectec.or.th/internet/) (2544: 17) 4.6 : ISPs (..2544) : NECTEC (ntl.nectec.or.th/internet/) (2544: 17) 2543 2544 6 , , , , , 6 364 Mbps 91.1% 2540 115 6 73.8% (12.125 Mbps) ( , 2544) ( 4.5 4.6 ) 6 (capacity) (concentration) 6 (economy of scope) 2.2. : 2 (1) (2) (economy of scope) (vertical integration) (2544: 18) 2 2 6 2 . . 2549 1162.2.1. (.) 2 25 ( 2534) 3 6 2538 1.9 1 ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) (Internet Protocol : IP) ( , 2544: 7) (technological convergence) 2546 ( 2.2.6 ) 2543 Click TA 250 / 2 2 (2544: 19) ( ) 2 Click TA 2544 78,000 ( Click TA 25,000 ) ( , 2544: 19-20) 2547 (True Corporation) 177,252 ( , 2547) 2 1 1 3 . TT&T ( ) 1.9 . TT&T 5 ( 21 ..2538) . 8 ( 2541) 117 ( 4.7 119 ) 2.2.2. , 2544 ( , 2544: 19) ( ) ( 4.8 120 ) 1) : () (uplink/downlink) 22 (9 2537-8 2559)1 2) : 2546 (CS Communication) (Loxinfo) ( 4.6) (CS Loxinfo) 2